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Straadt IK, Young JF, Bross P, Gregersen N, Oksbjerg N, Theil PK, Bertram HC. NMR-based metabonomic investigation of heat stress in myotubes reveals a time-dependent change in the metabolites. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:6376-6386. [PMID: 20429597 DOI: 10.1021/jf904197u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
NMR-based metabonomics was applied to elucidate the time-dependent stress responses in mouse myotubes after heat exposure of either 42 or 45 degrees C for 1 h. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the gradual time-dependent changes in metabolites contributing to the clustering and separation of the control samples from the different time points after heat stress primarily are in the metabolites glucose, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, creatine, glutamine, and acetate. In addition, PC scores revealed a maximum change in metabolite composition 4 h after the stress exposure; thereafter, samples returned toward control samples, however, without reaching the control samples even 10 h after stress. The results also indicate that the myotubes efficiently regulate the pH level by release of lactate to the culture medium at a heat stress level of 42 degrees C, which is a temperature level reached in muscles of pigs during exposure to slaughter stress.
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Straadt IK, Young JF, Petersen BO, Duus JØ, Gregersen N, Bross P, Oksbjerg N, Theil PK, Bertram HC. Oxidative stress-induced metabolic changes in mouse C2C12 myotubes studied with high-resolution 13C, 1H, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:1918-1926. [PMID: 20073468 DOI: 10.1021/jf903505a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, stress in relation to slaughter was investigated in a model system by the use of (13)C, (1)H, and (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for elucidating changes in the metabolites in C2C12 myotubes exposed to H(2)O(2)-induced stress. Oxidative stress resulted in lower levels of several metabolites, mainly amino acids; however, higher levels of alanine were apparent in the (13)C spectra after incubation with [(13)C(1)]glucose. In the (13)C spectra [(13)C(3)]lactate tended to increase after exposure to increasing concentrations of H(2)O(2); conversely, a tendency to lower levels of the unlabeled ((12)C) lactate were identified in the (1)H spectra after stress exposure. These data indicate an increase in de novo synthesis of alanine, concomitant with a release of lactate from the myotubes to the medium at oxidative stress conditions. The changes in the metabolite levels could possibly be useful as markers for meat quality traits.
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Young JF, Larsen LB, Malmendal A, Nielsen NC, Straadt IK, Oksbjerg N, Bertram HC. Creatine-induced activation of antioxidative defence in myotube cultures revealed by explorative NMR-based metabonomics and proteomics. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010; 7:9. [PMID: 20205771 PMCID: PMC2822831 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Creatine is a key intermediate in energy metabolism and supplementation of creatine has been used for increasing muscle mass, strength and endurance. Creatine supplementation has also been reported to trigger the skeletal muscle expression of insulin like growth factor I, to increase the fat-free mass and improve cognition in elderly, and more explorative approaches like transcriptomics has revealed additional information. The aim of the present study was to reveal additional insight into the biochemical effects of creatine supplementation at the protein and metabolite level by integrating the explorative techniques, proteomics and NMR metabonomics, in a systems biology approach. Methods Differentiated mouse myotube cultures (C2C12) were exposed to 5 mM creatine monohydrate (CMH) for 24 hours. For proteomics studies, lysed myotubes were analyzed in single 2-DGE gels where the first dimension of protein separation was pI 5-8 and second dimension was a 12.5% Criterion gel. Differentially expressed protein spots of significance were excised from the gel, desalted and identified by peptide mass fingerprinting using MALDI-TOF MS. For NMR metabonomic studies, chloroform/methanol extractions of the myotubes were subjected to one-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy and the intracellular oxidative status of myotubes was assessed by intracellular DCFH2 oxidation after 24 h pre-incubation with CMH. Results The identified differentially expressed proteins included vimentin, malate dehydrogenase, peroxiredoxin, thioredoxin dependent peroxide reductase, and 75 kDa and 78 kDa glucose regulated protein precursors. After CMH exposure, up-regulated proteomic spots correlated positively with the NMR signals from creatine, while down-regulated proteomic spots were negatively correlated with these NMR signals. The identified differentially regulated proteins were related to energy metabolism, glucose regulated stress, cellular structure and the antioxidative defence system. The suggested improvement of the antioxidative defence was confirmed by a reduced intracellular DCFH2 oxidation with increasing concentrations of CMH in the 24 h pre-incubation medium. Conclusions The explorative approach of this study combined with the determination of a decreased intracellular DCFH2 oxidation revealed an additional stimulation of cellular antioxidative mechanisms when myotubes were exposed to CMH. This may contribute to an increased exercise performance mediated by increased ability to cope with training-induced increases in oxidative stress.
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Sterten H, Oksbjerg N, Frøystein T, Ekker A, Kjos N. Effects of fasting prior to slaughter on pH development and energy metabolism post-mortem in M. longissimus dorsi of pigs. Meat Sci 2010; 84:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bertram H, Oksbjerg N, Young J. NMR-based metabonomics reveals relationship between pre-slaughter exercise stress, the plasma metabolite profile at time of slaughter, and water-holding capacity in pigs. Meat Sci 2010; 84:108-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Sterten H, Frøystein T, Oksbjerg N, Rehnberg A, Ekker A, Kjos N. Effects of fasting prior to slaughter on technological and sensory properties of the loin muscle (M. longissimus dorsi) of pigs. Meat Sci 2009; 83:351-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nissen PM, Pedersen B, Therkildsen M, Oksbjerg N. Pig meat quality predicted by growth rate at farm level. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09064700903254265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Young JF, Christensen LP, Theil PK, Oksbjerg N. The polyacetylenes falcarinol and falcarindiol affect stress responses in myotube cultures in a biphasic manner. Dose Response 2008; 6:239-51. [PMID: 18846258 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.08-008.young] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the bioactive polyacetylenes, falcarinol and falcarindiol, present in carrots, celery, celeriac and other umbelliferous vegetables, on the stress responses in primary myotube cultures, were studied. Biphasic responses on cellular stress responses in myotube cultures were investigated by exposing them to various concentrations of falcarinol and falcarindiol for 24 h before testing effects of 100 microM H(2)O(2) on the intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), transcription of the antioxidative enzyme cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (cGPx), and the heat shock proteins (HSP) HSP70 and HO1. At low concentrations (1.6 to 25 microM) polyacetylenes caused a slightly accelerated intra-cellular ROS formation, increased cGPx transcription and decreased HSP70 and HO1 transcription. The increased cGPx transcription may be interpreted as an adaptive response to the increased ROS formation and may have caused a reduced demand for the protective functions of the HSPs. ROS formation, however, was substantially decreased after pre-incubation with both polyacetylenes at 50 and 100 microM, the cGPx transcription was reduced and the HSP70 and HO1 transcription increased, indicating a need for the protective and repairing functions of the HSPs. In conclusion, pre-incubation with low concentrations of both polyacetylenes prior to H(2)O(2) exposure induced a cytoprotective effect whereas higher concentrations had adverse effects.
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Stolzenbach S, Therkildsen M, Oksbjerg N, Lazarotti R, Ertbjerg P, Lametsch R, Byrne DV. Compensatory growth response as a strategy to enhance tenderness in entire male and female pork M. longissimus thoracis. Meat Sci 2008; 81:163-70. [PMID: 22063977 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of restrictive feeding strategies aimed at promoting a compensatory growth response were investigated with respect to tenderness improvement in pork M. longissimus thoracis. Compensatory growth response is defined by increased weight in pigs fed ad libitum after a period with restricted feeding compared to pigs fed ad libitum the entire fattening period. Specifically, the aim was to study the sensory textural characteristics after female and entire male pigs have been exposed to restrictions in either energy, protein or both in specific growth periods. It was found that textural differences were caused by feeding strategies and not related to variation in intramuscular fat, which did not vary significantly between genders. The female pigs demonstrated compensatory growth response and the texture was significantly (P<0.001) improved by low dietary level of energy from day 50 to 90 and normal dietary level of protein during the entire feeding period. For the entire male pigs, low level of protein in the late feeding period significantly (P<0.05) improved the texture. Also, low level of protein and normal level of energy in the early feeding period resulted in improved tenderness. However, these texture improvements were deemed not to be an effect of compensatory growth since the entire male pigs did not compensate for the feeding restriction in the early feeding period. The tenderness enhancement for the entire male pigs compromised the production results in terms of 7-15% lower carcass weight.
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Lametsch R, Knudsen J, Ertbjerg P, Oksbjerg N, Therkildsen M. Novel method for determination of myofibril fragmentation post-mortem. Meat Sci 2007; 75:719-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Nissen PM, Sørensen IL, Vestergaard M, Oksbjerg N. Effects of sow nutrition on maternal and foetal serum growth factors and on foetal myogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/asc40700299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine the effect of increased maternal nutrition in early to mid gestation on changes in serum growth factors of the sow and foetuses. Furthermore, the effect of the foetal sera on in vitro proliferation and differentiation of porcine primary myoblasts was examined. Pregnant sows were either given food either in accordance to requirements (2 kg/day; C) until day 50 or 70 of gestation or given food in accordance to requirements until day 25 and then ad libitum (A) until day 50 or 70. Sows were slaughtered at the Institute's veterinary controlled slaughterhouse at day 50 or 70, respectively. Serum from sows and pools of cord-blood serum from each litter were analysed for glucose, lactate, insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF; IGF-1 and -2) and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). IGF-1 (P < 0·001) was higher in A compared with C sows, and a 28-kDa IGFBP (P < 0·05) and a 24-kDa IGFBP (P < 0·05) was higher in serum from day 70 compared with day 50 sows. There was no significant effect of food intake on growth factor concentrations in foetal serum or on serum-induced proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. A 28 kDa IGFBP, IGFBP-2 and -3 were all higher (P < 0·06) and serum-induced proliferation (P < 0·001) and differentiation (P < 0·1) lower at day 70 than day 50. Maternal food intake did not influence the DNA and RNA concentrations and the CPK activity in the foetal longissimus dorsi muscle. The glucose concentration in the liver was higher in C than A foetuses at day 70 of gestation, but not at day 50.In conclusion, no significant effects of maternal nutrition were found on serum growth factor concentrations in the foetuses or on serum-induced proliferation and differentiation of primary myoblasts.
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Poulsen KA, Young JF, Theil P, Kolko M, Oksbjerg N, Lambert IH. Role of phospholipase A2 in the induction of drip loss in porcine muscle. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:1970-6. [PMID: 17288434 DOI: 10.1021/jf062341n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of phospholipase A2 in the induction of drip loss from pig muscle has been investigated. In samples from porcine M. longissimus dorsi, total PLA2 activity as well as mRNA and protein levels of the group VIA iPLA2 (iPLA2-VIA) increased during the initial 4 h post-mortem period. Morphological studies of porcine muscle showed that at 4 h post-mortem, gaps had formed between muscle fibers and that the sarcolemma membrane borders appeared blurred. At the same time iPLA2-VIA protein levels were increased inside muscle fibers and at the sarcolemma. iPLA2-VIA mRNA abundance in samples from different breeds of pigs with variations in drip loss revealed no clear correlation between drip loss level and iPLA2-VIA expression. Together, these data indicate that during the post-mortem period, iPLA2-VIA expression and activity is increased at the muscle fiber membranes. PLA2 activity may affect membrane permeability and consequently the progression of drip formation in porcine muscle.
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Oksbjerg N, Henckel P, Andersen S, Pedersen B, Nielsen B. Genetic variation of in vivo muscle glycerol, glycogen, and pigment in Danish purebred pigs. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/09064700510009225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ylä-Ajos MS, Lindahl G, Young JF, Theil PK, Puolanne E, Enfält AC, Andersen HJ, Oksbjerg N. Post-mortem activity of the glycogen debranching enzyme and change in the glycogen pools in porcine M. longissimus dorsi from carriers and non-carriers of the RN− gene. Meat Sci 2007; 75:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2006.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kristensen L, Therkildsen M, Aaslyng MD, Oksbjerg N, Ertbjerg P. Compensatory growth improves meat tenderness in gilts but not in barrows. J Anim Sci 2006; 82:3617-24. [PMID: 15537783 DOI: 10.2527/2004.82123617x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Compensatory growth is a phenomenon observed in pigs given free access to feed following a period of restricted feeding that results in increased growth rates. Compensatory growth is believed to increase protein turnover and thereby the proteolytic potential at the time of slaughter, leading to faster tenderization rates of meat. Nine litters of three gilts and three barrows were allocated within litter and gender to three dietary treatment groups. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed from d 28 to slaughter at d 140 (ALA) or were restricted to 69% ad libitum from d 28 to d 80 or 90, and then given ad libitum access to the diet until slaughter at d 140 (RA80 and RA90, respectively). Pigs in the RA80 and RA90 treatment groups had a 9.7% higher (P < or = 0.001) fractional growth rate in the second feeding period than those in the ALA group. Growth rate was correlated to the activity of m-calpain (r = 0.37; P < or = 0.01), beta-glucuronidase (r = 0.48; P < or = 0.001), and cathepsins B (r = 0.47; P < or = 0.001) and B+L (r = 0.31; P < or = 0.04). The LM of RA80-gilts received higher tenderness scores than the LM of ALA gilts, but tenderness scores were similar among barrows regardless of treatment (gender x treatment; P = 0.02). Conversely, tenderness scores were higher for the biceps femoris of ALA barrows than either ALA gilts or RA90 barrows (gender x treatment; P = 0.02). Desmin and troponin-T degradation, as well as myofibrillar fragmentation index, of the LM were not (P > or = 0.24) affected by treatment. No dietary treatment effects were observed on the activities of mu-calpain (P = 0.15), m-calpain (P = 0.74), or calpastatin (P = 0.91) at slaughter. The cathepsin inhibitors, cystatins, tended to be increased (P = 0.06) in RA80 and RA90 pigs. Sarcomere length was longer (P = 0.003) in the LM of gilts than barrows. Barrows in the RA80 group had lower i.m. fat concentrations than ALA; however, no differences were found in the LM of gilts (gender x treatment; P = 0.03). The underlying hypothesis that compensatory growth leads to an increased proteolytic potential at the time of slaughter could not be verified in this study.
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Theil P, Sørensen I, Therkildsen M, Oksbjerg N. Changes in proteolytic enzyme mRNAs relevant for meat quality during myogenesis of primary porcine satellite cells. Meat Sci 2006; 73:335-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Oksbjerg N, Nissen PM, Vestergaard M. Serum from heifer calves treated with bovine growth hormone affects the rate of proliferation of C2C12 myogenic cells dependent on the plane of nutrition: the role of insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF-binding proteins-2 and -3. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2006; 90:177-84. [PMID: 16684137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present in vitro experiments were carried out in order to study whether variations in the bovine growth hormone (bGH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis induced by plane of nutrition and bGH treatment of heifer calves caused variations in serum-induced proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts. Serum was obtained from two groups each of six heifer calves (195 +/- 8 kg) before (d -1) and after treatment with 15 mg/day of bGH for 6 days (d 6) fed either a low (GHL) or a high plane (GHH) of nutrition. Preceding the experiment all 12 heifer calves were fed at the low plane of nutrition. At d 6, serum concentrations of insulin and IGF-I were increased while that of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP)-2 was decreased in GHH, but unchanged in GHL calves. Serum-induced proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts, was elevated at d 6 by GHH treatment. Especially human IGFBP-3 but also bovine IGFBP-2 added to cell cultures inhibited the rate of proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts stimulated by human IGF-I. The present results showed that GH treatment causes changes in the GH/IGF axis, which leads to changes in serum-induced growth of C2C12 muscle cells dependent on the plane of nutrition that mimic in vivo effects of GH treatment, which indicate an endocrine contribution of the IGF system. However, drawbacks of this suggestion are discussed.
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Lametsch R, Kristensen L, Larsen MR, Therkildsen M, Oksbjerg N, Ertbjerg P. Changes in the muscle proteome after compensatory growth in pigs. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:918-24. [PMID: 16543570 DOI: 10.2527/2006.844918x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sixteen female pigs (Duroc x Landrace x Large White) were divided into 2 groups, which had either free access to the diet (control group) or were feed-restricted from d 28 to 80 and then had free access to the diet (compensatory growth group). The sensory analysis showed that the pigs exhibiting compensatory growth produced meat with increased tenderness compared with control pigs (P < 0.05). To gain further knowledge of the influence of compensatory growth on meat tenderness, the sarcoplasmic protein fraction of muscle tissue was studied at the time of slaughter and 48 h postmortem using proteome analysis. At slaughter, 7 different proteins were found to be affected by compensatory growth: HSC70, HSP27, enolase 3, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase E2, aldehyde dehydrogenase E3, and biphosphoglycerate mutase. The HSC70 and HSP27 both belong to the heat shock family and are known to play a role during muscle development. Hence, they may be affected by compensatory growth and increased protein turnover. Forty-eight hours after slaughter, 8 different proteins were found to be affected by compensatory growth: myosin light chain (MLC) II, MLC III, sulfite oxidase, chloride intracellular channel 1, 14-3-3 protein gamma, elongin B, and phosphohistidine phosphatase 14. The changes observed on MLC II and MLC III could be a consequence of enzymatic cleavage in the neck region of the globular myosin head domain that causes the release of MLC II and MLC III from the actomyosin complex. It has previously been hypothesized that compensatory growth results in an increased postmortem proteolysis; thus it was presumed that the intensity of some protein fragments would be affected by compensatory growth. However, the peptides that were found to be affected at 48 h postmortem were all full-length proteins. The 14-3-3 protein gamma has been proposed to play a role in the contraction of muscle during rigor and may thereby have an effect on meat tenderness. This study reveals some very interesting changes in the muscle proteome affected by compensatory growth, which may be useful in understanding the relationship among compensatory growth, protein turnover, and meat tenderness.
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Oksbjerg N, Strudsholm K, Lindahl G, Hermansen JE. Meat quality of fully or partly outdoor reared pigs in organic production. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/09064700510009324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Young J, Bertram H, Rosenvold K, Lindahl G, Oksbjerg N. Dietary creatine monohydrate affects quality attributes of Duroc but not Landrace pork. Meat Sci 2005; 70:717-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Andersen HJ, Oksbjerg N, Young JF, Therkildsen M. Feeding and meat quality – a future approach. Meat Sci 2005; 70:543-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2004.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2004] [Revised: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Andersen HJ, Oksbjerg N, Therkildsen M. Potential quality control tools in the production of fresh pork, beef and lamb demanded by the European society. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Young JF, Hansen-Møller J, Oksbjerg N. Effect of flavonoids on stress responses in myotube cultures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:7158-7163. [PMID: 15537332 DOI: 10.1021/jf0492518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Effects of flavonoids on stress response of myotube cultures was studied by monitoring the release of [14C] taurine, leukotriene production, and 2',7'-dichlorodihydroflourescein (DCFH2) oxidation. Stress was induced by hypotonic shock, which was accompanied by cell swelling leading to increased leukotriene production and a concomitant increase in reactive oxygen species and osmolyte release. In this model system, addition of the flavonoids catechin and quercetin decreased leukotriene production, DCFH2 oxidation, and taurine efflux, indicating a reduction of cellular stress. High concentrations of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and tea extract increased leukotriene production and initial DCFH2 oxidation, indicating an increased cellular stress (possibly toxicity). However, taurine efflux was reduced, and also longer exposure time as well as lower concentrations of EGCG and tea reduced DCFH2 oxidation. Trolox and alpha-tocopherol did not significantly affect taurine efflux or leukotriene production, and it was therefore concluded that suppression of these responses was not confined to redox activity in a myotube culture.
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Oksbjerg N, Gondret F, Vestergaard M. Basic principles of muscle development and growth in meat-producing mammals as affected by the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2004; 27:219-40. [PMID: 15451071 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This presentation aims to describe how the basic events in prenatal muscle development and postnatal muscle growth are controlled by the insulin-like growth factor system (IGF). The prenatal events (myogenesis) cover the rate of proliferation, the rate and extent of fusion, and the differentiation of three myoblast populations, giving rise to primary fibers, secondary fibers, and a satellite cell population, respectively. The number of muscle fibers, a key determinant of the postnatal growth rate, is fixed late in gestation. The postnatal events contributing to myofiber hypertrophy comprise satellite cell proliferation and differentiation, and protein turnover. Muscle cell cultures produce IGFs and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) in various degrees depending on the origin (species, muscle type) and state of development of these cells, suggesting an autocrine/paracrine mode of action of IGF-related factors. In vivo studies and results based on cell lines or primary cell cultures show that IGF-I and IGF-II stimulate both proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts and satellite cells in a time and concentration-dependent way, via interaction with type I IGF receptors. However, IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) may either inhibit or potentiate the stimulating effects of IGFs on proliferation or differentiation. During postnatal growth in vivo or in fully differentiated muscle cells in culture, IGF-I stimulates the rate of protein synthesis and inhibits the rate of protein degradation, thereby enhancing myofiber hypertrophy. The possible roles and actions of the IGF system in regulating and determining muscle growth as affected by developmental stage and age, muscle type, feeding levels, treatment with growth hormone and selection for growth performance are discussed.
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Rehfeldt C, Nissen PM, Kuhn G, Vestergaard M, Ender K, Oksbjerg N. Effects of maternal nutrition and porcine growth hormone (pGH) treatment during gestation on endocrine and metabolic factors in sows, fetuses and pigs, skeletal muscle development, and postnatal growth. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2004; 27:267-85. [PMID: 15451074 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal growth is very complex and a highly integrated process. Both maternal nutrition and the maternal somatotropic axis play a significant role in coordinating nutrient partitioning and utilization between maternal, placental and fetal tissues. Maternal nutrition may alter the nutrient concentrations and in turn the expression of growth regulating factors such as IGFs and IGFBPs in the blood and tissues, while GH acts in parallel via changing IGFs/IGFBPs and nutrient availability. The similarity in the target components implies that maternal nutrition and the somatotropic axis are closely related to each other and may induce similar effects on placental and fetal growth. Severe restriction of nutrients throughout gestation has a permanent negative effect on fetal and postnatal growth, whereas the effects of both temporary restriction and feeding above requirements during gestation seem to be of transitional character. Advantages in fetal growth gained by maternal growth hormone treatment during early to mid-gestation are not maintained to term, whereas treatment during late or greatest part of gestation increases progeny size at birth, which could be of advantage for postnatal growth. This review summarizes the available knowledge on the effects of different maternal feeding strategies and maternal GH administration during pregnancy and their interactions on metabolic and hormonal (especially IGFs/IGFBPs) status in the feto-maternal unit, skeletal muscle development and growth of the offspring in pigs.
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