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Liu J, Xin K, Zhang T, Wen Y, Li D, Wei R, Zhou J, Cui Z, Dong W, Jiang M. Identification and characterization of a fungal cutinase-like enzyme CpCut1 from Cladosporium sp. P7 for polyurethane degradation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0147723. [PMID: 38445906 PMCID: PMC11022569 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01477-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastic degradation by biological systems emerges as a prospective avenue for addressing the pressing global concern of plastic waste accumulation. The intricate chemical compositions and diverse structural facets inherent to polyurethanes (PU) substantially increase the complexity associated with PU waste management. Despite the extensive research endeavors spanning over decades, most known enzymes exhibit a propensity for hydrolyzing waterborne PU dispersion (i.e., the commercial Impranil DLN-SD), with only a limited capacity for the degradation of bulky PU materials. Here, we report a novel cutinase (CpCut1) derived from Cladosporium sp. P7, which demonstrates remarkable efficiency in the degrading of various polyester-PU materials. After 12-h incubation at 55°C, CpCut1 was capable of degrading 40.5% and 20.6% of thermoplastic PU film and post-consumer foam, respectively, while achieving complete depolymerization of Impranil DLN-SD. Further analysis of the degradation intermediates suggested that the activity of CpCut1 primarily targeted the ester bonds within the PU soft segments. The versatile performance of CpCut1 against a spectrum of polyester-PU materials positions it as a promising candidate for the bio-recycling of waste plastics.IMPORTANCEPolyurethane (PU) has a complex chemical composition that frequently incorporates a variety of additives, which poses significant obstacles to biodegradability and recyclability. Recent advances have unveiled microbial degradation and enzymatic depolymerization as promising waste PU disposal strategies. In this study, we identified a gene encoding a cutinase from the PU-degrading fungus Cladosporium sp. P7, which allowed the expression, purification, and characterization of the recombinant enzyme CpCut1. Furthermore, this study identified the products derived from the CpCut1 catalyzed PU degradation and proposed its underlying mechanism. These findings highlight the potential of this newly discovered fungal cutinase as a remarkably efficient tool in the degradation of PU materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaiyuan Xin
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Wen
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ding Li
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ren Wei
- Junior Research Group Plastic Biodegradation, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Waste Plastics Biocatalytic Degradation and Recycling, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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Zhu J, Lu F, Liu D, Zhao X, Chao J, Wang Y, Luan Y, Ma H. The process of solid-state fermentation of soybean meal: antimicrobial activity, fermentation heat generation and nitrogen solubility index. J Sci Food Agric 2024; 104:3228-3234. [PMID: 38072810 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has excellent protease production ability and holds great prospects for application in the solid-state fermentation of soybean meal (SBM). RESULTS Among eight strains of bacteria, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum CICC 10265, which exhibited higher protease production, was selected as the fermentation strain. The protease activity secreted by this strain reached 106.41 U mL-1 . The microbial community structure differed significantly between natural fermentation and inoculation-enhanced fermented soybean meal (FSBM), with the latter showing greater stability and inhibition of miscellaneous bacterial growth. During fermentation, the temperature inside the soybean meal increased, and the optimal environmental temperature for FSBM was found to be between 35 and 40 °C. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and nitrogen solubility index (NSI) results demonstrated that solid-state fermentation had a degrading effect on highly denatured proteins in SBM, resulting in an NSI of 67.1%. CONCLUSION Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum CICC 10265 can enhance the NSI of SBM in solid-state fermentation and inhibit the growth of miscellaneous bacteria. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feng Lu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiapin Chao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yu Luan
- Zhenjiang Food and Drug Supervision and Inspection Center, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Ahmed S, Khan MSS, Xue S, Islam F, Ikram AU, Abdullah M, Liu S, Tappiban P, Chen J. A comprehensive overview of omics-based approaches to enhance biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in sweet potato. Hortic Res 2024; 11:uhae014. [PMID: 38464477 PMCID: PMC10923648 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Biotic and abiotic stresses negatively affect the yield and overall plant developmental process, thus causing substantial losses in global sweet potato production. To cope with stresses, sweet potato has evolved numerous strategies to tackle ever-changing surroundings and biological and environmental conditions. The invention of modern sequencing technology and the latest data processing and analysis instruments has paved the way to integrate biological information from different approaches and helps to understand plant system biology more precisely. The advancement in omics technologies has accumulated and provided a great source of information at all levels (genome, transcript, protein, and metabolite) under stressful conditions. These latest molecular tools facilitate us to understand better the plant's responses to stress signaling and help to process/integrate the biological information encoded within the biological system of plants. This review briefly addresses utilizing the latest omics strategies for deciphering the adaptive mechanisms for sweet potatoes' biotic and abiotic stress tolerance via functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. This information also provides a powerful reference to understand the complex, well-coordinated stress signaling genetic regulatory networks and better comprehend the plant phenotypic responses at the cellular/molecular level under various environmental stimuli, thus accelerating the design of stress-resilient sweet potato via the latest genetic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Ahmed
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | | | - Songlei Xue
- Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Faisal Islam
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Aziz Ul Ikram
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Muhammad Abdullah
- Department of Plant Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Minghang, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Liu
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Piengtawan Tappiban
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Jian Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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Hua T, Zhang C, Fu Y, Qin N, Liu S, Chen C, Gong L, Ma H, Ding Y, Wei X, Jin C, Jin C, Zhu M, Zhang E, Dai J, Ma H. Integrative analyses of N6-methyladenosine-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (m6A-SNPs) identify tumor suppressor gene AK9 in lung cancer. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:538-548. [PMID: 38051288 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) modification has been identified as one of the most important epigenetic regulation mechanisms in the development of human cancers. However, the association between m6 A-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (m6 A-SNPs) and lung cancer risk remains largely unknown. Here, we identified m6 A-SNPs and examined the association of these m6 A-SNPs with lung cancer risk in 13,793 lung cancer cases and 14,027 controls. In silico functional annotation was used to identify causal m6 A-SNPs and target genes. Furthermore, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (MeRIP-qPCR) assay was performed to assess the m6 A modification level of different genotypes of the causal SNP. In vitro assays were performed to validate the potential role of the target gene in lung cancer. A total of 8794 m6 A-SNPs were detected, among which 397 SNPs in nine susceptibility loci were associated with lung cancer risk, including six novel loci. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that rs1321328 in 6q21 was located around the m6 A modification site of AK9 and significantly reduced AK9 expression (β = -0.15, p = 2.78 × 10-8 ). Moreover, AK9 was significantly downregulated in lung cancer tissues than that in adjacent normal tissues of samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Nanjing Lung Cancer Cohort. MeRIP-qPCR assay suggested that C allele of rs1321328 could significantly decrease the m6 A modification level of AK9 compared with G allele. In vitro assays verified the tumor-suppressing role of AK9 in lung cancer. These findings shed light on the pathogenic mechanism of lung cancer susceptibility loci linked with m6 A modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Hua
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yating Fu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Qin
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Su Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Congcong Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linnan Gong
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Ding
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenying Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Erbao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juncheng Dai
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Research Units of Cohort Study on Cardiovascular Diseases and Cancers, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Li M, Yin S, Xu A, Kang L, Ma Z, Liu F, Yang T, Sun P, Tang Y. Synergistic Phototherapy-Molecular Targeted Therapy Combined with Tumor Exosome Nanoparticles for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:33. [PMID: 38258044 PMCID: PMC10821490 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) contributes to more than 90% of all oral malignancies, yet the performance of traditional treatments is impeded by limited therapeutic effects and substantial side effects. In this work, we report a combinational treatment strategy based on tumor exosome-based nanoparticles co-formulating a photosensitizer (Indocyanine green) and a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (Gefitinib) (IG@EXOs) for boosting antitumor efficiency against OSCC through synergistic phototherapy-molecular targeted therapy. The IG@EXOs generate distinct photothermal/photodynamic effects through enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency and ROS generation, respectively. In vivo, the IG@EXOs efficiently accumulate in the tumor and penetrate deeply to the center of the tumor due to passive and homologous targeting. The phototherapy effects of IG@EXOs not only directly induce potent cancer cell damage but also promote the release and cytoplasmic translocation of Gefitinib for achieving significant inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis, eventually resulting in efficient tumor ablation and lymphatic metastasis inhibition through the synergistic phototherapy-molecular targeted therapy. We envision that the encouraging performances of IG@EXOs against cancer pave a new avenue for their future application in clinical OSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (M.L.); (A.X.); (L.K.); (Z.M.); (F.L.); (T.Y.)
| | - Shiyao Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (M.L.); (A.X.); (L.K.); (Z.M.); (F.L.); (T.Y.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;
| | - Anan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (M.L.); (A.X.); (L.K.); (Z.M.); (F.L.); (T.Y.)
| | - Liyuan Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (M.L.); (A.X.); (L.K.); (Z.M.); (F.L.); (T.Y.)
| | - Ziqian Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (M.L.); (A.X.); (L.K.); (Z.M.); (F.L.); (T.Y.)
| | - Fan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (M.L.); (A.X.); (L.K.); (Z.M.); (F.L.); (T.Y.)
| | - Tao Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (M.L.); (A.X.); (L.K.); (Z.M.); (F.L.); (T.Y.)
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;
| | - Yongan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (M.L.); (A.X.); (L.K.); (Z.M.); (F.L.); (T.Y.)
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Zou X, Xu Q, You R, Yin G. Correlation and efficacy of TACE combined with lenvatinib plus PD-1 inhibitor in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus based on immunological features. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 36951443 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the appearance of portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) is significantly associated with unfavorable prognosis, there is insufficient evidence to confirm the efficacy and safety of the triple combination of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), lenvatinib, and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and PVTT. Furthermore, it remains unclear which patient type can obtain the best survival benefit from this combination therapy. METHODS The data of 160 patients with HCC and PVTT treated with TACE combined with lenvatinib plus PD-1 inhibitor (TACE+LEN + PD-1 group) or TACE combined with lenvatinib (TACE+LEN group) were retrospectively collected and analyzed. To estimate the efficacy and safety of combination therapy for patients with advanced HCC, tumor response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), biochemical indices, and adverse events (AEs) were assessed in this study. More importantly, tumor immune-related cytokines were used to identify biomarkers predicting the therapeutic response of combination therapy. RESULTS TACE+LEN + PD-1 was superior to TACE+LEN in OS (23.5 vs. 18.3 months, p = 0.0002) and PFS (7.5 vs. 4.3 months, p < 0.0001). Moreover, TACE+LEN + PD-1 achieved more preferable benefits with respect to disease control rate (80.00% vs. 56.67%) and objective response rate (38.57% vs. 24.45%) compared with TACE+LEN in patients with HCC and PVTT (p = 0.025). Multivariate analysis showed that Child-Pugh grade, PVTT classification, treatment option, and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, interferon (IFN)-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were independent factors related to OS, whereas PVTT classification, treatment option, and IL-6 and IFN-α levels were independent factors related to PFS. Furthermore, the subgroup analysis illustrated that the inflammatory cytokines VEGF, IL-6, IL-17, and IFN-α might be novel biomarkers for predicting the survival prognosis of patients with advanced HCC and PVTT treated with TACE+LEN + PD-1. The safety in the combination group was acceptable. CONCLUSIONS Compared with TACE+LEN, the triple combination treatment of TACE+LEN + PD-1 has more promising clinical outcomes and acceptable safety in patients with HCC and PVTT. Child-Pugh grade, PVTT classification, and IL-6, IL-17, IFN-α, and VEGF levels are independent prognostic factors for survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zou
- Department of Tumor Interventional Therapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, China
| | - Qingyu Xu
- Department of Tumor Interventional Therapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, China
| | - Ran You
- Department of Tumor Interventional Therapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, China
| | - Guowen Yin
- Department of Tumor Interventional Therapy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing City, China
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