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Kabilan L, Rajendran R, Arunachalam N, Ramesh S, Srinivasan S, Samuel PP, Dash AP. Japanese encephalitis in India: an overview. Indian J Pediatr 2004; 71:609-15. [PMID: 15280610 DOI: 10.1007/bf02724120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE)-epidemics have been reported in many parts of the country. The incidence has been reported to be high among pediatric group with high mortality. The incidence of JE in recent times is showing an increasing trend. It appears that JE may become one of the major public health problems in India, considering the quantum of the vulnerable pediatric population, the proportion of JEV infections among the encephalitic children and wide scattering of JE-prone areas. JE burden can be estimated satisfactorily to some extend by strengthening diagnostic facilities for JE confirmation in hospitals and by maintenance of contact with the nearby referral hospitals to collect the particulars on JE cases. Vaccination proves to be the best to protect the individual against any disease. In the case of JE, it is essential to immunize the pigs (amplifying host) also to interrupt the transmission of the disease.
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Arunachalam N, Samuel PP, Hiriyan J, Thenmozhi V, Gajanana A. Japanese encephalitis in Kerala, south India: can Mansonia (Diptera: Culicidae) play a supplemental role in transmission? JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 41:456-461. [PMID: 15185950 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-41.3.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A 2-yr entomological study was carried out in Kerala, south India, to identify the mosquito vectors of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus and to determine their seasonal abundance and infection. In total, 150,454 mosquitoes belonging to five genera and 18 species were collected from vegetation surrounding cattle sheds and pigsties in villages at dusk. Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (66.7%) was the most abundant species, with increases in numbers associated with rice cultivation. JE virus isolations were made from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Mansonia indiana Edwards. Based on high abundance and frequent JE virus infection, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus seems to be the most important vector, whereas Ma. indiana is probably a secondary vector.
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Samuel PP, Arunachalam N, Hiriyan J, Thenmozhi V, Gajanana A, Satyanarayana K. Host-feeding pattern of Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Mansonia annulifera (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae), the major vectors of filariasis in a rural area of south India. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 41:442-446. [PMID: 15185948 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-41.3.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus and Mansonia annulifera are abundant in the rural areas of Kuttanadu, Kerala, India. Bloodmeal identification for individuals of these species collected in this region was determined by the agar-gel precipitin test. A total of 2,328 blood smears from Cx. quinquefasciatus (1,148) and Ma. annulifera (1,180) was tested. Results showed that Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ma. annulifera were highly anthropophilic and that human feeding accounted for 74 and 66% of the total bloodmeals tested. Feeding on cattle accounted for only 1.5 and 2.1% of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ma. annulifera bloodmeals, respectively. This study showed the high anthropophilic feeding rates of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ma. annulifera collected from an endemic belt of Malayan filariasis, where epidemiological studies revealed the coexistence of Bancroftian and Malayan filariasis.
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Rajendran R, Sunish IP, Mani TR, Munirathinam A, Abdullah SM, Arunachalam N, Satyanarayana K. Impact of two annual single-dose mass drug administrations with diethylcarbamazine alone or in combination with albendazole on Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia and antigenaemia in South India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004; 98:174-81. [PMID: 15024928 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(03)00042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-arm community-based lymphatic filariasis elimination trial is being carried out in Tamil Nadu state, India to assess the effect of 2 annual single-dose mass drug administrations of diethylcarbamazine + albendazole (DEC + ALB) on microfilaraemia and antigenaemia in one arm, and diethylcarbamazine(DEC) alone in the other arm. In a cross-sectional survey at each time-point, 450-650 subjects in childhood (2-9 years old) and young adulthood (10-25 years old) were screened from each treatment arm. After 2 annual mass drug administrations, microfilaraemia prevalence in the 2-drug arm was reduced by 54% and 62% in the 2-9 year old and 10-25 year old groups respectively; and corresponding figures for the single-drug arm were 26% and 37%. Though higher reductions were recorded for geometric mean intensity of microfilaraemia in the 2-9 year old groups for both treatment arms, reduction was more pronounced in the 2-drug arm than the single drug arm (74% vs. 24%) in the 10-25 year old group. The reduction in the antigenaemia prevalence in the 2-9 year old group was evident in both treatment arms, but in the 10-25 year old group the reduction was only 16.8% in the 2-drug arm. Our results suggest that the annual, single-dose combination (DEC + ALB) mass treatment regimen has an enhanced effect against bancroftian filariasis compared to single-drug therapy.
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Arunachalam N, Murty US, Kabilan L, Balasubramanian A, Thenmozhi V, Narahari D, Ravi A, Satyanarayana K. Studies on dengue in rural areas of Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2004; 20:87-90. [PMID: 15088710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A dengue case was reported for the 1st time in a rural area of Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Entomological and serological investigations were carried out to determine the prevalence of dengue vectors and dengue virus. Aedes aegypti was recorded for the 1st time in rural areas of Andhra Pradesh. Breeding of Ae. aegypti was observed only in containers with nonpotable water. Cement cisterns and tanks, stone tubs, and clay pots were the major breeding habitats of Ae. aegypti. Larval indices for Ae. aegypti ranged as follows: house index 28-40%, container index 13-37%, and Breteau index 32-60. A serological survey indicated that humans in Kurnool District have been exposed to dengue virus infections. The potential threat of an outbreak of dengue fever in rural areas because of the prevalence of the vector (Ae. aegypti) and dengue virus is discussed.
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Kabilan L, Balasubramanian S, Keshava SM, Thenmozhi V, Sekar G, Tewari SC, Arunachalam N, Rajendran R, Satyanarayana K. Dengue disease spectrum among infants in the 2001 dengue epidemic in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:3919-21. [PMID: 12904418 PMCID: PMC179846 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.8.3919-3921.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation in a referral pediatric hospital has indicated that during a recent dengue outbreak in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, dengue in infancy constituted 20% of total dengue virus infections with low mortality rates in this hospital. In developing countries, strengthening of dengue management capabilities at hospitals can prevent dengue-related deaths in infants.
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Murty US, SatyaKumar DVR, Sriram K, Rao KM, Singh TG, Arunachalam N, Samuel PP. Seasonal prevalence of Culex vishnui subgroup, the major vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus in an endemic district of Andhra Pradesh, India. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2002; 18:290-293. [PMID: 12542185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal prevalence of members of the Culex vishnui subgroup, the major vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JE) in an endemic district of Andhra Pradesh, was investigated. Approximately 15,500 mosquitoes belonging to 2 genera and 5 species were collected by indoor-resting collections. The predominant species were found to be from the Cx. vishnui subgroup, which comprised 42.6% of the total collection, followed by Anopheles subpictus (40.4%), An. hyrcanus (12.8%), Cx. gelidus (3.5%), and An. barbirostris (0.8%). Mosquitoes of the Cx. vishnui subgroup were collected throughout the year, and densities of females ranged from 2.3/man-hour in January 1999 to 26.0/man-hour in December 1999. Ninety-three cases of Japanese encephalitis (27 confirmed serologically) were reported, mainly during the monsoon months of November and December. A significant positive correlation between densities of mosquitoes of the Cx. vishnui subgroup and occurrence of Japanese encephalitis cases (r = 0.765, P < 0.01) was observed. The factors responsible for transmission of JE in the endemic district are discussed.
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Arunachalam N, Philip Samuel P, Hiriyan J, Thenmozhi V, Balasubramanian A, Gajanana A, Satyanarayana K. Vertical transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus in Mansonia species, in an epidemic-prone area of southern India. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2002; 96:419-20. [PMID: 12171624 DOI: 10.1179/000349802125001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Panicker KN, Arunachalam N, Kumar NP, Prathibha J, Sabesan S. Efficacy of diethylcarbamazine-medicated salt for microfilaraemia of Brugia malayi. THE NATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDIA 1997; 10:275-6. [PMID: 9481098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pilot studies in India and abroad have demonstrated the benefit of cooking salt fortified with diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) for the control of lymphatic filariasis. In India, DEC-medicated salt has been introduced on a commercial basis in the Cherthala region of Kerala, which is endemic for Brugia malayi (B. malayi). We studied the efficacy of DEC-medicated salt in the clearance of microfilaraemia of B. malayi. METHODS Eighteen cases of microfilaraemia (11 men; 7 women) were selected; 14 in the experimental group (i.e. treated with 0.2% w/w DEC-medicated salt) and the rest as the control group who were given a placebo. The consumption of salt and the status of parasitaemia were monitored till all the microfilaria carriers became negative. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in the density of microfilariae (intensity) among the treated individuals over a period of time. The duration required for the clearance of microfilariae ranged from 9 to 30 [mean (SD) 19.4 (1.7)] weeks. All microfilaraemics except one reported side-effects which were mild-to-moderate and persisted for a maximum period of one month. CONCLUSION DEC-medicated salt effectively clears microfilariae within 30 weeks in parasitaemic individuals. No 'endemic normals' reported any side-effects, though these were common among the microfilaria carriers.
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Dhanda V, Thenmozhi V, Kumar NP, Hiriyan J, Arunachalam N, Balasubramanian A, Ilango A, Gajanana A. Virus isolation from wild-caught mosquitoes during a Japanese encephalitis outbreak in Kerala in 1996. Indian J Med Res 1997; 106:4-6. [PMID: 9248207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Out of 5357 wild-caught mosquitoes in 163 pools tested for virus using antigen capture ELISA and an insect-bioassay (inoculation into Toxorhynchites splendens larvae and identification by IFA using JE virus-specific monoclonal antibody), 16 flavivirus isolations were made of which 12 (75%) were identified as JE virus. Of the 12 JE virus isolations, 7 were from Culex tritaeniorhynchus, 3 from Mansonia uniformis and 1 each from Ma. indiana and Anopheles subpictus. Four isolations from Mansonia species for the first time reported here are noteworthy.
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Arunachalam N, Mariappan T, Vijayakumar KN, Sabesan S, Panicker KN. Mattancherry urban agglomeration, a diminishing focus of lymphatic filariasis in Kerala. THE JOURNAL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES 1996; 28:168-70. [PMID: 8973015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Parasitological survey conducted recently in Mattancherry, Kerala showed a low prevalence of microfilariae (mf), with a mf rate of 1.81%, compared to that of 1956 when the mf rate was 14.7%. No brugian infection was encountered in the present investigation, though both bancroftian and brugian infections were reported earlier. Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of bancroftian filariasis was the most predominant (93.3%) mosquito species, and its infection and infectivity rates were 0.76% and 0.54% respectively. Mansonioides spp., the vectors of brugian filariasis constituted only 0.2% of the total mosquitoes and with no infection. The overall reduction in the prevalence of mf cases and vector infection rates over the years is attributed to the continued activities of the National Filaria Control Programme. The disappearance of brugian filariasis could mainly be due to the drastic reduction in the Mansonioides breeding habitats, as a result of rapid urbanization coupled with improved socio economic conditions.
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Mariappan T, Arunachalam N, Reddy CM, Sabesan S, Panicker KN. Brackish water mosquito problem of Vypeen Island, Cochin, Kerala. THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 1996; 27:145-8. [PMID: 9031417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A preliminary study has shown that the marshy terrain and brackish water bodies associated with mangrove forests contributed profuse breeding of mosquitos in Vypeen island, causing a severe menace to the island population. A total of 14 species belonging to four genera viz, Aedes, Anopheles, Armigeres and Culex was recorded from different habitats. Culex sitiens was found to be the predominant mosquito in all the perennial breeding habitats. The extent of different habitats in the production of mosquitos, and its possible abatement, using environmental and/or biocontrol methods are discussed.
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Arunachalam N, Ilangovan K. Structural properties of hot deformed 122Xe at high spins. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1995; 52:129-134. [PMID: 9970490 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.52.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Mariappan T, Arunachalam N, Vijayakumar KN, Panicker KN. Note on urban malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Liston) in cochin. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MALARIOLOGY 1992; 29:247-9. [PMID: 1291346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ramaiah KD, Das PK, Arunachalam N, Rajavel AR, Paily KP. Observations on population density of Culex quinquefasciatus and transmission indices of Bancroftian filariasis during and after Integrated Vector Management strategy. THE JOURNAL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES 1992; 24:173-84. [PMID: 1344948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
An Integrated Vector Management strategy, implemented as an alternative to the conventional control operations that include mainly chemical control in Pondicherry, South India, reduced very substantially the population density of Culex quinquefasciatus. This resulted in drastic decrease in the intensity of transmission of bancroftian filariasis transmitted by Culex quinquefasciatus and consequently the incidence of new infections in children of 0-5 age group was minimized. When the IVM strategy was withdrawn after five years of implementation and conventional control measures were re-adopted, resilience of Culex quinquefasciatus population was observed and human exposure to the risk of infection increased. The results suggest that maintenance of vector density at reduced levels for prolonged periods, is necessary to control infectious diseases like filariasis, which is difficult in the present day urban situations in developing countries. Hence the emphasis should be on chemotherapy to achieve control of lymphatic filariasis.
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Arunachalam N, Veeraraghavan S, Rajasekaran M. Isospin-induced effects in hot deformed A. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1992; 45:1667-1676. [PMID: 9967919 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.45.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Paily KP, Arunachalam N, Somachary N, Balaraman K. Infectivity of a mermithid nematode Romanomermis iyengari (Welch) in different conductivity levels under laboratory and field conditions. INDIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 1991; 29:579-81. [PMID: 1889833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectivity of R. iyengari was examined by exposing mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus) larvae to the preparasite at different conductivity levels. The preparasite infected 63.5, 30, 11, 1.5 and 0.5% of the mosquito larvae respectively at 2000, 2500, 3000, 3300 and 3600 mu ho/cm. Although, 62-69% of the preparasite survived at 4000-5400 mu ho/cm, it did not infect. Application of preparasite to tree-holes resulted in 53-63% infection of Aedes albopictus larvae initially. On 6th day the infection level was 40% which decreased further to 7% by 15th day. The infection reappeared on 38th day indicating that R. iyengari has not only infected mosquito larvae as soon as they were applied to tree-holes in which the conductivity was 600-2800 mu ho/cm but also got established there.
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Rajasekaran M, Rajasekaran TR, Arunachalam N, Devanathan V. Neutron separation energy and emission probability at high spins. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1988; 61:2077-2080. [PMID: 10038977 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.61.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Rajasekaran M, Arunachalam N, Rajasekaran TR, Devanathan V. Shell effects in hot isobaric nuclei. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1988; 38:1926-1931. [PMID: 9955004 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.38.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Rajasekaran M, Rajasekaran TR, Arunachalam N. Nuclear level density parameter-its dependence on spin and temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1988; 37:307-313. [PMID: 9954440 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.37.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Rajasekaran M, Arunachalam N, Devanathan V. Effect of high spin states on fusion in heavy ion collisions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. C, NUCLEAR PHYSICS 1987; 36:1860-1864. [PMID: 9954294 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.36.1860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Amalraj D, Kalyanasundaram M, Mariappan T, Ramaiah KD, Arunachalam N, Rajavel AR, Paily KP, Tyagi BK, Bheema Rao US, Narayan K. Field evaluation of FICAM W (bendiocarb), a carbamate adulticide in two villages of Pondicherry. Indian J Med Res 1986; 84:472-9. [PMID: 3557567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Rajagopalan PK, Bai MG, Arunachalam N. Age determination of man-biting population of Culex pipiens fatigans with particular reference to transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti in Pondicherry. Indian J Med Res 1981; 73:739-45. [PMID: 7021409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Rajagopalan PK, Shetty PS, Arunachalam N. A filariasis survey in Pondicherry villages. Indian J Med Res 1981; 73 Suppl:73-7. [PMID: 6116670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Rajagopalan PK, Gajanana A, Shetty PS, Arunachalam N. Attempts to establish Wuchereria bancrofti in slow loris, Loris tardigradus. Indian J Med Res 1980; 72:203-5. [PMID: 7014426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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