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Bakolitsa C, Schwarzenbacher R, McMullan D, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Dai X, Deacon AM, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Robb A, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, von Delft F, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of an orphan protein (TM0875) from Thermotoga maritima at 2.00-Å resolution reveals a new fold. Proteins 2004; 56:607-10. [PMID: 15229892 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Schwarzenbacher R, von Delft F, Jaroszewski L, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Cambell J, Chiu HJ, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, Levin I, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Robb A, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a putative oxalate decarboxylase (TM1287) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.95 Å resolution. Proteins 2004; 56:392-5. [PMID: 15211523 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Erlandsen H, Canaves JM, Elsliger MA, von Delft F, Brinen LS, Dai X, Deacon AM, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Jaroszewski L, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Robb A, Quijano K, Schwarzenbacher R, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of an HEPN domain protein (TM0613) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.75 A resolution. Proteins 2004; 54:806-9. [PMID: 14997578 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Spraggon G, Schwarzenbacher R, Kreusch A, Lee CC, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Cambell J, Chiu HJ, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kuhn P, Levin I, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Robb A, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, von Delft F, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Lesley SA, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of an Udp-n-acetylmuramate-alanine ligase MurC (TM0231) from Thermotoga maritima at 2.3 Å resolution. Proteins 2004; 55:1078-81. [PMID: 15146505 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Schwarzenbacher R, Jaroszewski L, von Delft F, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Cambell J, Chiu HJ, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, Levin I, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Robb A, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of an aspartate aminotransferase (TM1255) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.90 Å resolution. Proteins 2004; 55:759-63. [PMID: 15103638 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Schwarzenbacher R, Jaroszewski L, von Delft F, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Cambell J, Chiu HJ, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, Levin I, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Robb A, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a phosphoribosylaminoimidazole mutase PurE (TM0446) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.77-Å resolution. Proteins 2004; 55:474-8. [PMID: 15048837 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Schwarzenbacher R, Deacon AM, Jaroszewski L, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Dai X, Elsliger MA, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Nelson MS, Ouyang J, Page R, Robb A, Quijano K, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, von Delft F, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a putative glutamine amido transferase (TM1158) from Thermotoga maritima
at 1.7 Å resolution. Proteins 2004; 54:801-5. [PMID: 14997577 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Schwarzenbacher R, von Delft F, Abdubek P, Ambing E, Biorac T, Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Cambell J, Chiu HJ, Dai X, Deacon AM, DiDonato M, Elsliger MA, Eshagi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Hampton E, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, Levin I, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Quijano K, Robb A, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Xu Q, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a putative PII-like signaling protein (TM0021) from Thermotoga maritima at 2.5 Å resolution. Proteins 2004; 54:810-3. [PMID: 14997579 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schwarzenbacher R, von Delft F, Canaves JM, Brinen LS, Dai X, Deacon AM, Elsliger MA, Eshaghi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Guda C, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MA, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Page R, Robb A, Rodrigues K, Selby TL, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of an iron-containing 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase (TM0920) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.3 Å resolution. Proteins 2003; 54:174-7. [PMID: 14705036 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Page R, Nelson MS, von Delft F, Elsliger MA, Canaves JM, Brinen LS, Dai X, Deacon AM, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Jaroszewski L, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Robb A, Rodrigues K, Schwarzenbacher R, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of γ-glutamyl phosphate reductase (TM0293) from Thermotoga maritima at 2.0 Å resolution. Proteins 2003; 54:157-61. [PMID: 14705032 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
The crystal structure of PfPK5, a cyclin-dependent kinase from Plasmodium falciparum, is the first CDK structure determined from a nonhuman source and represents a potential new target for anti-malarial drug development.
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Schwarzenbacher R, Canaves JM, Brinen LS, Dai X, Deacon AM, Elsliger MA, Eshaghi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Guda C, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MA, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Robb A, Rodrigues K, Selby TL, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of uronate isomerase (TM0064) from Thermotoga maritima at 2.85 A resolution. Proteins 2003; 53:142-5. [PMID: 12945057 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Brinen LS, Canaves JM, Dai X, Deacon AM, Elsliger MA, Eshaghi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Guda C, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JS, Kreusch A, Kuhn P, Lesley SA, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MA, Miller MD, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Robb A, Rodrigues K, Selby TL, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Taylor SS, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of a zinc-containing glycerol dehydrogenase (TM0423) from Thermotoga maritima at 1.5 A resolution. Proteins 2003; 50:371-4. [PMID: 12486729 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Huang L, Brinen LS, Ellman JA. Crystal structures of reversible ketone-Based inhibitors of the cysteine protease cruzain. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:21-9. [PMID: 12467703 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of two hydroxymethyl ketone inhibitors complexed to the cysteine protease cruzain have been determined at 1.1 and 1.2 A resolution, respectively. These high resolution crystal structures provide the first structures of non-covalent inhibitors bound to cruzain. A series of compounds were prepared and tested based upon the structures providing further insight into the key binding interactions.
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Kuhn P, Lesley SA, Mathews II, Canaves JM, Brinen LS, Dai X, Deacon AM, Elsliger MA, Eshaghi S, Floyd R, Godzik A, Grittini C, Grzechnik SK, Guda C, Hodgson KO, Jaroszewski L, Karlak C, Klock HE, Koesema E, Kovarik JM, Kreusch AT, McMullan D, McPhillips TM, Miller MA, Miller M, Morse A, Moy K, Ouyang J, Robb A, Rodrigues K, Selby TL, Spraggon G, Stevens RC, Taylor SS, van den Bedem H, Velasquez J, Vincent J, Wang X, West B, Wolf G, Wooley J, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of thy1, a thymidylate synthase complementing protein from Thermotoga maritima at 2.25 A resolution. Proteins 2002; 49:142-5. [PMID: 12211025 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Lesley SA, Kuhn P, Godzik A, Deacon AM, Mathews I, Kreusch A, Spraggon G, Klock HE, McMullan D, Shin T, Vincent J, Robb A, Brinen LS, Miller MD, McPhillips TM, Miller MA, Scheibe D, Canaves JM, Guda C, Jaroszewski L, Selby TL, Elsliger MA, Wooley J, Taylor SS, Hodgson KO, Wilson IA, Schultz PG, Stevens RC. Structural genomics of the Thermotoga maritima proteome implemented in a high-throughput structure determination pipeline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:11664-9. [PMID: 12193646 PMCID: PMC129326 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.142413399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural genomics is emerging as a principal approach to define protein structure-function relationships. To apply this approach on a genomic scale, novel methods and technologies must be developed to determine large numbers of structures. We describe the design and implementation of a high-throughput structural genomics pipeline and its application to the proteome of the thermophilic bacterium Thermotoga maritima. By using this pipeline, we successfully cloned and attempted expression of 1,376 of the predicted 1,877 genes (73%) and have identified crystallization conditions for 432 proteins, comprising 23% of the T. maritima proteome. Representative structures from TM0423 glycerol dehydrogenase and TM0449 thymidylate synthase-complementing protein are presented as examples of final outputs from the pipeline.
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Gupta S, Krasnoff SB, Roberts DW, Renwick JAA, Brinen LS, Clardy J. Structures of the efrapeptins: potent inhibitors of mitochondrial ATPase from the fungus Tolypocladium niveum. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00002a068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yu JG, Hu XE, Ho DK, Bean MF, Stephens RE, Cassady JM, Brinen LS, Clardy J. Absolute Stereochemistry of (+)-Gigantecin from Annona coriacea (Annonaceae). J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00086a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Unson MD, Rose CB, Faulkner DJ, Brinen LS, Steiner JR, Clardy J. New polychlorinated amino acid derivatives from the marine sponge Dysidea herbacea. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00075a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Moore BS, Chen JL, Patterson GML, Moore RE, Brinen LS, Kato Y, Clardy J. [7.7]Paracyclophanes from blue-green algae. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00166a066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Gupta S, Krasnoff SB, Roberts DW, Renwick JAA, Brinen LS, Clardy J. Structure of efrapeptins from the fungus Tolypocladium niveum: peptide inhibitors of mitochondrial ATPase. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00034a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hazin PN, Lakshminarayan C, Brinen LS, Knee JL, Bruno JW, Streib WE, Folting K. Luminescence spectra and lifetimes of cerium(III) compounds as indicators of solution behavior and radiative efficiency. Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ic00281a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Que X, Brinen LS, Perkins P, Herdman S, Hirata K, Torian BE, Rubin H, McKerrow JH, Reed SL. Cysteine proteinases from distinct cellular compartments are recruited to phagocytic vesicles by Entamoeba histolytica. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2002; 119:23-32. [PMID: 11755183 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(01)00387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine proteinases, which are encoded by at least seven genes, play a critical role in the pathogenesis of invasive amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica. The study of these enzymes has been hampered by the inability to obtain significant quantities of the individual native proteinases. We have now expressed functionally active recombinant ACP1 (EhCP3) and ACP2 (EhCP2) proteinases in baculoviral expression vectors. The purified recombinant ACP1 and ACP2 proteinases exhibited similar activities for fluorogenic peptide substrates, especially in their preference for an arginine residue at the P2 position. Although ACP1 and ACP2 are structurally cathepsin L, homology modeling revealed that the aspartic acid in the S2 pocket would result in a substrate specificity for positively charged amino acids, like cathepsin B. The hydrolysis of peptide substrates was strongly inhibited by small peptidyl inhibitors specifically designed for parasitic cysteine proteinases. Confocal and immunoelectron microscopy localization of the proteinases with monoclonal and monospecific antibodies raised to the recombinant enzymes and peptides demonstrated that ACP2 was membrane-associated while ACP1 was cytoplasmic. Following phagocytosis of erythrocytes, ACP1, as well as the membrane-associated cysteine proteinase, ACP2, were incorporated into phagocytic vesicles. These studies suggest that E. histolytica has a redundancy of cysteine proteinases for intracellular digestion and that they may be recruited from different cellular compartments to the site of digestion of phagocytosed cells. The production of active proteinases in baculovirus and large scale recombinant enzymes in bacteria should further our understanding of the role of different cysteine proteinase gene products in virulence.
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Caffrey CR, Hansell E, Lucas KD, Brinen LS, Alvarez Hernandez A, Cheng J, Gwaltney SL, Roush WR, Stierhof YD, Bogyo M, Steverding D, McKerrow JH. Active site mapping, biochemical properties and subcellular localization of rhodesain, the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2001; 118:61-73. [PMID: 11704274 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(01)00368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine protease activity of African trypanosome parasites is a target for new chemotherapy using synthetic protease inhibitors. To support this effort and further characterize the enzyme, we expressed and purified rhodesain, the target protease of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (MVAT4 strain), in reagent quantities from Pichia pastoris. Rhodesain was secreted as an active, mature protease. Site-directed mutagenesis of a cryptic glycosylation motif not previously identified allowed production of rhodesain suitable for crystallization. An invariable ER(A/V)FNAA motif in the pro-peptide sequence of rhodesain was identified as being unique to the genus Trypanosoma. Antibodies to rhodesain localized the protease in the lysosome and identified a 40-kDa protein in long slender forms of T. b. rhodesiense and all life-cycle stages of T. b. brucei. With the latter parasite, protease expression was five times greater in short stumpy trypanosomes than in the other stages. Radiolabeled active site-directed inhibitors identified brucipain as the major cysteine protease in T. b. brucei. Peptidomimetic vinyl sulfone and epoxide inhibitors designed to interact with the S2, S1 and S' subsites of the active site cleft revealed differences between rhodesain and the related trypanosome protease cruzain. Using fluorogenic dipeptidyl substrates, rhodesain and cruzain had acid pH optima, but unlike some mammalian cathepsins retained significant activity and stability up to pH 8.0, consistent with a possible extracellular function. S2 subsite mapping of rhodesain and cruzain with fluorogenic peptidyl substrates demonstrates that the presence of alanine rather than glutamate at S2 prevents rhodesain from cleaving substrates in which P2 is arginine.
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Sijwali PS, Brinen LS, Rosenthal PJ. Systematic optimization of expression and refolding of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 22:128-34. [PMID: 11388810 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2001.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2 is a potential new target for antimalarial chemotherapy. In order to obtain large quantities of active falcipain-2 for biochemical and structural analysis, a systematic assessment of optimal parameters for the expression and refolding of the protease was carried out. High-yield expression was achieved using M15(pREP4) Escherichia coli transformed with the pQE-30 plasmid containing a truncated profalcipain-2 construct. Recombinant falcipain-2 was expressed as inclusion bodies, solubilized, and purified by nickel affinity chromatography. A systematic approach was then used to optimize refolding parameters. This approach utilized 100-fold dilutions of reduced and denatured falcipain-2 into 203 different buffers in a microtiter plate format. Refolding efficiency varied markedly. Optimal refolding was obtained in an alkaline buffer containing glycerol or sucrose and equal concentrations of reduced and oxidized glutathione. After optimization of the expression and refolding protocols and additional purification with anion-exchange chromatography, 12 mg of falcipain-2 was obtained from 5 liters of E. coli, and crystals of the protease were grown. The systematic approach described here allowed the rapid evaluation of a large number of expression and refolding conditions and provided milligram quantities of recombinant falcipain-2.
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