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Blanton L, Dugan VG, Abd Elal AI, Alabi N, Barnes J, Brammer L, Budd AP, Burns E, Cummings CN, Garg S, Garten R, Gubareva L, Kniss K, Kramer N, O'Halloran A, Reed C, Rolfes M, Sessions W, Taylor C, Xu X, Fry AM, Wentworth DE, Katz J, Jernigan D. Update: Influenza Activity - United States, September 30, 2018-February 2, 2019. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2019; 68:125-134. [PMID: 30763296 PMCID: PMC6375659 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6806a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Budd AP, Abd Elal AI, Alabi N, Barnes J, Blanton L, Brammer L, Burns E, Cummings CN, Dugan VG, Garg S, Garten R, Grohskopf LA, Gubareva L, Kniss K, Kramer N, O'Halloran A, Sessions W, Taylor C, Wentworth DE, Xu X, Fry AM, Katz J, Jernigan D. Influenza Activity - United States, September 30-December 1, 2018. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2018; 67:1369-1371. [PMID: 30543604 PMCID: PMC6300078 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6749a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza activity in the United States was low during October 2018, and, although it increased slowly during November, activity remains low across most of the country.* During the week ending December 1, 2018, the percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness† (ILI) was equal to the national baseline§ (Figure) and was at or slightly above the region-specific baseline in four of the 10 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regions¶ (Regions 4 and 7–9). The majority of jurisdictions experienced minimal or low ILI activity since September 30; however, two experienced moderate ILI activity, and two experienced high ILI activity** during the week ending December 1. The percentage of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza remains below the epidemic threshold,†† and the rate of influenza-associated hospitalizations remains low. Five laboratory-confirmed, influenza-associated pediatric deaths occurring since September 30 have been reported to CDC. During the week ending December 1, the majority of jurisdictions (40 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands) reported sporadic or local geographic spread of influenza activity, nine states reported regional activity, and one state reported widespread activity.§§
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Chow EJ, Davis CT, Abd Elal AI, Alabi N, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Barnes J, Blanton L, Brammer L, Budd AP, Burns E, Davis WW, Dugan VG, Fry AM, Garten R, Grohskopf LA, Gubareva L, Jang Y, Jones J, Kniss K, Lindstrom S, Mustaquim D, Porter R, Rolfes M, Sessions W, Taylor C, Wentworth DE, Xu X, Zanders N, Katz J, Jernigan D. Update: Influenza Activity - United States and Worldwide, May 20-October 13, 2018. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2018; 67:1178-1185. [PMID: 30359347 PMCID: PMC6290813 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6742a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
During May 20-October 13, 2018,* low levels of influenza activity were reported in the United States, with a mix of influenza A and B viruses circulating. Seasonal influenza activity in the Southern Hemisphere was low overall, with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 predominating in many regions. Antigenic testing of available influenza A and B viruses indicated that no significant antigenic drift in circulating viruses had emerged. In late September, the components for the 2019 Southern Hemisphere influenza vaccine were selected and included an incremental update to the A(H3N2) vaccine virus used in egg-based vaccine manufacturing; no change was recommended for the A(H3N2) component of cell-manufactured or recombinant influenza vaccines. Annual influenza vaccination is the best method for preventing influenza illness and its complications, and all persons aged ≥6 months who do not have contraindications should receive influenza vaccine, preferably before the onset of influenza circulation in their community, which often begins in October and peaks during December-February. Health care providers should offer vaccination by the end of October and should continue to recommend and administer influenza vaccine to previously unvaccinated patients throughout the 2018-19 influenza season (1). In addition, during May 20-October 13, a small number of nonhuman influenza "variant" virus infections† were reported in the United States; most were associated with exposure to swine. Although limited human-to-human transmission might have occurred in one instance, no ongoing community transmission was identified. Vulnerable populations, especially young children and other persons at high risk for serious influenza complications, should avoid swine barns at agricultural fairs, or close contact with swine.§.
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MESH Headings
- Disease Outbreaks
- Drug Resistance, Viral
- Global Health/statistics & numerical data
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza B virus/drug effects
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza Vaccines/chemistry
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Population Surveillance
- Seasons
- United States/epidemiology
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Jester B, Schwerzmann J, Mustaquim D, Aden T, Brammer L, Humes R, Shult P, Shahangian S, Gubareva L, Xu X, Miller J, Jernigan D. Mapping of the US Domestic Influenza Virologic Surveillance Landscape. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24. [PMID: 29715078 PMCID: PMC6038762 DOI: 10.3201/eid2407.180028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virologic surveillance is critical each season for tracking influenza circulation, following trends in antiviral drug resistance, detecting novel influenza infections in humans, and selecting viruses for use in annual seasonal vaccine production. We developed a framework and process map for characterizing the landscape of US influenza virologic surveillance into 5 tiers of influenza testing: outpatient settings (tier 1), inpatient settings and commercial laboratories (tier 2), state public health laboratories (tier 3), National Influenza Reference Center laboratories (tier 4), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention laboratories (tier 5). During the 2015–16 season, the numbers of influenza tests directly contributing to virologic surveillance were 804,000 in tiers 1 and 2; 78,000 in tier 3; 2,800 in tier 4; and 3,400 in tier 5. With the release of the 2017 US Pandemic Influenza Plan, the proposed framework will support public health officials in modeling, surveillance, and pandemic planning and response.
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Roto SM, Park SH, Lee SI, Kaldhone P, Pavlidis HO, Frankenbach SB, McIntyre DR, Striplin K, Brammer L, Ricke SC. Effects of feeding Original XPC™ to broilers with a live coccidiosis-vaccine under industry conditions: Part 1. Growth performance and Salmonella inhibition. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1831-1837. [PMID: 28340000 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of poultry diets with Diamond V Original XPC™ (XPC) has been proposed as a means to ameliorate the commonly observed loss of appetite and depression of growth in birds given a live coccidiosis vaccine. A study was conducted to compare the effects on bird performance of a live coccidiosis vaccine in broilers, with and without the dietary inclusion of XPC (1.25 g/kg). Ross 708 male broilers (n = 1,280) were allocated to one of 4 feed treatments: cocci-vaccine (T1), cocci-vaccine + XPC (T2), cocci-vaccine + salinomycin in the grower diet only, (T3), and cocci-vaccine + salinomycin in the grower diet + XPC (T4). Birds consuming diets containing XPC (T2 and T4) and salinomycin (T3) exhibited increased (P < 0.05) feed intake and significantly heavier body weights at 28 d (1.70, 1.74, and 1.67 kg, respectively) and 42 d (3.29, 3.31, and 3.26 kg, respectively). Feed conversion ratio at 28 d was improved (P < 0.05) by adding XPC to diets (T2: 1.47 and T4: 1.44) compared to control diets (T1: 1.50 and T3: 1.47). Salmonella prevalence determined via selective media indicated the inclusion of XPC in the diet resulted in a significant reduction of Salmonella when compared to treatments lacking XPC. Molecular confirmation of Salmonella species indicated S. Kentucky to be present in 38 of the 39 positive samples. Results revealed the ability of XPC in reducing the prevalence of Salmonella. Results from this study also suggest that XPC could be used in conjunction with a live coccidiosis-vaccine to increase growth rate and improve feed conversion of broilers. However, further work is needed to delineate more specific effects directly attributable to XPC.
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Garten R, Blanton L, Elal AIA, Alabi N, Barnes J, Biggerstaff M, Brammer L, Budd AP, Burns E, Cummings CN, Davis T, Garg S, Gubareva L, Jang Y, Kniss K, Kramer N, Lindstrom S, Mustaquim D, O'Halloran A, Sessions W, Taylor C, Xu X, Dugan VG, Fry AM, Wentworth DE, Katz J, Jernigan D. Update: Influenza Activity in the United States During the 2017-18 Season and Composition of the 2018-19 Influenza Vaccine. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2018; 67:634-642. [PMID: 29879098 PMCID: PMC5991814 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6722a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Caini S, Spreeuwenberg P, Kusznierz GF, Rudi JM, Owen R, Pennington K, Wangchuk S, Gyeltshen S, Ferreira de Almeida WA, Pessanha Henriques CM, Njouom R, Vernet MA, Fasce RA, Andrade W, Yu H, Feng L, Yang J, Peng Z, Lara J, Bruno A, de Mora D, de Lozano C, Zambon M, Pebody R, Castillo L, Clara AW, Matute ML, Kosasih H, Nurhayati, Puzelli S, Rizzo C, Kadjo HA, Daouda C, Kiyanbekova L, Ospanova A, Mott JA, Emukule GO, Heraud JM, Razanajatovo NH, Barakat A, El Falaki F, Huang SQ, Lopez L, Balmaseda A, Moreno B, Rodrigues AP, Guiomar R, Ang LW, Lee VJM, Venter M, Cohen C, Badur S, Ciblak MA, Mironenko A, Holubka O, Bresee J, Brammer L, Hoang PVM, Le MTQ, Fleming D, Séblain CEG, Schellevis F, Paget J. Distribution of influenza virus types by age using case-based global surveillance data from twenty-nine countries, 1999-2014. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:269. [PMID: 29884140 PMCID: PMC5994061 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza disease burden varies by age and this has important public health implications. We compared the proportional distribution of different influenza virus types within age strata using surveillance data from twenty-nine countries during 1999-2014 (N=358,796 influenza cases). Methods For each virus, we calculated a Relative Illness Ratio (defined as the ratio of the percentage of cases in an age group to the percentage of the country population in the same age group) for young children (0-4 years), older children (5-17 years), young adults (18-39 years), older adults (40-64 years), and the elderly (65+ years). We used random-effects meta-analysis models to obtain summary relative illness ratios (sRIRs), and conducted meta-regression and sub-group analyses to explore causes of between-estimates heterogeneity. Results The influenza virus with highest sRIR was A(H1N1) for young children, B for older children, A(H1N1)pdm2009 for adults, and (A(H3N2) for the elderly. As expected, considering the diverse nature of the national surveillance datasets included in our analysis, between-estimates heterogeneity was high (I2>90%) for most sRIRs. The variations of countries’ geographic, demographic and economic characteristics and the proportion of outpatients among reported influenza cases explained only part of the heterogeneity, suggesting that multiple factors were at play. Conclusions These results highlight the importance of presenting burden of disease estimates by age group and virus (sub)type. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3181-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Biggerstaff M, Kniss K, Jernigan DB, Brammer L, Bresee J, Garg S, Burns E, Reed C. Systematic Assessment of Multiple Routine and Near Real-Time Indicators to Classify the Severity of Influenza Seasons and Pandemics in the United States, 2003-2004 Through 2015-2016. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1040-1050. [PMID: 29053783 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessments of influenza season severity can guide public health action. We used the moving epidemic method to develop intensity thresholds (ITs) for 3 US surveillance indicators from the 2003-2004 through 2014-2015 influenza seasons (excluding the 2009 pandemic). The indicators were: 1) outpatient visits for influenza-like illness; 2) influenza-related hospitalizations; and 3) influenza- and pneumonia-related deaths. ITs were developed for the population overall and separately for children, adults, and older adults, and they were set at the upper limit of the 50% (IT50), 90% (IT90), and 98% (IT98) 1-sided confidence intervals of the geometric mean of each season's 3 highest values. Severity was classified as low if ≥2 systems peaked below IT50, moderate if ≥2 peaked between IT50 and IT90, high if ≥2 peaked between IT90 and IT98, and very high if ≥2 peaked above IT98. We pilot-tested this method with the 2015-2016 season and the 2009 pandemic. Overall, 4 seasons were classified as low severity, 7 as moderate, 2 as high, and none as very high. Among the age groups, older adults had the most seasons (n = 3) classified as high, and children were the only group to have seasons (n = 2) classified as very high. We will apply this method to classify the severity of future seasons and inform pandemic response.
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Shang M, Blanton L, Brammer L, Olsen SJ, Fry AM. Influenza-Associated Pediatric Deaths in the United States, 2010-2016. Pediatrics 2018; 141:peds.2017-2918. [PMID: 29440502 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-2918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza-associated pediatric deaths became a notifiable condition in the United States in 2004. METHODS We analyzed deaths in children aged <18 years with laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during the 2010-2011 to 2015-2016 influenza seasons. Data were collected with a standard case report form that included demographics, medical conditions, and clinical diagnoses. RESULTS Overall, 675 deaths were reported. The median age was 6 years (interquartile range: 2-12). The average annual incidence was 0.15 per 100 000 children (95% confidence interval: 0.14-0.16) and was highest among children aged <6 months (incidence: 0.66; 95% confidence interval: 0.53-0.82), followed by children aged 6-23 months (incidence: 0.33; 95% confidence interval: 0.27-0.39). Only 31% (n = 149 of 477) of children aged ≥6 months had received any influenza vaccination. Overall, 65% (n = 410 of 628) of children died within 7 days after symptom onset. Half of the children (n = 327 of 654) had no preexisting medical conditions. Compared with children with preexisting medical conditions, children with none were younger (median: 5 vs 8 years old), less vaccinated (27% vs 36%), more likely to die before hospital admission (77% vs 48%), and had a shorter illness duration (4 vs 7 days; P < .05 for all). CONCLUSIONS Each year, influenza-associated pediatric deaths are reported. Young children have the highest death rates, especially infants aged <6 months. Increasing vaccination among children, pregnant women, and caregivers of infants may reduce influenza-associated pediatric deaths.
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Budd AP, Wentworth DE, Blanton L, Elal AIA, Alabi N, Barnes J, Brammer L, Burns E, Cummings CN, Davis T, Flannery B, Fry AM, Garg S, Garten R, Gubareva L, Jang Y, Kniss K, Kramer N, Lindstrom S, Mustaquim D, O'Halloran A, Olsen SJ, Sessions W, Taylor C, Xu X, Dugan VG, Katz J, Jernigan D. Update: Influenza Activity - United States, October 1, 2017-February 3, 2018. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2018; 67:169-179. [PMID: 29447145 PMCID: PMC5815487 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6706a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rolfes MA, Foppa IM, Garg S, Flannery B, Brammer L, Singleton JA, Burns E, Jernigan D, Olsen SJ, Bresee J, Reed C. Annual estimates of the burden of seasonal influenza in the United States: A tool for strengthening influenza surveillance and preparedness. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:132-137. [PMID: 29446233 PMCID: PMC5818346 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Estimates of influenza disease burden are broadly useful for public health, helping national and local authorities monitor epidemiologic trends, plan and allocate resources, and promote influenza vaccination. Historically, estimates of the burden of seasonal influenza in the United States, focused mainly on influenza‐related mortality and hospitalization, were generated every few years. Since the 2010‐2011 influenza season, annual US influenza burden estimates have been generated and expanded to include estimates of influenza‐related outpatient medical visits and symptomatic illness in the community. Methods We used routinely collected surveillance data, outbreak field investigations, and proportions of people seeking health care from survey results to estimate the number of illnesses, medical visits, hospitalizations, and deaths due to influenza during six influenza seasons (2010‐2011 through 2015‐2016). Results We estimate that the number of influenza‐related illnesses that have occurred during influenza season has ranged from 9.2 million to 35.6 million, including 140 000 to 710 000 influenza‐related hospitalizations. Discussion These annual efforts have strengthened public health communications products and supported timely assessment of the impact of vaccination through estimates of illness and hospitalizations averted. Additionally, annual estimates of influenza burden have highlighted areas where disease surveillance needs improvement to better support public health decision making for seasonal influenza epidemics as well as future pandemics.
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Dugan VG, Blanton L, Elal AIA, Alabi N, Barnes J, Brammer L, Burns E, Cummings CN, Davis T, Flannery B, Fry AM, Garg S, Garten R, Gubareva L, Jang Y, Kniss K, Kramer N, Lindstrom S, Mustaquim D, O'Halloran A, Olsen SJ, Sessions W, Taylor C, Trock S, Xu X, Wentworth DE, Katz J, Jernigan D. Update: Influenza Activity - United States, October 1-November 25, 2017. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2017; 66:1318-1326. [PMID: 29216030 PMCID: PMC5757637 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6648a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Blanton L, Wentworth DE, Alabi N, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Barnes J, Brammer L, Burns E, Davis CT, Dugan VG, Fry AM, Garten R, Grohskopf LA, Gubareva L, Kniss K, Lindstrom S, Mustaquim D, Olsen SJ, Roguski K, Taylor C, Trock S, Xu X, Katz J, Jernigan D. Update: Influenza Activity - United States and Worldwide, May 21-September 23, 2017. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2017; 66:1043-1051. [PMID: 28981486 PMCID: PMC5720887 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6639a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Park S, Roto S, Pavlidis H, McIntyre D, Striplin K, Brammer L, Ricke S. Effects of feeding Original XPC™ to broilers with a live coccidiosis vaccine under industrial conditions: Part 2. Cecal microbiota analysis. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2400-2411. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Blanton L, Alabi N, Mustaquim D, Taylor C, Kniss K, Kramer N, Budd A, Garg S, Cummings CN, Chung J, Flannery B, Fry AM, Sessions W, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Dugan V, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Update: Influenza Activity in the United States During the 2016-17 Season and Composition of the 2017-18 Influenza Vaccine. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2017; 66:668-676. [PMID: 28662019 PMCID: PMC5687497 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6625a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Blanton L, Mustaquim D, Alabi N, Kniss K, Kramer N, Budd A, Garg S, Cummings CN, Fry AM, Bresee J, Sessions W, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Update: Influenza Activity - United States, October 2, 2016-February 4, 2017. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2017; 66:159-166. [PMID: 28207684 PMCID: PMC5657859 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6606a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Shang M, Blanton L, Kniss K, Mustaquim D, Alabi N, Barnes S, Budd A, Davlin SL, Kramer N, Garg S, Cummings CN, Flannery B, Fry AM, Grohskopf LA, Olsen SJ, Bresee J, Sessions W, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Update: Influenza Activity - United States, October 2-December 17, 2016. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2016; 65:1439-1444. [PMID: 28033315 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm655051a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity* during October 2-December 17, 2016.† Influenza activity in the United States remained low in October and has been slowly increasing since November. Influenza A viruses were identified most frequently, with influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominating. Most influenza viruses characterized during this period were genetically or antigenically similar to the reference viruses representing vaccine components recommended for production in the 2016-17 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Ambulatory Care/statistics & numerical data
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Child
- Child Mortality
- Child, Preschool
- Drug Resistance, Viral
- Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H1N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza B virus/drug effects
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/mortality
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Middle Aged
- Pneumonia/mortality
- Population Surveillance
- Seasons
- United States/epidemiology
- Young Adult
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Budd A, Blanton L, Kniss K, Smith S, Mustaquim D, Davlin SL, Kramer N, Flannery B, Fry AM, Grohskopf LA, Olsen SJ, Bresee J, Sessions W, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Update: Influenza Activity - United States and Worldwide, May 22-September 10, 2016. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2016; 65:1008-1014. [PMID: 27657671 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6537a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
During May 22-September 10, 2016,* the United States experienced typical low levels of seasonal influenza activity overall; beginning in late August, clinical laboratories reported a slight increase in influenza positive test results and CDC received reports of a small number of localized influenza outbreaks caused by influenza A (H3N2) viruses. Influenza A (H1N1)pdm09, influenza A (H3N2), and influenza B viruses were detected during May-September in the United States and worldwide. The majority of the influenza viruses collected from the United States and other countries during that time have been characterized antigenically or genetically or both as being similar to the reference viruses representing vaccine components recommended for the 2016-17 Northern Hemisphere vaccine. During May 22-September 10, 2016, 20 influenza variant virus† infections were reported; two were influenza A (H1N2) variant (H1N2v) viruses (Minnesota and Wisconsin) and 18 were influenza A (H3N2) variant (H3N2v) viruses (12 from Michigan and six from Ohio).
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Davlin SL, Blanton L, Kniss K, Mustaquim D, Smith S, Kramer N, Cohen J, Cummings CN, Garg S, Flannery B, Fry AM, Grohskopf LA, Bresee J, Wallis T, Sessions W, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Influenza Activity - United States, 2015-16 Season and Composition of the 2016-17 Influenza Vaccine. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2016; 65:567-75. [PMID: 27281364 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6522a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
During the 2015-16 influenza season (October 4, 2015-May 21, 2016) in the United States, influenza activity* was lower and peaked later compared with the previous three seasons (2012-13, 2013-14, and 2014-15). Activity remained low from October 2015 until late December 2015 and peaked in mid-March 2016. During the most recent 18 influenza seasons (including this season), only two other seasons have peaked in March (2011-12 and 2005-06). Overall influenza activity was moderate this season, with a lower percentage of outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI),(†) lower hospitalization rates, and a lower percentage of deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza (P&I) compared with the preceding three seasons. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses predominated overall, but influenza A(H3N2) viruses were more commonly identified from October to early December, and influenza B viruses were more commonly identified from mid-April through mid-May. The majority of viruses characterized this season were antigenically similar to the reference viruses representing the recommended components of the 2015-16 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccine (1). This report summarizes influenza activity in the United States during the 2015-16 influenza season (October 4, 2015-May 21, 2016)(§) and reports the vaccine virus components recommended for the 2016-17 Northern Hemisphere influenza vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Child
- Child Mortality
- Child, Preschool
- Drug Resistance, Viral
- Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant Mortality
- Infant, Newborn
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza B virus/drug effects
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza Vaccines/chemistry
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/mortality
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Middle Aged
- Outpatients/statistics & numerical data
- Pneumonia/mortality
- Population Surveillance
- Seasons
- United States/epidemiology
- Young Adult
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Caini S, Huang QS, Ciblak MA, Kusznierz G, Owen R, Wangchuk S, Henriques CMP, Njouom R, Fasce RA, Yu H, Feng L, Zambon M, Clara AW, Kosasih H, Puzelli S, Kadjo HA, Emukule G, Heraud JM, Ang LW, Venter M, Mironenko A, Brammer L, Mai LTQ, Schellevis F, Plotkin S, Paget J. Epidemiological and virological characteristics of influenza B: results of the Global Influenza B Study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 9 Suppl 1:3-12. [PMID: 26256290 PMCID: PMC4549097 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Literature on influenza focuses on influenza A, despite influenza B having a large public health impact. The Global Influenza B Study aims to collect information on global epidemiology and burden of disease of influenza B since 2000. METHODS Twenty-six countries in the Southern (n = 5) and Northern (n = 7) hemispheres and intertropical belt (n = 14) provided virological and epidemiological data. We calculated the proportion of influenza cases due to type B and Victoria and Yamagata lineages in each country and season; tested the correlation between proportion of influenza B and maximum weekly influenza-like illness (ILI) rate during the same season; determined the frequency of vaccine mismatches; and described the age distribution of cases by virus type. RESULTS The database included 935 673 influenza cases (2000-2013). Overall median proportion of influenza B was 22·6%, with no statistically significant differences across seasons. During seasons where influenza B was dominant or co-circulated (>20% of total detections), Victoria and Yamagata lineages predominated during 64% and 36% of seasons, respectively, and a vaccine mismatch was observed in ≈25% of seasons. Proportion of influenza B was inversely correlated with maximum ILI rate in the same season in the Northern and (with borderline significance) Southern hemispheres. Patients infected with influenza B were usually younger (5-17 years) than patients infected with influenza A. CONCLUSION Influenza B is a common disease with some epidemiological differences from influenza A. This should be considered when optimizing control/prevention strategies in different regions and reducing the global burden of disease due to influenza.
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Caini S, Andrade W, Badur S, Balmaseda A, Barakat A, Bella A, Bimohuen A, Brammer L, Bresee J, Bruno A, Castillo L, Ciblak MA, Clara AW, Cohen C, Daouda C, de Lozano C, De Mora D, Dorji K, Emukule GO, Fasce RA, Feng L, Ferreira de Almeida WA, Guiomar R, Heraud JM, Holubka O, Huang QS, Kadjo HA, Kiyanbekova L, Kosasih H, Kusznierz G, Lee V, Lara J, Li M, Lopez L, Mai HP, Pessanha HC, Matute ML, Mironenko A, Moreno B, Mott JA, Njouom R, Ospanova A, Owen R, Pebody R, Pennington K, Puzelli S, Quynh Le MT, Razanajatovo NH, Rodrigues A, Rudi JM, Venter M, Vernet MA, Wei AL, Wangchuk S, Yang J, Yu H, Zambon M, Schellevis F, Paget J. Correction: Temporal Patterns of Influenza A and B in Tropical and Temperate Countries: What Are the Lessons for Influenza Vaccination? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155089. [PMID: 27135748 PMCID: PMC4852893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152310.].
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47
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Russell K, Blanton L, Kniss K, Mustaquim D, Smith S, Cohen J, Garg S, Flannery B, Fry AM, Grohskopf LA, Bresee J, Wallis T, Sessions W, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Update: Influenza Activity--United States, October 4, 2015-February 6, 2016. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2016; 65:146-53. [PMID: 26891596 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6506a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
From October through mid-December 2015, influenza activity remained low in most regions of the United States. Activity began to increase in late December 2015 and continued to increase slowly through early February 2016. Influenza A viruses have been most frequently identified, with influenza A (H3N2) viruses predominating during October until early December, and influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 viruses predominating from mid-December until early February. Most of the influenza viruses characterized during that time are antigenically similar to vaccine virus strains recommended for inclusion in the 2015-16 Northern Hemisphere vaccines. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity* during October 4, 2015-February 6, 2016, and updates the previous summary (1).
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- Child
- Child Mortality
- Child, Preschool
- Drug Resistance, Viral
- Female
- Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza B virus/drug effects
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/mortality
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pneumonia/mortality
- Population Surveillance
- Pregnancy
- Seasons
- United States/epidemiology
- Young Adult
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Smith S, Blanton L, Kniss K, Mustaquim D, Steffens C, Reed C, Bramley A, Flannery B, Fry AM, Grohskopf LA, Bresee J, Wallis T, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Update: Influenza Activity - United States. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2015; 64:1342-8. [PMID: 26656182 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6448a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
CDC collects, compiles, and analyzes data on influenza activity year-round in the United States. The influenza season generally begins in the fall and continues through the winter and spring months; however, the timing and severity of circulating influenza viruses can vary by geographic location and season. Influenza activity in the United States remained low through October and November in 2015. Influenza A viruses have been most frequently identified, with influenza A (H3) viruses predominating. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity for the period October 4-November 28, 2015.
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Blanton L, Kniss K, Smith S, Mustaquim D, Steffens C, Flannery B, Fry AM, Bresee J, Wallis T, Garten R, Xu X, Elal AIA, Gubareva L, Wentworth DE, Burns E, Katz J, Jernigan D, Brammer L. Update: Influenza Activity — United States and Worldwide, May 24–September 5, 2015. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2015; 64:1011-6. [DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6436a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Greenbaum A, Quinn C, Bailer J, Su S, Havers F, Durand LO, Jiang V, Page S, Budd J, Shaw M, Biggerstaff M, de Fijter S, Smith K, Reed C, Epperson S, Brammer L, Feltz D, Sohner K, Ford J, Jain S, Gargiullo P, Weiss E, Burg P, DiOrio M, Fowler B, Finelli L, Jhung MA. Investigation of an Outbreak of Variant Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Infection Associated With an Agricultural Fair-Ohio, August 2012. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1592-9. [PMID: 25948864 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2012, one third of cases in a multistate outbreak of variant influenza A(H3N2) virus ([H3N2]v) infection occurred in Ohio. We conducted an investigation of (H3N2)v cases associated with agricultural Fair A in Ohio. METHODS We surveyed Fair A swine exhibitors and their household members. Confirmed cases had influenza-like illness (ILI) and a positive laboratory test for (H3N2)v, and probable cases had ILI. We calculated attack rates. We determined risk factors for infection, using multivariable log-binomial regression. RESULTS We identified 20 confirmed and 94 probable cases associated with Fair A. Among 114 cases, the median age was 10 years, there were no hospitalizations or deaths, and 82% had swine exposure. In the exhibitor household cohort of 359 persons (83 households), we identified 6 confirmed cases (2%) and 40 probable cases (11%). An age of <10 years was a significant risk factor (P < .01) for illness. One instance of likely human-to-human transmission was identified. CONCLUSIONS In this (H3N2)v outbreak, no evidence of sustained human-to-human (H3N2)v transmission was found. Our risk factor analysis contributed to the development of the recommendation that people at increased risk of influenza-associated complications, including children aged <5 years, avoid swine barns at fairs during the 2012 fair season.
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