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Wolf M, Raman N, Taccardi N, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P. Coke Formation during Propane Dehydrogenation over Ga-Rh Supported Catalytically Active Liquid Metal Solutions. ChemCatChem 2020; 12:1085-1094. [PMID: 32194874 PMCID: PMC7074060 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Supported Catalytically Active Liquid Metal Solutions (SCALMS) were recently described as a new class of heterogeneous catalysts, where the catalytic transformation takes place at the highly dynamic interface of a liquid alloy. Their application in alkane dehydrogenation has been claimed to be superior to classical heterogeneous catalysts, because the single atom nature of Rh dissolved in liquid Ga hinders the formation of significant amounts of coke, e. g. by oligomerisation of carbon fragments and excessive dehydrogenation. In the present study, we investigate the coking behaviour of Ga-Rh SCALMS during dehydrogenation of propane in detail by means of high-resolution thermogravimetry. We report that the application of Ga-Rh SCALMS indeed limits the formation of coke when compared to the Ga-free Rh catalyst, in particular when relating coke formation to the catalytic performance. Furthermore, the formed coke has been shown to be highly reactive during temperature programmed oxidation in 21 % O2/He with onset temperatures of approx. 150 °C enabling a regeneration of the Ga-Rh SCALMS system under mild conditions. The activation energy of the oxidation lies in the lower range of values reported for spent cracking catalysts. Monitoring the formation of coke and performance of SCALMS in situ via thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry revealed the continuous formation of coke, which becomes the only process affecting the net weight change after a certain time on stream.
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Blaumeiser D, Stepić R, Wolf P, Wick CR, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P, Smith DM, Smith AS, Bauer T, Libuda J. Cu carbonyls enhance the performance of Ru-based SILP water–gas shift catalysts: a combined in situ DRIFTS and DFT study. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01852b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In situ DRIFT spectroscopy and DFT identify Cu carbonyl shuttles that enhance the performance of Ru-based SILP water–gas shift catalysts.
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Marinkovic JM, Benders S, Garcia-Suarez EJ, Weiß A, Gundlach C, Haumann M, Küppers M, Blümich B, Fehrmann R, Riisager A. Elucidating the ionic liquid distribution in monolithic SILP hydroformylation catalysts by magnetic resonance imaging. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18487-18495. [PMID: 35517184 PMCID: PMC9053722 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09515b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Monolithic silicon carbide supported ionic liquid-phase (SILP) Rh-catalysts have very recently been introduced for gas-phase hydroformylation as an important step toward industrial upscaling. This study investigates the monolithic catalyst system in combination with different impregnation procedures with non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The findings were supported by X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) data of the monolithic pore structure and a catalytic performance test of the catalyst system for 1-butene gas-phase hydroformylation. MRI confirmed a homogeneous impregnation of the liquid phase throughout the full cross-section of the cylindrical monoliths. Consistent impregnations from one side to the other of the monoliths were achieved with a stabilizer in the system that helped preventing inhomogeneous rim formation. External influences relevant for industrial application, such as long-term storage and temperature exposure, did not affect the homogeneous liquid-phase distribution of the catalyst. The work elucidates important parameters to improve liquid-phase catalyst impregnation to obtain efficient monolithic catalysts for industrial exploitation in gas-phase hydroformylation as well as other important industrial processes. The action of the liquid catalyst phase in monolithic silicon carbide supported ionic liquid-phase (SILP) Rh-catalysts provide important insight toward industrial upscaling for gas-phase hydroformylation.![]()
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Raman N, Maisel S, Grabau M, Taccardi N, Debuschewitz J, Wolf M, Wittkämper H, Bauer T, Wu M, Haumann M, Papp C, Görling A, Spiecker E, Libuda J, Steinrück HP, Wasserscheid P. Highly Effective Propane Dehydrogenation Using Ga-Rh Supported Catalytically Active Liquid Metal Solutions. ACS Catal 2019; 9:9499-9507. [PMID: 32219008 PMCID: PMC7088128 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our contribution demonstrates that rhodium, an element that has barely been reported as an active metal for selective dehydrogenation of alkanes becomes a very active, selective, and robust dehydrogenation catalyst when exposed to propane in the form of single atoms at the interface of a solid-supported, highly dynamic liquid Ga-Rh mixture. We demonstrate that the transition to a fully liquid supported alloy droplet at Ga/Rh ratios above 80, results in a drastic increase in catalyst activity with high propylene selectivity. The combining results from catalytic studies, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, IR-spectroscopy under reaction conditions, microscopy, and density-functional theory calculations, we obtained a comprehensive microscopy picture of the working principle of the Ga-Rh supported catalytically active liquid metal solution.
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Wolf P, Logemann M, Schörner M, Keller L, Haumann M, Wessling M. Multi-walled carbon nanotube-based composite materials as catalyst support for water-gas shift and hydroformylation reactions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:27732-27742. [PMID: 35529233 PMCID: PMC9070777 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04830h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In times of depleting fossil fuel reserves, optimizing industrial catalytic reactions has become increasingly important. One possibility for optimization is the use of homogenous catalysts, which are advantageous over heterogeneous catalysts because of mild reaction conditions as well as higher selectivity and activity. A new emerging technology, supported ionic liquid phase (SILP), was developed to permanently immobilize homogeneous catalyst complexes for continuous processes. However, these SILP catalysts are unable to form freestanding supports by themselves. This study presents a new method to introduce the SILP system into a support made from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). In a first step, SILP catalysts were prepared for hydroformylation as well as low-temperature water-gas shift (WGS) reactions. These catalysts were integrated into freestanding microtubes formed from MWCNTs, with silica (for hydroformylation) or alumina particles (for WGS) incorporated. In hydroformylation, the activity increased significantly by around 400% when the pure MWCNT material was used as SILP support. An opposite trend was observed for WGS, where pure alumina particles exhibited the highest activity. A significant advantage of the MWCNT composite materials is the possibility to coat them with separation layers, which allows their application in membrane reactors for more efficient processes.
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Stepić R, Wick CR, Strobel V, Berger D, Vučemilović-Alagić N, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P, Smith AS, Smith DM. Mechanism of the Water-Gas Shift Reaction Catalyzed by Efficient Ruthenium-Based Catalysts: A Computational and Experimental Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:741-745. [PMID: 30467935 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) catalysis enables a highly efficient, Ru-based, homogeneously catalyzed water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) between 100 °C and 150 °C. The active Ru-complexes have been found to exist in imidazolium chloride melts under operating conditions in a dynamic equilibrium, which is dominated by the [Ru(CO)3 Cl3 ]- complex. Herein we present state-of-the-art theoretical calculations to elucidate the reaction mechanism in more detail. We show that the mechanism includes the intermediate formation and degradation of hydrogen chloride, which effectively reduces the high barrier for the formation of the requisite dihydrogen complex. The hypothesis that the rate-limiting step involves water is supported by using D2 O in continuous catalytic WGSR experiments. The resulting mechanism constitutes a highly competitive alternative to earlier reported generic routes involving nucleophilic addition of hydroxide in the gas phase and in solution.
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Müller T, Dixon JT, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P. Trimerization and tetramerization of ethylene in continuous gas-phase reaction using a Cr-based supported liquid phase catalyst. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00179k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective tri- and tetramerization of ethylene in continuous operation was achieved by immobilization of the homogeneous chromium catalyst plus MAO co-catalyst in a thin film of high boiling hydrocarbons.
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Marinkovic JM, Riisager A, Franke R, Wasserscheid P, Haumann M. Fifteen Years of Supported Ionic Liquid Phase-Catalyzed Hydroformylation: Material and Process Developments. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b04010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stepić R, Wick CR, Strobel V, Berger D, Vučemilović‐Alagić N, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P, Smith A, Smith DM. Mechanism of the Water–Gas Shift Reaction Catalyzed by Efficient Ruthenium‐Based Catalysts: A Computational and Experimental Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201813595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Stepić R, Wick CR, Strobel V, Berger D, Vučemilović‐Alagić N, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P, Smith A, Smith DM. Mechanism of the Water–Gas Shift Reaction Catalyzed by Efficient Ruthenium Based Catalysts: A Computational and Experimental Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bingwa N, Antonels NC, Williams MB, Haumann M, Meijboom R. Application of Mesoporous Metal Oxide Immobilized Gold–Palladium Nanoalloys as Catalysts for Ethanol Oxidation. Catal Letters 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-018-2510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Strobel V, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P. Rational design of SILP catalysts with „fully digital” data handling. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201855363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Galvan Y, Phillips KR, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P, Zarraga R, Vogel N. Ionic-Liquid-Infused Nanostructures as Repellent Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:6894-6902. [PMID: 29356538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to prepare lubricant-infused repellent coatings on silica nanostructures using low vapor pressure ionic liquids as lubricants, we study the wetting behavior of a set of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with different alkyl side chains as a function of the applied surface functionalities. We take advantage of the structural color of inverse opals prepared from a colloidal coassembly technique to study the infiltration of ionic liquids into these nanoporous structures. We find that the more hydrophobic ionic liquids with butyl and hexyl side chains can completely infiltrate inverse opals functionalized with mixed self-assembled monolayers composed of imidazole groups and aliphatic hydrocarbon chains, which we introduce via silane chemistry. These molecular species reflect the chemical nature of the ionic liquid, thereby increasing the affinity between the liquid and solid surface. The mixed surface chemistry provides sufficiently small contact angles with the ionic liquid to infiltrate the nanopores while maximizing the contact angle with water. As a result, the mixed monolayers enable the design of a stable ionic liquid/solid interface that is able to repel water as a test liquid. Our results underline the importance of matching chemical affinities to predict and control the wetting behavior in complex, multiphase systems.
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Lee C, Sandig B, Buchmeiser MR, Haumann M. Supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) facilitated gas-phase enzyme catalysis – CALB catalyzed transesterification of vinyl propionate. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) technology has been used to immobilize Candida Antarctica Lipase B (CALB) within a hybrid monolith.
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Bauer T, Stepic R, Wolf P, Kollhoff F, Karawacka W, Wick CR, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P, Smith DM, Smith AS, Libuda J. Dynamic equilibria in supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) catalysis: in situ IR spectroscopy identifies [Ru(CO)xCly]n species in water gas shift catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy02199b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ru-based SILP systems efficiently catalyze the low-temperature water-gas shift reaction (WGSR).
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Kaftan A, Klefer H, Haumann M, Laurin M, Wasserscheid P, Libuda J. An operando DRIFTS-MS study of NH3 removal by supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) materials. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Walter S, Spohr H, Franke R, Hieringer W, Wasserscheid P, Haumann M. Detailed Investigation of the Mechanism of Rh-Diphosphite Supported Ionic Liquid Phase (SILP)-Catalyzed 1-Butene Hydroformylation in the Gas Phase via Combined Kinetic and Density Functional Theory (DFT) Modeling Studies. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Weiß A, Giese M, Lijewski M, Franke R, Wasserscheid P, Haumann M. Modification of nitrogen doped carbon for SILP catalyzed hydroformylation of ethylene. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy01346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped carbon is a new material for SILP catalysts that show improved performance as function of N-content and surface basicity.
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Strobel V, Schuster JJ, Braeuer AS, Vogt LK, Junge H, Haumann M. Shining light on low-temperature methanol aqueous-phase reforming using homogeneous Ru-pincer complexes – operando Raman-GC studies. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00228e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combination of operando Raman spectroscopy with online GC and volume-flow monitoring allows rapid insight into low-temperature methanol reforming.
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Lijewski M, Hogg JM, Swadźba-Kwaśny M, Wasserscheid P, Haumann M. Coating of Pd/C catalysts with Lewis-acidic ionic liquids and liquid coordination complexes – SCILL induced activity enhancement in arene hydrogenation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03295a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid doping – coating of Pd/C catalysts with Lewis-acidic liquid films results in increased hydrogenation activity at very mild reaction conditions.
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Bauer T, Hager V, Williams MB, Laurin M, Döpper T, Görling A, Szesni N, Wasserscheid P, Haumann M, Libuda J. Palladium-Mediated Ethylation of the Imidazolium Cation Monitored In Operando on a Solid Catalyst with Ionic Liquid Layer. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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Weiß A, Munoz M, Haas A, Rietzler F, Steinrück HP, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P, Etzold BJM. Boosting the Activity in Supported Ionic Liquid-Phase-Catalyzed Hydroformylation via Surface Functionalization of the Carbon Support. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Völkl L, Recker S, Niedermaier M, Kiermaier S, Strobel V, Maschmeyer D, Cole-Hamilton D, Marquardt W, Wasserscheid P, Haumann M. Comparison between phosphine and NHC-modified Pd catalysts in the telomerization of butadiene with methanol – A kinetic study combined with model-based experimental analysis. J Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Walter S, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P, Hahn H, Franke R. n-butane carbonylation ton-pentanal using a cascade reaction of dehydrogenation and SILP-catalyzed hydroformylation. AIChE J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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50
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Scholz J, Hager V, Wang X, Kohler FTU, Sternberg M, Haumann M, Szesni N, Meyer K, Wasserscheid P. Back Cover: Ethylene to 2-Butene in a Continuous Gas Phase Reaction using SILP-Type Cationic Nickel Catalysts (ChemCatChem 1/2014). ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201490006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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