26
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Laptev IG, Golovina AY, Sergiev PV, Dontsova OA. Posttranscriptional modification of messenger RNAs in eukaryotes. Mol Biol 2015; 49:825-836. [PMID: 32214475 PMCID: PMC7088549 DOI: 10.1134/s002689331506014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome-wide mapping of posttranscriptional modifications in eukaryotic RNA revealed tens of thousands of modification sites. Modified nucleotides include 6-methyladenosine, 5-methylcytidine, pseudouridine, inosine, etc. Many modification sites are conserved, and many are regulated. The function is known for a minor subset of modified nucleotides, while the role of their majority is still obscure. In view of the global character of mRNA modification, RNA epigenetics arose as a new field of molecular biology. The review considers posttranscriptional modification of eukaryotic mRNA, focusing on the major modified nucleotides, the role they play in the cell, the methods to detect them, and the enzymes responsible for modification.
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Abstract
Senescence has been the focus of research for many centuries. Despite significant progress in extending average human life expectancy, the process of aging remains largely elusive and, unfortunately, inevitable. In this review, we attempted to summarize the current theories of aging and the approaches to understanding it.
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Sergiev PV, Dontsova OA, Berezkin GV. Theories of aging: an ever-evolving field. Acta Naturae 2015; 7:9-18. [PMID: 25926998 PMCID: PMC4410392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence has been the focus of research for many centuries. Despite significant progress in extending average human life expectancy, the process of aging remains largely elusive and, unfortunately, inevitable. In this review, we attempted to summarize the current theories of aging and the approaches to understanding it.
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29
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Sergeeva OV, Bogdanov AA, Sergiev PV. What do we know about ribosomal RNA methylation in Escherichia coli? Biochimie 2014; 117:110-8. [PMID: 25511423 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A ribosome is a ribonucleoprotein that performs the synthesis of proteins. Ribosomal RNA of all organisms includes a number of modified nucleotides, such as base or ribose methylated and pseudouridines. Methylated nucleotides are highly conserved in bacteria and some even universally. In this review we discuss available data on a set of modification sites in the most studied bacteria, Escherichia coli. While most rRNA modification enzymes are known for this organism, the function of the modified nucleotides is rarely identified.
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MESH Headings
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry
- Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism
- Methylation
- Methyltransferases/chemistry
- Methyltransferases/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- Ribosomes/genetics
- Ribosomes/metabolism
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30
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Sergeeva OV, Sergiev PV, Bogdanov AA, Dontsova OA. Ribosome: Lessons of a molecular factory construction. Mol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893314040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Sergeeva OV, Sergiev PV, Bogdanov AA, Dontsova OA. [Ribosome: lessons of a molecular factory construction]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2014; 48:543-560. [PMID: 25842841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome is a macromolecular complex, which is responsible for protein biosynthesis. Two bacterial ribosomal subunits contain more than 4000 RNA nucleotides and 50 proteins. Ribosome assembly is a complicated multi-step process, vitally important for cell. In this review we summarised present-day conceptions about the mechanism of the bacterial ribosome assembly in the cell and in vitro model systems. Some details of the assembly of this machinery are still-unknown.
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32
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Sergiev PV. High-Throughput Methods for Postgenomic Research. Acta Naturae 2011. [DOI: 10.32607/20758251-2011-3-3-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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33
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Nesterchuk MV, Sergiev PV, Dontsova OA. Posttranslational Modifications of Ribosomal Proteins in Escherichia coli. Acta Naturae 2011. [DOI: 10.32607/20758251-2011-3-2-22-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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34
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Sergiev PV, Osterman IA, Prokhorova IV, Nesterchuk MV, Sergeeva OV, Golovina AI, Demina IA, Galiamina MA, Serebriakova MV, Dontsova OA. [Systems biology approach to the functional role of enzymatic modification of bacterial ribosome]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011; 37:81-90. [PMID: 21460884 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162011010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work we describe methodology for studying the role of bacterial ribosome modification in the regulation of gene expression. Ribosomal components modification influences translation efficiencies of certain mRNAs. Proteome analysis allows us to identify cellular protein composition change caused by ribosome modification gene knockout. Particular stage of gene expression responsible for certain protein concentration change could be found using reporter constructs. After identification of mRNA species, whose translation is influenced by ribosome modification we can determine exact mRNA region responsible for the observed changes. The developed methodology can be applied for studying other translational control mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Genes, Reporter
- Immunoblotting
- Lac Operon
- Luciferases/genetics
- Methyltransferases/genetics
- Methyltransferases/metabolism
- Proteome/analysis
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- beta-Galactosidase/biosynthesis
- beta-Galactosidase/genetics
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35
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Burakovsky DE, Smirnova AS, Lesnyak DV, Kiparisov SV, Leonov AA, Sergiev PV, Bogdanov AA, Dontsova OA. The interaction with Escherichia coli 23S rRNA helices 89 and 91 contributes to the IF2 activity but is insignificant for the functioning of the elongation factors. Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893307060118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Burakovskiĭ DE, Smirnova AS, Lesniak DV, Kiparisov SV, Leonov AA, Sergiev PV, Bogdanov AA, Dontsova OA. [Interaction of 23S ribosomal RNA helices 89 and 91 of Escherichia coli contributes to the activity of IF2 but is insignificant for elongation factors functioning]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2007; 41:1031-1041. [PMID: 18318122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The non-canonical base-pair C2475/G2529 joins helices 89 and 91 of the 23S rRNA in the large subunit of E. coli ribosomes. These nucleotides are located at the "crossroads" between the peptidyl transferase center, the sarcin-ricin loop and the GTPase-associated center. We probed the functional role of nucleotides C2475/G2529 by the mutations C2475G, C2475G/G2529C and deltaA2471/U2479 of 23S rRNA. All these mutations had no influence on the elongation factors activity but had different effects on the cell growth, 23S rRNA conformation and translation initiation. C2475G/G2529C and C2475G mutations led to more or less substantial decrease in IF2.GDPNP binding to the ribosomes, and IF2-assisted initiation complex formation. Ribosome-dependent GTPase activity of IF2 was enhanced by both C2475G/G2529C and C2475G mutations. Mutation deltaA2471/U2479 has no influence on IF2.GDPNP binding to the ribosome, but reduces IF2-dependent formation of initiation complex and the ribosome-dependent GTPase activity. Thus, the contact between helices 89 and 91 is important for efficient IF2 functioning in translation initiation.
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37
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Kovalskaya ON, Sergiev PV, Bogdanov AA, Dontsova OA. Does a deficiency of the signal recognition particle (SRP)-pathway affect the biosynthesis of its components in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli? BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:723-9. [PMID: 16903826 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906070042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the behavior of the signal recognition particle (SRP) components in Saccharomyces cerevisiae upon deficiencies of the protein transport caused by the absence of the SRP membrane receptor alpha-subunit. A decrease in the concentration of the SRP membrane receptor alpha-subunit in the cell significantly decreased the level of an SRP component, protein SRP72, as well as the levels of mRNAs of SRP protein components and the SRP receptor beta-subunit. But the amount of 7SL RNA remained unchanged. In contrast, in Escherichia coli cells the gradual decrease in the level of the protein FtsY (a homolog of the SRP membrane receptor alpha-subunit) was not associated with changes in the Ffh protein level.
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38
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Kiparisov SV, Sergiev PV, Bogdanov AA, Dontsova OA. Structural changes in the ribosome during the elongation cycle. Mol Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893306050013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Kiparisov SV, Sergiev PV, Bogdanov AA, Dontsova OA. [The structural changes in the ribosome during the elongation cycle]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2006; 40:755-68. [PMID: 17086976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The plenty of data about structural changes in the ribosome during its functioning has been accumulated. The most interesting information on such changes was obtained by cryo-EM of various ribosomal complexes with the ligands and by combination of rRNA site-directed mutagenesis with the analysis of structural changes in ribosome by chemical modification technique (chemical probing). The most studied structural transformations of the ribosome interacting with tRNAs and elongation factors are considered in this review. The structural rearrangements are discussed in the context of interactions between the functional centers of the ribosome. We also describe the system of tertiary contacts between the rRNA helices and proteins which forms the universal structure in the ribosome. We pay attention that by means of such system the allosteric conformational signal can be transmitted between the functional centers. Besides the discussion of different biochemical data in the scope of structural data we also consider the hypothesis that the position of GTPase associated center (GAC) in the ribosome regulates the binding of elongation factors.
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40
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Kubarenko AV, Sergiev PV, Rodnina MV. [GTPases of translational apparatus]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2005; 39:746-61. [PMID: 16240709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein biosynthesis is a complex biochemical process. It integrates multiple steps where different translation factors specifically interact with the ribosome in a precisely defined order. Among the translation factors one can find multiple GTP-binding or G-proteins. Their functioning is accompanied by GTP hydrolysis to the GDP and inorganic phosphate ion Pi. Ribosome stimulates the GTPase activity of the translation factors, thus playing a role analogues to GTPase-activating proteins (GAP). Translation factors--GTPases interact with the ribosome at all stages of protein biosynthesis. Initiation factor 2 (IF2) catalyse initiator tRNA binding to the ribosomal P-site and subsequent subunit joining. Elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) is responsible for the aminoacyl-tRNA binding to the ribosomal A-site, while elongation factor G (EF-G) catalyses translocation of mRNA in the ribosome by one codon, accompanied by tRNA movement between the binding sites. In its turn, release factor 3 (RF3) catalyse dissociation of the ribosomal complex with release factors 1 or 2 (RF1 or RF2) following the peptide release. This review is devoted to the functional peculiarities of translational GTPases as related to other G-proteins. Particularly, to the putative GTPase activation mechanism, structure and functional cycles.
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41
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42
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Lavrik IN, Sergiev PV, Bogdanov AA, Zimmermann RA, Dontsova OA. Escherichia coli Ribosomes as a Model for Testing New Photoactivated tRNA Analogs Containing 6-Thioguanosine Residues. Mol Biol 2004. [DOI: 10.1023/b:mbil.0000043949.56555.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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43
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Lavrik IN, Sergiev PV, Bogdanov AA, Zimmermann RA, Dontsov OA. [Escherichia coli ribosomes as the model to test new photoactivated tRNA analogues, containing 6-thioguanosine]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2004; 38:937-44. [PMID: 15554195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Photoreactive derivatives of tRNAs, containing 6-thioguanosine or diazirine derivative of 5-methyleneaminouridine were compared as probes to modify Escherichia coli ribosomes. The derivatives of tRNA were synthesized by T7 transcription Proportion of the modified nucleotide analogues was optimised to obtain good yield, analogue incorporation and binding to the ribosome. Complexes of the tRNA analogues with the ribosomal P-site were irradiated with mild UV light. Cross-links were analysed by oligonucleotide-directed hydrolysis of rRNA by RNase H and reverse transcription. 6-thioguanosine was proved to be a perspective reagent for cross-linking studies of complex ribonucleoproteides.
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44
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Kubarenko AV, Lavrik IN, Sergiev PV, Heupl M, Rodnina M, Wintermeyer W, Bogdanov AA, Dontsova OA. Contacts of Elongation Factor G with the Small Ribosomal Subunit: Cross-Linking Approach. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2003; 393:312-4. [PMID: 14870608 DOI: 10.1023/b:dobi.0000010291.45617.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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45
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Kubarenko AV, Sergiev PV, Bogdanov AA, Brimacombe R, Dontsova OA. A protonated base pair participating in rRNA tertiary structural interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:5067-70. [PMID: 11812838 PMCID: PMC97597 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.24.5067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2001] [Revised: 10/22/2001] [Accepted: 10/22/2001] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recently published X-ray crystallographic structure for the 50S subunit of Haloarcula marismortui ribosomes, residue U2546 of the 23S rRNA forms a non-Watson-Crick base pair with U2610. The corresponding residues in the secondary structure of the Escherichia coli 23S molecule are U2511 and C2575, and it follows that the latter base (C2575) should be protonated in order to form a base pair that is isostructural with its counterpart in H.marismortui. This prediction was demonstrated experimentally by reduction with sodium borohydride followed by primer extension analysis; borohydride is able to reduce positively charged bases, yielding products which block reverse transcription. In the course of the analysis a further charged base pair (AH(+)1528-G1543) was identified in the E.coli 23S molecule. Both charged pairs (U2511-CH(+)2575 and AH(+)1528-G1543) were only observed in the context of the intact ribosomal subunit and were not seen in deproteinized rRNA.
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46
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Smith MW, Meskauskas A, Wang P, Sergiev PV, Dinman JD. Saturation mutagenesis of 5S rRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:8264-75. [PMID: 11713264 PMCID: PMC99992 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.24.8264-8275.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
rRNAs are the central players in the reactions catalyzed by ribosomes, and the individual rRNAs are actively involved in different ribosome functions. Our previous demonstration that yeast 5S rRNA mutants (called mof9) can impact translational reading frame maintenance showed an unexpected function for this ubiquitous biomolecule. At the time, however, the highly repetitive nature of the genes encoding rRNAs precluded more detailed genetic and molecular analyses. A new genetic system allows all 5S rRNAs in the cell to be transcribed from a small, easily manipulated plasmid. The system is also amenable for the study of the other rRNAs, and provides an ideal genetic platform for detailed structural and functional studies. Saturation mutagenesis reveals regions of 5S rRNA that are required for cell viability, translational accuracy, and virus propagation. Unexpectedly, very few lethal alleles were identified, demonstrating the resilience of this molecule. Superimposition of genetic phenotypes on a physical map of 5S rRNA reveals the existence of phenotypic clusters of mutants, suggesting that specific regions of 5S rRNA are important for specific functions. Mapping these mutants onto the Haloarcula marismortui large subunit reveals that these clusters occur at important points of physical interaction between 5S rRNA and the different functional centers of the ribosome. Our analyses lead us to propose that one of the major functions of 5S rRNA may be to enhance translational fidelity by acting as a physical transducer of information between all of the different functional centers of the ribosome.
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Sergiev PV, Dontsova OA, Bogdanov AA. [Study of ribosome structure using the biochemical methods: judgment day]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2001; 35:559-83. [PMID: 11524944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The data on RNA-RNA interactions between the components of the E. coli translation machinery obtained by X-ray crystallography and chemical methods are compared. The approaches to the study of RNA secondary and tertiary structure are assessed. The following conclusions are made: comparative sequence analysis and compensatory mutations approach both give reliable data on the RNA secondary structure. The chemical modification technique provides good results. Local cleavage of internucleotide bonds by hydroxyl radicals is reliable in the frame of its 40 A resolution, in contrast to the application of copper-phenanthroline complex as a cleavage reagent, which is unreliable. Direct UV irradiation and nitrogen mustard treatment are the best methods of crosslink generation. In vitro transcription is the only good method for the incorporation of nucleotide analogs in RNA. RNase H hydrolysis and/or nucleotide-specific RNases fingerprints must be applied for the crosslink site determination in parallel with reverse transcription.
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48
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49
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Sergiev PV, Bogdanov AA, Dahlberg AE, Dontsova O. Mutations at position A960 of E. coli 23 S ribosomal RNA influence the structure of 5 S ribosomal RNA and the peptidyltransferase region of 23 S ribosomal RNA. J Mol Biol 2000; 299:379-89. [PMID: 10860746 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The proximity of loop D of 5 S rRNA to two regions of 23 S rRNA, domain II involved in translocation and domain V involved in peptide bond formation, is known from previous cross-linking experiments. Here, we have used site-directed mutagenesis and chemical probing to further define these contacts and possible sites of communication between 5 S and 23 S rRNA. Three different mutants were constructed at position A960, a highly conserved nucleotide in domain II previously crosslinked to 5 S rRNA, and the mutant rRNAs were expressed from plasmids as homogeneous populations of ribosomes in Escherichia coli deficient in all seven chromosomal copies of the rRNA operon. Mutations A960U, A960G and, particularly, A960C caused structural rearrangements in the loop D of 5 S rRNA and in the peptidyltransferase region of domain V, as well as in the 960 loop itself. These observations support the proposal that loop D of 5 S rRNA participates in signal transmission between the ribosome centers responsible for peptide bond formation and translocation.
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MESH Headings
- Aldehydes/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Butanones
- CME-Carbodiimide/analogs & derivatives
- CME-Carbodiimide/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/growth & development
- GTP Phosphohydrolases/chemistry
- GTP Phosphohydrolases/genetics
- GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism
- Genes, Bacterial/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation/genetics
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Peptidyl Transferases/chemistry
- Peptidyl Transferases/genetics
- Peptidyl Transferases/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Protein Biosynthesis
- RNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5S/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer/genetics
- RNA, Transfer/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Ribosomes/chemistry
- Ribosomes/genetics
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Sulfuric Acid Esters/metabolism
- rRNA Operon/genetics
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50
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Leonov AA, Sergiev PV, Dontsova OA, Bogdanov AA. [Directed introduction of photoaffinity reagents in internal segments of RNA]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2000; 33:1063-73. [PMID: 10624698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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