26
|
Knopf PM, Coghlan RL. Maternal transfer of resistance to Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol 1989; 75:398-404. [PMID: 2498494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infected mother rats, resistant to Schistosoma mansoni, yielded offspring that were significantly resistant to a primary infection with cercariae, demonstrating the maternal transfer of protection. Newborns of normal mother rats could also be made resistant by the injection of protective immune rat serum, indicating that the effector phase components required for expression of protective activity are present in the newborn rat. The injection of the protective antiserum into newborns of the infected mothers enhanced resistance to a level exceeding 90%.
Collapse
|
27
|
Knopf PM, Goldberg M, Grossi CA, Cappello M, Coulter ST. Induction of resistance to Schistosoma mansoni by immunization with subfractions of worms. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988; 38:515-28. [PMID: 3152780 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1988.38.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of resistance to a Schistosoma mansoni infection was analyzed following injections of glutaraldehyde-fixed parasites or of subfractions prepared from nonfixed parasites killed by repeated freeze-thaw cycles. The parasites were isolated from mice infected 4 weeks previously and the subfractions were prepared by extraction in buffered saline or in detergent. A variety of immunization protocols were conducted in rats and mice. These included different sites of injection, dose size, and number of booster injections; different adjuvants; and the effects of boosting with live infections. Induction of a partial resistance is observed in rats, but has not been achieved in mice immunized by the same procedures. The alum-precipitated detergent-solubilized fraction was superior at lower doses. Exposure of rats to a low dose cercarial infection 3 weeks prior to challenge did not boost the resistance if the rats were already partially resistant through vaccination with worm subfractions in adjuvant. Serum from vaccinated rats transfers partial protection to a challenge infection of naive rats.
Collapse
|
28
|
Knopf PM, Cioli D, Mangold BL, Dean DA. Migration of Schistosoma mansoni in normal and passively immunized laboratory rats. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986; 35:1173-84. [PMID: 3098124 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal and passively immunized Fischer rats were infected with 75Se-selenomethionine-labeled cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. Migration of the parasites from skin to lungs to liver was monitored by autoradiographic analyses of these sites. Labeled parasites migrated from skin to lungs with high efficiency in normal and immune rats; disappearance of labeled parasites from the lungs was slower in immune rats. Labeled parasites accumulated in the liver, reaching maximal values by 11 days post-infection in both groups and remaining constant through day 21. Half the number of labeled parasites were detected in the liver of immune rats. The total number of labeled parasites detected in the skin, lungs, and liver was constant through day 5, then declined to about 60% of this value by day 11 in both groups. Over the next 10 days, the rate of decline decreased significantly in normal rats but did not change in immune rats. By day 21 post-infection, nearly 50% fewer labeled parasites were detectable in immune rats. We conclude that a subpopulation of parasites in the lungs is the target of protective antibody in the serum used for passive immunization. Target parasites, retained longer in the lungs, were probably prevented from migrating successfully to the liver. Another parasite subpopulation migrated to the liver with normal kinetics. Lung schistosomula isolated from normal and passively immunized rats were transferred by intravenous injection into recipient rats and their continued migration from lungs to liver compared. No differences in portal perfusion worm yields were detected in normal recipients; equally reduced yields were detected in passively immunized recipients. We conclude that the effects of antibodies during week 1 post-infection were insignificant or reversible.
Collapse
|
29
|
Cioli D, Pica-Mattoccia L, Knopf PM. Limitations to schistosome growth and maturation in nonpermissive hosts. J Chem Ecol 1986; 12:1805-16. [PMID: 24305897 DOI: 10.1007/bf01022385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/1985] [Accepted: 01/27/1986] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The life cycle of schistosomes is reviewed in its various steps, both in permissive hosts (in which the cycle is completed) and in nonpermissive hosts (which excrete no viable eggs as a result of the infection). A large worm loss occurs at (or after) the lung stage in both types of hosts ("normal attrition") and some nonpermissive hosts (like the rat) have an additional elimination of worms from the portal circulation. Worm growth and reproductive maturation are also impaired in several nonpermissive hosts and the possible host-parasite interactions leading to such limitations are discussed, with special reference to hormonal influences. Attention is also given to peculiar phenomena occurring in some hosts, like the late portal worm elimination in rhesus monkeys, the migration from mesenteric veins to lungs in rats, and the block to egg excretion in guinea pigs. The steps of the schistosome life cycle which appear vulnerable in several hosts are contrasted with the steps which are carried out successfully in the majority of hosts studied.
Collapse
|
30
|
Oshman R, Knopf PM, von Lichtenberg F, Byram JE. Effects of protective immune serum on the yields of parasites and pulmonary cell reactions in schistosome-infected rats. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986; 35:523-30. [PMID: 3085526 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Yields of parasites during the period of worm migration from the lungs to the portal circulation were measured in S. mansoni-infected Fischer rats passively immunized with protective serum from twice-infected donor rats. Two effects of protective serum were observed in recipient rats relative to normal serum recipients: yields of schistosomula from lungs were higher and yields of (immature) worms from the portal circulation were lower throughout the period analyzed. Histopathological analysis of lung tissue confirmed the presence of greater numbers of schistosomula in lungs of passively immunized rats. In addition, the percent of lung schistosomula involved in all categories of inflammatory reactions was greater in recipients of protective rat serum. The kinetics of accumulation of worms perfused from the portal circulation of normal and passively immunized rats indicate that in the latter group a smaller fraction of worms successfully migrates to the portal circulation. These findings support the hypothesis that protective activity of the serum prevents a portion of worms from successfully completing migration from the lung to the portal circulation.
Collapse
|
31
|
el Kouni MH, Knopf PM, Cha SM. Combination therapy of Schistosoma japonicum by tubercidin and nitrobenzylthioinosine 5'-monophosphate. Biochem Pharmacol 1985; 34:3921-3. [PMID: 3933515 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(85)90445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coadministration of nitrobenzylthioinosine 5'-monophosphate (NBMPR-P) with high doses of tubercidin by i.p. injection into Schistosoma japonicum infected mice beginning 5 weeks post-infection was highly toxic to the parasite but not the hose. Combination therapy resulted in a striking reduction in the number of worms, and the few worms that could be found were stunted. Combination therapy also caused a drastic reduction in the number of eggs in the livers (from 86,500 to 2,800 eggs/liver) and intestines (from 2,200 to 74 eggs/cm2), and 95% of eggs that were found were dead, indicating the termination of oviposition. Mice receiving the combination of tubercidin plus NBMPR-P appeared healthy and had normal size livers and spleens. These results demonstrate that by combining NBMPR-P with tubercidin high selective toxicity against S. japonicum can be achieved, as was shown previously with S. mansoni.
Collapse
|
32
|
Knopf PM, Linden T. Completion of Schistosoma mansoni life cycle in thyroidectomized rats and effects of thyroid hormone replacement therapy. J Parasitol 1985; 71:422-6. [PMID: 4032149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival and maturation of Schistosoma mansoni worms was analyzed in normal, thyroidectomized (Thyrox), and hormone-restored Thyrox rats. Restoration therapy was conducted with both T3 and T4; weight gain of treated rats was monitored to assess hormone-replacement efficacy. Worm yields, lengths, and sex-ratios were compared. Egg yields and the capacity of miracidia to hatch from eggs were also analyzed. The results of these studies support the conclusion that the sequence of steps leading to completion of the S. mansoni life cycle are operational in Thyrox rats. Hormone-treated Thyrox rats are restored to the nonpermissive status, although the worms isolated from these rats still differ in certain respects when compared to worms isolated from normal rats.
Collapse
|
33
|
Barker RH, Srivastava BS, Suri P, Goldberg M, Knopf PM. Immunoprecipitation analysis of radiolabelled protein antigens biosynthesized in vitro by S. mansoni. I. Identification of antigens uniquely recognized by protective antibodies. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 1985; 134:1192-201. [PMID: 3965570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein antigens from 4-wk worms were metabolically radiolabelled with [3H]leucine or [35S]methionine. Three freeze-thaw cycles released a large proportion (50% to 60%) of the TCA-precipitable radioactivity from the worms. Immune serum from twice-infected Fischer rats (F-2x), which was shown to confer resistance in a passive immunization assay, and immune serum from twice-infected Wistar Furth rats (W-2x), which does not confer resistance, were used for analyzing antigens in this worm fraction. Antibodies in these antisera differed in their titers to the freeze-thaw released antigens (W-2x greater than F-2x) and in their relative affinities for these antigens (F-2x greater than W-2x). Gradient slab gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitates of radiolabelled antigens under denaturing conditions revealed many components, which could be categorized into two main types: unique antigens, recognized only by F-2x antibodies, and nonunique antigens, recognized by both F-2x and W-2x antibodies. The potential relevance of these antigens in resistance was further examined by antibody absorption experiments in which 4-wk worms were used as an immunoabsorbent to remove 90% to 95% of the immunoprecipitating activity and 65% to 70% (p less than 0.005) of the capacity to confer resistance in a passive immunization assay. It was concluded that loss of both anti-schistosome activities was specific since antigen released by worms during absorption could account for only 16% of the reduction in antigen-binding capacity and the titer of antibodies directed against beta-galactosidase did not significantly change during absorption. Antigens recognized uniquely by F-2x antibodies are therefore candidates for immunization studies examining induction of resistance against Schistosoma mansoni.
Collapse
|
34
|
Barker RH, Srivastava BS, Suri P, Goldberg M, Knopf PM. Immunoprecipitation analysis of radiolabelled protein antigens biosynthesized in vitro by S. mansoni. I. Identification of antigens uniquely recognized by protective antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1985. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.134.2.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Protein antigens from 4-wk worms were metabolically radiolabelled with [3H]leucine or [35S]methionine. Three freeze-thaw cycles released a large proportion (50% to 60%) of the TCA-precipitable radioactivity from the worms. Immune serum from twice-infected Fischer rats (F-2x), which was shown to confer resistance in a passive immunization assay, and immune serum from twice-infected Wistar Furth rats (W-2x), which does not confer resistance, were used for analyzing antigens in this worm fraction. Antibodies in these antisera differed in their titers to the freeze-thaw released antigens (W-2x greater than F-2x) and in their relative affinities for these antigens (F-2x greater than W-2x). Gradient slab gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitates of radiolabelled antigens under denaturing conditions revealed many components, which could be categorized into two main types: unique antigens, recognized only by F-2x antibodies, and nonunique antigens, recognized by both F-2x and W-2x antibodies. The potential relevance of these antigens in resistance was further examined by antibody absorption experiments in which 4-wk worms were used as an immunoabsorbent to remove 90% to 95% of the immunoprecipitating activity and 65% to 70% (p less than 0.005) of the capacity to confer resistance in a passive immunization assay. It was concluded that loss of both anti-schistosome activities was specific since antigen released by worms during absorption could account for only 16% of the reduction in antigen-binding capacity and the titer of antibodies directed against beta-galactosidase did not significantly change during absorption. Antigens recognized uniquely by F-2x antibodies are therefore candidates for immunization studies examining induction of resistance against Schistosoma mansoni.
Collapse
|
35
|
Knopf PM, Spitalny KC, Dang A. Induction of a protective immune response in rats by injection of live or killed S. mansoni worms. Parasite Immunol 1984; 6:171-83. [PMID: 6718050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1984.tb00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to S. mansoni cercarial challenge, induced by prior infection of rats with cercariae, is analysed by substitution of alternatives to the primary cercarial exposure. Intravenous injections of either live or killed 4-week stage worms have been examined, utilizing two different routes of injection, one or two injected doses, and two different methods to kill worms. In addition to assessing peripheral blood eosinophil levels, anti-schistosome antibody titres, and challenge worm burdens in the injected and control recipients, sera from these rat groups collected 3 weeks after challenge were used for passive immunization studies in rats. Recipients of intravenous live worm injections were resistant to a cercarial challenge and yielded sera capable of passively immunizing rats. Recipients of intravenous killed worm injections were not significantly resistant to a challenge infection, yet paradoxically, yielded sera capable of passively immunizing rats. Serum from challenge control rats was not significantly protective in the passive immunization assay. There were no correlations between peripheral blood eosinophil levels or anti-schistosome antibody titres and resistance (either active or passive). We conclude that killed worms induce an immune response which, although insufficient to provide protection by itself, can be recalled or augmented by a challenge infection to result in significant levels of serum protective activity.
Collapse
|
36
|
Knopf PM, Mangold BL, Makari GJ. Recovery of parasites at different stages of migration following infection of rats with Schistosoma mansoni. Parasitology 1983; 86 (Pt 1):37-49. [PMID: 6835698 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000057152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The technique of tail amputation is utilized as a method for interrupting the migration process of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula from the skin of Fischer rats infected by exposure of the tail to cercariae. The yields of schistosomula recovered from the lungs at different times post-infection are compared, using rats with or without tail amputation. Residence times of schistosomula in skin and lungs, as well as their transit time and efficiency of migration between these sites, are estimated. At least one-third of the infecting cercariae migrate from skin to lung in rats. Amputation of the tail on days 4 or 5 post-infection isolates a definable number of schistosomula in the lung and their migration to the portal circulation can be followed. The kinetics of this migration in rats and mice is compared and a significant difference is revealed.
Collapse
|
37
|
Kronborg IJ, Knopf PM, Bhathal PS, Mackay IR. Intrahepatic synthesis of immunoglobulin in liver disease. LIVER 1982; 2:385-92. [PMID: 7167038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1982.tb00838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of intrahepatic immunoglobulin production were investigated by an in vitro biosynthetic labelling technique which measured the rate of Ig production in liver biopsy fragments. This technique depends on the incorporation of 3H-leucine into proteins synthesized by cells in the biopsy fragment and subsequently released into the culture medium, and precipitation of Ig with monospecific antisera. Intrahepatic Ig production was expressed as counts of radioactivity precipitated/g of liver tissue/24 h. Mean values were high in various inflammatory diseases of the liver, including alcoholic hepatitis (AH) (17 cases), IgG, 87.8, IgA, 105.6 and IgM, 14.7, chronic active hepatitis (CAH) (19 cases), IgG, 86.0, IgA, 56.1 and IgM, 12.6, and acute viral hepatitis (3 cases), IgG, 116.0, IgA, 61.0 and IgM, 32.0, but low in histologically normal livers (6 cases), IgG, 4.5, IgA, 4.8 and IgM, 4.7, alcoholic fatty liver (11 cases), IgG, 9.4, IgA, 11.4 and IgM, 7.1, and miscellaneous non-inflammatory conditions (10 cases), IgG, 8.7, IgA, 11.1 and IgM, 5.0. Photomicrographs were used to measure the density of plasma cells, expressed as cells/mm2 of liver biopsy tissue: mean counts were for AH 5.1, CAH 16.2 and normal liver 0.0. Intrahepatic Ig production in vitro did not correlate with the density of plasma cells in biopsy samples from cases of AH or CAH, nor with serum Ig levels.
Collapse
|
38
|
Knopf PM, Srivastava BS, Barker RH. Application of cloning techniques to development of a synthetic vaccine against schistosomiasis. Vet Parasitol 1982; 10:255-9. [PMID: 6182680 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(82)90030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
39
|
Knopf PM. Control of parasitic infections in nonpermissive hosts: applications to improvement of vaccine efficacy. Vet Parasitol 1982; 10:249-54. [PMID: 6982562 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(82)90029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
40
|
Knopf PM. The role of host hormones in controlling survival and development of Schistosoma mansoni. Pharmacol Ther 1981; 15:293-311. [PMID: 7045895 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(81)90046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
41
|
Knopf PM, Soliman M. Effects of host endocrine gland removal on the permissive status of laboratory rodents to infection by Schistosoma mansoni. Int J Parasitol 1980; 10:197-204. [PMID: 7409975 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(80)90049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
42
|
Kronborg IJ, Knopf PM. Intrahepatic synthese of immunoglobulin G in chronic liver disease. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 1980; 9:176-8. [PMID: 7191689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A method has been developed to measure the in vitro production of immunoglobulin (Ig) by liver biopsy specimens. Five to 30 mg of liver tissue was cultured for 24 h in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/10% foetal calf serum (FCS) containing radiolabelled leucine (L-[4,5-3H] leucine). The culture medium was collected, centrifuged and the supernatant dialysed to remove labelled leucine. The residual radioactivity was a measure of newly synthesized 3H-labelled proteins released into the medium. The quantity of IgG was determined by immunoprecipitation with monospecific antisera to IgG heavy chains. The presence of IgG in the supernatant was confirmed by chromatography on protein-A Sepharose column. In 6 biopsies without evidence of active inflammation (4 normal and 2 fatty liver by histological criteria) less than 1% of the protein synthesized was IgG. In contrast in the presence of active inflammation in 4 cases of alcoholic hepatitis the IgG percentage ranged from 2 to 6%. Maximal levels of IgG production were detected in 3 cases of chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and ranged from 5 to 30%. The increased Ig synthesis by the liver in alcoholic hepatitis and CAH is presumed to be an index of the intrahepatic host response and may have important implications for mechanisms of liver damage in these diseases.
Collapse
|
43
|
Cioli D, Knopf PM. A study of the mode of action of hycanthone against Schistosoma mansoni in vivo and in vitro. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1980; 29:220-6. [PMID: 7369442 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1980.29.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes obtained by perfusion from host animals as early as 2 hours after in vivo treatment with hycanthone and transferred into untreated recipient hamsters died in the recipient host. In contrast, unexposed schistosomes transferred into recipient hamsters treated from 7 days to 36 hours previously showed a normal survival. In vitro treatment of schistosomes with hycanthone concentrations comparable to those used in in vivo studies, followed by transfer of the parasites into normal hamsters, resulted in death of the worms. The time of lethal hycanthone exposure in vitro could be as short as 15 minutes. Hycanthone-resistant schistosomes or immature worms were not affected under similar in vitro conditions. Our data suggest that the schistosomicidal effect of hycanthone is not caused by a host-derived metabolite.
Collapse
|
44
|
Knopf PM, Brown GV, Howard RJ, Mitchell GF. Immunoprecipitation of biosynthetically-labelled products in the identification of antigens of murine red cells infected with the protozoan parasite, Plasmodium berghei. THE AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL SCIENCE 1979; 57:603-15. [PMID: 398697 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1979.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this methodological paper an immunoprecipitation technique has been optimised for the identification of antigens of Plasmodium berghei-infected blood which react with antibody specificities in a host-protective antiserum. Extracted 3H-leucine biosynthetically-labelled products of infected blood were sequentially reacted and precipitated with sera from mice which had been exposed to P. berghei but which were either non-protected or protected against lethal infection, protection having been shown to be transferable to naive recipients with the appropriate serum. As analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, a small number of molecular species was detected in immunoprecipitates using host-protective sera which were apparently not quantitatively precipitated out of the complex mixture of labelled products of infected blood using sera from non-protected mice.
Collapse
|
45
|
Potash MJ, Knopf PM. Cellular subpopulations in the expression of IgG1. Cell Immunol 1979; 48:329-38. [PMID: 116773 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(79)90127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
46
|
Chapman CB, Knopf PM, Hicks JD, Mitchell GF. IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemia in chronic parasitic infections in mice: magnitude of the response in mice infected with various parasites. THE AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL SCIENCE 1979; 57:369-87. [PMID: 543821 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1979.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mice chronically infected with 3 metazoan and 1 protozoan parasite contain in their circulation levels of IgG1 which are increased over the levels in uninfected mice by at least 10x. In the case of infection with the larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti, the serum IgG1 concentration can reach greater than 50 mg/ml and, with a half-life of less than 2 days, the number of cells engaged in IgG1 production is approximately 2 x 10(8). The IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemia is not seen in infected hypothymic nude mice. Biosynthetic labelling studies with organ and tissue cultures established that in two of the chronic infections the organs principally involved in IgG1 synthesis were those pathologically involved or those "in line" for antigen capture: i.e. liver and spleen in the case of M. corti which is located in the liver and the peritoneal cavity, and various intestinal lymph nodes in the case of the gut-dwelling nematode, Nematospiroides dubius. This apparently exaggerated response to chronic parasitic infection is of interest simply because of the potential magnitude of the effect and the fact that it involves an Ig isotype with very poorly defined biological function.
Collapse
|
47
|
Chapman CB, Knopf PM, Anders RF, Mitchell GF. IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemia in chronic parasitic infections in mice: evidence that the response reflects chronicity of antigen exposure. THE AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL SCIENCE 1979; 57:389-400. [PMID: 317430 DOI: 10.1038/icb.1979.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The IgG1 molecules in the sera of IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemic mice chronically infected with the larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti, are a heterogeneous population. Although antibodies to M. corti are present, the question of whether a minority or majority of the serum IgG1 molecules has anti-parasite reactivity remains open. The splenic PFC response to an intravenous injection of SRBC in M. corti-infected mice does not consist of an unusually high proportion of IgG1 anti-SRBC PFC. Moreover, the adoptive anti-DNP PFC response of spleen cells from M. corti-infected mice to DNP-M. corti is not biased towards IgG1 antibody production. Since IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemia is seen in mice with chronic, "high-dose" infections, an attempt has been made to simulate chronic antigenic exposure with SRBC in uninfected mice. A split, high-dose regime of SRBC injections leads to a high number and high proportion of IgG1 anti-SRBC PFC in the spleen in three strains of mice. The results suggest that the extraordinarily high levels of IgG1 seen in the sera of mice chronically infected with the metazoa, M. corti and Nematospiroides dubius, reflect persistent, high-dose, "strong", T cell-dependent stimulation of the B cell system.
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Mangold BL, Knopf PM. The effect of assay conditions on the recovery of schistosomula from the lungs of normal and resistant rats infected with Schistosoma mansoni. J Parasitol 1978; 64:813-21. [PMID: 722454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recovery of schistosomula from lungs of normal and resistant Sprague-Dawley and Fischer rats was analyzed by varying the assay conditions. The effects of incubation medium, incubation time, and perfusion procedure on yields of schistosomula were significant and additive. Optimal assay conditions were established to recover schistosomula by the lung recovery assay. Differences were observed in the number of schistosomula recovered from lungs of normal and resistant rats; the assay was performed as a function of time after challenge infection. Differences in schistosomula recovered were significant on days 3 to 5 (Fischer) and days 3 to 6 (Sprague-Dawley); afterwards, no differences were observed in recoveries of schistosomula from lungs. Interpretations of these findings are disscused.
Collapse
|
50
|
Potash MJ, Knopf PM. Differential sensitivity of memory cell subpopulations to anti-immunoglobulin and complement. Eur J Immunol 1978; 8:711-5. [PMID: 101379 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830081008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is presented for the unique sensitivity of memory cells bearing surface immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) to functional elimination with anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) sera and complement (C). Treatment of cells for adoptive transfer with C and anti-gamma1, anti-kappa, or anti-Ig significantly reduces the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) of only the IgG1 isotype found in adoptive recipients. An increase in PFC of other isotypes accompanies the decrease in IgG1 PFC; there is no net change in the total PFC response. The depletion of IgG1 PFC requires treatment of transferred cells with both specific antisera and C; antisera directed against other isotypes show no significant effects. The maintenance of the magnitude of PFC response, compensation, is discussed.
Collapse
|