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Saalah S, Abdullah LC, Aung MM, Salleh MZ, Awang Biak DR, Basri M, Jusoh ER, Mamat S. Physicochemical Properties of Jatropha Oil-Based Polyol Produced by a Two Steps Method. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040551. [PMID: 28353677 PMCID: PMC6154640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A low cost, abundant, and renewable vegetable oil source has been gaining increasing attention due to its potential to be chemically modified to polyol and thence to become an alternative replacement for the petroleum-based polyol in polyurethane production. In this study, jatropha oil-based polyol (JOL) was synthesised from non-edible jatropha oil by a two steps process, namely epoxidation and oxirane ring opening. In the first step, the effect of the reaction temperature, the molar ratio of the oil double bond to formic acid, and the reaction time on the oxirane oxygen content (OOC) of the epoxidised jatropha oil (EJO) were investigated. It was found that 4.3% OOC could be achieved with a molar ratio of 1:0.6, a reaction temperature of 60 °C, and 4 h of reaction. Consequently, a series of polyols with hydroxyl numbers in the range of 138–217 mgKOH/g were produced by oxirane ring opening of EJOs, and the physicochemical and rheological properties were studied. Both the EJOs and the JOLs are liquid and have a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the range of 834 to 1457 g/mol and 1349 to 2129 g/mol, respectively. The JOLs exhibited Newtonian behaviour, with a low viscosity of 430–970 mPas. Finally, the JOL with a hydroxyl number of 161 mgKOH/g was further used to synthesise aqueous polyurethane dispersion, and the urethane formation was successfully monitored by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR).
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Hui Gan S, Chai Tham T, Xiang Ng M, Suan Chua L, Aziz R, Redza Baba M, Chuah Abdullah L, Pheng Ong S, Lim Law C. Study on retention of metabolites composition in misai kucing (orthosiphon stamineus)
by heat pump assisted solar drying. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ghaemi F, Abdullah LC, Tahir PM, Yunus R. Synthesis of Different Layers of Graphene on Stainless Steel Using the CVD Method. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:506. [PMID: 27854079 PMCID: PMC5112221 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1709-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, different types of graphene, including single-, few-, and multi-layer graphene, were grown on a stainless steel (SS) mesh coated with Cu catalyst by using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Even though the SS mesh consisted of different types of metals, such as Fe, Ni, and Cr, which can also be used as catalysts, the reason for coating Cu catalyst on the SS surface had been related to the nature of the Cu, which promotes the growth of graphene with high quality and quantity at low temperature and time. The reaction temperature and run time, as the most important parameters of the CVD method, were varied, and thus led to the synthesis of different layers of graphene. Moreover, the presence of single-, few-, and multi-layer graphene was confirmed by employing two techniques, namely transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. On top of that, electron dispersive X-ray (EDX) was further applied to establish the influence of the CVD parameters on the growth of graphene.
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Ghaemi F, Abdullah LC, Tahir P. Core/Shell Structure of Ni/NiO Encapsulated in Carbon Nanosphere Coated with Few- and Multi-Layered Graphene: Synthesis, Mechanism and Application. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E381. [PMID: 30974671 PMCID: PMC6432007 DOI: 10.3390/polym8110381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on the synthesis and mechanism of carbon nanospheres (CNS) coated with few- and multi-layered graphene (FLG, MLG). The graphitic carbon encapsulates the core/shell structure of the Ni/NiO nanoparticles via the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The application of the resulting CNS and hybrids of CNS-FLG and CNS-MLG as reinforcement nanofillers in a polypropylene (PP) matrix were studied from the aspects of mechanical and thermal characteristics. In this research, to synthesize carbon nanostructures, nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O) and acetylene (C₂H₂) were used as the catalyst source and carbon source, respectively. Besides, the morphology, structure and graphitization of the resulting carbon nanostructures were investigated. On the other hand, the mechanisms of CNS growth and the synthesis of graphene sheets on the CNS surface were studied. Finally, the mechanical and thermal properties of the CNS/PP, CNS-FLG/PP, and CNS-MLG/PP composites were analyzed by applying tensile test and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively.
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Mhd Haniffa MAC, Ching YC, Abdullah LC, Poh SC, Chuah CH. Review of Bionanocomposite Coating Films and Their Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E246. [PMID: 30974522 PMCID: PMC6431997 DOI: 10.3390/polym8070246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of a composite material depend on its constituent materials such as natural biopolymers or synthetic biodegradable polymers and inorganic or organic nanomaterials or nano-scale minerals. The significance of bio-based and synthetic polymers and their drawbacks on coating film application is currently being discussed in research papers and articles. Properties and applications vary for each novel synthetic bio-based material, and a number of such materials have been fabricated in recent years. This review provides an in-depth discussion on the properties and applications of biopolymer-based nanocomposite coating films. Recent works and articles are cited in this paper. These citations are ubiquitous in the development of novel bionanocomposites and their applications.
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Hosseini S, Rashid SA, Abbasi A, Babadi FE, Abdullah LC, Choong TS. Effect of catalyst and substrate on growth characteristics of carbon nanofiber onto honeycomb monolith. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hosseini S, Bayesti I, Marahel E, Eghbali Babadi F, Chuah Abdullah L, Choong TS. Adsorption of carbon dioxide using activated carbon impregnated with Cu promoted by zinc. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bakar NA, Chee CY, Abdullah LC, Ratnam CT, Ibrahim NA. Thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of grafted kenaf filled poly (vinyl chloride)/ethylene vinyl acetate composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yeoh CM, Phuah ET, Tang TK, Siew WL, Abdullah LC, Choong TSY. Molecular distillation and characterization of diacylglycerol-enriched palm olein. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zohdi N, Mahdavi F, Abdullah LC, Choong TSY. Removal of boron from aqueous solution using magnetic carbon nanotube improved with tartaric acid. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2014; 12:3. [PMID: 24393401 PMCID: PMC3895733 DOI: 10.1186/2052-336x-12-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Boron removal capacity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified with tartaric acid was investigated in this study. Modification of MWCNTs with tartaric acid was confirmed by Boehm surface chemistry method and fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Experiments were performed to determine the adsorption isotherm and adsorption thermodynamic parameters of boron adsorption on tartaric acid modified MWCNTs (TA-MWCNTs). The effect of variables including initial pH, dosage of adsorbent, contact time and temperature was investigated. Analysis of data showed that adsorption equilibrium could be better described by Freundlich isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacities obtained at the pH of 6.0 was 1.97 mg/g. The estimated thermodynamic values of free energy (ΔG°), entropy (ΔS°) and enthalpy (ΔH°) indicated a spontaneous and an endothermic process. Furthermore, the TA-MWCNTs was magnetized for separation of boron-contaminated adsorbent from aqueous solution by applying magnetic field. The results showed that magnetic TA-MWCNTs particles were separated effectively after adsorption from contaminated water.
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Meng CP, Hanif AHM, Wahid SA, Abdullah LC. Short-Term Field Decomposition and Physico-Chemical Transformation of Jatropha Pod Biochar in Acidic Mineral Soil. OPEN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE 2014; 04:226-234. [DOI: 10.4236/ojss.2014.47025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Razak MFBA, Yong PK, Shah ZM, Abdullah LC, Yee SS, Yaw ITCS. The Effects of Varying Solvent Polarity on Extraction Yield of Orthosiphon stamineus Leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/jas.2012.1207.1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abdi MM, Ekramul Mahmud HNM, Abdullah LC, Kassim A, Zaki Ab. Rahman M, Chyi JLY. Optical band gap and conductivity measurements of polypyrrole-chitosan composite thin films. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-012-1093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abdi MM, Abdullah LC, Sadrolhosseini AR, Mat Yunus WM, Moksin MM, Tahir PM. Surface plasmon resonance sensing detection of mercury and lead ions based on conducting polymer composite. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24578. [PMID: 21931763 PMCID: PMC3170357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new sensing area for a sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was fabricated to detect trace amounts of mercury and lead ions. The gold surface used for SPR measurements were modified with polypyrrole-chitosan (PPy-CHI) conducting polymer composite. The polymer layer was deposited on the gold surface by electrodeposition. This optical sensor was used for monitoring toxic metal ions with and without sensitivity enhancement by chitosan in water samples. The higher amounts of resonance angle unit (ΔRU) were obtained for PPy-CHI film due to a specific binding of chitosan with Pb(2+) and Hg(2+) ions. The Pb(2+) ion bind to the polymer films most strongly, and the sensor was more sensitive to Pb(2+) compared to Hg(2+). The concentrations of ions in the parts per million range produced the changes in the SPR angle minimum in the region of 0.03 to 0.07. Data analysis was done by Matlab software using Fresnel formula for multilayer system.
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Pendashteh AR, Fakhru'l-Razi A, Chaibakhsh N, Abdullah LC, Madaeni SS, Abidin ZZ. Modeling of membrane bioreactor treating hypersaline oily wastewater by artificial neural network. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 192:568-575. [PMID: 21676540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A membrane sequencing batch reactor (MSBR) treating hypersaline oily wastewater was modeled by artificial neural network (ANN). The MSBR operated at different total dissolved solids (TDSs) (35,000; 50,000; 100,000; 150,000; 200,000; 250,000mg/L), various organic loading rates (OLRs) (0.281, 0.563, 1.124, 2.248, and 3.372kg COD/(m(3)day)) and cyclic time (12, 24, and 48h). A feed-forward neural network trained by batch back propagation algorithm was employed to model the MSBR. A set of 193 operational data from the wastewater treatment with the MSBR was used to train the network. The training, validating and testing procedures for the effluent COD, total organic carbon (TOC) and oil and grease (O&G) concentrations were successful and a good correlation was observed between the measured and predicted values. The results showed that at OLR of 2.44kg COD/(m(3)day), TDS of 78,000mg/L and reaction time (RT) of 40h, the average removal rate of COD was 98%. In these conditions, the average effluent COD concentration was less than 100mg/L and met the discharge limits.
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Fakhru'l-Razi A, Pendashteh A, Abidin ZZ, Abdullah LC, Biak DRA, Madaeni SS. Application of membrane-coupled sequencing batch reactor for oilfield produced water recycle and beneficial re-use. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:6942-6949. [PMID: 20434905 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Oil and gas field wastewater or produced water is a significant waste stream in the oil and gas industries. In this study, the performance of a membrane sequencing batch reactor (MSBR) and membrane sequencing batch reactor/reverse osmosis (MSBR/RO) process treating produced wastewater were investigated and compared. The MSBR was operated in different hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 8, 20 and 44 h. Operation results showed that for a HRT of 20 h, the combined process effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and oil and grease (O&G) removal efficiencies were 90.9%, 92% and 91.5%, respectively. The MSBR effluent concentration levels met the required standard for oil well re-injection. The RO treatment reduced the salt and organic contents to acceptable levels for irrigation and different industrial re-use. Foulant biopsy demonstrated that the fouling on the membrane surface was mainly due to inorganic (salts) and organic (microorganisms and their products, hydrocarbon constituents) matters.
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Fakhru'l-Razi A, Pendashteh A, Abdullah LC, Biak DRA, Madaeni SS, Abidin ZZ. Review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 170:530-51. [PMID: 19505758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Produced water is the largest waste stream generated in oil and gas industries. It is a mixture of different organic and inorganic compounds. Due to the increasing volume of waste all over the world in the current decade, the outcome and effect of discharging produced water on the environment has lately become a significant issue of environmental concern. Produced water is conventionally treated through different physical, chemical, and biological methods. In offshore platforms because of space constraints, compact physical and chemical systems are used. However, current technologies cannot remove small-suspended oil particles and dissolved elements. Besides, many chemical treatments, whose initial and/or running cost are high and produce hazardous sludge. In onshore facilities, biological pretreatment of oily wastewater can be a cost-effective and environmental friendly method. As high salt concentration and variations of influent characteristics have direct influence on the turbidity of the effluent, it is appropriate to incorporate a physical treatment, e.g., membrane to refine the final effluent. For these reasons, major research efforts in the future could focus on the optimization of current technologies and use of combined physico-chemical and/or biological treatment of produced water in order to comply with reuse and discharge limits.
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Yeoh CM, Choong TSY, Abdullah LC, Yunus R, Siew WL. Influence of silica gel in production of diacylglycerol via enzymatic glycerolysis of palm olein. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200800265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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69
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Chong CH, Law CL, Cloke M, Hii CL, Abdullah LC, Daud WRW. Drying kinetics and product quality of dried Chempedak. J FOOD ENG 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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