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Ingham VA, Pignatelli P, Moore JD, Wagstaff S, Ranson H. The transcription factor Maf-S regulates metabolic resistance to insecticides in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:669. [PMID: 28854876 PMCID: PMC5577768 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria control in Africa is dependent upon the use insecticides but intensive use of a limited number of chemicals has led to resistance in mosquito populations. Increased production of enzymes that detoxify insecticides is one of the most potent resistance mechanisms. Several metabolic enzymes have been implicated in insecticide resistance but the processes controlling their expression have remained largely elusive. Results Here, we show that the transcription factor Maf-S regulates expression of multiple detoxification genes, including the key insecticide metabolisers CYP6M2 and GSTD1 in the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Attenuation of this transcription factor through RNAi induced knockdown reduced transcript levels of these effectors and significantly increased mortality after exposure to the pyrethroid insecticides and DDT (permethrin: 9.2% to 19.2% (p = 0.015), deltamethrin: 3.9% to 21.6% (p = 0.036) and DDT: 1% to 11.7% (p = <0.01), whilst dramatically decreasing mortality induced by the organophosphate malathion (79.6% to 8.0% (p = <0.01)). Additional genes regulated by Maf-S were also identified providing new insight into the role of this transcription factor in insects. Conclusion Maf-S is a key regulator of detoxification genes in Anopheles mosquitoes. Disrupting this transcription factor has opposing effects on the mosquito’s response to different insecticide classes providing a mechanistic explanation to the negative cross resistance that has been reported between pyrethroids and organophosphates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4086-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Edi AVC, N'Dri BP, Chouaibou M, Kouadio FB, Pignatelli P, Raso G, Weetman D, Bonfoh B. First detection of N1575Y mutation in pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae in Southern Côte d'Ivoire. Wellcome Open Res 2017; 2:71. [PMID: 29018842 PMCID: PMC5627500 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12246.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The intensification of insecticide use for both public health and agriculture in Africa has contributed to growing insecticide resistance. Today, resistance to World Health Organization (WHO)-approved insecticide classes is widespread. In an agricultural area of Southern Côte d’Ivoire, the main malaria vector
Anopheles coluzzii shows multiple resistance across insecticides mediated by both target site mutation and metabolic mechanisms. To plan new vector control strategies and avert future resistance liabilities caused by cross-resistance mechanisms extant within populations, it is crucial to monitor the development and spread of both resistance and mechanisms. Methods. Larvae of
Anopheles gambiae were collected from natural breeding sites in Tiassalé and Elibou, between April and November 2016 and raised to adults
. Adult female non-blood fed mosquitoes, three to five days old, were exposed to deltamethrin in WHO bioassays. Extracted DNA samples from exposed mosquitoes were used for species characterisation and genotyping. Results. Most adult
An. gambiae tested were resistant to deltamethrin, with mortality rates of only 25% in Tiassalé and 4.4% in Elibou. Molecular analysis of DNA from samples tested showed the presence of both
An. coluzzii and
An. gambiae s.s in Elibou and only
An. coluzzii for Tiassalé. As previously, the L1014F
kdr mutation was present at high frequency (79%) in Tiassalé and the L1014S mutation was absent. The N1575Y mutation, which amplifies resistance conferred by L1014F was detected in a single unique individual from a Tiassalé
An. coluzzii female whereas in Elibou 1575Y was present in 10
An. gambiae s.s, but not in
An. coluzzii. Conclusion. This is the first report of the N1575Y mutation in Côte d’Ivoire, and as in other populations, it is found in both dominant West African malaria vector species. Continued monitoring of N1575Y is underway, as are studies to elucidate its contribution to the resistance of local vector populations.
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Pastori D, Esposito A, Carnevale R, Bartimoccia S, Nocella C, Fantauzzi A, Pignatelli P, Violi F, Mezzaroma I. Short-term in vivo modifications of platelet NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and prostaglandin F 2α in HIV-1 patients on abacavir-based therapies. HIV Med 2017; 17:774-777. [PMID: 27164434 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the in vivo effect of abacavir (ABC) on platelet oxidative stress. METHODS We performed a randomized pilot study including 39 HIV-1-infected patients, 17 on zidovudine/lamivudine (ZDV/3TC) and 22 on tenofovir/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC). Ten patients on ZDV/3TC and eight patients on TDF/FTC were randomly allocated to switching the nucleoside backbone to ABC/3TC. At baseline and after 6 months, platelet oxidative stress was assessed by platelet NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-derived peptide (sNOX2-dp), a marker of NOX2 activation, and platelet prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α ). Platelet activation was measured by soluble CD40L (sCD40L). RESULTS At baseline, no differences between ZDV/3TC or TDF/FTC recipients were found. After 6 months, patients switching from ZDV/3TC showed a decrease of sNOX2-dp (from 20.9±5.7 to 12.5±3.8 pg/ml, p=0.002) and 8-iso-PGF2α (from 154.3±41.9 to 122.9±28.0 pmol/l, p=0.025). No effects on platelet oxidative stress biomarkers were observed in subjects from TDF/FTC, who showed a significant increase in blood glucose (p=0.043) and total cholesterol (p=0.027). ABC showed no effect on sCD40L levels in both groups. CONCLUSIONS ABC reduced platelet sNOX2-dp and 8-iso-PGF2α in HIV-1 subjects switching from ZDV/3TC but not in those from TDF/FTC after 6 months. No changes in platelet activation were found in both groups.
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Pastori D, Carnevale R, Nocella C, Bartimoccia S, Vicario T, Menichelli D, Violi F, Pignatelli P. P1733Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), platelet activation and risk of cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx502.p1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pastori D, Carnevale R, Nocella C, Novo M, Baratta F, Santulli M, Cammisotto V, Menichelli D, Pignatelli P, Violi F. P2641Circulating lipopolysaccharides and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation: association with mediterranean diet adherence. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx502.p2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Falcone M, Tiseo G, Tascini C, Russo A, Sozio E, Raponi G, Rosin C, Pignatelli P, Carfagna P, Farcomeni A, Luzzati R, Violi F, Menichetti F, Venditti M. Assessment of risk factors for candidemia in non-neutropenic patients hospitalized in Internal Medicine wards: A multicenter study. Eur J Intern Med 2017; 41:33-38. [PMID: 28314653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing prevalence of candidemia has been reported in Internal Medicine wards (IMWs). The aim of our study was to identify risk factors for candidemia among non-neutropenic patients hospitalized in IMWs. METHODS A multicenter case-control study was performed in three hospitals in Italy. Patients developing candidemia (cases) were compared to patients without candidemia (controls) matched by age, time of admission and duration of hospitalization. A logistic regression analysis identified risk factors for candidemia, and a new risk score was developed. Validation was performed on an external cohort of patients. RESULTS Overall, 951 patients (317 cases of candidemia and 634 controls) were included in the derivation cohort, while 270 patients (90 patients with candidemia and 180 controls) constituted the validation cohort. Severe sepsis or septic shock, recent Clostridium difficile infection, diabetes mellitus, total parenteral nutrition, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, concomitant intravenous glycopeptide therapy, presence of peripherally inserted central catheter, previous antibiotic therapy and immunosuppressive therapy were factors independently associated with candidemia. The new risk score showed good area under the curve (AUC) values in both derivation (AUC 0.973 95% CI 0.809-0.997, p<0.001) and validation cohort (0.867 95% CI 0.710-0.931, p<0.001). A threshold of 3 leads to a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 83%. CONCLUSION Non-neutropenic patients admitted in IMWs have peculiar risk factors for candidemia. A new risk score with a good performance could facilitate the identification of candidates to early antifungal therapy.
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Roper C, Pignatelli P, Partridge L. EVOLUTIONARY EFFECTS OF SELECTION ON AGE AT REPRODUCTION IN LARVAL AND ADULT: DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Evolution 2017; 47:445-455. [PMID: 28568728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/1991] [Accepted: 07/27/1992] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two sets of three replicate lines of Drosophila melanogaster were artificially selected by reproduction at either a 'young' or an 'old' age. The pure lines, the hybrids between the lines within a selection regimen and the base stock from which the lines were derived were compared for longevity, early and late fertility, development time, larval viability and adult thorax length. Comparison of hybrid with pure lines showed some evidence for inbreeding depression in the lines from both selection regimes. Comparison of hybrid lines with the base stock did not provide evidence for any trade-off in either males or females between early fertility on the one hand and late life fertility and longevity on the other. Nor was there any clear evidence of a trade-off between pre-adult and adult fitness components. There was evidence of inadvertent selection for rapid development in both selection regimens, especially in the females of the 'young' lines, and this complicated the interpretation of the responses and correlated responses to selection. An improvement in adult performance in the 'old' line males relative to the base stock appeared to be attributable to reversal of mutation accumulation. Comparison of the hybrid 'young' and 'old' lines with the base stock did not support the idea that the superior longevity and late life fertility of the 'old' lines relative to the 'young' lines could be accounted for by the effects of mutation accumulation in the 'young' lines. The results point to the need to compare selected lines with their base stock when deducing responses and correlated responses to selection and to avoid unintentional selection. In this type of experiment, larval density should be standardized during selection, and adults should not be under pressure for rapid maturation.
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Yunta C, Grisales N, Nász S, Hemmings K, Pignatelli P, Voice M, Ranson H, Paine MJI. Pyriproxyfen is metabolized by P450s associated with pyrethroid resistance in An. gambiae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 78:50-57. [PMID: 27613592 PMCID: PMC6399515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid resistance is widespread in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae leading to concerns about the future efficacy of bednets with pyrethroids as the sole active ingredient. The incorporation of pyriproxyfen (PPF), a juvenile hormone analogue, into pyrethroid treated bednets is being trialed in Africa. Pyrethroid resistance is commonly associated with elevated levels of P450 expression including CYPs 6M2, 6P2, 6P3, 6P4, 6P5, 6Z2 and 9J5. Having expressed these P450s in E. coli we find all are capable of metabolizing PPF. Inhibition of these P450s by permethrin, deltamethrin and PPF was also examined. Deltamethrin and permethrin were moderate inhibitors (IC50 1-10 μM) of diethoxyfluorescein (DEF) activity for all P450s apart from CYP6Z2 (IC50 > 10 μM), while PPF displayed weaker inhibition of all P450s (IC50 > 10 μM) except CYP's 6Z2 and 6P2 (IC50 1-10 μM). We found evidence of low levels of cross resistance between PPF and other insecticide classes by comparing the efficacy of PPF in inhibiting metamorphosis and inducing female sterility in an insecticide susceptible strain of An. gambiae and a multiple resistant strain from Cote d'Ivoire.
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Petramala L, Iacobellis G, Carnevale R, Marinelli C, Zinnamosca L, Concistrè A, Galassi M, Iannucci G, Lucia P, Pignatelli P, Ciardi A, Violi F, De Toma G, Letizia C. Enhanced Soluble Serum CD40L and Serum P-Selectin Levels in Primary Aldosteronism. Horm Metab Res 2016; 48:440-5. [PMID: 27101095 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-103588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is one of the most frequent forms of secondary hypertension, associated with atherosclerosis and higher risk of cardiovascular events. Platelets play a key role in the atherosclerotic process. The aim of the study was to evaluate the platelet activation by measuring serum levels of soluble CD40L (sCD40L) and P-selectin (sP-selectin) in consecutive PA patients [subgroup: aldosterone-secreting adrenal adenoma (APA) and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (IHA)], matched with essential hypertensive (EH) patients. The subgroup of APA patients was revaluated 6-months after unilateral adrenalectomy. In all PA group, we measured higher serum levels of both sP-selectin (14.29±9.33 pg/ml) and sCD40L (9.53±4.2 ng/ml) compared to EH patients (9.39±5.3 pg/ml and 3.54±0.94 ng/ml, respectively; p<0.001). After removal of APA, PA patients showed significant reduction of blood pressure (BP) values, plasma aldosterone (PAC) levels and ARR-ratio, associated with a significant reduction of sP-selectin (16.74±8.9 pg/ml vs. 8.1±3.8 pg/ml; p<0.01) and sCD40L (8.6±1 ng/ml vs. 5.24±0.94 ng/ml; p<0.001). In PA patients, we found a significant correlation between sP-selectin and sCD40L with PAC (r=0.52, p<0.01; r=0.50, p<0.01, respectively); this correlation was stronger in APA patients (r=0.54; p<0.01 r=0.63; p<0.01, respectively). Our results showed that PA is related to platelet activation, expressed as higher plasma values of sCD40L and sP-selectin values. Surgical treatment and consequent normalization of aldosterone secretion was associated with significant reduction of sCD40L and sP-selectin values in APA patients.
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Ahmad M, Buhler C, Pignatelli P, Ranson H, Nahzat SM, Naseem M, Sabawoon MF, Siddiqi AM, Vink M. Status of insecticide resistance in high-risk malaria provinces in Afghanistan. Malar J 2016; 15:98. [PMID: 26888409 PMCID: PMC4758152 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance seriously threatens the efficacy of vector control interventions in malaria endemic countries. In Afghanistan, the status of insecticide resistance is largely unknown while distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets has intensified in recent years. The main objective of this study was thus to measure the level of resistance to four classes of insecticides in provinces with medium to high risk of malaria transmission. METHODS Adult female mosquitoes were reared from larvae successively collected in the provinces of Nangarhar, Kunar, Badakhshan, Ghazni and Laghman from August to October 2014. WHO insecticide susceptibility tests were performed with DDT (4 %), malathion (5 %), bendiocarb (0.1 %), permethrin (0.75 %) and deltamethrin (0.05 %). In addition, the presence of kdr mutations was investigated in deltamethrin resistant and susceptible Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes collected in the eastern provinces of Nangarhar and Kunar. RESULTS Analyses of mortality rates revealed emerging resistance against all four classes of insecticides in the provinces located east and south of the Hindu Kush mountain range. Resistance is observed in both An. stephensi and Anopheles culicifacies, the two dominant malaria vectors in these provinces. Anopheles superpictus in the northern province of Badakhshan shows a different pattern of susceptibility with suspected resistance observed only for deltamethrin and bendiocarb. Genotype analysis of knock down resistance (kdr) mutations at the voltage-gated channel gene from An. stephensi mosquitoes shows the presence of the known resistant alleles L1014S and L1014F. However, a significant fraction of deltamethrin-resistant mosquitoes were homozygous for the 1014L wild type allele indicating that other mechanisms must be considered to account for the observed pyrethroid resistance. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the importance of monitoring insecticide resistance for the development of an integrated vector management in Afghanistan. The validation of the kdr genotyping PCR assay applied to An. stephensi collected in Afghanistan paves the way for further studies into the mechanisms of insecticide resistance of malaria vectors in this region.
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Perri L, Pastori D, Pignatelli P, Violi F, Loffredo L. Reply to “The relation between flow mediated dilation and atrial fibrillation” by S. Balta. Int J Cardiol 2015; 201:225-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ingham VA, Jones CM, Pignatelli P, Balabanidou V, Vontas J, Wagstaff SC, Moore JD, Ranson H. Dissecting the organ specificity of insecticide resistance candidate genes in Anopheles gambiae: known and novel candidate genes. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1018. [PMID: 25421852 PMCID: PMC4256904 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The elevated expression of enzymes with insecticide metabolism activity can lead to high levels of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae. In this study, adult female mosquitoes from an insecticide susceptible and resistant strain were dissected into four different body parts. RNA from each of these samples was used in microarray analysis to determine the enrichment patterns of the key detoxification gene families within the mosquito and to identify additional candidate insecticide resistance genes that may have been overlooked in previous experiments on whole organisms. Results A general enrichment in the transcription of genes from the four major detoxification gene families (carboxylesterases, glutathione transferases, UDP glucornyltransferases and cytochrome P450s) was observed in the midgut and malpighian tubules. Yet the subset of P450 genes that have previously been implicated in insecticide resistance in An gambiae, show a surprisingly varied profile of tissue enrichment, confirmed by qPCR and, for three candidates, by immunostaining. A stringent selection process was used to define a list of 105 genes that are significantly (p ≤0.001) over expressed in body parts from the resistant versus susceptible strain. Over half of these, including all the cytochrome P450s on this list, were identified in previous whole organism comparisons between the strains, but several new candidates were detected, notably from comparisons of the transcriptomes from dissected abdomen integuments. Conclusions The use of RNA extracted from the whole organism to identify candidate insecticide resistance genes has a risk of missing candidates if key genes responsible for the phenotype have restricted expression within the body and/or are over expression only in certain tissues. However, as transcription of genes implicated in metabolic resistance to insecticides is not enriched in any one single organ, comparison of the transcriptome of individual dissected body parts cannot be recommended as a preferred means to identify new candidate insecticide resistant genes. Instead the rich data set on in vivo sites of transcription should be consulted when designing follow up qPCR validation steps, or for screening known candidates in field populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1018) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Del Ben M, Polimeni L, Brancorsini M, Di Costanzo A, D'Erasmo L, Baratta F, Loffredo L, Pastori D, Pignatelli P, Violi F, Arca M, Angelico F. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome and patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein3 gene variants. Eur J Intern Med 2014; 25:566-70. [PMID: 24947770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was traditionally interpreted as a condition which may progress to liver-related complications. However, the increased mortality is primarily a result of cardiovascular diseases. It has been suggested that fatty liver can be considered as the hepatic consequence of the metabolic syndrome. The aim was to describe the different clinical presentations of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on the basis of the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein3 (PNPLA3) rs738409 gene variant. METHODS Fatty liver was defined by ultrasonographic Hamaguchi's criteria in 211 consecutive subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The rs738409 polymorphism was determined by TaqMan assays. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to ATPIII modified criteria. RESULTS Prevalence of PNPLA3-148II, PNPLA3-148IM, and PNPLA3-148MM genotypes was 45.0%, 40.7%, and 14.3% respectively. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome progressively increased with the severity of liver steatosis (from 52.5% to 65.2%, and 82.3% respectively, p<0.01). The PNPLA3-148MM group had significantly lower mean serum triglycerides (p<0.001), Framingham cardiovascular risk score (p<0.01) and lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome (p<0.05) and its components. Age and HOMA-IR were positive independent predictors of metabolic syndrome, while a negative independent association was found between metabolic syndrome and the homozygotes PNPLA3 I148M variant. CONCLUSIONS We suggest a lower prevalence of MetS and reduced cardiovascular risk in NAFLD patients with PNPLA3MM genotype.
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Abdalla H, Wilding CS, Nardini L, Pignatelli P, Koekemoer LL, Ranson H, Coetzee M. Insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis in Sudan: temporal trends and underlying mechanisms. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:213. [PMID: 24886129 PMCID: PMC4026821 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria vector control in Sudan relies mainly on indoor residual spraying (IRS) and the use of long lasting insecticide treated bed nets (LLINs). Monitoring insecticide resistance in the main Sudanese malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis, is essential for planning and implementing an effective vector control program in this country. Methods WHO susceptibility tests were used to monitor resistance to insecticides from all four WHO-approved classes of insecticide at four sentinel sites in Gezira state over a three year period. Insecticide resistance mechanisms were studied using PCR and microarray analyses. Results WHO susceptibility tests showed that Anopheles arabiensis from all sites were fully susceptible to bendiocarb and fenitrothion for the duration of the study (2008–2011). However, resistance to DDT and pyrethroids was detected at three sites, with strong seasonal variations evident at all sites. The 1014 F kdr allele was significantly associated with resistance to pyrethroids and DDT (P < 0.001) with extremely high effects sizes (OR > 7 in allelic tests). The 1014S allele was not detected in any of the populations tested. Microarray analysis of the permethrin-resistant population of An. arabiensis from Wad Medani identified a number of metabolic genes that were significantly over-transcribed in the field-collected resistant samples when compared to the susceptible Sudanese An. arabiensis Dongola strain. These included CYP6M2 and CYP6P3, two genes previously implicated in pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.s, and the epsilon-class glutathione-S-transferase, GSTe4. Conclusions These data suggest that both target-site mechanisms and metabolic mechanisms play an important role in conferring pyrethroid resistance in An. arabiensis from Sudan. Identification in An. arabiensis of candidate loci that have been implicated in the resistance phenotype in An. gambiae requires further investigation to confirm the role of these genes.
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Violi F, Pastori D, Pignatelli P, Loffredo L. Antioxidants for prevention of atrial fibrillation: a potentially useful future therapeutic approach? A review of the literature and meta-analysis. Europace 2014; 16:1107-16. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euu040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Cangemi R, Pignatelli P, Pastori D, Carnevale R, Basili S, Ferro D, Loffredo L, Pignataro FS, Di Santo S, Violi F. Vitamin e serum levels are associated with cardiovascular events in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht310.p5606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pastori D, Carnevale R, Cangemi R, Nocella C, Bartimoccia S, Vicario T, Saliola M, Violi F, Pignatelli P. Vitamin e serum level, a new tool to stratify bleeding risk in patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy. Eur Heart J 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht307.p534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Stevenson BJ, Pignatelli P, Nikou D, Paine MJI. Pinpointing P450s associated with pyrethroid metabolism in the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti: developing new tools to combat insecticide resistance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1595. [PMID: 22479665 PMCID: PMC3313934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroids are increasingly used to block the transmission of diseases spread by Aedes aegypti such as dengue and yellow fever. However, insecticide resistance poses a serious threat, thus there is an urgent need to identify the genes and proteins associated with pyrethroid resistance in order to produce effective counter measures. In Ae. aegypti, overexpression of P450s such as the CYP9J32 gene have been linked with pyrethroid resistance. Our aim was to confirm the role of CYP9J32 and other P450s in insecticide metabolism in order to identify potential diagnostic resistance markers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have expressed CYP9J32 in Escherichia coli and show that the enzyme can metabolize the pyrethroids permethrin and deltamethrin. In addition, three other Ae. aegypti P450s (CYP9J24, CYP9J26, CYP9J28) were found capable of pyrethroid metabolism, albeit with lower activity. Both Ae. aegypti and Anopheles gambiae P450s (CYP's 6M2, 6Z2, 6P3) were screened against fluorogenic and luminescent substrates to identify potential diagnostic probes for P450 activity. Luciferin-PPXE was preferentially metabolised by the three major pyrethroid metabolisers (CYP9J32, CYP6M2 and CYP6P3), identifying a potential diagnostic substrate for these P450s. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE P450s have been identified with the potential to confer pyrethroid resistance in Ae.aegypti. It is recommended that over expression of these enzymes should be monitored as indicators of resistance where pyrethroids are used.
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Carnevale R, Loffredo L, Pignatelli P, Nocella C, Bartimoccia S, Di Santo S, Martino F, Catasca E, Perri L, Violi F. Dark chocolate inhibits platelet isoprostanes via NOX2 down-regulation in smokers. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:125-32. [PMID: 22066819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dark chocolate is reported to decrease platelet activation but the underlying mechanism is still undefined. Dark chocolate is rich in polyphenols that could exert an antiplatelet action via inhibition of oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to assess if dark chocolate inhibits platelet reactive oxidant species (ROS) formation and platelet activation. METHODS Twenty healthy subjects (HS) and 20 smokers were randomly allocated to receive 40 g of dark (cocoa > 85%) or milk chocolate (cocoa < 35%) in a cross-over, single-blind study. There was an interval of 7 days between the two phases of the study. At baseline and 2 h after chocolate ingestion, platelet recruitment (PR), platelet ROS, platelet isoprostane 8-ISO-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α), Thromboxane (TxA2) and platelet activation of NOX2, the catalytic sub-unit of NADPH oxidase, and serum epicatechin were measured. RESULTS Compared with HS, smokers showed enhanced PR, platelet formation of ROS and eicosanoids and NOX2 activation. After dark chocolate, platelet ROS (-48%, P < 0.001), 8-iso-PGF2α (-10%, P < 0.001) and NOX2 activation (-22%, P < 0.001) significantly decreased; dark chocolate did not affect platelet variables in HS. No effect of milk chocolate was detected in both groups. Serum epicatechin increased after dark chocolate in HS (from 0.454 ± 0.3 nm to 118.3 ± 53.7 nm) and smokers (from 0.5 ± 0.28 nm to 120.9 ± 54.2 nm). Platelet incubation with 0.1-10 μm catechin significantly reduced PR, platelet 8-iso-PGF2α and ROS formation and NOX2 activation only in platelets from smokers. CONCLUSIONS Dark chocolate inhibits platelet function by lowering oxidative stress only in smokers; this effect seems to be dependent on its polyphenolic content.
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Pignatelli P, Tellan G, Marandola M, Carnevale R, Loffredo L, Schillizzi M, Proietti M, Violi F, Chirletti P, Delogu G. Effect of L-carnitine on oxidative stress and platelet activation after major surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2011; 55:1022-8. [PMID: 21770897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The surgical/anesthesia trauma is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This enhanced oxidative stress leads to cell damage resulting in various complications such as sepsis, myocardial injury and increased mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of antioxidant treatment with l-carnitine in oxidative stress and platelet activation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. METHODS Forty patients scheduled for abdominal surgery were randomly allocated to l-carnitine, administered with a rapid infusion (0.05 g/kg) diluted in 250 ml of saline solution, vs. placebo treatment just before the surgical intervention. At baseline and after treatment, oxidative stress was evaluated by detection of circulating levels of soluble NOX2-derived peptide (sNOX2-dp), a marker of NADPH oxidase activation, and by analyzing platelet ROS formation. Platelet activation was studied by dosing sCD40L. RESULTS We observed an increase of soluble sNOX2-dp, sCD40L and ROS production in the placebo group compared with the baseline after the surgical intervention. Conversely, in the l-carnitine-treated group, sNOX2-dp, sCD40L and ROS production did not significantly differ from the baseline. A linear correlation analysis showed that Δ of ROS correlated with Δ of sNOX2 (R(s) =0.817; P<0.001) and Δ of sCD40L (R(s) =0.780; P<0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the only independent predictive variable associated with Δ of ROS was Δ of serum NOX2 levels (SE=0.05; standardized coefficient β=1.075; P<0.001). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that l-carnitine could be helpful in modulating oxidative stress and platelet activation during major abdominal surgery-dependent oxidative damage.
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Stevenson BJ, Bibby J, Pignatelli P, Muangnoicharoen S, O'Neill PM, Lian LY, Müller P, Nikou D, Steven A, Hemingway J, Sutcliffe MJ, Paine MJI. Cytochrome P450 6M2 from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae metabolizes pyrethroids: Sequential metabolism of deltamethrin revealed. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 41:492-502. [PMID: 21324359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae is a major threat to malaria control programmes. Cytochome P450-mediated detoxification is an important resistance mechanism. CYP6M2 is over-expressed in wild populations of permethrin resistant A. gambiae but its role in detoxification is not clear. CYP6M2 was expressed in Escherichia coli and a structural model was produced to examine its role in pyrethroid metabolism. Both permethrin and deltamethrin were metabolized. Rates were enhanced by A. gambiae cytochrome b(5) with kinetic parameters of K(M)=11±1μM and k(cat)=6.1±0.4 per min for permethrin (1:1 cis-trans) and K(M)=2.0±0.3μM and k(cat)=1.2±0.1 per min for deltamethrin. Mass spectrometry and NMR analysis identified 4'-hydroxy deltamethrin and hydroxymethyl deltamethrin as major and minor deltamethrin metabolites respectively. Secondary breakdown products included cyano(3-hydroxyphenyl)methyl deltamethrate and deltamethric acid. CYP6M2 was most highly transcribed in the midgut and Malpighian tubules of adult A. gambiae, consistent with a role in detoxification. Our data indicates that CYP6M2 plays an important role in metabolic resistance to pyrethroids and thus an important target for the design of new tools to combat malaria.
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Bartholomay LC, Waterhouse RM, Mayhew GF, Campbell CL, Michel K, Zou Z, Ramirez JL, Das S, Alvarez K, Arensburger P, Bryant B, Chapman SB, Dong Y, Erickson SM, Karunaratne SP, Kokoza V, Kodira CD, Pignatelli P, Shin SW, Vanlandingham DL, Atkinson PW, Birren B, Christophides GK, Clem RJ, Hemingway J, Higgs S, Megy K, Ranson H, Zdobnov EM, Raikhel AS, Christensen BM, Dimopoulos G, Muskavitch MA. Pathogenomics of Culex quinquefasciatus and meta-analysis of infection responses to diverse pathogens. Science 2010; 330:88-90. [PMID: 20929811 PMCID: PMC3104938 DOI: 10.1126/science.1193162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus poses a substantial threat to human and veterinary health as a primary vector of West Nile virus (WNV), the filarial worm Wuchereria bancrofti, and an avian malaria parasite. Comparative phylogenomics revealed an expanded canonical C. quinquefasciatus immune gene repertoire compared with those of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. Transcriptomic analysis of C. quinquefasciatus genes responsive to WNV, W. bancrofti, and non-native bacteria facilitated an unprecedented meta-analysis of 25 vector-pathogen interactions involving arboviruses, filarial worms, bacteria, and malaria parasites, revealing common and distinct responses to these pathogen types in three mosquito genera. Our findings provide support for the hypothesis that mosquito-borne pathogens have evolved to evade innate immune responses in three vector mosquito species of major medical importance.
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Penilla RP, Ranson H, Padilla N, Morgan JC, Steen K, Pignatelli P, Rodríguez AD, Hemingway J, Brogdon WG, Black WC, Benedict MQ. Towards a genetic map for Anopheles albimanus: identification of microsatellite markers and a preliminary linkage map for chromosome 2. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009; 81:1007-12. [PMID: 19996429 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2009.08-0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty microsatellite loci were identified in the malaria vector Anopheles albimanus. Markers segregating in F2 progeny of crosses between laboratory strains of An. albimanus were used to construct a preliminary genetic map. More than 300 progeny were genotyped, but the resolution of the map was limited by the lack of polymorphisms in the microsatellite alleles. A robust linkage map for chromosome 2 was established, and additional markers were assigned to the third and X chromosomes by linkage to morphological markers of known physical location. Additional non-informative microsatellite sequences are provided including some showing similarity to those of An. gambiae. This study significantly increases the number of genetic markers available for An. albimanus and provides useful tools for population genetics and genetic mapping studies in this important malaria vector.
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Angelico F, Francioso S, Del Ben M, Feole K, Carbone M, Pignatelli P, Violi F, Angelico M. Clinical trial: low plasma cholesterol and oxidative stress predict rapid virological response to standard therapy with peginterferon and ribavirin in HCV patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30:444-51. [PMID: 19493257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid virological response (RVR) is the best predictor of sustained response to standard HCV treatment. AIM To evaluate predictive factors of RVR. METHODS Sixty-five patients (mean age 52.6 +/- 13.8; 37 genotype-1, and 28 genotypes-2/3) were consecutively treated with pegIFN-alpha 2a or 2b once weekly plus daily ribavirin based on body weight for 24 or 48 weeks, according to genotype. RVR was defined as undetectable HCV-RNA at week 4. RESULTS Twenty-seven percent of patients achieved RVR in genotypes 1 and 60.7% in genotypes 2/3 (P < 0.01). Rapid responders had higher mean serum baseline total and LDL-cholesterol levels (P < 0.01). RVR was 20.0% in the bottom tertile of total cholesterol and 63.6% in the top tertile (P < 0.01). HCV-RNA levels at week 4 were positively correlated with baseline serum insulin (P < 0.01), HOMA-IR (P < 0.01), body mass index (P < 0.05) and number of components of metabolic syndrome (P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with cholesterol levels (P < 0.05). At multivariate analysis, age, LDL-cholesterol, HCV genotype and serum 8-iso-PGF 2 alpha, a marker of oxidative stress, were independent predictors of RVR. CONCLUSIONS Our prospective study supports a role of low serum total and LDL-cholesterol and of oxidative stress as positive independent predictive factors of poor RVR in HCV patients.
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Pignatelli P, Properzi E, Pisani M, Clerico A, Schiavetti A, Lenti L, Pulcinelli FM, Ferroni P, Gazzaniga PP. Effects on platelet function of combination etoposide and carboplatin chemotherapy in pediatric oncology patients. Platelets 2009; 9:309-14. [PMID: 16793755 DOI: 10.1080/09537109876555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a therapeutic course of the combination of carboplatin and etoposide on platelet function have been evaluated in 10 pediatric patients with brain tumors. Platelet count, in vitro aggregation tests, P-selectin expression and agonist-induced ATP release were evaluated before, and 7 and 15 days after one cycle of chemotherapy. The analysis of the results demonstrated the presence of an in vitro platelet aggregation defect in response to collagen and arachidonic acid in all patients 7 days after therapy. A concomitant decrease of collagen- and arachidonic acid-induced ATP release was also observed. Both platelet aggregation and ATP release returned to baseline values 15 days after chemotherapy administration. Conversely, in vitro platelet aggregation and secretion induced by ADP and epinephrine were unaltered by carboplatin and etoposide administration. Furthermore, P-selectin expression was negative at baseline and did not change after chemotherapy. These results support the hypothesis that combination etoposide and carboplatin chemotherapy in pediatric patients is responsible for possible disturbances in biochemical pathways required for platelet secretion and aggregation.
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