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Brown M, Schramm VL. Decreased Transition-State Analogue Affinity in Isotopically Heavy MTAN with Increased Catalysis. Biochemistry 2023; 62:2928-2933. [PMID: 37788145 PMCID: PMC10636763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
5'-Methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase from Helicobacter pylori (HpMTAN) demonstrated faster chemistry when expressed as an isotopically heavy protein, with 2H, 13C, and 15N replacing the bulk of normal isotopes. The inverse heavy enzyme isotope effect has been attributed to improved enzyme-reactant interactions causing more frequent transition-state formation ( Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2021, 118, e2109118118). Transition-state analogues stabilize the transient dynamic geometry of the transition state and inform on transition-state dynamics. Here, a slow-onset, tight-binding transition-state analogue of HpMTAN is characterized with heavy and light enzymes. Dissociation constants for the initial encounter complex (Ki) and for the tightly bound complex after slow-onset inhibition (Ki*) with hexylthio-DADMe-Immucillin-A (HTDIA) gave Ki values for light and heavy HpMTAN = 52 ± 10 and 85 ± 13 pM and Ki* values = 5.9 ± 0.3 and 10.0 ± 1.2 pM, respectively. HTDIA dissociates from heavy HpMTAN at 0.063 ± 0.002 min-1, faster than that from light HpMTAN at 0.032 ± 0.004 min-1. These values are consistent with transition-state formation by an improved catalytic site dynamic search and inconsistent with catalytic efficiency proportional to tight binding of the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morais Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Vern L Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
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2
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Kim G, Hou X, Byun WS, Kim G, Jarhad DB, Lee G, Hyun YE, Yu J, Lee CS, Qu S, Warnick E, Gao ZG, Kim JY, Ji S, Shin H, Choi JR, Jacobson KA, Lee HW, Lee SK, Jeong LS. Structure-Activity Relationship of Truncated 2,8-Disubstituted-Adenosine Derivatives as Dual A 2A/A 3 Adenosine Receptor Antagonists and Their Cancer Immunotherapeutic Activity. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12249-12265. [PMID: 37603705 PMCID: PMC10896643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Based on hA2AAR structures, a hydrophobic C8-heteroaromatic ring in 5'-truncated adenosine analogues occupies the subpocket tightly, converting hA2AAR agonists into antagonists while maintaining affinity toward hA3AR. The final compounds of 2,8-disubstituted-N6-substituted 4'-thionucleosides, or 4'-oxo, were synthesized from d-mannose and d-erythrono-1,4-lactone, respectively, using a Pd-catalyst-controlled regioselective cross-coupling reaction. All tested compounds completely antagonized hA2AAR, including 5d with the highest affinity (Ki,A2A = 7.7 ± 0.5 nM). The hA2AAR-5d X-ray structure revealed that C8-heteroaromatic rings prevented receptor activation-associated conformational changes. However, the C8-substituted compounds still antagonized hA3AR. Structural SAR features and docking studies supported different binding modes at A2AAR and A3AR, elucidating pharmacophores for receptor activation and selectivity. Favorable pharmacokinetics were demonstrated, in which 5d displayed high oral absorption, moderate half-life, and bioavailability. Also, 5d significantly improved the antitumor effect of anti-PD-L1 in vivo. Overall, this study suggests that the novel dual A2AAR/A3AR nucleoside antagonists would be promising drug candidates for immune-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibae Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiyan Hou
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, People's Republic of China
| | - Woong Sub Byun
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Chem-H and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Gyudong Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Dnyandev B Jarhad
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Grim Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eum Hyun
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinha Yu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Chang Soo Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuhao Qu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Warnick
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ji Yong Kim
- Future Medicine Company Limited, Seoul 06665, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Ji
- HK Inno.N Corporation, Seoul 04551, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Shin
- HK Inno.N Corporation, Seoul 04551, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hyuk Woo Lee
- Future Medicine Company Limited, Seoul 06665, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Future Medicine Company Limited, Seoul 06665, Republic of Korea
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Dentmon ZW, Kaiser TM, Liotta DC. Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of a Series of 2'- C-Methyl-4'-thionucleoside Monophosphate Prodrugs. Molecules 2020; 25:E5165. [PMID: 33171951 PMCID: PMC7664256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a validated target for nucleoside antiviral drug therapy. We endeavored to synthesize and test a series of 4'-thionucleosides with a monophosphate prodrug moiety for their antiviral activity against HCV and other related viruses in the Flaviviridae family. Nucleoside analogs were prepared via the stereoselective Vorbrüggen glycosylation of various nucleobases with per-acetylated 2-C-methyl-4-thio-d-ribose built in a 10-step synthetic sequence from the corresponding ribonolactone. Conjugation of the thionucleoside to a ProTide phosphoramidate allowed for evaluation of the prodrugs in the cellular HCV replicon assay with anti-HCV activities ranging from single-digit micromolar (μM) to >200 μM. The diminished anti-HCV potency of our best compound compared to its 4'-oxo congener is the subject of ongoing research in our lab and is proposed to stem from changes in sugar geometry imparted by the larger sulfur atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackery W. Dentmon
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | | | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
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Akpınar M, Lesche M, Fanourgakis G, Fu J, Anasstasiadis K, Dahl A, Jessberger R. TDRD6 mediates early steps of spliceosome maturation in primary spermatocytes. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006660. [PMID: 28263986 PMCID: PMC5358835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tudor containing protein 6 (TDRD6) is a male germ line-specific protein essential for chromatoid body (ChB) structure, elongated spermatid development and male fertility. Here we show that in meiotic prophase I spermatocytes TDRD6 interacts with the key protein arginine methyl transferase PRMT5, which supports splicing. TDRD6 also associates with spliceosomal core protein SmB in the absence of RNA and in an arginine methylation dependent manner. In Tdrd6-/- diplotene spermatocytes PRMT5 association with SmB and arginine dimethylation of SmB are much reduced. TDRD6 deficiency impairs the assembly of spliceosomes, which feature 3.5-fold increased levels of U5 snRNPs. In the nucleus, these deficiencies in spliceosome maturation correlate with decreased numbers of SMN-positive bodies and Cajal bodies involved in nuclear snRNP maturation. Transcriptome analysis of TDRD6-deficient diplotene spermatocytes revealed high numbers of splicing defects such as aberrant usage of intron and exons as well as aberrant representation of splice junctions. Together, this study demonstrates a novel function of TDRD6 in spliceosome maturation and mRNA splicing in prophase I spermatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müge Akpınar
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mathias Lesche
- Deep Sequencing Group SFB 655, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Grigorios Fanourgakis
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jun Fu
- Stem Cell Engineering, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Dahl
- Deep Sequencing Group SFB 655, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rolf Jessberger
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
Polymerization of the Z variant alpha-1-antitrypsin (Z-α1AT) results in the most common and severe form of α1AT deficiency (α1ATD), a debilitating genetic disorder whose clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic to fatal liver and/or lung disease. As the altered conformation of Z-α1AT and its attendant aggregation are responsible for pathogenesis, the polymerization process per se has become a major target for the development of therapeutics. Based on the ability of Z-α1AT to aggregate by recruiting the reactive center loop (RCL) of another Z-α1AT into its s4A cavity, we developed a high-throughput screening assay that uses a modified 6-mer peptide mimicking the RCL to screen for inhibitors of Z-α1AT polymer growth. A subset of compounds from the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC) with molecular weights ranging from 300 to 700 Da, was used to evaluate the assay's capabilities. The inhibitor S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioguanosine was identified as a lead compound and its ability to prevent Z-α1AT polymerization confirmed by secondary assays. To further investigate the binding location of S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioguanosine, an in silico strategy was pursued and the intermediate α1AT M* state modeled to allow molecular docking simulations and explore various potential binding sites. Docking results predict that S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioguanosine can bind at the s4A cavity and at the edge of β-sheet A. The former binding site would directly block RCL insertion whereas the latter site would prevent β-sheet A from expanding between s3A/s5A, and thus indirectly impede RCL insertion. Altogether, our investigations have revealed a novel compound that inhibits the formation of Z-α1AT polymers, as well as in vitro and in silico strategies for identifying and characterizing additional blocking molecules of Z-α1AT polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Berthelier
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center—Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jason Brett Harris
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- UT-ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kasey Noel Estenson
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center—Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jerome Baudry
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- UT-ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
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Sprenger J, Svensson B, Hålander J, Carey J, Persson L, Al-Karadaghi S. Three-dimensional structures of Plasmodium falciparum spermidine synthase with bound inhibitors suggest new strategies for drug design. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2015; 71:484-93. [PMID: 25760598 PMCID: PMC4356361 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714027011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The enzymes of the polyamine-biosynthesis pathway have been proposed to be promising drug targets in the treatment of malaria. Spermidine synthase (SpdS; putrescine aminopropyltransferase) catalyzes the transfer of the aminopropyl moiety from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine, leading to the formation of spermidine and 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA). In this work, X-ray crystallography was used to examine ligand complexes of SpdS from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (PfSpdS). Five crystal structures were determined of PfSpdS in complex with MTA and the substrate putrescine, with MTA and spermidine, which was obtained as a result of the enzymatic reaction taking place within the crystals, with dcAdoMet and the inhibitor 4-methylaniline, with MTA and 4-aminomethylaniline, and with a compound predicted in earlier in silico screening to bind to the active site of the enzyme, benzimidazol-(2-yl)pentan-1-amine (BIPA). In contrast to the other inhibitors tested, the complex with BIPA was obtained without any ligand bound to the dcAdoMet-binding site of the enzyme. The complexes with the aniline compounds and BIPA revealed a new mode of ligand binding to PfSpdS. The observed binding mode of the ligands, and the interplay between the two substrate-binding sites and the flexible gatekeeper loop, can be used in the design of new approaches in the search for new inhibitors of SpdS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Sprenger
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Svensson
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- SARomics Biostructures AB, Box 724, SE-220 07 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hålander
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jannette Carey
- Chemistry Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lo Persson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Salam Al-Karadaghi
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Fuchi Y, Obayashi H, Sasaki S. Development of new 1,3-diazaphenoxazine derivatives (thioG-grasp) to covalently capture 8-thioguanosine. Molecules 2015; 20:1078-87. [PMID: 25584836 PMCID: PMC6272678 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20011078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The derivatives of 8-thioguanosine are thought to be included in the signal transduction system related to 8-nitroguanosine. In this study, we attempted to develop new 1,3-diazaphenoxazine (G-clamp) derivatives to covalently capture 8-thioguanosine (thioG-grasp). It was expected that the chlorine atom at the end of the linker would be displaced by the nucleophilic attack by the sulfur atom of 8-thioguanosine via multiple hydrogen-bonded complexes. The thioG-grasp derivative with a propyl linker reacted efficiently with 8-thioguanosine to form the corresponding adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Fuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Hideto Obayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Yarur AJ, Abreu MT, Deshpande AR, Kerman DH, Sussman DA. Therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3475-84. [PMID: 24707130 PMCID: PMC3974514 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i13.3475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiopurine analogs and anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents have dramatically changed the therapeutics of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), improving short and long-term outcomes. Unfortunately some patients do not respond to therapy and others lose response over time. The pharmacokinetic properties of these drugs are complex, with high inter-patient variability. Thiopurine analogs are metabolized through a series of pathways, which vary according to the patients' pharmacogenetic profile. This profile largely determines the ratios of metabolites, which are in turn associated with likelihoods of clinical efficacy and/or toxicity. Understanding these mechanisms allows for manipulation of drug dose, aiming to reduce the development of toxicity while improving the efficacy of treatment. The efficacy of anti-TNF drugs is influenced by many pharmacodynamic variables. Several factors may alter drug clearance, including the concomitant use of immunomodulators (thiopurine analogs and methotrexate), systemic inflammation, the presence of anti-drug antibodies, and body mass. The treatment of IBD has evolved with the understanding of the pharmacologic profiles of immunomodulating and TNF-inhibiting medications, with good evidence for improvement in patient outcomes observed when measuring metabolic pathway indices. The role of routine measurement of metabolite/drug levels and antibodies warrants further prospective studies as we enter the era of personalized IBD care.
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Zhang ZH, Dai Z, Hu XR, Lin RC. [Isolation and structure elucidation of chemical constituents from Pinellia ternata]. Zhong Yao Cai 2013; 36:1620-1622. [PMID: 24761673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To isolate and identify the chemical constituents of ethanol extract of Pinellia ternata. METHODS The constituents were isolated by silica-gel, Sephadex LH-20 chromatography and HPLC techniques. The structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis including 2D NMR techniques and chemical properties. RESULTS Nine compounds were obtained and identified as uridine (1), 5'-S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (2), adenine (3), chrysophanol (4), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5), nicotinamide (6), (2S)-1-O-(9Z, 12Z-octadecadienoyl)-3-O-beta-galactopyranosylglycerol (7), daucosterol (8), beta-sitosterol (9). CONCLUSION Compounds 2, 6, 7 are isolated from this plant for the first time.
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Zhang YN, Song M, Ng TB, Zhao L, Liu F. Purification and characterization of antioxidant components from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus abalonus including 9-beta-d-ribofuranosidoadenine, 5'-deoxy-5'-(methylthio)adenosine, and a triterpenoid. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 36:689-696. [PMID: 23892470 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although Pleurotus abalonus is a well-known edible mushroom in Asia, there is a dearth of information on its antioxidant activity. The present report is the first one focused on the purification and characterization of 9-beta-d-ribofuranosidoadenine (ADO), 5'-deoxy-5'-(methylthio) adenosine (MTA) and a triterpenoid complex from P. abalonus. Different antioxidant activities including inhibitory effects on hemolysis and lipid peroxidation in brain and kidney homogenates as well as significant synergistic effect on scavenging of hydroxyl radicals were demonstrated, which lays a foundation for the development of P. abalonus as a natural antioxidant applied in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ni Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Song
- Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Li Zhao
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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11
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Singh NK, Pakkkianathan BC, Kumar M, Daddam JR, Jayavel S, Kannan M, Pillai GG, Krishnan M. Computational studies on molecular interactions of 6-thioguanosine analogs with anthrax toxin receptor 1. Interdiscip Sci 2013; 4:183-9. [PMID: 23292691 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-012-0126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dormant endospores of Bacillus anthracis are the causative agent of anthrax, which is an acute disease for both human and animals. Anthrax has been practised as biological weapon because of two attributes: i) short duration of spore germination, and ii) lethal toxaemia of the vegetative stage. Pathogenesis is caused by the activity of edema toxin and lethal toxin. Protective antigen (PA), is an essential component of both complexes, binds to Anthrax Toxin Receptor (ATR) and mediates the lethality in mammals. The combination of vaccine and antibiotics are preferred to be effective treatment for destruction of the vegetative cell wall but could not be a successive destructor for endospores. So the present study is intended to identify the small molecules as a potential inhibitor for ATR1. 3D structure of Anthrax Toxin Receptor 1 (ATR1) was built by using the crystal structure of Anthrax Toxin Receptor 2 (ATR2) from Homo sapiens as template. Molecular docking of 6-thiogunaosine (6-TG) analogs was performed on the ATR1 model and effective inhibitor was selected based on the docking results. The docking results showed that the three residues in the ATR1 binding pocket (Phe162, Asp160, and Phe22) were essential for making hydrogen bond with the 2-(2-bromo-6-chloro-4H-purin-9(5H)-yl)- 5-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (C(11)H(13)N(3)O(5)). The data presented here strongly indicate that the interactions of these four residues are necessary for a stronger binding of the ATR1 with C(11)H(13)N(3)O(5). Also, the study proposed C(11)H(13)N(3)O(5) as an effective inhibitor by the comparison of docking energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin K Singh
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
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12
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Takahashi M, Nagai C, Hatakeyama H, Minakawa N, Harashima H, Matsuda A. Intracellular stability of 2'-OMe-4'-thioribonucleoside modified siRNA leads to long-term RNAi effect. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:5787-93. [PMID: 22411910 PMCID: PMC3384325 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically modified siRNAs are expected to have resistance toward nuclease degradation and good thermal stability in duplex formation for in vivo applications. We have recently found that 2'-OMe-4'-thioRNA, a hybrid chemical modification based on 2'-OMeRNA and 4'-thioRNA, has high hybridization affinity for complementary RNA and significant resistance toward degradation in human plasma. These results prompted us to develop chemically modified siRNAs using 2'-OMe-4'-thioribonucleosides for therapeutic application. Effective modification patterns were screened with a luciferase reporter assay. The best modification pattern of siRNA, which conferred duration of the gene-silencing effect without loss of RNAi activity, was identified. Quantification of the remaining siRNA in HeLa-luc cells using a Heat-in-Triton (HIT) qRT-PCR revealed that the intracellular stability of the siRNA modified with 2'-OMe-4'-thioribonucleosides contributed significantly to the duration of its RNAi activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Shomachi 1-78-1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Chisato Nagai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Shomachi 1-78-1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroto Hatakeyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Shomachi 1-78-1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Noriaki Minakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Shomachi 1-78-1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Shomachi 1-78-1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812 and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Shomachi 1-78-1, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
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13
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Waduwara-Jayabahu I, Oppermann Y, Wirtz M, Hull ZT, Schoor S, Plotnikov AN, Hell R, Sauter M, Moffatt BA. Recycling of methylthioadenosine is essential for normal vascular development and reproduction in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2012; 158:1728-44. [PMID: 22345506 PMCID: PMC3320181 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.191072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
5'-Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is the common by-product of polyamine (PA), nicotianamine (NA), and ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The methylthiol moiety of MTA is salvaged by 5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase (MTN) in a reaction producing methylthioribose (MTR) and adenine. The MTN double mutant, mtn1-1mtn2-1, retains approximately 14% of the MTN enzyme activity present in the wild type and displays a pleiotropic phenotype that includes altered vasculature and impaired fertility. These abnormal traits were associated with increased MTA levels, altered PA profiles, and reduced NA content. Exogenous feeding of PAs partially recovered fertility, whereas NA supplementation improved fertility and also reversed interveinal chlorosis. The analysis of PA synthase crystal structures containing bound MTA suggests that the corresponding enzyme activities are sensitive to available MTA. Mutant plants that expressed either MTN or human methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (which metabolizes MTA without producing MTR) appeared wild type, proving that the abnormal traits of the mutant are due to MTA accumulation rather than reduced MTR. Based on our results, we propose that the key targets affected by increased MTA content are thermospermine synthase activity and spermidine-dependent posttranslational modification of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A.
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14
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Pitakpornpreecha T, Plubrukarn A, Wititsuwannakul R. Quantification of 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine in heat-treated natural rubber latex serum. Phytochem Anal 2012; 23:12-15. [PMID: 21538640 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 5'-Deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) is one of the biologically active components found in natural rubber latex (NRL) serum, a common waste product from rubber plantations. In this study the contents of MTA in heat-treated NRL serum were measured in order to assess the potential of the serum as an alternative source of MTA. OBJECTIVE To devise an HPLC/UV-based quantitative analytical protocol for the determination of MTA, and to determine the effect of heat treatment on the content of MTA in NRL serum from various sources. METHODOLOGY An HPLC/UV-based determination of MTA using an acidic eluant was devised and validated. In the heat treatment, the effect of refluxing times on MTA liberation was evaluated. RESULTS The quantification protocol was validated with satisfying linearity, limits of detection and quantitation, precisions for peak areas and recovery percentages from intra- and inter-day operations. The amounts of MTA in the NRL sera from various sources increased with heat treatment to yield 5-12 μg MTA/mL of serum. CONCLUSION The devised protocol was found to be satisfyingly applicable to the routine determination of MTA in NRL serum. The effect of heat treatment on the content of MTA also indicated another possible use for NRL serum, normally discarded in vast amounts by the rubber industry, as an alternative source of MTA.
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15
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Cataldi TRI, Bianco G, Losito I, Carulli S. A validated interpretation of the collision-induced dissociation of protonated 5'-methylthioadenosine through selected A+1 and A+2 isotope fragmentations by tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2010; 24:2925-2930. [PMID: 20857452 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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16
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Pal S, Choi WJ, Choe SA, Heller CL, Gao ZG, Chinn M, Jacobson KA, Hou X, Lee SK, Kim HO, Jeong LS. Structure-activity relationships of truncated adenosine derivatives as highly potent and selective human A3 adenosine receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3733-8. [PMID: 19375920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of potent and selective binding affinity of truncated 4'-thioadenosine derivatives at the human A(3) adenosine receptor (AR), their bioisosteric 4'-oxo derivatives were designed and synthesized from commercially available 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-erythrono lactone. The derivatives tested in AR binding assays were substituted at the C2 and N(6) positions. All synthesized nucleosides exhibited potent and selective binding affinity at the human A(3) AR. They were less potent than the corresponding 4'-thio analogues, but showed still selective to other subtypes. The 2-Cl series generally were better than the 2-H series in view of binding affinity and selectivity. Among compounds tested, compound 5d (X=Cl, R=3-bromobenzyl) showed the highest binding affinity (K(i)=13.0+/-6.9 nM) at the hA(3) AR with high selectivity (at least 88-fold) in comparison to other AR subtypes. Like the corresponding truncated 4'-thio series, compound 5d antagonized the action of an agonist to inhibit forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase in hA(3) AR-expressing CHO cells. Although the 4'-oxo series were less potent than the 4'-thio series, this class of human A(3) AR antagonists is also regarded as another good template for the design of A(3) AR antagonists and for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pal
- Department of Bioinspired Science and Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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17
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Jeong LS. Development of A3 adenosine receptor ligands. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf) 2008; 52:79-80. [PMID: 18776262 DOI: 10.1093/nass/nrn040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
4'-Thioadenosines have been discovered as novel templates for A(3) adenosine ligands. Among these, 4'-thioadenosine-5'-monoalkyluronamides were discovered as novel potent and selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonists, while 4'-thioadenosine-5'-dialkyluronamides and truncated 4'-thioadenosine derivatives exhibited potent and selective antagonism at the A(3) adenosine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lak Shin Jeong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
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18
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Singh V, Luo M, Brown RL, Norris GE, Schramm VL. Transition-state structure of neisseria meningitides 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:13831-3. [PMID: 17956098 PMCID: PMC2527693 DOI: 10.1021/ja0754204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vipender Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Minkui Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Rosemary L. Brown
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Gillian E. Norris
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Vern L. Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461,
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19
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Zhao Y, Yuan Z. [A new coumarin glycoside from Glehnia littoralis]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2007; 42:1070-1073. [PMID: 18229615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To study the chemical constituents from Glehnia littoralis, macroreticular resin column chromatography, repeated column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and reverse phase ODS were used to isolate the compounds whose structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic data (ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR). A new coumarin glycoside was isolated and identified as: bergaptol 5-O-beta-D-gentiobioside (1), along with eight known compounds: (7R, 8S)-dehydrodiconiferylalcohol-4, 9-di-O-beta-D-glucoside (2), cirtrusin A (3), (-)-seco-isolariciresinol 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (4), baihuaqianhuside (5), xanthotoxol 8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), 5'-methylthioadenosine (7), adenosine (8), L-tryptophan (9). Compound 1 is a new coumarin glycoside, compounds 2 and 7 were isolated from this genus for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhao
- Department of Analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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20
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Abstract
Stereoselective synthesis of novel 1'-alpha-substituted-4'-thionucleosides was achieved starting from D-gulonic acid gamma-lactone via stereoselective nucleophilic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashantha Gunaga
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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21
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Jeong LS, Choe SA, Gunaga P, Kim HO, Lee HW, Lee SK, Tosh DK, Patel A, Palaniappan KK, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Moon HR. Discovery of a new nucleoside template for human A3 adenosine receptor ligands: D-4'-thioadenosine derivatives without 4'-hydroxymethyl group as highly potent and selective antagonists. J Med Chem 2007; 50:3159-62. [PMID: 17555308 DOI: 10.1021/jm070259t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Truncated D-4'-thioadenosine derivatives lacking the 4'-hydroxymethylene moiety were synthesized starting from D-mannose, using cyclization to the 4-thiosugar and one-step conversion of the diol to the acetate as key steps. At the human A3 adenosine receptor (AR), N6-substituted purine analogues bound potently and selectively and acted as antagonists in a cyclic AMP functional assay. An N6-(3-chlorobenzyl)purine analogue 9b displayed a Ki value of 1.66 nM at the human A3 AR. Thus, truncated D-4'-thioadenosine is an excellent template for the design of novel A3 AR antagonists to act at both human and murine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lak Shin Jeong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
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22
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Melnychuk SA, Neverov AA, Brown RS. Catalytic decomposition of simulants for chemical warfare V agents: highly efficient catalysis of the methanolysis of phosphonothioate esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:1767-70. [PMID: 16496431 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Akoachere M, Squires RC, Nour AM, Angelov L, Brojatsch J, Abel-Santos E. Identification of an in vivo inhibitor of Bacillus anthracis spore germination. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:12112-8. [PMID: 17296608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611432200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Germination of Bacillus anthracis spores into the vegetative form is an essential step in anthrax pathogenicity. This process can be triggered in vitro by the common germinants inosine and alanine. Kinetic analysis of B. anthracis spore germination revealed synergy and a sequential mechanism between inosine and alanine binding to their cognate receptors. Because inosine is a critical germinant in vitro, we screened inosine analogs for the ability to block in vitro germination of B. anthracis spores. Seven analogs efficiently blocked this process in vitro. This led to the identification of 6-thioguanosine, which also efficiently blocked spore germination in macrophages and prevented killing of these cells mediated by B. anthracis spores. 6-Thioguanosine shows potential as an anti-anthrax therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Akoachere
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, USA
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24
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Haraguchi K, Matsui H, Takami S, Tanaka H. Additive Pummerer reaction of 3,5-O-(di-t-butylsilylene)-4-thiofuranoid glycal and stereoselective synthesis of beta-anomer of 4'-thioribonucleosides. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf) 2007; 51:143-144. [PMID: 18029627 DOI: 10.1093/nass/nrm072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Upon reacting 3,5-O-(di-t-butylsilylene) (DTBS)-4-thiofuranoid glycal S-oxide (7) with Ac2O in the presence of TMSOAc and BF3.OEt2, additive Pummerer reaction proceeded to furnish 1,2-di-O-acetyl-3,5-O-DTBS-4-thioribofuranose (8) in 61% yield. When 8 was reacted with bis-O-TMS-uracil and TMSOTf, 2'-O-acetyl-3',5'-O-DTBS-4'-thiouridine (13a) was obtained along with it's beta-anomer (13b) in 93% yield (13a/13b = 22/1). This highly stereoselective glycosidation reaction was applicable to the synthesis of 14-17. The glycosyl donor 8 was also useful for the synthesis of 4'-thio-C-nucleoside 18 and 19. In contrast to the above results, treatment of 8 with TMSCN gave rise to the formation of the spiro derivative 20. To avoid this intramolecular cyclization, 2-O-TBDMS-protected 21 was prepared from 8. Bromination of 21 with TMSBr and substitution reaction of the resulting bromide 22 with Hg(CN)2 gave 1'-C-cyanide 23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Haraguchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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25
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Matsugami A, Ohyama T, Inada M, Inoue N, Minakawa N, Matsuda A, Katahira M. Structure of 4'-thioDNA which exhibits endonuclease resistance. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf) 2007; 51:141-142. [PMID: 18029626 DOI: 10.1093/nass/nrm071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
4'-thio DNA consisting of 2'-deoxy-4'-thionucleosides exhibits resistance to both endonuclease and 3'-exonuclease cleavages. Interestingly, we found that 4'-thioDNA duplex behaved like RNA molecules in hybridization properties and structural aspects. Here, we have determined the structure of 4'-thioDNA duplex in solution by NMR. Most residues take on C3'-endosugar puckering, which is characteristic to A-form. The major groove of 4'-thioDNA duplex is narrow and deep, while the minor groove is wide and shallow. These features are also characteristic to A-form. Thus, although DNA duplex usually takes on B-form in solution, 4'-thioDNA takes on A-form, like RNA molecules. A-form-like groove features of 4'-thioDNA can account for the fact that 4'-thioDNA duplex interacts with an RNA major groove binder, but not with DNA groove binder. Interaction of 4'-thioDNA with RNase V1 and resistance to endonuclease may also be accounted for in the same context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Matsugami
- Suplamolecular Biology, Intrenational Graduate Schools of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City Univ., 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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26
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Abstract
Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) variously modified with 4'-thioribonucleosides against the photinus luciferase gene and the renilla luciferase gene were tested for their induction of the RNA interference (RNAi) activity in cultured NIH/3T3 cells. Results indicated that modifications with 4'-thioribonucleosides on siRNA against the photinus luciferase were as potent as natural siRNA. On the other hand, modifications with 4'-thioribonucleosides on natural siRNA against the renilla luciferase improved their RNAi activity. These results suggest that 4'-thioribonucleosides might be potentially useful in the development of novel and effective chemically modified siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Hoshika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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27
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Moreno B, Hevia H, Santamaria M, Sepulcre J, Muñoz J, García-Trevijano ER, Berasain C, Corrales FJ, Avila MA, Villoslada P. Methylthioadenosine reverses brain autoimmune disease. Ann Neurol 2006; 60:323-34. [PMID: 16786535 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the immunomodulatory activity of methylthioadenosine (MTA) in rodent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and in patients with multiple sclerosis. METHODS We studied the effect of intraperitoneal MTA in the acute and chronic EAE model by quantifying clinical and histological scores and by performing immunohistochemistry stains of the brain. We studied the immunomodulatory effect of MTA in lymphocytes from EAE animals and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy control subjects and multiple sclerosis patients by assessing cell proliferation and cytokine gene expression, by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and by nuclear factor-kappaB modulation by Western blot. RESULTS We found that MTA prevents acute EAE and, more importantly, reverses chronic-relapsing EAE. MTA treatment markedly inhibited brain inflammation and reduced brain damage. Administration of MTA suppressed T-cell activation in vivo and in vitro, likely through a blockade in T-cell signaling resulting in the prevention of inhibitor of kappa B (IkappaB-alpha) degradation and in the impaired activation transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB. Indeed, MTA suppressed the production of proinflammatory genes and cytokines (interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase) and increased the production of antiinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10). INTERPRETATION MTA has a remarkable immunomodulatory activity and may be beneficial for multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Age of Onset
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism
- Animals
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Interactions
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Humans
- Immunologic Factors/chemistry
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Phytohemagglutinins/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Thionucleosides/chemistry
- Thionucleosides/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Moreno
- Neuroscience and Gene Therapy Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
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28
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Abstract
The synthesis and properties of fully modified 4′-thioDNAs, oligonucleotides consisting of 2′-deoxy-4′-thionucleosides, were examined. In addition to the known literature properties (preferable hybridization with RNA and resistance to endonuclease hydrolysis), we also observed higher resistance of 4′-thioDNA to 3′-exonuclease cleavage. Furthermore, we found that fully modified 4′-thioDNAs behaved like RNA molecules in their hybridization properties and structural aspect, at least in the case of the 4′-thioDNA duplex. This observation was confirmed by experiments using groove binders, in which a 4′-thioDNA duplex interacts with an RNA major groove binder, lividomycin A, but not with DNA groove binders, to give an increase in its thermal stability. Since a 4′-thioDNA duplex competitively inhibited the hydrolysis of an RNA duplex by RNase V1, it was not only the physical properties but also this biological data suggested that a 4′-thioDNA duplex has an RNA-like structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriaki Minakawa
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Noriaki Minakawa. Tel: +81 11 706 3230; Fax: +81 11 706 4980;
| | - Akira Matsuda
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel: +81 11 706 3228; Fax: +81 11 706 4980;
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29
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30
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Dande P, Prakash TP, Sioufi N, Gaus H, Jarres R, Berdeja A, Swayze EE, Griffey RH, Bhat B. Improving RNA interference in mammalian cells by 4'-thio-modified small interfering RNA (siRNA): effect on siRNA activity and nuclease stability when used in combination with 2'-O-alkyl modifications. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1624-34. [PMID: 16509579 DOI: 10.1021/jm050822c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A systematic structure-activity relationship study of 4'-thioribose containing small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) has led to the identification of highly potent and stable antisense constructs. To enable this optimization effort for both in vitro and in vivo applications, we have significantly improved the yields of 4'-thioribonucleosides by using a chirally pure (R)-sulfoxide precursor. siRNA duplexes containing strategically placed regions of 4'-thio-RNA were synthesized and evaluated for RNA interference activity and plasma stability. Stretches of 4'-thio-RNA were well tolerated in both the antisense and sense strands. However, optimization of both the number and placement of 4'-thioribonucleosides was necessary for maximal potency. These optimized siRNAs were generally equipotent or superior to native siRNAs and exhibited increased thermal and plasma stability. Furthermore, significant improvements in siRNA activity and plasma stability were achieved by judicious combination of 4'-thioribose with 2'-O-methyl and 2'-O-methoxyethyl modifications. These optimized 4'-thio-siRNAs may be valuable for developing stable siRNAs for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Dande
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Antisense Core Research, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California 92008, USA
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31
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Jeong LS, Lee HW, Kim HO, Jung JY, Gao ZG, Duong HT, Rao S, Jacobson KA, Shin DH, Lee JA, Gunaga P, Lee SK, Jin DZ, Chun MW, Moon HR. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of N6-substituted-4'-thioadenosines at the human A3 adenosine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4718-30. [PMID: 16603368 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A large series of N6-substituted-4'-thioadenosines were synthesized starting from D-gulonic-gamma-lactone, and structure-activity relationships were studied at the human A3 and other subtypes of adenosine receptors (ARs). 2-Chloro-substituted and 2-H analogues were compared. 2-Chloro-N6-methyl-4'-thioadenosine 19b was a highly potent and selective agonist (Ki=0.8+/-0.1 nM in binding) at the A3AR, and displayed the same relative efficacy in receptor activation as a known full agonist, Cl-IB-MECA. Most of N6-substituted-4'-thioadenosines were less potent in binding than the corresponding N6-substituted-adenosines or N6-substituted-4'-thioadenosine-5'-uronamides. N6-(3-Iodobenzyl) derivative 19g was demonstrated to be an A3AR-selective partial agonist displaying a Ki value of 3.2 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lak Shin Jeong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Pisarev AV, Kolupaeva VG, Pisareva VP, Merrick WC, Hellen CUT, Pestova TV. Specific functional interactions of nucleotides at key -3 and +4 positions flanking the initiation codon with components of the mammalian 48S translation initiation complex. Genes Dev 2006; 20:624-36. [PMID: 16510876 PMCID: PMC1410799 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1397906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 1 maintains the fidelity of initiation codon selection and enables mammalian 43S preinitiation complexes to discriminate against AUG codons with a context that deviates from the optimum sequence GCC(A/G)CCAUGG, in which the purines at (-)3 and (+)4 positions are most important. We hypothesize that eIF1 acts by antagonizing conformational changes that occur in ribosomal complexes upon codon-anticodon base-pairing during 48S initiation complex formation, and that the role of (-)3 and (+)4 context nucleotides is to stabilize these changes by interacting with components of this complex. Here we report that U and G at (+)4 both UV-cross-linked to ribosomal protein (rp) S15 in 48S complexes. However, whereas U cross-linked strongly to C(1696) and less well to AA(1818-1819) in helix 44 of 18S rRNA, G cross-linked exclusively to AA(1818-1819). U at (-)3 cross-linked to rpS5 and eIF2alpha, whereas G cross-linked only to eIF2alpha. Results of UV cross-linking experiments and of assays of 48S complex formation done using alpha-subunit-deficient eIF2 indicate that eIF2alpha's interaction with the (-)3 purine is responsible for recognition of the (-)3 context position by 43S complexes and suggest that the (+)4 purine/AA(1818-1819) interaction might be responsible for recognizing the (+)4 position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Pisarev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA
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33
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Zhang Y, Porcelli M, Cacciapuoti G, Ealick SE. The Crystal Structure of 5′-Deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase II from Sulfolobus solfataricus, a Thermophilic Enzyme Stabilized by Intramolecular Disulfide Bonds. J Mol Biol 2006; 357:252-62. [PMID: 16414070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of Sulfolobus solfataricus 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase II (SsMTAPII) in complex with 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) and sulfate was determined to 1.45A resolution. The hexameric structure of SsMTAPII is a dimer-of-trimers with one active site per monomer. The oligomeric assembly of the trimer and the monomer topology of SsMTAPII are almost identical with trimeric human 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (hMTAP). SsMTAPII is the first reported hexameric member in the trimeric class of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) from Archaea. Unlike hMTAP, which is highly specific for MTA, SsMTAPII also accepts adenosine as a substrate. The residues at the active sites of SsMTAPII and hMTAP are almost identical. The broad substrate specificity of SsMTAPII may be due to the flexibility of the C-terminal loop. SsMTAPII is extremely thermoactive and thermostable. The three-dimensional structure of SsMTAPII suggests that the unique dimer-of-trimers quaternary structure, a CXC motif at the C terminus, and two pairs of intrasubunit disulfide bridges may play an important role in its thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA
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34
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Hammerland LG, Johansson M, Malmström J, Mattsson JP, Minidis ABE, Nilsson K, Peterson A, Wensbo D, Wållberg A, Osterlund K. Structure-activity relationship of thiopyrimidines as mGluR5 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2467-9. [PMID: 16481165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship investigations of the thiopyrimidine (1), an HTS hit with micromolar activity as a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist, led to compounds with sub-micromolar activity.
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35
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Haraguchi K, Shimada H, Tanaka H. Nucleophilic substitution of 4'-acetoxy-4'-thionucleosides: a new access to 4'-substituted 4'-thiothymidines. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf) 2006:115-6. [PMID: 17150844 DOI: 10.1093/nass/nrl057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of 4'-substituted 4'-thiothymidines has been developed. This synthetic method consists of 1) diacetoxylation of 4',5'-unsaturated 4'-thiothymidine derivative 9 with Pb(OAc)(4), and 2) Lewis acid-promoted nucleophilic substitution of the resulting 4'-acetoxy nucleoside 10 with silicon reagents. This novel method enabled us to introduce carbon-substituents or heteroatom-substituents to the 4'-position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Haraguchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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36
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Lee HW, Shin DH, Jeong JY, Kim HO, Chun MW, Melman N, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA, Jeong LS. D-4'-thioadenosine derivatives as highly potent and selective agonists at the human A3 adenosine receptor. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2005; 24:607-9. [PMID: 16247997 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200061827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
4'-Thionucleoside derivatives as potent and selective A3 adenosaine receptor agonists were synthesized, starting from D-gulono-gamma-lactone via D-thioribosyl acetate as a key intermediate, among which the 2-chloro-N6-methyladenosine-5-methyluronamide showed the most potent and selective binding affinity (Ki = 0.28 +/- 0.09 nM) at the human A3 adenosine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyouk Woo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul [corrected] Korea
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37
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Abstract
Starting from 2-C-methyl-ribonolactone, 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-acetyl-2-C-methyl-4-thioribofuranose was synthesized and condensed with heterocyclic bases to afford 2-C-methyl-4'-thioribonucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dukhan
- Laboratoire Coopératif Idenix-CNRS, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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38
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Parker WB, Allan PW, Ealick SE, Sorscher EJ, Hassan AEA, Silamkoti AV, Fowler AT, Waud WR, Secrist JA. Design and evaluation of 5'-modified nucleoside analogs as prodrugs for an E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase mutant. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2005; 24:387-92. [PMID: 16247956 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200059807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Our studies have led to the identification of an E. coli PNP mutant (M64V) that is able to cleave numerous 5'-modified nucleoside analogs with much greater efficiency than the wild-type enzyme. The biological activity of the three best substrates of this mutant (9-[6-deoxy-alpha-L-talofuranosyl]-6-methylpurine (methyl(talo)-MeP-R), 9-[6-deoxy-alpha-L-talofuranosyl]-2-F-adenine, and 9-[alpha-L-lyxofuranosyl]-2-F-adenine) were evaluated so that we can optimally utilize these compounds. Our results indicated that the mechanism of toxicity of methyl(talo)-MeP-R to mice was due to its cleavage to MeP by a bacterial enzyme, and that the toxicity of the two F-Ade analogs was due to their cleavage to F-Ade by mammalian methylthioadenosine phosphorylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Parker
- Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Ave., South, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA.
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39
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Rose JD, Parker WB, Secrist JA. Bis(tBuSATE) phosphotriester prodrugs of 8-azaguanosine and 6-methylpurine riboside; bis(pom) phosphotriester prodrugs of 2'-deoxy-4'-thioadenosine and its corresponding 9alpha anomer. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2005; 24:809-13. [PMID: 16248041 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-200061889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
As an extension of previous work with bis(POM) nucleotide prodrugs, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation in tumor cell culture of the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) phosphotriester prodrug of slightly cytotoxic 2'-deoxy-4'-thioadenosine and its alpha-anomer. We have experienced need for an alternative phosphate masking group, particularly with purine nucleosides. Accordingly, we report synthesis and biological evaluation of the bis(tBuSA TE) phosphotriester prodrugs of 8-azaguanosine and 6-methylpurine riboside, nucleoside analogs with moderate to significant cytotoxicity. All four prodrugs were examined in tumor cell culture in parallel with the parent nucleosides. Synthetic routes and biological data are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Rose
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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40
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Lee JE, Luong W, Huang DJT, Cornell KA, Riscoe MK, Howell PL. Mutational analysis of a nucleosidase involved in quorum-sensing autoinducer-2 biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2005; 44:11049-57. [PMID: 16101288 DOI: 10.1021/bi050493q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
5'-Methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase (MTAN) is important in a number of cellular functions such as polyamine biosynthesis, methionine salvaging, biological methylation, and quorum sensing. The nucleosidase is found in many microbes but not in mammalian systems, thus making MTAN a broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug target. Substrate binding and catalytic residues were identified from the crystal structure of MTAN complexed with 5'-methylthiotubercidin [Lee, J. E., Cornell, K. A., Riscoe, M. K. and Howell, P. L. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278 (10) 8761-8770]. The roles of active site residues Met9, Glu12, Ile50, Ser76, Val102, Phe105, Tyr107, Phe151, Met173, Glu174, Arg193, Ser196, Asp197, and Phe207 have been investigated by site-directed mutagenesis and steady-state kinetics. Mutagenesis of residues Glu12, Glu174, and Asp197 completely abolished activity. The location of Asp197 and Glu12 in the active site is consistent with their having a direct role in enzyme catalysis. Glu174 is suggested to be involved in catalysis by stabilizing the transition state positive charge at the O3', C2', and C3' atoms and by polarizing the 3'-hydroxyl to aid in the flow of electrons to the electron withdrawing purine base. This represents the first indication of the importance of the 3'-hydroxyl in the stabilization of the transition state. Furthermore, mutation of Arg193 to alanine shows that the nucleophilic water is able to direct its attack without assistance from the enzyme. This mutagenesis study has allowed a reevaluation of the catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Lee
- Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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41
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Abstract
We report herein a practical synthesis of 4'-thiothymidine (15) and appropriately protected 2'-deoxy-4'-thiocytidine (16), -thioadenosine (27), and -thioguanosine (29) derivatives, substrates for the synthesis of 4'-thioDNA, from the corresponding 4'-thioribonucleosides. 2'-deoxy-4'-thiopyrimidine nucleosides were synthesized using a radical reaction of the corresponding 2'-alpha-bromo derivatives, which were prepared via 2,2'-O-anhydro derivatives. 2'-deoxy-4'-thiopurine nucleosides were synthesized using the same radical reaction of the corresponding 2'-beta-bromo derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naonori Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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42
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Abstract
On the basis of bioisosteric rationale, structure-activity relationship of Cl-IB-MECA, which showed high binding affinity at the human A3 adenosine receptor, was studied. From this study, 2-chloro-4'-thioadenosine-5'-methyluronamide was discovered as the most potent and selective agonist at the human A3 adenosine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lak Shin Jeong
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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43
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Durant PC, Bajji AC, Sundaram M, Kumar RK, Davis DR. Structural effects of hypermodified nucleosides in the Escherichia coli and human tRNALys anticodon loop: the effect of nucleosides s2U, mcm5U, mcm5s2U, mnm5s2U, t6A, and ms2t6A. Biochemistry 2005; 44:8078-89. [PMID: 15924427 DOI: 10.1021/bi050343f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of unmodified and pseudouridine39-modified tRNA(Lys) anticodon stem loops (ASLs) show that significant structural rearrangements must occur to attain a canonical anticodon loop conformation. The Escherichia coli tRNA(Lys) modifications mnm(5)s(2)U34 and t(6)A37 have indeed been shown to remodel the anticodon loop, although significant dynamic flexibility remains within the weakly stacked U35 and U36 anticodon residues. The present study examines the individual effects of mnm(5)s(2)U34, s(2)U34, t(6)A37, and Mg(2+) on tRNA(Lys) ASLs to decipher how the E. coli modifications accomplish the noncanonical to canonical structural transition. We also investigated the effects of the corresponding human tRNA(Lys,3) versions of the E. coli modifications, using NMR to analyze tRNA ASLs containing the nucleosides mcm(5)U34, mcm(5)s(2)U34, and ms(2)t(6)A37. The human wobble modification has a less dramatic loop remodeling effect, presumably because of the absence of a positive charge on the mcm(5) side chain. Nonspecific magnesium effects appear to play an important role in promoting anticodon stacking. Paradoxically, both t(6)A37 and ms(2)t(6)A37 actually decrease anticodon stacking compared to A37 by promoting U36 bulging. Rather than stack with U36, the t(6)A37 nucleotide in the free tRNAs is prepositioned to form a cross-strand stack with the first codon nucleotide as seen in the recent crystal structures of tRNA(Lys) ASLs bound to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Wobble modifications, t(6)A37, and magnesium each make unique contributions toward promoting canonical tRNA structure in the fundamentally dynamic tRNA(Lys)(UUU) anticodon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe C Durant
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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44
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Haeberli P, Berger I, Pallan PS, Egli M. Syntheses of 4'-thioribonucleosides and thermodynamic stability and crystal structure of RNA oligomers with incorporated 4'-thiocytosine. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:3965-75. [PMID: 16027443 PMCID: PMC1178003 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile synthetic route for the 4'-thioribonucleoside building block (4'S)N (N = U, C, A and G) with the ribose O4' replaced by sulfur is presented. Conversion of l-lyxose to 1,5-di-O-acetyl-2,3-di-O-benzoyl-4-thio-d-ribofuranose was achieved via an efficient four-step synthesis with high yield. Conversion of the thiosugar into the four ribonucleoside phosphoramidite building blocks was accomplished with additional four steps in each case. Incorporation of 4'-thiocytidines into oligoribonucleotides improved the thermal stability of the corresponding duplexes by approximately 1 degrees C per modification, irrespective of whether the strand contained a single modification or a consecutive stretch of (4'S)C residues. The gain in thermodynamic stability is comparable to that observed with oligoribonucleotides containing 2'-O-methylated residues. To establish potential conformational changes in RNA as a result of the 4'-thio modification and to better understand the origins of the observed stability changes, the crystal structure of the oligonucleotide 5'-r(CC(4'S)CCGGGG) was determined and analyzed using the previously solved structure of the native RNA octamer as a reference. The two 4'-thioriboses adopt conformations that are very similar to the C3'-endo pucker observed for the corresponding sugars in the native duplex. Subtle changes in the local geometry of the modified duplex are mostly due to the larger radius of sulfur compared to oxygen or appear to be lattice-induced. The significantly increased RNA affinity of 4'-thio-modified RNA relative to RNA, and the relatively minor conformational changes caused by the modification render this nucleic acid analog an interesting candidate for in vitro and in vivo applications, including use in RNA interference (RNAi), antisense, ribozyme, decoy and aptamer technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imre Berger
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyCH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pradeep S. Pallan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, School of MedicineNashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Martin Egli
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, School of MedicineNashville, TN 37232, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 615 343 8070; Fax: +1 615 322 7122;
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45
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Haraguchi K, Takahashi H, Tanaka H, Hayakawa H, Ashida N, Nitanda T, Baba M. Synthesis and antiviral activities of 1'-carbon-substituted 4'-thiothymidines. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 12:5309-16. [PMID: 15388158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
4-Thiofuranoid glycals substituted at the 1-position with methyl (5), (t-butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl (7), and acetoxymethyl (8) groups were prepared from the 3,5-O-(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl) (TIPDS)-4-thiofuranoid glycal (3) by way of LDA-lithiation. N-Iodosuccimide-initiated electrophilic glycosidation between silylated thymine and these 1-carbon-substituted 4-thioglycals gave the respective beta-anomers (9, 10, and 13) stereoselectively. Tin radical-mediated removal of the 2'-iodine atom from these products provided the corresponding 1'-branched 4'-thiothymidine derivatives (11, 12, and 14) in good yields. The 1'-hydroxymethyl derivative (15) served as a precursor for the preparation of the formyl (16), cyanoethenyl (17), and cyano (19) derivatives. Among the deprotected 1'-branched 4'-thiothymidines (20-25), the 1'-methyl analogue 20 showed the most potent anti-HSV-1 activity, but it was much less active than the parent compound 4'-thiothymidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Haraguchi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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46
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Singh V, Evans GB, Lenz DH, Mason JM, Clinch K, Mee S, Painter GF, Tyler PC, Furneaux RH, Lee JE, Howell PL, Schramm VL. Femtomolar transition state analogue inhibitors of 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:18265-73. [PMID: 15749708 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414472200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosyl-homocysteine nucleosidase (MTAN) hydrolyzes its substrates to form adenine and 5-methylthioribose (MTR) or S-ribosylhomocysteine (SRH). 5'-Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is a by-product of polyamine synthesis and SRH is a precursor to the biosynthesis of one or more quorum sensing autoinducer molecules. MTAN is therefore involved in quorum sensing, recycling MTA from the polyamine pathway via adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and recycling MTR to methionine. Hydrolysis of MTA by E. coli MTAN involves a highly dissociative transition state with ribooxacarbenium ion character. Iminoribitol mimics of MTA at the transition state of MTAN were synthesized and tested as inhibitors. 5'-Methylthio-Immucillin-A (MT-ImmA) is a slow-onset tight-binding inhibitor giving a dissociation constant (K(i)(*)) of 77 pm. Substitution of the methylthio group with a p-Cl-phenylthio group gives a more powerful inhibitor with a dissociation constant of 2 pm. DADMe-Immucillins are better inhibitors of E. coli MTAN, since they are more closely related to the highly dissociative nature of the transition state. MT-DADMe-Immucillin-A binds with a K(i)(*) value of 2 pm. Replacing the 5'-methyl group with other hydrophobic groups gave 17 transition state analogue inhibitors with dissociation constants from 10(-12) to 10(-14) m. The most powerful inhibitor was 5'-p-Cl-phenylthio-DADMe-Immucillin-A (pClPhT-DADMe-ImmA) with a K(i)(*) value of 47 fm (47 x 10(-15) m). These are among the most powerful non-covalent inhibitors reported for any enzyme, binding 9-91 million times tighter than the MTA and SAH substrates, respectively. The inhibitory potential of these transition state analogue inhibitors supports a transition state structure closely resembling a fully dissociated ribooxacarbenium ion. Powerful inhibitors of MTAN are candidates to disrupt key bacterial pathways including methylation, polyamine synthesis, methionine salvage, and quorum sensing. The accompanying article reports crystal structures of MTAN with these analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipender Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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47
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Lee JE, Singh V, Evans GB, Tyler PC, Furneaux RH, Cornell KA, Riscoe MK, Schramm VL, Howell PL. Structural rationale for the affinity of pico- and femtomolar transition state analogues of Escherichia coli 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:18274-82. [PMID: 15746096 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414471200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immucillin and DADMe-Immucillin inhibitors are tight binding transition state mimics of purine nucleoside phosphorylases (PNP). 5'-Methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase (MTAN) is proposed to form a similar transition state structure as PNP. The companion paper describes modifications of the Immucillin and DADMe-Immucillin inhibitors to better match transition state features of MTAN and have led to 5'-thio aromatic substitutions that extend the inhibition constants to the femtomolar range (Singh, V., Evans, G. B., Lenz, D. H., Mason, J., Clinch, K., Mee, S., Painter, G. F., Tyler, P. C., Furneaux, R. H., Lee, J. E., Howell, P. L., and Schramm, V. L. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 18265-18273). 5'-Methylthio-Immucillin A (MT-ImmA) and 5'-methylthio-DADMe-Immucillin A (MT-DADMe-ImmA) exhibit slow-onset inhibition with K(i)(*) of 77 and 2 pm, respectively, and were selected for structural analysis as the parent compounds of each class of transition state analogue. The crystal structures of Escherichia coli MTAN complexed with MT-ImmA and MT-DADMe-ImmA were determined to 2.2 A resolution and compared with the existing MTAN inhibitor complexes. These MTAN-transition state complexes are among the tightest binding enzyme-ligand complexes ever described and analysis of their mode of binding provides extraordinary insight into the structural basis for their affinity. The MTAN-MT-ImmA complex reveals the presence of a new ion pair between the 4'-iminoribitol atom and the nucleophilic water (WAT3) that captures key features of the transition state. Similarly, in the MTAN-MT-DADMe-ImmA complex a favorable hydrogen bond or ion pair interaction between the cationic 1'-pyrrolidine atom and WAT3 is crucial for tight affinity. Distance analysis of the nucleophile and leaving group show that MT-ImmA is a mimic of an early transition state, while MT-DADMe-ImmA is a better mimic of the highly dissociated transition state of E. coli MTAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Lee
- Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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48
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Takahashi M, Inoue N, Minakawa N, Matsuda A. Synthesis and properties of 2'-O-methyl-4'-thioRNA. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf) 2005:187-8. [PMID: 17150696 DOI: 10.1093/nass/49.1.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this presentation, we will discuss the synthesis and properties of 2'-O-methyl-4'-thioRNA, an RNA molecule consisting of 2'-O-methyl-4'-thionucleosides. We first synthesized 2'-O-methyl-4'-thiouridine and -cytidine derivatives via 2,2'-O-anhydro-4'-thiouridine. The RNA consisting of 2'-O-methyl-4'-thiopyrimidine nucleosides and 2'-O-methylpurine nucleosides, 2'-OMe-4'-thioRNA, was synthesized on a DNA synthesizer according to the standard phosphoramidite protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Maslen HL, Hughes D, Hursthouse M, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, Simons C. 6-azapyrimidine-2'-deoxy-4'-thionucleosides: antiviral agents against TK+ and TK- HSV and VZV strains. J Med Chem 2004; 47:5482-91. [PMID: 15481985 DOI: 10.1021/jm049806q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of novel 1-(2-deoxy-4-thio-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-(6-azapyrimidine) nucleosides is described. X-ray crystallographic data of the thymidine derivative allowed conformational analysis, which indicated a twist (3T2) sugar conformation. Hydrogen-bonded assemblies for the crystal structure were determined using PLATON software to allow further interpretation of the crystal packing and base interactions. The 6-azapyrimidine nucleosides described were evaluated against a range of viral strains. The thymidine analogue showed pronounced activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and vaccinia virus. This compound lost only 5- to 10-fold of its antiviral activity against thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient HSV-1 and VZV strains. These observations suggest that the compounds may not entirely depend on viral TK-catalyzed phosphorylation for antiviral activity and/or use an alternative metabolic activation pathway, and/or display a unique mechanism of antiviral action by the unmetabolized nucleoside analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Maslen
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK
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Guillerm G, Muzard M, Glapski C, Pilard S. Inactivation of human S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase by covalent labeling of cysteine 195 with thionucleoside derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5803-7. [PMID: 15501044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Revised: 09/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new series of 5'-thioadenosine derivatives 1-4 were synthesized for selectively targeting (195)Cys of human AdoHcy hydrolase. Their incubation with the enzyme resulted in time- and concentration-dependent inactivation, without major modifications of the NAD(+)/NADH ratio. The electrospray mass analysis of the inactivated enzyme with 1, 2, 3, and 4b showed that inhibition was accompanied by the formation of a specific and covalent labeling of each AdoHcy hydrolase subunit. Proteolytic cleavage (endo-Lys-C) and subsequent peptide characterization of the labeled enzyme revealed that (195)Cys was the residue modified during the inactivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Guillerm
- Laboratoire de Chimie bioorganique, UMR 6519, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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