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MacDonald L, Kruse JA, Levy DB, Marulendra S, Sweeny PJ. Lactic acidosis and acute ethanol intoxication. Am J Emerg Med 1994; 12:32-5. [PMID: 8285968 DOI: 10.1016/0735-6757(94)90193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol intoxication has been widely reported as a cause of lactic acidosis. To determine the frequency and severity of ethanol-induced lactic acidosis, patients who presented to an emergency department with a clinical diagnosis of acute ethanol intoxication and a serum ethanol concentration of at least 100 mg/dL were studied. Arterial blood was sampled for lactate and blood gas determinations. A total of 60 patients (mean age, 41 years) were studied. Twenty-two patients sustained minor trauma. Ethanol concentrations ranged from 100 to 667 mg/dL (mean, 287 mg/dL). Lactate concentrations were abnormal (> 2.4 mmol/L) in seven patients (11.7%). In all cases, blood lactate was less than 5 mmol/L. Of the patients with elevated lactate, other potential causes for lactic acidosis, including hypoxia, seizures, and hypoperfusion, were also present. Only one case with elevated blood lactate concentration had associated acidemia. Significant elevations of blood lactate are uncommon in acute ethanol intoxication. In patients with ethanol intoxication who are found to have lactic acidosis, other etiologies for the elevated lactate level should be considered.
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MacDonald L. "You couldn't beat the medical corps". CMAJ 1993; 149:1299-302. [PMID: 8221486 PMCID: PMC1485700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Gelskey S, Brecx M, Netuschil L, MacDonald L, Brownstone E, Stoddart M. Vital fluorescence: a new measure of periodontal treatment effect. JOURNAL (CANADIAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION) 1993; 59:615-8. [PMID: 8334556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to determine, by means of a fluorescence test, the ratio between vital and dead bacteria in dental plaque before and two weeks following professional dental prophylaxis. A solution of fluoresceindiacetate (FDA) and ethidium bromide (EB) in normal saline was applied to plaque samples from 82 healthy adults both prior to and 14 days following professional prophylaxis. Living microorganisms were colored green by the FDA while the EB introduced a red color into the nucleic acids of dead cells. The relationships between the vital fluorescence scores and standard clinical measures, plaque index (PlI) and gingival index (GI) were analyzed. Two weeks following professional prophylaxis, a significant decrease was observed in the PlI scores (0.9 +/- 0.4, Day 0; 0.6 +/- 0.3, Day 14, p < 0.001) and the GI scores (1.1 +/- 0.2, Day 0; 0.7 +/- 0.3, Day 14, p < 0.001), while there was a statistically significant increase in the vitality of the dental plaque (74 per cent +/- 9, Day 0; 78 per cent +/- 7, Day 14, p < 0.001). The vital fluorescence (VF) technique may provide an additional explanation of periodontal treatment effect.
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MacDonald L. Collaboration of health care professionals: the dental hygienists' role. PROBE (OTTAWA, ONT.) 1993; 27:62-5. [PMID: 9518789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dental hygienists are primary health care professionals concerned with oral health and general well-being of the public. This paper discusses collaboration amongst the health professions to further the wellness of Canadians.
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MacDonald L. Carnation marketing practices. Pediatrics 1992; 90:651. [PMID: 1408529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Brecx M, Brownstone E, MacDonald L, Gelskey S, Cheang M. Efficacy of Listerine, Meridol and chlorhexidine mouthrinses as supplements to regular tooth cleaning measures. J Clin Periodontol 1992; 19:202-7. [PMID: 1556249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1992.tb00640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis and anti-microbial efficacies of a phenolic compound (Listerine) and 2 different amine/stannous fluoride mouthwashes (Meridol I, II) were compared when these solutions were used in addition to usual tooth cleaning. A placebo preparation was utilized as a negative control and a chlorhexidine solution as a positive control in this double-blind study. After professional tooth cleaning, 49 volunteers continued their habitual, self-performed and non-supervised oral hygiene for a period of 2 weeks, in order to have a more standard baseline. At day 0, they began to rinse twice daily with 1 of the 5 mouthwashes. After 3 weeks of rinsing, plaque indices remained the lowest in the chlorhexidine and the Meridol I groups, while subjects using Listerine or Meridol II demonstrated similar indices significantly lower than that of individuals rinsing with the placebo solution. Through this period, the gingival index scores were similar in the Meridol, Listerine and chlorhexidine groups. At day 21, the mean GI scores in the chlorhexidine group were significantly lower than the scores in the placebo group. The plaque vitality scores showed a bacterial effect in vivo of chlorhexidine and, to a lesser extent, of the Meridol solutions. No substantial evidence of an antibacterial effect in vivo was found for Listerine. This study has demonstrated that when mouthrinses are used to supplement habitual mechanical oral hygiene, chlorhexidine remains the most powerful solution. Furthermore, it was also shown that a combination of habitual self-performed and non-supervised oral hygiene with Meridol or Listerine is more beneficial for plaque control than the use of mechanical oral hygiene alone.
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Ward M, MacDonald L, Higgs P, Weinstein C. A survey of long-term care elderly patients in the South West Thames Region. HEALTH TRENDS 1991; 24:18-9. [PMID: 10122487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a survey which focuses on the patients in National Health Service long-term care beds. It examines the dependency levels and mental impairment of geriatric patients in 15 Departments of Geriatric Medicine, and determines the extent and distribution of patient dependency, including the number of independent patients. The findings support the view that there is a need for National Health Service long-term care beds.
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MacDonald L. Major Mustard and me. CMAJ 1991; 145:1136-8. [PMID: 1751935 PMCID: PMC1335874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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60
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Poskitt DC, Jean-Francois MJ, Turnbull S, MacDonald L, Yasmeen D. The nature of immunoglobulin idiotypes and idiotype-anti-idiotype interactions in immunological networks. Immunol Cell Biol 1991; 69 ( Pt 2):61-70. [PMID: 1916903 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1991.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Brutton PJ, MacDonald L. Implant dentistry: a solution to the problem of malaligned fixtures with tissue-integrated prostheses. J Prosthet Dent 1988; 59:527-8. [PMID: 3290444 DOI: 10.1016/0022-3913(88)90062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Marc DL, MacDonald L. Respite care--who uses it? MENTAL RETARDATION 1988; 26:93-6. [PMID: 3374316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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MacDonald L, Sibbald B, Hoare C. Measuring patient satisfaction with life in a long-stay psychiatric hospital. Int J Soc Psychiatry 1988; 34:292-304. [PMID: 3235292 DOI: 10.1177/002076408803400407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A survey of patient satisfaction with physical and social conditions was carried out in the long-stay wards of a large inner city psychiatric hospital in London, Britain. Patient satisfaction was assessed by means of an administered questionnaire which was developed specifically for this purpose. Factor analysis identified eight components of patient satisfaction. Of 143 eligible patients, 104 (73%) successfully completed the interview. Responses showed that patients were generally satisfied with life in the hospital, although levels of satisfaction varied significantly among wards. The factors causing greatest dissatisfaction related to failure to be treated as individuals and to feelings of isolation and apathy. Our findings showed that patients can express views about their conditions which should be useful in planning improvements in care. The questionnaire proved a simple and effective method of measuring satisfaction and may be useful to others concerned with improving the quality of the environment of patients.
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Chambers LW, Haight M, Norman G, MacDonald L. Sensitivity to change and the effect of mode of administration on health status measurement. Med Care 1987; 25:470-80. [PMID: 3695656 DOI: 10.1097/00005650-198706000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A measure of global health status, the McMaster Health Index Questionnaire (MHIQ), was assessed to determine two important measurement properties related to its reliability and validity--sensitivity to change and the effect of mode of administration. Ninety-six patients in a physiotherapy clinic were randomly assigned to three mode-of-administration study groups, administered the MHIQ at four points in time including at admission and discharge from the clinic, and assessed for change by their physiotherapist. MHIQ physical function, social function, and emotional function retest scores obtained by self-completion within a 1-week interval were most stable. Physical function scores by any of self-completion, telephone interview, or personal interview were sensitive to change, that is, they improved dramatically by the time of discharge from the clinic. Mode of administration did not affect the size of the change scores. Changes reflected by the physical function scores correlated with changes in physical function reported by a patient's physiotherapist. No systematic changes occurred with social and emotional function scores; this is not surprising in a group of patients with predominantly physical function problems.
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MacDonald L. The Patent Act: a matter of refinement. GERONTION 1986; 1:31. [PMID: 3640721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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MacDonald L. Work-Related Programs in Occupational Therapy. Am J Occup Ther 1986. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.40.10.722a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
A postal questionnaire about knowledge, beliefs, and experiences of bowel function was returned by 171 patients aged 55 years and over from a group general practice in London. Of the respondents, 10% reported no predictable frequency of movement, a higher proportion being women than men; 79% believed that a daily movement is important and 90% that 'regularity' is necessary for good health; 14% were dissatisfied with their bowel habits and 16% regularly self-treated; 95% gave reasonable definitions of 'regular' and 'diarrhoea'; a tenth were unsure about the definition of 'constipation'. Although 76% believed there were bowel symptoms which require immediate medical attention, 98% would in the first instance treat themselves for constipation, 90% for diarrhoea, and 25% for rectal bleeding. To reduce delay in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, it is suggested that consultations for disturbance of bowel function be encouraged among the middle-aged and the elderly. Doctors should examine such patients with the diagnosis of malignancy in mind.
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Issenman RM, Slack R, MacDonald L, Taylor W. Children's multiple vitamins: overuse leads to overdose. CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL 1985; 132:781-4. [PMID: 3978499 PMCID: PMC1345866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A suburban Ontario community hospital encountered 21 +/- 1 overdoses of children's multiple vitamins yearly between 1978 and 1981. Of these, 35% involved one particular cartoon character preparation. Parents were surveyed to determine whether this particular preparation resulted in a disproportionate number of accidental overdoses. However, the use of vitamins with a cartoon character format did not lead to a greater risk of overdose than did conventional preparations. Of the 1051 families who had given multiple vitamins to their children 34 (3%) had experienced an overdose. The number of vitamin preparations used by each family was the most powerful determinant of overdose (p less than 0.001). The risk of accidental overdose increased from 1.5% with one multiple-vitamin preparation to 8% with four or more preparations. Among all the variables examined, exposure was the most important element in the risk of multiple-vitamin overdose.
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Mouritsen OG, Boothroyd A, Harris R, Jan N, Lookman T, MacDonald L, Pink DA, Zuckermann MJ. Computer simulation of the main gel–fluid phase transition of lipid bilayers. J Chem Phys 1983. [DOI: 10.1063/1.445987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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72
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MacDonald L, Arora SK. Structure of 6-chloro-3-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B: STRUCTURAL SCIENCE 1981. [DOI: 10.1107/s0567740881006225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nadel L, MacDonald L. Hippocampus: cognitive map or working memory? BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1980; 29:405-9. [PMID: 7417203 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(80)90430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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74
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MacDonald L, Brown D, Smith W. Copper and zinc complexes of schiff base ligands containing penicillamine. Inorganica Chim Acta 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)89443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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75
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MacDonald L. Behavioral therapy: its application to reduce disruptive behaviors of the elderly in nursing homes. THE CANADIAN NURSE 1977; 73:26-9. [PMID: 880577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nurses who care for the elderly in nursing homes and auxiliary hospitals have many goals. They provide for the health, recreational, social and emotional needs of their patients. They also strive to increase their patients' levels of self-care and self-respect. Unfortunately, because many patients exhibit disruptive behaviors--striking staff or other patients, throwing temper tantrums, lying on the floor in corridors, refusing to take medication and so on, these desirable goals cannot always be met. What nurses need, in addition to their specialized, medically oriented training, is training in a consistent strategy for handling these problems. Behavioral therapy provides this strategy.
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