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Cribellier A, Camilo LH, Goyal P, Muijres FT. Mosquitoes escape looming threats by actively flying with the bow wave induced by the attacker. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1194-1205.e7. [PMID: 38367617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
To detect and escape looming threats, night-flying insects must rely on other senses than vision alone. Nocturnal mosquitoes can evade looming objects in the dark, but how they achieve this is still unknown. Here, we show how night-active female malaria mosquitoes escape from rapidly looming objects that simulate defensive actions of blood-hosts. First, we quantified the escape performance of flying mosquitoes from an event-triggered mechanical swatter, showing that mosquitoes use swatter-induced airflow to increase their escape success. Secondly, we used high-speed videography and deep-learning-based tracking to analyze escape flights in detail, showing that mosquitoes use banked turns to evade the threat. By combining escape kinematics data with numerical simulations of attacker-induced airflow and a mechanistic movement model, we unraveled how mosquitoes control these banked evasive maneuvers: they actively steer away from the danger, and then passively travel with the bow wave produced by the attacker. Our results demonstrate that night-flying mosquitoes can detect looming objects when visual cues are minimal, suggesting that they use attacker-induced airflow both to detect the danger and as a fluid medium to move with away from the threat. This shows that escape strategies of flying insects are more complex than previous visually induced escape flight studies suggest. As most insects are of similar or smaller sizes than mosquitoes, comparable escape strategies are expected among millions of flying insect species. The here-observed escape maneuvers are distinct from those of mosquitoes escaping from odor-baited traps, thus providing new insights for the development of novel trapping techniques for integrative vector management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Cribellier
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Leonardo Honfi Camilo
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pulkit Goyal
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Florian T Muijres
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, De Elst 1, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
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2
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Paré PSL, Hien DFDS, Youba M, Yerbanga RS, Cohuet A, Gouagna L, Diabaté A, Ignell R, Dabiré RK, Gnankiné O, Lefèvre T. The paradox of plant preference: The malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii select suboptimal food sources for their survival and reproduction. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11187. [PMID: 38533352 PMCID: PMC10963300 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes, two major malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa, exhibit selectivity among plant species as potential food sources. However, it remains unclear if their preference aligns with optimal nutrient intake and survival. Following an extensive screening of the effects of 31 plant species on An. coluzzii in Burkina Faso, we selected three species for their contrasting effects on mosquito survival, namely Ixora coccinea, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, and Combretum indicum. We assessed the sugar content of these plants and their impact on mosquito fructose positivity, survival, and insemination rate, using Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae, with glucose 5% and water as controls. Plants displayed varying sugar content and differentially affected the survival, sugar intake, and insemination rate of mosquitoes. All three plants were more attractive to mosquitoes than controls, with An. gambiae being more responsive than An. coluzzii. Notably, C. indicum was the most attractive but had the lowest sugar content and offered the lowest survival, insemination rate, and fructose positivity. Our findings unveil a performance-preference mismatch in An. coluzzii and An. gambiae regarding plant food sources. Several possible reasons for this negative correlation between performance and preference are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca S. L. Paré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRSMontpellierFrance
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), Unité de Formation et de Recherche—Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR‐SVT)Université Joseph KI‐ZERBO (UJKZ)OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Domonbabele F. D. S. Hien
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRSMontpellierFrance
- Laboratoire Mixte International Sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
| | - Mariam Youba
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRSMontpellierFrance
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), Unité de Formation et de Recherche—Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR‐SVT)Université Joseph KI‐ZERBO (UJKZ)OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Rakiswendé S. Yerbanga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International Sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- Institut Des Sciences et Techniques (INSTech—BOBO)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
| | - Anna Cohuet
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRSMontpellierFrance
- Laboratoire Mixte International Sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
| | | | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International Sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
| | - Rickard Ignell
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Disease Vector GroupSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Roch K. Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International Sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
| | - Olivier Gnankiné
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), Unité de Formation et de Recherche—Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR‐SVT)Université Joseph KI‐ZERBO (UJKZ)OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Thierry Lefèvre
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRSMontpellierFrance
- Laboratoire Mixte International Sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
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Kamau L, Bennett KL, Ochomo E, Herren J, Agumba S, Otieno S, Omoke D, Matoke-Muhia D, Mburu D, Mwangangi J, Ramaita E, Juma EO, Mbogo C, Barasa S, Miles A. The Anopheles coluzzii range extends into Kenya: Detection, insecticide resistance profiles and population genetic structure in relation to conspecific populations in West and Central Africa. Res Sq 2024:rs.3.rs-3953608. [PMID: 38410447 PMCID: PMC10896386 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3953608/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Anopheles coluzzii is a primary vector of malaria found in West and Central Africa, but its presence has hitherto never been documented in Kenya. A thorough understanding of vector bionomics is important as it enables the implementation of targeted and effective vector control interventions. Malaria vector surveillance efforts in the country have tended to focus on historically known primary vectors. In the current study, we sought to determine the taxonomic status of samples collected from five different malaria epidemiological zones in Kenya as well asdescribe the population genetic structure and insecticide resistance profiles in relation to other An. coluzzi populations. Methods Mosquitoes were sampled as larvae from Busia, Kwale, Turkana, Kirinyaga and Kiambu counties, representing the range of malaria endemicities in Kenya, in 2019 and 2021 and emergent adults analysed using Whole Genome Sequencing data processed in accordance with the Anopheles gambiae 1000 Genomes Project phase 3. Where available, historical samples from the same sites were included for WGS. Results This study reports the detection of Anopheles coluzzii for the first time in Kenya. The species was detected in Turkana County across all three time points sampled and its presence confirmed through taxonomic analysis. Additionally, we found a lack of strong population genetic differentiation between An. coluzzii from Kenya and those from the more northerly regions of West and Central Africa, suggesting they represent a connected extension to the known species range. Mutations associated with target-site resistance to DDT and pyrethroids and metabolic resistance to DDT were found at high frequencies of ~60%. The profile and frequencies of the variants observed were similar to An. coluzzii from West and Central Africa but the ace-1 mutation linked to organophosphate and carbamate resistance present in An. coluzzii from coastal West Africa was absent in Kenya. Conclusions These findings emphasise the need for the incorporation of genomics in comprehensive and routine vector surveillance to inform on the range of malaria vector species, and their insecticide resistance status to inform the choice of effective vector control approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Kamau
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Kelly L Bennett
- Malaria Vector Genomic Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
| | - Eric Ochomo
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Jeremy Herren
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology
| | - Silas Agumba
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Samson Otieno
- Centre for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Diana Omoke
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Damaris Matoke-Muhia
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and Development (CBRD), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | | | - Joseph Mwangangi
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast (CGMR-C), Kenya Medical Research Institute
| | - Edith Ramaita
- Ministry of Health - National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP)
| | | | | | - Sonia Barasa
- Malaria Vector Genomic Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
| | - Alistair Miles
- Malaria Vector Genomic Surveillance, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
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Fadel AN, Ibrahim SS, Sandeu MM, Tatsinkou CGM, Menze BD, Irving H, Hearn J, Nagi SC, Weedall GD, Terence E, Tchapga W, Wanji S, Wondji CS. Exploring the molecular mechanisms of increased intensity of pyrethroid resistance in Central African population of a major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13641. [PMID: 38410533 PMCID: PMC10895554 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms driving the escalation of pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria mosquitoes of Central Africa remain largely uncharacterized, hindering effective management strategies. Here, resistance intensity and the molecular mechanisms driving it were investigated in a population of Anopheles coluzzii from northern Cameroon. High levels of pyrethroid and organochloride resistance were observed in An. coluzzii population, with no mortality for 1× permethrin; only 11% and 33% mortalities for 5× and 10× permethrin diagnostic concentrations, and <2% mortalities for deltamethrin and DDT, respectively. Moderate bendiocarb resistance (88% mortality) and full susceptibility to malathion were observed. Synergist bioassays with piperonyl butoxide recovered permethrin susceptibility, with mortalities increasing to 53.39%, and 87.30% for 5× and 10× permethrin, respectively, implicating P450 monooxygenases. Synergist bioassays with diethyl maleate (DEM) recovered permethrin and DDT susceptibilities (mortalities increasing to 34.75% and 14.88%, respectively), implicating glutathione S-transferases. RNA-seq-based genome-wide transcriptional analyses supported by quantitative PCR identified glutathione S-transferase, GSTe2 (RNA-seqFC = 2.93 and qRT-PCRFC = 8.4, p < 0.0043) and CYP450, CYP6Z2 (RNA-seqFC = 2.39 and qRT-PCRFC = 11.7, p < 0.0177) as the most overexpressed detoxification genes in the pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, compared to mosquitoes of the susceptible Ngousso colony. Other overexpressed genes include P450s, CYP6M2 (FC = 1.68, p < 0.0114), CYP4G16 (FC = 2.02, p < 0.0005), and CYP4G17 (FC = 1.86, p < 0.0276). While high frequency of the 1014F kdr mutation (50%) and low frequencies of 1014S (6.61%) and 1575Y (10.29%) were observed, no ace-1 mutation was detected in bendiocarb-resistant populations, suggesting the preeminent role of metabolic mechanism. Overexpression of metabolic resistance genes (including GSTe2 and CYP6Z2 known to confer resistance to multiple insecticides) in An. coluzzii from the Sudan Savannah of Cameroon highlights the need for alternative management strategies to reduce malaria burden in northern Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amen N. Fadel
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of BueaBueaCameroon
| | - Sulaiman S. Ibrahim
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of BiochemistryBayero UniversityKanoNigeria
- Vector Biology DepartmentLiverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM)LiverpoolUK
| | - Maurice M. Sandeu
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesSchool of Veterinary Medicine and SciencesUniversity of NgaoundéréNgaoundéréCameroon
| | | | | | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology DepartmentLiverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM)LiverpoolUK
| | - Jack Hearn
- Centre of Epidemiology and Planetary HealthNorth FacultyVeterinary & Animal ScienceScotland's Rural CollegeInvernessUK
| | - Sanjay C. Nagi
- Vector Biology DepartmentLiverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM)LiverpoolUK
| | - Gareth D. Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Ebai Terence
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
| | - Williams Tchapga
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyUniversity of BueaBueaCameroon
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Vector Biology DepartmentLiverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM)LiverpoolUK
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Yovogan B, Sovi A, Djènontin A, Adoha CJ, Akinro B, Accrombessi M, Dangbénon E, Koukpo CZ, Affolabi ZK, Agboho PA, Kpanou CD, Assongba L, Missihoun AA, Tokponnon TF, Agbangla C, Padonou GG, Messenger LA, Ngufor C, Cook J, Akogbéto MC, Protopopoff N. The impact of pyrethroid-pyriproxyfen and pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr long-lasting insecticidal nets on density of primary malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles coluzzii in Benin: a secondary analysis of a cluster randomised controlled trial. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:7. [PMID: 38178161 PMCID: PMC10768265 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) may have different impacts on distinct mosquito vector species. We assessed the efficacy of pyrethroid-pyriproxyfen and pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr LLINs on the density of Anopheles gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii compared to pyrethroid-only nets in a three-arm cluster randomised control trial in Benin. METHODS Indoor and outdoor collections of adult mosquitoes took place in 60 clusters using human landing catches at baseline and every 3 months for 2 years. After morphological identification, around 15% of randomly selected samples of An. gambiae s.l. were dissected to determine parity, species (using PCR). RESULTS Overall, a total of 46,613 mosquito specimens were collected at baseline and 259,250 in the eight quarterly collections post-net distribution. Post-net distribution, approximately 70% of the specimens of An. gambiae s.l. speciated were An. coluzzii, while the rest were mostly composed of An. gambiae s.s. with a small proportion (< 1%) of hybrids (An. gambiae/coluzzii). There was no evidence of a significant reduction in vector density indoors in either primary vector species [An. coluzzii: DR (density ratio) = 0.62 (95% CI 0.21-1.77), p = 0.3683 for the pyrethroid-pyriproxyfen LLIN and DR = 0.56 (95% CI 0.19-1.62), p = 0.2866 for the pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr LLIN, An. gambiae s.s.: DR = 0.52 (95% CI 0.18-1.46), p = 0.2192 for the pyrethroid-pyriproxyfen LLIN and DR = 0.53 (95% CI 0.19-1.46), p = 0.2222 for the pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr]. The same trend was observed outdoors. Parity rates of An. gambiae s.l. were also similar across study arms. CONCLUSIONS Compared with pyrethroid-only LLINs, pyrethroid-chlorfenapyr LLINs and pyrethroid-pyriproxyfen LLINs performed similarly against the two primary mosquito species An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii in Benin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boulais Yovogan
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Arthur Sovi
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin.
- Faculté d'Agronomie, Université de Parakou, Parakou, Benin.
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Armel Djènontin
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Constantin J Adoha
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Bruno Akinro
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Manfred Accrombessi
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Come Z Koukpo
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
| | | | | | | | - Landry Assongba
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Tatchémè Filémon Tokponnon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Clément Agbangla
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Germain Gil Padonou
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Corine Ngufor
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou, Benin
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jackie Cook
- Medical Research Council (MRC) International Statistics and Epidemiology, Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Natacha Protopopoff
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Disease Control, The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Nkahe DL, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Ndjeunia Mbiakop P, Kekeunou S, Mimpfoundi R, Awono-Ambene P, Wondji CS, Antonio-Nkondjio C. Can the use of larviciding with biological compounds contribute in increasing Anopheles gambiae s.l. susceptibility to pyrethroid in a population expressing high resistance intensity? Pestic Biochem Physiol 2023; 195:105569. [PMID: 37666599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Larviciding using non-insecticide compounds is considered appropriate for controlling outdoor biting mosquitoes and for managing insecticide resistance. However, there is still not enough information on the influence of larviciding in managing pyrethroid resistance. In the present study, we checked whether the introduction of larviciding using the biolarvicide VectoMax G in the city of Yaoundé is contributing in restoring the susceptibility of An. coluzzii populations to pyrethroids. METHODOLOGY The susceptibility status of field An. coluzzii population was evaluated at different time points before and during larviciding treatments. In addition, An. coluzzii larvae collected in the city of Yaoundé, were split into four groups and exposed to different selection regimes for many generations as follow; (i): deltamethrin 0.05%_only, (ii): Vectomax_only, (iii): Vectomax+deltamethrin 0.05%, (iv): VectoMax+deltamethrin 0.05% + susceptible. Life traits parameters were measured in the progeny and compared between colonies. The control was the susceptible laboratory strain "Ngousso". Kdr allele frequency and the profile of expression of different detoxification genes and oxidative stress genes was checked using qPCR analysis. Gene's expression was compared between the first and the last generation of each colony and in field populations collected before and during larviciding. RESULTS An increase in mosquito susceptibility to deltamethrin and permethrin was recorded for the field populations after larviciding implementation. Resistance intensity to deltamethrin was found to decrease from high to low in field populations. Only the colony vectomax+deltamethrin+susceptible presented a high susceptibility to deltamethrin after 21 generations. The kdr gene frequency was found to be unchanged in the field population and laboratory colonies. A significant decrease in the overexpression profile of Gste2 was detected in field population after larviciding implementation. Other genes showing a similar pattern though not significant were Cyp6z1, Cyp6p1 and Cyp6g16. Concerning fitness only the colony vectomax+deltamethrin+susceptible was found to display a fitness profile similar to the susceptible colony with high fecundity, high hatching rate, short development time and long adult survival rate. CONCLUSION The profile of the field population supported reversal of phenotypic resistance to pyrethroids however no reduction in the frequency of the kdr allele was recorded. Some detoxification genes were detected less overexpressed. The study suggest that reversal may take longer to achieve in a population expressing a very high resistance profile and under continuous insecticide selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Leslie Nkahe
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nadege Sonhafouo-Chiana
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
| | - Paulette Ndjeunia Mbiakop
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sévilor Kekeunou
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rémy Mimpfoundi
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Charles Sinclair Wondji
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical medicine Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Faculty of Medicine Paris-Sud, 63 rue Gabriel Peri, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France..
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Ibrahim SS, Muhammad A, Hearn J, Weedall GD, Nagi SC, Mukhtar MM, Fadel AN, Mugenzi LJ, Patterson EI, Irving H, Wondji CS. Molecular drivers of insecticide resistance in the Sahelo-Sudanian populations of a major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. BMC Biol 2023; 21:125. [PMID: 37226196 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on common markers of metabolic resistance in malaria vectors from countries sharing similar eco-climatic characteristics can facilitate coordination of malaria control. Here, we characterized populations of the major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii from Sahel region, spanning four sub-Saharan African countries: Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. RESULTS Genome-wide transcriptional analysis identified major genes previously implicated in pyrethroid and/or cross-resistance to other insecticides, overexpressed across the Sahel, including CYP450s, glutathione S-transferases, carboxylesterases and cuticular proteins. Several, well-known markers of insecticide resistance were found in high frequencies-including in the voltage-gated sodium channel (V402L, I940T, L995F, I1527T and N1570Y), the acetylcholinesterase-1 gene (G280S) and the CYP4J5-L43F (which is fixed). High frequencies of the epidemiologically important chromosomal inversion polymorphisms, 2La, 2Rb and 2Rc, were observed (~80% for 2Rb and 2Rc). The 2La alternative arrangement is fixed across the Sahel. Low frequencies of these inversions (<10%) were observed in the fully insecticide susceptible laboratory colony of An. coluzzii (Ngoussou). Several of the most commonly overexpressed metabolic resistance genes sit in these three inversions. Two commonly overexpressed genes, GSTe2 and CYP6Z2, were functionally validated. Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster flies expressing GSTe2 exhibited extremely high DDT and permethrin resistance (mortalities <10% in 24h). Serial deletion of the 5' intergenic region, to identify putative nucleotide(s) associated with GSTe2 overexpression, revealed that simultaneous insertion of adenine nucleotide and a transition (T->C), between Forkhead box L1 and c-EST putative binding sites, were responsible for the high overexpression of GSTe2 in the resistant mosquitoes. Transgenic flies expressing CYP6Z2 exhibited marginal resistance towards 3-phenoxybenzylalcohol (a primary product of pyrethroid hydrolysis by carboxylesterases) and a type II pyrethroid, α-cypermethrin. However, significantly higher mortalities were observed in CYP6Z2 transgenic flies compared with controls, on exposure to the neonicotinoid, clothianidin. This suggests a possible bioactivation of clothianidin into a toxic intermediate, which may make it an ideal insecticide against populations of An. coluzzii overexpressing this P450. CONCLUSIONS These findings will facilitate regional collaborations within the Sahel region and refine implementation strategies through re-focusing interventions, improving evidence-based, cross-border policies towards local and regional malaria pre-elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman S Ibrahim
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
- Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria.
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Abdullahi Muhammad
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Biotechnology Research, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Jack Hearn
- Centre of Epidemiology and Planetary Health, Veterinary & Animal Science, Scotland's Rural College, Inverness, IV2 5NA, UK
| | - Gareth D Weedall
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Sanjay C Nagi
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - Amen N Fadel
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Leon J Mugenzi
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Edward I Patterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), P.O. Box 13591, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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8
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Gnambani EJ, Bilgo E, Dabiré RK, Belem AMG, Diabaté A. Infection of the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii with the entomopathogenic bacteria Chromobacterium anophelis sp. nov. IRSSSOUMB001 reduces larval survival and adult reproductive potential. Malar J 2023; 22:122. [PMID: 37055834 PMCID: PMC10103495 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector control tools are urgently needed to control malaria transmission in Africa. A native strain of Chromobacterium sp. from Burkina Faso was recently isolated and preliminarily named Chromobacterium anophelis sp. nov. IRSSSOUMB001. In bioassays, this bacterium showed a promising virulence against adult mosquitoes and reduces their blood feeding propensity and fecundity. The current study assessed the entomopathogenic effects of C. anophelis IRSSSOUMB001 on larval stages of mosquitoes, as well as its impacts on infected mosquitoes reproductive capacity and trans-generational effects. METHODS Virulence on larvae and interference with insemination were assayed by co-incubation with C. anophelis IRSSSOUMB001 at a range of 104 to 108 cfu/ml. Trans-generational effects were determined by measuring body size differences of progeny from infected vs. uninfected parent mosquitoes using wing size as a proxy. RESULTS Chromobacterium anophelis IRSSSOUMB001 killed larvae of the pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles coluzzii with LT80 of ~ 1.75 ± 0.14 days at 108 cfu/ml in larval breeding trays. Reproductive success was reduced as a measure of insemination rate from 95 ± 1.99% to 21 ± 3.76% for the infected females. There was a difference in wing sizes between control and infected mosquito offsprings from 2.55 ± 0.17 mm to 2.1 ± 0.21 mm in infected females, and from 2.43 ± 0.13 mm to 1.99 ± 0.15 mm in infected males. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that C. anophelis IRSSSOUMB001 was highly virulent against larvae of insecticide-resistant Anopheles coluzzii, and reduced both mosquito reproduction capacity and offspring fitness. Additional laboratory, field, safety and social acceptance studies are needed to draw firm conclusions about the practical utility of this bacterial strain for malaria vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edounou Jacques Gnambani
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO)/CNRST, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Centre d'Excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques Pour l'Elimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA-ITECH/MTV)/Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Etienne Bilgo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO)/CNRST, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Centre d'Excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques Pour l'Elimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA-ITECH/MTV)/Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO)/CNRST, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Centre d'Excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques Pour l'Elimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA-ITECH/MTV)/Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS) Direction Régionale de l'Ouest (DRO)/CNRST, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Centre d'Excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques Pour l'Elimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA-ITECH/MTV)/Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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9
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Perugini E, Guelbeogo WM, Guglielmo F, Poggi C, Gabrieli E, Ranson H, Della Torre A, Pombi M. The interplay between malaria vectors and human activity accounts for high residual malaria transmission in a Burkina Faso village with universal ITN coverage. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:101. [PMID: 36922855 PMCID: PMC10015820 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito and human behaviour interaction is a key determinant of the maximum level of protection against malaria that can be provided by insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Nevertheless, scant literature focuses on this interaction, overlooking a fundamental factor for efficient malaria control. This study aims to estimate malaria transmission risk in a Burkina Faso village by integrating vector biting rhythms with some key information about human habits. METHODS Indoor/outdoor human landing catches were conducted for 16 h (16:00-08:00) during 8 nights (September 2020) in Goden village. A survey about net usage and sleeping patterns was submitted to half the households (October-December 2020). A subsample of collected specimens of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato was molecularly processed for species identification, Plasmodium detection from heads-thoraxes and L1014F pyrethroid-resistance allele genotyping. Hourly mosquito abundance was statistically assessed by GLM/GAM, and the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was corrected for the actual ITN usage retrieved from the questionnaire. RESULTS Malaria transmission was mainly driven by Anopheles coluzzii (68.7%) followed by A. arabiensis (26.2%). The overall sporozoite rate was 2% with L1014F estimated frequency of 0.68 (N = 1070 out of 15,201 A. gambiae s.l. collected). No major shift in mosquito biting rhythms in response to ITN or differences between indoor and outdoor catches were detected. Impressive high biting pressure (mean 30.3 mosquitoes/person/hour) was exerted from 20:00 to 06:00 with a peak at 4:00. Human survey revealed that nearly all inhabitants were awake before 20:00 and after 7:00 and at least 8.7% had no access to bednets. Adjusting for anthropological data, the EIR dropped from 6.7 to 1.2 infective bites/person/16 h. In a scenario of full net coverage and accounting only for the human sleeping patterns, the daily malaria transmission risk not targetable by ITNs was 0.69 infective bites. CONCLUSIONS The high mosquito densities and interplay between human/vector activities means that an estimated 10% of residual malaria transmission cannot be prevented by ITNs in the village. Locally tailored studies, like the current one, are essential to explore the heterogeneity of human exposure to infective bites and, consequently, to instruct the adoption of new vector control tools strengthening individual and community protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Perugini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Wamdaogo M Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Federica Guglielmo
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cristiana Poggi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gabrieli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Marco Pombi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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10
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Fotso-Toguem Y, Tene-Fossog B, Mugenzi LMJ, Wondji MJ, Njiokou F, Ranson H, Wondji CS. Genetic Diversity of Cytochrome P450s CYP6M2 and CYP6P4 Associated with Pyrethroid Resistance in the Major Malaria Vectors Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae from Yaoundé, Cameroon. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:52. [PMID: 36672793 PMCID: PMC9858699 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the genetic diversity of metabolic resistance genes, such as cytochrome P450s, helps to understand the dynamics and evolution of resistance in the field. Here, we analyzed the polymorphisms of CYP6M2 and CYP6P4, associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae, to detect potential resistance markers. Field-caught resistant mosquitos and susceptible lab strains were crossed, and F4 was exposed to permethrin for 15 min and 90 min to discriminate highly susceptible (HS) and highly resistant (HR) mosquitos, respectively. Significant permethrin mortality reduction was observed after pre-exposure to PBO, suggesting the gene involvement of P450s. qPCR analysis revealed significant overexpression of CYP6M2 (FC = 19.57 [95% CI 13.96-25.18] for An. coluzzii; 10.16 [7.86-12.46] for An. gambiae) and CYP6P4 (FC = 6.73 [6.15-7.30] An. coluzzii; 23.62 [26.48-20.76] An. gambiae). Full-gene and ≈1 kb upstream were sequenced. For CYP6M2, the upstream region shows low diversity in HR and HS (overall Hd = 0.49, π = 0.018), whereas the full-gene shows allelic-variation but without evidence of ongoing selection. CYP6P4 upstream region showed a lower diversity in HR (Hd = 0.48) than HS (Hd = 0.86) of An. gambiae. These results highlighted that CYP6P4-associated resistance is potentially driven by modification in upstream region. However, further work is needed to determine the real causative variants that will help design rapid detection tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Fotso-Toguem
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
| | - Billy Tene-Fossog
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
| | - Leon M. J. Mugenzi
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
| | - Murielle J. Wondji
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L35QA, UK
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L35QA, UK
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L35QA, UK
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11
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Eggleston H, Njoya K, Anderson CE, Holm I, Eiglmeier K, Liang J, Sharakhov IV, Vernick KD, Riehle MM. Molecular characterization and genetic authentication assay for Anopheles 'hemocyte-like' cell lines 4a-3A and 4a-3B. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:465. [PMID: 36514125 PMCID: PMC9749150 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles cell lines are used in a variety of ways to better understand the major vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite this, commonly used cell lines are not well characterized, and no tools are available for cell line identification and authentication. METHODS Utilizing whole genome sequencing, genomes of 4a-3A and 4a-3B 'hemocyte-like' cell lines were characterized for insertions and deletions (indels) and SNP variation. Genomic locations of distinguishing sequence variation and species origin of the cell lines were also examined. Unique indels were targeted to develop a PCR-based cell line authentication assay. Mitotic chromosomes were examined to survey the cytogenetic landscape for chromosome structure and copy number in the cell lines. RESULTS The 4a-3A and 4a-3B cell lines are female in origin and primarily of Anopheles coluzzii ancestry. Cytogenetic analysis indicates that the two cell lines are essentially diploid, with some relatively minor chromosome structural rearrangements. Whole-genome sequence was generated, and analysis indicated that SNPs and indels which differentiate the cell lines are clustered on the 2R chromosome in the regions of the 2Rb, 2Rc and 2Ru chromosomal inversions. A PCR-based authentication assay was developed to fingerprint three indels unique to each cell line. The assay distinguishes between 4a-3A and 4a-3B cells and also uniquely identifies two additional An. coluzzii cell lines tested, Ag55 and Sua4.0. The assay has the specificity to distinguish four cell lines and also has the sensitivity to detect cellular contamination within a sample of cultured cells. CONCLUSIONS Genomic characterization of the 4a-3A and 4a-3B Anopheles cell lines was used to develop a simple diagnostic assay that can distinguish these cell lines within and across research laboratories. A cytogenetic survey indicated that the 4a-3A and Sua4.0 cell lines carry essentially normal diploid chromosomes, which makes them amenable to CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. The presented simple authentication assay, coupled with screening for mycoplasma, will allow validation of the integrity of experimental resources and will promote greater experimental reproducibility of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Eggleston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kimani Njoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Cameron E Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Inge Holm
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 2000, Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Karin Eiglmeier
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 2000, Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Jiangtao Liang
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Igor V Sharakhov
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Kenneth D Vernick
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 2000, Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Paris, France
| | - Michelle M Riehle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Tondossama N, Coulibaly ZI, Traoré I, Ako BA, Zoh DD, Virgillito C, Guindo-Coulibaly N, Serini P, Assouho FK, Dia I, Touré AO, Adja MA, Caputo B, della Torre A, Pichler V. High Levels of Admixture in Anopheles gambiae Populations from Côte d'Ivoire Revealed by Multilocus Genotyping. Insects 2022; 13:1090. [PMID: 36555000 PMCID: PMC9782310 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae-the two most recently radiated species of the An. gambiae complex and the major Afrotropical malaria vector species-are identified by markers in the X-centromeric IGS rDNA region. Putative IGS-hybrids are rarely found in the field, except in restricted areas where genomic studies have led to the hypothesis that the observed IGS-patterns are due to cryptic taxa rather than to hybridization between the two species. We investigated the genome-wide levels of admixture in two villages in Côte d'Ivoire where high levels of IGS-hybrids have been detected, confirming unparalleled high frequencies in the coastal village. Genotyping of 24 Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) along the three chromosomes produced discordant results between the IGS-marker and the multilocus genotype obtained for AIMs across the whole genome (29%) as well as AIMs on chromosome-X (considered to be fundamental for species reproductive isolation) only (21%). Results highlight a complicated pattern of admixture that deserves deeper genomic analyses to understand better possible underlying causes (from extensive processes of hybridization to the existence of different cryptic taxa), and stress the need of developing advanced diagnostics for An. coluzzii, An. gambiae and putative new taxa, instrumental for assessing taxon-specific epidemiological characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naminata Tondossama
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouet Boigny Cocody, Abidjan 01 BP V34, Côte d’Ivoire
- Entomology and Herpetology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan 01 PB 490, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Zanakoungo I. Coulibaly
- Entomology and Herpetology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan 01 PB 490, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Issouf Traoré
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouet Boigny Cocody, Abidjan 01 BP V34, Côte d’Ivoire
- Entomology and Herpetology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan 01 PB 490, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Bérenger A. Ako
- Malaria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan 01 PB 490, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Danielle D. Zoh
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouet Boigny Cocody, Abidjan 01 BP V34, Côte d’Ivoire
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké 01 BP 1500, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Chiara Virgillito
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Négnorogo Guindo-Coulibaly
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouet Boigny Cocody, Abidjan 01 BP V34, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Paola Serini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrice K. Assouho
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké 01 BP 1500, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, Dakar BP 220, Senegal
| | - Andre O. Touré
- Malaria Unit, Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan 01 PB 490, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Maurice A. Adja
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouet Boigny Cocody, Abidjan 01 BP V34, Côte d’Ivoire
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké 01 BP 1500, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Verena Pichler
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Sandeu MM, Maffo CGT, Dada N, Njiokou F, Hughes GL, Wondji CS. Seasonal variation of microbiota composition in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii in two different eco-geographical localities in Cameroon. Med Vet Entomol 2022; 36:269-282. [PMID: 35579271 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the environmental factors affecting the microbiota in malaria vectors may help in the development of novel vector control interventions, similar to paratransgenesis. This study evaluated seasonal and geographical variations in the microbial community of the two major malaria vectors. Adult Anopheles mosquitoes were collected across two different eco-geographical settings in Cameroon, during the dry and wet seasons. DNA was extracted from the whole individual mosquitoes from each group and processed for microbial analysis using Illumina Miseq sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Data analysis was performed using QIIME2 and R software programs. A total of 1985 mosquitoes were collected and among them, 120 were selected randomly corresponding to 30 mosquitoes per season and locality. Overall, 97 bacterial taxa were detected across all mosquito samples, with 86 of these shared between dry and wet seasons in both localities and species. There were significant differences in bacterial composition between both seasons, with a clear separation observed between the dry and wet seasons (PERMANOVA comparisons of beta diversity, Pseudo-F = 10.45; q-value = 0.01). This study highlights the influence of seasonal variation on microbial communities and this variation's impact on mosquito biology and vectorial capacity should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Marcel Sandeu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Claudine Grâce Tatsinkou Maffo
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Nsa Dada
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Science, Aas, Norway
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research Center, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Charles S Wondji
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), LSTM Research Unit, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
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14
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Tene‐Fossog B, Fotso‐Toguem YG, Amvongo‐Adjia N, Ranson H, Wondji CS. Temporal variation of high-level pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Yaoundé, Cameroon, is mediated by target-site and metabolic resistance. Med Vet Entomol 2022; 36:247-259. [PMID: 35521949 PMCID: PMC9545389 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Constant assessment of insecticide resistance levels is mandatory to implement adequate malaria control tools, but little information is available on the annual dynamics of resistance. We, therefore, monitored variations in resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l. over four seasons during 2 years in two localities of Yaoundé: urban Etoa-Meki and peri-urban Nkolondom. Mosquitoes were collected seasonally at larval stage and reared to adults for insecticide susceptibility tests and molecular analysis of resistance mechanisms. Anopheles coluzzii was found in Etoa-Meki and An. gambiae in Nkolondom. Low mortalities to pyrethroids were observed (permethrin <10%, deltamethrin <21%), and resistance extended to 5× and 10× diagnostic doses, revealing a marked increase compared to previous studies. A seasonal variation in resistance was observed with the highest levels within dry seasons in Etoa-Meki and rainy seasons in Nkolondom. The 1014F kdr allele shows a high frequency (0.9), associated with overexpression of metabolic genes (Cyp6M2, Cyp6P4, Cyp9K1, Cyp6Z1, and Cyp6Z2) varying significantly seasonally. This study reveals an escalation in resistance to pyrethroids in Yaoundé's malaria vectors with seasonal variations. An adequate choice of the implementation period of punctual vector control actions according to the resistance profile will help to potentiate the desired effect and thus improve its efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Tene‐Fossog
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
| | - Yvan Gaetan Fotso‐Toguem
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Yaoundé 1YaoundéCameroon
| | - Nathalie Amvongo‐Adjia
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Medical Research CentreInstitute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM)YaoundéCameroon
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Department of Medical EntomologyCentre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID)YaoundéCameroon
- Department of Vector BiologyLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUK
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15
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Ye Z, Liu F, Sun H, Ferguson ST, Baker A, Ochieng SA, Zwiebel LJ. Discrete roles of Ir76b ionotropic coreceptor impact olfaction, blood feeding, and mating in the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles coluzzii. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2112385119. [PMID: 35648836 PMCID: PMC9191353 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112385119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheline mosquitoes rely on their highly sensitive chemosensory apparatus to detect diverse chemical stimuli that drive the host-seeking and blood-feeding behaviors required to vector pathogens for malaria and other diseases. This process incorporates a variety of chemosensory receptors and transduction pathways. We used advanced in vivo gene-editing and -labeling approaches to localize and functionally characterize the ionotropic coreceptor AcIr76b in the malaria mosquito Anopheles coluzzii, where it impacts both olfactory and gustatory systems. AcIr76b has a broad expression pattern in female adult antennal grooved pegs, coeloconic sensilla, and T1 and T2 sensilla on the labellum, stylets, and tarsi, as well as the larval sensory peg. AcIr76b is colocalized with the Orco odorant receptor (OR) coreceptor in a subset of cells across the female antennae and labella. In contrast to Orco and Ir8a, chemosensory coreceptors that appear essential for the activity of their respective sets of chemosensory neurons in mosquitoes, AcIr76b−/− mutants maintain wild-type peripheral responses to volatile amines on the adult palps, labellum, and larval sensory cone. Interestingly, AcIr76b−/− mutants display significantly increased responses to amines in antennal grooved peg sensilla, while coeloconic sensilla reveal significant deficits in responses to several acids and amines. Behaviorally, AcIr76b mutants manifest significantly female-specific insemination deficits, and although AcIr76b−/− mutant females can locate, alight on, and probe artificial blood hosts, they are incapable of blood feeding successfully. Taken together, our findings reveal a multidimensional functionality of Ir76b in anopheline olfactory and gustatory pathways that directly impacts the vectorial capacity of these mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Ye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Huahua Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Stephen T. Ferguson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Adam Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Samuel A. Ochieng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
| | - Laurence J. Zwiebel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235
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16
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Showering A, Martinez J, Benavente ED, Gezan SA, Jones RT, Oke C, Tytheridge S, Pretorius E, Scott D, Allen RL, D'Alessandro U, Lindsay SW, Armour JAL, Pickett J, Logan JG. Skin microbiome alters attractiveness to Anopheles mosquitoes. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:98. [PMID: 35410125 PMCID: PMC9004177 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some people produce specific body odours that make them more attractive than others to mosquitoes, and consequently are at higher risk of contracting vector-borne diseases. The skin microbiome can break down carbohydrates, fatty acids and peptides on the skin into volatiles that mosquitoes can differentiate. RESULTS Here, we examined how skin microbiome composition of women differs in relation to level of attractiveness to Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes, to identify volatiles in body odour and metabolic pathways associated with individuals that tend to be poorly-attractive to mosquitoes. We used behavioural assays to measure attractiveness of participants to An. coluzzii mosquitoes, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the bacteria sampled from the skin and gas chromatography of volatiles in body odour. We found differences in skin microbiome composition between the poorly- and highly-attractive groups, particularly eight Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) belonging to the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes phyla. Staphylococcus 2 ASVs are four times as abundant in the highly-attractive compared to poorly-attractive group. Associations were found between these ASVs and volatiles known to be attractive to Anopheles mosquitoes. Propanoic pathways are enriched in the poorly-attractive participants compared to those found to be highly-attractive. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that variation in attractiveness of people to mosquitoes is related to the composition of the skin microbiota, knowledge that could improve odour-baited traps or other next generation vector control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Showering
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Julien Martinez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ernest Diez Benavente
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Robert T Jones
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Catherine Oke
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Scott Tytheridge
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Pretorius
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Darren Scott
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Rachel L Allen
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | | | - John A L Armour
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - John Pickett
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - James G Logan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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17
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Omotayo AI, Ande AT, Oduola AO, Adelaja OJ, Adesalu O, Jimoh TR, Ghazali AI, Awolola ST. Multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms in urban population of Anopheles coluzzii (Diptera: culicidae) from Lagos, South-West Nigeria. Acta Trop 2022; 227:106291. [PMID: 34958768 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health challenge in Africa with Nigeria accounting for the highest burden of the disease in the world. Vector control has proved to be a highly effective component of malaria control, however, the development and spread of insecticide resistance in major vectors of malaria have been a major challenge. This study assessed resistance mechanisms in Anopheles coluzzii populations from Kosofe, Lagos mainland and Ojo Local Government Areas in Lagos, Nigeria where An. gambiae s.l is resistant to DDT and Permethrin. WHO susceptibility bioassay test was used in determining resistance status of An. coluzzii to discriminating doses of DDT and Permethrin while synergist assay was used to assess the involvement of monooxygenases in resistance development. Sub-species of An. gambiae s.l (An. gambiae and An. coluzzii) were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) while Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (AS-PCR) assay was used to detect knockdown mutation (kdr-West; L1014F). Biochemical assays were used in determining the activities of metabolic enzymes. High DDT resistance was recorded in An. coluzzii populations from the three sites. Mortality rate of mosquitoes exposed confirmed Permethrin resistance in Kosofe (50%) and Lagos mainland (48%) but resistance was suspected in Ojo (96%). All specimens tested were confirmed as An. coluzzii with low kdr frequency; 11.6%, 16.4% and 6.7% in Kosofe, Lagos mainland and Ojo respectively. Pre-exposure to synergist (PBO) before exposure to Permethrin led to increased mortality in all populations. Esterase activity was insignificantly overexpressed in Kosofe (p = 0.849) and Lagos mainland (p = 0.229) populations. In contrast, GST activity was significantly lower in populations from Lagos mainland (63.650 ± 9.861; p = 0.007) and Ojo (91.765 ± 4.959; p = 0.042) than Kisumu susceptible strains (120.250 ± 13.972). Monooxygenase activity was higher in Lagos mainland (2.371 ± 0.261) and Ojo (1.361 ± 0.067) populations, albeit significantly in Lagos mainland (p = 0.007) only. Presence of target-site mutation in all populations, increased mortality with pre-exposure to PBO and elevated monooxygenase in Lagos mainland population were confirmed. Multiple resistance mechanisms in some urban populations of An. coluzzii from Lagos, Nigeria calls for appropriate resistance management strategies.
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18
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Kefi M, Charamis J, Balabanidou V, Ioannidis P, Ranson H, Ingham VA, Vontas J. Transcriptomic analysis of resistance and short-term induction response to pyrethroids, in Anopheles coluzzii legs. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:891. [PMID: 34903168 PMCID: PMC8667434 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08205-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying comprise the major control measures against Anopheles gambiae sl, the dominant vector in sub-Saharan Africa. The primary site of contact with insecticide is through the mosquitoes' legs, which represents the first barrier insecticides have to bypass to reach their neuronal targets. Proteomic changes and leg cuticle modifications have been associated with insecticide resistance that may reduce the rate of penetration of insecticides. Here, we performed a multiple transcriptomic analyses focusing on An. coluzzii legs. RESULTS Firstly, leg-specific enrichment analysis identified 359 genes including the pyrethroid-binder SAP2 and 2 other chemosensory proteins, along with 4 ABCG transporters previously shown to be leg enriched. Enrichment of gene families included those involved in detecting chemical stimuli, including gustatory and ionotropic receptors and genes implicated in hydrocarbon-synthesis. Subsequently, we compared transcript expression in the legs of a highly resistant strain (VK7-HR) to both a strain with very similar genetic background which has reverted to susceptibility after several generations without insecticide pressure (VK7-LR) and a lab susceptible population (NG). Two hundred thirty-two differentially expressed genes (73 up-regulated and 159 down-regulated) were identified in the resistant strain when compared to the two susceptible counterparts, indicating an over-expression of phase I detoxification enzymes and cuticular proteins, with decrease in hormone-related metabolic processes in legs from the insecticide resistant population. Finally, we analysed the short-term effect of pyrethroid exposure on An. coluzzii legs, comparing legs of 1 h-deltamethrin-exposed An. coluzzii (VK7-IN) to those of unexposed mosquitoes (VK7-HR) and identified 348 up-regulated genes including those encoding for GPCRs, ABC transporters, odorant-binding proteins and members of the divergent salivary gland protein family. CONCLUSIONS The data on An. coluzzii leg-specific transcriptome provides valuable insights into the first line of defense in pyrethroid resistant and short-term deltamethrin-exposed mosquitoes. Our results suggest that xenobiotic detoxification is likely occurring in legs, while the enrichment of sensory proteins, ABCG transporters and cuticular genes is also evident. Constitutive resistance is primarily associated with elevated levels of detoxification and cuticular genes, while short-term insecticide-induced tolerance is linked with overexpression of transporters, GPCRs and GPCR-related genes, sensory/binding and salivary gland proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kefi
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece
| | - J Charamis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, 71409, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece
| | - V Balabanidou
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece
| | - P Ioannidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece
| | - H Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - V A Ingham
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
- Parasitology Unit, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 73100, Heraklion, Greece.
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece.
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19
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Wolie RZ, Koffi AA, Ahoua Alou LP, Sternberg ED, N'Nan-Alla O, Dahounto A, Yapo FHA, Kanh KMH, Camara S, Oumbouke WA, Tia IZ, Nguetta SPA, Thomas MB, NGuessan R. Evaluation of the interaction between insecticide resistance-associated genes and malaria transmission in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in central Côte d'Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:581. [PMID: 34801086 PMCID: PMC8605510 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence that the knockdown resistance gene (Kdr) L1014F and acetylcholinesterase-1 gene (Ace-1R) G119S mutations involved in pyrethroid and carbamate resistance in Anopheles gambiae influence malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. This is likely due to changes in the behaviour, life history and vector competence and capacity of An. gambiae. In the present study, performed as part of a two-arm cluster randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of household screening plus a novel insecticide delivery system (In2Care Eave Tubes), we investigated the distribution of insecticide target site mutations and their association with infection status in wild An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) populations. Methods Mosquitoes were captured in 40 villages around Bouaké by human landing catch from May 2017 to April 2019. Randomly selected samples of An. gambiae s.l. that were infected or not infected with Plasmodium sp. were identified to species and then genotyped for Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S mutations using quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. The frequencies of the two alleles were compared between Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae and then between infected and uninfected groups for each species. Results The presence of An. gambiae (49%) and An. coluzzii (51%) was confirmed in Bouaké. Individuals of both species infected with Plasmodium parasites were found. Over the study period, the average frequency of the Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S mutations did not vary significantly between study arms. However, the frequencies of the Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S resistance alleles were significantly higher in An. gambiae than in An. coluzzii [odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 59.64 (30.81–131.63) for Kdr, and 2.79 (2.17–3.60) for Ace-1R]. For both species, there were no significant differences in Kdr L1014F or Ace-1R G119S genotypic and allelic frequency distributions between infected and uninfected specimens (P > 0.05). Conclusions Either alone or in combination, Kdr L1014F and Ace-1R G119S showed no significant association with Plasmodium infection in wild An. gambiae and An. coluzzii, demonstrating the similar competence of these species for Plasmodium transmission in Bouaké. Additional factors including behavioural and environmental ones that influence vector competence in natural populations, and those other than allele measurements (metabolic resistance factors) that contribute to resistance, should be considered when establishing the existence of a link between insecticide resistance and vector competence. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosine Z Wolie
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire. .,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Alphonsine A Koffi
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Ludovic P Ahoua Alou
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eleanore D Sternberg
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Oulo N'Nan-Alla
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Amal Dahounto
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Florent H A Yapo
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kpahe M H Kanh
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Soromane Camara
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Welbeck A Oumbouke
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Innovative Vector Control Consortium, IVCC, Liverpool, UK
| | - Innocent Z Tia
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Simon-Pierre A Nguetta
- Unité de Recherche et de Pédagogie de Génétique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, UFR Biosciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Matthew B Thomas
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Raphael NGuessan
- Vector Control Product Evaluation Centre, Institut Pierre Richet (VCPEC-IPR), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Institut Pierre Richet (IPR), Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire.,Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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20
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Pelloquin B, Kristan M, Edi C, Meiwald A, Clark E, Jeffries CL, Walker T, Dada N, Messenger LA. Overabundance of Asaia and Serratia Bacteria Is Associated with Deltamethrin Insecticide Susceptibility in Anopheles coluzzii from Agboville, Côte d'Ivoire. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0015721. [PMID: 34668745 DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.00157-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance among mosquito species is now a pervasive phenomenon that threatens to jeopardize global malaria vector control efforts. Evidence of links between the mosquito microbiota and insecticide resistance is emerging, with significant enrichment of insecticide degrading bacteria and enzymes in resistant populations. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we characterized and compared the microbiota of Anopheles coluzzii in relation to their deltamethrin resistance and exposure profiles. Comparisons between 2- and 3-day-old deltamethrin-resistant and -susceptible mosquitoes demonstrated significant differences in microbiota diversity. Ochrobactrum, Lysinibacillus, and Stenotrophomonas genera, each of which comprised insecticide-degrading species, were significantly enriched in resistant mosquitoes. Susceptible mosquitoes had a significant reduction in alpha diversity compared to resistant individuals, with Asaia and Serratia dominating microbial profiles. There was no significant difference in deltamethrin-exposed and -unexposed 5- to 6-day-old individuals, suggesting that insecticide exposure had minimal impact on microbial composition. Serratia and Asaia were also dominant in 5- to 6-day-old mosquitoes, which had reduced microbial diversity compared to 2- to 3-day-old mosquitoes. Our findings revealed significant alterations of Anopheles coluzzii microbiota associated with deltamethrin resistance, highlighting the potential for identification of novel microbial markers for insecticide resistance surveillance. qPCR detection of Serratia and Asaia was consistent with 16S rRNA sequencing, suggesting that population-level field screening of bacterial microbiota may be feasibly integrated into wider resistance monitoring, if reliable and reproducible markers associated with phenotype can be identified. IMPORTANCE Control of insecticide-resistant vector populations remains a significant challenge to global malaria control and while substantial progress has been made elucidating key target site mutations, overexpressed detoxification enzymes and alternate gene families, the contribution of the mosquito microbiota to phenotypic insecticide resistance has been largely overlooked. We focused on determining the effects of deltamethrin resistance intensity on Anopheles coluzzii microbiota and identifying any microbial taxa associated with phenotype. We demonstrated a significant reduction in microbial diversity between deltamethrin-resistant and -susceptible mosquitoes. Insecticide degrading bacterial species belonging to Ochrobactrum, Lysinibacillus, and Stenotrophomonas genera were significantly enriched in resistant mosquitoes, while Asaia and Serratia dominated microbial profiles of susceptible individuals. Our results revealed significant alterations of Anopheles coluzzii microbiota associated with deltamethrin resistance, highlighting the potential for identification of novel microbial markers for surveillance and opportunities for designing innovative control techniques to prevent the further evolution and spread of insecticide resistance.
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21
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Bevivino G, Arcà B, Lombardo F. Effects of Local and Systemic Immune Challenges on the Expression of Selected Salivary Genes in the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles coluzzii. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101300. [PMID: 34684249 PMCID: PMC8540153 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands play a crucial tripartite role in mosquito physiology. First, they secrete factors that greatly facilitate both sugar and blood meal acquisition. Second, the transmission of pathogens (parasites, bacteria and viruses) to the vertebrate host requires both the recognition and invasion of the salivary glands. Third, they produce immune factors that both protect the organ from invading pathogens and are also able to exert their activity in the crop and the midgut when saliva is re-ingested during feeding. Studies on mosquito sialomes have revealed the presence of several female and/or male salivary gland-specific or enriched genes whose function is completely unknown so far. We focused our attention on these orphan genes, and we selected, according to sequence and structural features, a shortlist of 11 candidates with potential antimicrobial properties. Afterwards, using qPCR, we investigated their expression profile at 5 and 24 h after an infectious sugar meal (local challenge) or thoracic microinjection (systemic challenge) of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, EC) or Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, SA) bacteria. We observed a general increase in the transcript abundance of our salivary candidates between 5 and 24 h after local challenge. Moreover, transcriptional modulation was determined by the nature of the stimulus, with salivary gland-enriched genes (especially hyp15 upon SA stimulus) upregulated shortly after the local challenge and later after the systemic challenge. Overall, this work provides one of the first contributions to the understanding of the immune role of mosquito salivary glands. Further characterization of salivary candidates whose expression is modulated by immune challenge may help in the identification of possible novel antimicrobial peptides.
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22
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Seck F, Cailleau A, Diallo M, Dia I. Comparison of the efficiency and performance of two systems and three membranes for blood feeding mosquitoes. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:388. [PMID: 34627362 PMCID: PMC8502276 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Due to different concerns in using appropriate mosquito blood feeding techniques, this work focused on evaluating the effectiveness of two artificial mosquito feeding systems (Rutledge and Hemotek) and three different membranes (Parafilm, mouse and chicken skins). Female mosquitoes from an An. coluzzii strain aged between 2 and 5 days were exposed to blood with the two systems at time intervals (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min) with blood used on the day of collection, the next day and 2 days after. Results Our results showed that the Hemotek system gave better blood feeding rates than the Rutledge system. Among the three membranes, the blood feeding rates with chicken and mouse skins were higher than those provided by the Parafilm membrane. Likewise, blood stored 1 day after collection gave higher levels than blood used on the day of collection and 2 days after. Regardless of the system, the lowest blood feeding rates were observed at 5 min compared to the other exposure times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatoumata Seck
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aurélie Cailleau
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.,Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaire, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
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23
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Hien DFDS, Paré PSL, Cooper A, Koama BK, Guissou E, Yaméogo KB, Yerbanga RS, Farrell IW, Ouédraogo JB, Gnankiné O, Ignell R, Cohuet A, Dabiré RK, Stevenson PC, Lefèvre T. Contrasting effects of the alkaloid ricinine on the capacity of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii to transmit Plasmodium falciparum. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:479. [PMID: 34526119 PMCID: PMC8444468 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04992-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Besides feeding on blood, females of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu lato readily feed on natural sources of plant sugars. The impact of toxic secondary phytochemicals contained in plant-derived sugars on mosquito physiology and the development of Plasmodium parasites remains elusive. The focus of this study was to explore the influence of the alkaloid ricinine, found in the nectar of the castor bean Ricinus communis, on the ability of mosquitoes to transmit Plasmodium falciparum. Methods Females of Anopheles gambiae and its sibling species Anopheles coluzzii were exposed to ricinine through sugar feeding assays to assess the effect of this phytochemical on mosquito survival, level of P. falciparum infection and growth rate of the parasite. Results Ricinine induced a significant reduction in the longevity of both Anopheles species. Ricinine caused acceleration in the parasite growth rate with an earlier invasion of the salivary glands in both species. At a concentration of 0.04 g l−1 in An. coluzzii, ricinine had no effect on mosquito infection, while 0.08 g l−1 ricinine-5% glucose solution induced a 14% increase in An. gambiae infection rate. Conclusions Overall, our findings reveal that consumption of certain nectar phytochemicals can have unexpected and contrasting effects on key phenotypic traits that govern the intensity of malaria transmission. Further studies will be required before concluding on the putative role of ricinine as a novel control agent, including the development of ricinine-based toxic and transmission-blocking sugar baits. Testing other secondary phytochemicals in plant nectar will provide a broader understanding of the impact which plants can have on the transmission of vector-borne diseases. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04992-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domonbabele F D S Hien
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Laboratoire Mixte International Sur Les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| | - Prisca S L Paré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ougadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Amanda Cooper
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Benjamin K Koama
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Institut Des Sciences Et Techniques, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Edwige Guissou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire Mixte International Sur Les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Koudraogo B Yaméogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire Mixte International Sur Les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rakiswendé S Yerbanga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire Mixte International Sur Les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Iain W Farrell
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Jean B Ouédraogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Rickard Ignell
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Disease Vector Group, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Cohuet
- Laboratoire Mixte International Sur Les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire Mixte International Sur Les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Philip C Stevenson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK.,Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Thierry Lefèvre
- Laboratoire Mixte International Sur Les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Centre de Recherche en Écologie Et Évolution de La Santé (CREES), Montpellier, France
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24
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Piameu M, Nwane P, Toussile W, Mavridis K, Wipf NC, Kouadio PF, Mbakop LR, Mandeng S, Ekoko WE, Toto JC, Ngaffo KL, Ngo Etounde PK, Ngantchou AT, Chouaibou M, Müller P, Awono-Ambene P, Vontas J, Etang J. Pyrethroid and Etofenprox Resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii from Vegetable Farms in Yaoundé, Cameroon: Dynamics, Intensity and Molecular Basis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185543. [PMID: 34577014 PMCID: PMC8469461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated widespread insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations from Cameroon. However, the intensity of this resistance and underlying mechanisms are poorly known. Therefore, we conducted three cross-sectional resistance surveys between April 2018 and October 2019, using the revised World Health Organization protocol, which includes resistance incidences and intensity assessments. Field-collected Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Nkolondom, Nkolbisson and Ekié vegetable farms in the city of Yaoundé were tested with deltamethrin, permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and etofenprox, using 1× insecticide diagnostic concentrations for resistance incidence, then 5× and 10× concentrations for resistance intensity. Subsamples were analyzed for species identification and the detection of resistance-associated molecular markers using TaqMan® qPCR assays. In Nkolbisson, both An. coluzzii (96%) and An. gambiae s.s. (4%) were found together, whereas only An. gambiae s.s. was present in Nkolondom, and only An. coluzzii was present in Ekié. All three populations were resistant to the four insecticides (<75% mortality rates―MR1×), with intensity generally fluctuating over the time between mod-erate (<98%―MR5×; ≥98%―MR10×) and high (76–97%―MR10×). The kdr L995F, L995S, and N1570Y, and the Ace-1 G280S-resistant alleles were found in An. gambiae from Nkolondom, at 73%, 1%, 16% and 13% frequencies, respectively, whereas only the kdr L995F was found in An. gambiae s.s. from Nkolbisson at a 50% frequency. In An. coluzzii from Nkolbisson and Ekié, we detected only the kdr L995F allele at 65% and 60% frequencies, respectively. Furthermore, expression levels of Cyp6m2, Cyp9k1, and Gste2 metabolic genes were highly upregulated (over fivefold) in Nkolondom and Nkolbisson. Pyrethroid and etofenprox-based vector control interventions may be jeopardized in the prospected areas, due to high resistance intensity, with multiple mechanisms in An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Piameu
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 1110, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (P.K.N.E.); (A.T.N.)
| | - Philippe Nwane
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department de Biologie et Physiologie Animales, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
- Centre de Recherche sur les Filarioses et Maladies Tropicales (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Wilson Toussile
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Département de Mathématiques et Sciences Physiques (MPS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique de Yaoundé (ENSPY), Université de Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 8390, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Nadja Christina Wipf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (N.C.W.); (P.M.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paraudie France Kouadio
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 1303, Cote d’Ivoire; (P.F.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Lili Ranaise Mbakop
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Stanislas Mandeng
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Eyisap Ekoko
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala 999108, Cameroon
| | - Jean Claude Toto
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Kelly Lionelle Ngaffo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Centre d’excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques pour l’élimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA/ITECH-MTV), Université Nazi Boni, P.O. Box 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 22620, Burkina Faso;
| | - Petronile Klorane Ngo Etounde
- Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 1110, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (P.K.N.E.); (A.T.N.)
| | - Arthur Titcho Ngantchou
- Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 1110, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (P.K.N.E.); (A.T.N.)
| | - Mouhamadou Chouaibou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 1303, Cote d’Ivoire; (P.F.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Pie Müller
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (N.C.W.); (P.M.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 875, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Josiane Etang
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala 999108, Cameroon
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +237-677-61-97-79
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25
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Traoré AS, Porciani A, Moiroux N, Dabiré RK, Simard F, Costantini C, Mouline K. Effects of insemination and blood-feeding on locomotor activity of wild-derived females of the malaria mosquito Anopheles coluzzii. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:457. [PMID: 34493324 PMCID: PMC8422633 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioural shifts in the canonical location and timing of biting have been reported in natural populations of anopheline malaria vectors following the implementation of insecticide-based indoor vector control interventions. These modifications increase the likelihood of human-vector contact and allow mosquitoes to avoid insecticides, both conditions being favourable to residual transmission of the malarial parasites. The biting behaviour of mosquitoes follows rhythms that are under the control of biological clocks and environmental conditions, modulated by physiological states. In this work we explore modifications of spontaneous locomotor activity expressed by mosquitoes in different physiological states to highlight phenotypic variability associated to circadian control that may contribute to explain residual transmission in the field. METHODS The F10 generation progeny of field-collected Anopheles coluzzii from southwestern Burkina Faso was tested using an automated recording apparatus (Locomotor Activity Monitor, TriKinetics Inc.) under LD 12:12 or DD light regimens in laboratory-controlled conditions. Activity recordings of each test were carried out for a week with 6-day-old females belonging to four experimental treatments, representing factorial combinations of two physiological variables: insemination status (virgin vs inseminated) and gonotrophic status (glucose fed vs blood fed). Chronobiological features of rhythmicity in locomotor activity were explored using periodograms, diversity indices, and generalized linear mixed modelling. RESULTS The average strength of activity, onset of activity, and acrophase were modulated by both nutritional and insemination status as well as by the light regimen. Inseminated females showed a significant excess of arrhythmic activity under DD. When rhythmicity was observed in DD, females displayed sustained activity also during the subjective day. CONCLUSIONS Insemination and gonotrophic status influence the underlying light and circadian control of chronobiological features of locomotor activity. Overrepresentation of arrhythmic chronotypes as well as the sustained activity of inseminated females during the subjective day under DD conditions suggests potential activity of natural populations of A. coluzzii during daytime under dim conditions, with implications for residual transmission of malarial parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou S Traoré
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Agro Paris Tech, Institut Des Sciences Et Industries du Vivant Et de L'environnement, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France.
| | | | - Nicolas Moiroux
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Karine Mouline
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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26
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Sougué E, Dabiré RK, Roux O. Larval habitat selection by females of two malaria vectors in response to predation risk. Acta Trop 2021; 221:106016. [PMID: 34157290 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For species lacking parental care, selection of a suitable habitat for their offspring, with a limited predation risk, is important. The ability of two African malaria mosquito females to detect a predation threat for their larvae was assessed through an oviposition choice test design. Our results suggest that gravid females of both Anopheles gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii (Diptera, Culicidae) were able to detect the presence of a predator (Anisops jaczewskii, Notonectidae, Hemiptera; backswimmer). However, An. coluzzii were more likely to choose the cups containing predation cues while An. gambiae tended to avoid them for oviposition. Anopheles coluzzii females might use either alarm cues or pre-digestive cues from the external prey digestion to gauge the threat level, while An. gambiae females might use predator cues (odor or vibrations) or digestive cues from the predator. Compared to An. gambiae, An. coluzzii females seemed to accept the predation threat for their larvae to some extent. These results are consistent with the observed larval distribution in the field. Anopheles coluzzii larvae are found in complex permanent reservoirs in which the predation pressure is high, while An. gambiae larvae are more frequently found in temporary reservoirs with a lower predation threat. To our knowledge, this is the first time such a divergence in oviposition strategies regarding predation risk management by females is shown between closely related mosquito species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Sougué
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Olivier Roux
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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27
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Sun H, Liu F, Baker AP, Honegger HW, Raiser G, Zwiebel LJ. Neuronal odor coding in the larval sensory cone of Anopheles coluzzii: Complex responses from a simple system. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109555. [PMID: 34407405 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles mosquitoes are the sole vectors of malaria. Although adult females are directly responsible for disease transmission and accordingly have been extensively studied, the survival of pre-adult larval stages is vital. Mosquito larvae utilize a spectrum of chemosensory and other cues to navigate their aquatic habitats to avoid predators and search for food. Here we examine larval olfactory responses, in which the peripheral components are associated with the antennal sensory cone. Larval behavior and sensory cone responses to volatile stimuli in Anopheles coluzzii demonstrate the sensory cone is particularly tuned to alcohols, thiazoles, and heterocyclics, and these responses can be assigned to discrete groups of sensory cone neurons with distinctive profiles. These studies reveal that the anopheline larvae actively sample volatile odors above their aquatic habitats via a highly sophisticated olfactory system that is sensitive to a broad range of compounds with significant behavioral relevance. Sun et al. investigate larval sensory cone and behavioral responses to volatile stimuli in Anopheles coluzzii. They find that malaria mosquito larvae actively sample volatile odors above their aquatic habitats via a highly sophisticated olfactory system that is sensitive to a broad range of compounds with significant behavioral relevance.
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28
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Ngom EHM, Virgillito C, Manica M, Rosà R, Pichler V, Sarleti N, Kassé I, Diallo M, della Torre A, Dia I, Caputo B. Entomological Survey Confirms Changes in Mosquito Composition and Abundance in Senegal and Reveals Discrepancies among Results by Different Host-Seeking Female Traps. Insects 2021; 12:692. [PMID: 34442258 PMCID: PMC8396443 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes-borne diseases are major public health issues particularly in Africa. Vector control interventions and human-made environmental/climatic changes significantly affect the distribution and abundance of vector species. We carried out an entomological survey targeting host-seeking mosquitos in two different ecological contexts-coastal and inland-in Senegal, by CDC-light and BG-sentinel traps. Results show high predominance of Culex quinquefasciatus (90%) and of Anopheles arabiensis within malaria vectors (46%), with mean numbers of females/trap/nights =8 and <1, respectively, reinforcing previous evidence of changes in species composition and abundance, highlighting thus increasing risk of transmission of filariasis and emerging arboviruses in the Senegambia region. From the methodological perspective, results show a higher specificity of BG traps for Cx. quinquefasciatus and of CDC traps for An. gambiae s.l. and highlight that, despite both traps target the host-seeking fraction of the population, they provide different patterns of species abundance, temporal dynamics and host-seeking activity, leading to possible misinterpretation of the species bionomics. This draws attention to the need of taking into account trapping performance, in order to provide realistic quantification of the number of mosquitoes per units of space and time, the crucial parameter for evaluating vector-human contact, and estimating risk of pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Hadji Malick Ngom
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12500, Senegal; (E.H.M.N.); (I.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Chiara Virgillito
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.V.); (V.P.); (N.S.); (A.d.T.)
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Edmund Mach Foundation, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (M.M.); (R.R.)
| | - Mattia Manica
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Edmund Mach Foundation, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (M.M.); (R.R.)
- Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, 380123 Trento, Italy
| | - Roberto Rosà
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Edmund Mach Foundation, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy; (M.M.); (R.R.)
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Verena Pichler
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.V.); (V.P.); (N.S.); (A.d.T.)
| | - Noemi Sarleti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.V.); (V.P.); (N.S.); (A.d.T.)
| | - Isseu Kassé
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12500, Senegal; (E.H.M.N.); (I.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12500, Senegal; (E.H.M.N.); (I.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Alessandra della Torre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.V.); (V.P.); (N.S.); (A.d.T.)
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Medical Zoology Pole, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar 12500, Senegal; (E.H.M.N.); (I.K.); (M.D.)
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.V.); (V.P.); (N.S.); (A.d.T.)
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Ye Z, Liu F, Ferguson ST, Baker A, Pitts RJ, Zwiebel LJ. Ammonium transporter AcAmt mutagenesis uncovers reproductive and physiological defects without impacting olfactory responses to ammonia in the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles coluzzii. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 134:103578. [PMID: 33933561 PMCID: PMC8187335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Anopheline mosquitoes are the sole vectors of malaria and rely on olfactory cues for host seeking in which ammonia derived from human sweat plays an essential role. To investigate the function of the Anopheles coluzzii ammonium transporter (AcAmt) in the mosquito olfactory system, we generated an AcAmt null mutant line using CRISPR/Cas9. AcAmt-/- mutants displayed a series of novel phenotypes compared with wild-type mosquitoes including significantly lower insemination rates during mating and increased mortality during eclosion. Furthermore, AcAmt-/- males showed significantly lower sugar consumption while AcAmt-/- females and pupae displayed significantly higher ammonia levels than their wild-type counterparts. Surprisingly, in contrast to previous studies in Drosophila that revealed that the mutation of the ammonium transporter (DmAmt) induces a dramatic reduction of ammonia responses in antennal coeloconic sensilla, no significant differences were observed across a range of peripheral sensory neuron responses to ammonia and other odorants between wild-type and AcAmt-/- females. These data support the existence in mosquitoes of novel compensatory ammonia-sensing mechanisms that are likely to have evolved as a result of the importance of ammonia in host-seeking and other behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Ye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Stephen T Ferguson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Adam Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - R Jason Pitts
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76706, USA
| | - Laurence J Zwiebel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
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Ahmad A, Soumare HM, Camara MM, Jadama L, Gaye PM, Bittaye H, Bradley J, Achan J, Bousema T, D'Alessandro U, Drakeley C, Moreno M. Infectivity of patent Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes: establishing capacity to investigate the infectious reservoir of malaria in a low-transmission setting in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:1462-1467. [PMID: 34107048 PMCID: PMC8643495 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the human malaria infectious reservoir is important for elimination initiatives. Here, we implemented mosquito membrane feeding experiments to prepare for larger studies to quantify the transmission potential and relative contribution of the human infectious reservoir. Methods Patients with clinical malaria attending four health facilities with at least 16 Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes per μL were recruited during the 2018 transmission season. Infectiousness to mosquitoes was assessed by direct membrane feeding assay (DMFA). We compared our results with a Bayesian predictive model to investigate the relationship between infectiousness and gametocyte density and explore the impact of fever on gametocyte infectivity. Results A total of 3177 suspected malaria cases were screened; 43.3% (1376) had microscopically patent P. falciparum parasites and 3.6% (114) of them had gametocytes. Out of 68 DMFAs, 38 (55.9%) resulted in at least one infected mosquito, with a total of 15.4% (1178/7667) of mosquitoes infected with 1–475 oocysts per gut. The relationship between mosquito infection prevalence and gametocytaemia was similar to other African settings and negatively associated with fever (OR: 0.188, 95% CI 0.0603 to 0.585, p=0.0039). Conclusions Among symptomatic malaria patients, fever is strongly associated with transmission failure. Future studies can use DMFA to better understand the human malaria reservoir in settings of low endemicity in The Gambia and inform malaria elimination initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Ahmad
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, PO Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia.,Global Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Doornstraat 331, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Harouna M Soumare
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, PO Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Muhammed M Camara
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, PO Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Lamin Jadama
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, PO Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Pa Modou Gaye
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, PO Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Haddy Bittaye
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, PO Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - John Bradley
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Jane Achan
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, PO Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Teun Bousema
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, PO Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
| | - Marta Moreno
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London, UK
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Anosike CA, Babandi A, Ezeanyika LUS. Potentiation Effects of Ficus sycomorus Active Fraction Against Permethrin-Resistant Field-Population of Anopheles coluzzii (Diptera: Culicidae). Neotrop Entomol 2021; 50:484-496. [PMID: 33661503 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00858-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes is increasing amidst growing cases of global malaria, leading to high fatality in mostly Africa. To overcome the resistance as well as environmental effects of the synthetic insecticides, preliminary insecticidal and botanical potentiating effects of sub-lethal concentration (LC25) Ficus sycomorus active fraction (AFFS) and its synergistic potential with standard insecticide permethrin were evaluated against malarial vector Anopheles coluzzii (Coetzee & Wilkerson) populations. The glutathione-S-transferase (GST) inhibitory activity of the AFFS was also investigated compared to standard GST inhibitor, diethyl meleate (DEM). The WHO standard protocol for adult bioassay was used to expose the adult mosquitoes with sub-lethal concentration (LD25=0.49 mg/ml) of the plants' active fraction and permethrin (0.75%). The permethrin susceptibility screening result showed high level of resistance to permethrin in the field populations of A. coluzzii from Kano with 50.29 ± 2.14% average mortality after exposure to WHO diagnostic dose 0.75% permethrin. Post hoc Fisher's exact test showed that combination of sub-lethal concentration of AFFS with permethrin (mortality=73.02±12.10%; p=0.00352; RR=0.6923 and 95% CI = 0.5358-0.8946) was statistically significant, while the combination of sub-lethal concentration of AFFS with DEM showed no statistical difference (mortality=63.22±5.03; p=1; RR=0.6667 and 95% CI=0.4470-0.8438). This potentiation effect was signified to be additive effects with co-toxicity factor (CTF) of - 12.66. There was significant reduction of GST activities in the AFFS- and permethrin -exposed groups compared to unexposed populations of A. coluzzii (p < 0.05). The AFFS additively potentiate the permethrin activities by inhibiting GSTs, bio-transformational enzymes implicated in pyrethroids resistance. This study finding generally signifies the potential for bio-rational insecticide approach for malarial vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abba Babandi
- Dept of Biochemistry, Univ of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria.
- Dept of Biochemistry, Bayero Univ, Kano, Nigeria.
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Ingham VA, Brown F, Ranson H. Transcriptomic analysis reveals pronounced changes in gene expression due to sub-lethal pyrethroid exposure and ageing in insecticide resistance Anopheles coluzzii. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:337. [PMID: 33971808 PMCID: PMC8111724 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07646-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria control is heavily reliant on the use of insecticides that target and kill the adult female Anopheline vector. The intensive use of insecticides of the pyrethroid class has led to widespread resistance in mosquito populations. The intensity of pyrethroid resistance in some settings in Africa means mosquitoes can contact bednets treated with this insecticide class multiple times with minimal mortality effects. Furthermore, both ageing and diel cycle have been shown to have large impacts on the resistance phenotype. Together, these traits may affect other aspects of vector biology controlling the vectorial capacity or fitness of the mosquito. RESULTS Here we show that sublethal exposure of a highly resistant Anopheles coluzzii population originally from Burkina Faso to the pyrethroid deltamethrin results in large and sustained changes to transcript expression. We identify five clear patterns in the data showing changes to transcripts relating to: DNA repair, respiration, translation, behaviour and oxioreductase processes. Further, we highlight differential regulation of transcripts from detoxification families previously linked with insecticide resistance, in addition to clear down-regulation of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway both indicative of changes in metabolism post-exposure. Finally, we show that both ageing and diel cycle have major effects on known insecticide resistance related transcripts. CONCLUSION Sub-lethal pyrethroid exposure, ageing and the diel cycle results in large-scale changes in the transcriptome of the major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. Our data strongly supports further phenotypic studies on how transcriptional changes such as reduced expression of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway or pyrethroid induced changes to redox state might impact key mosquito traits, such as vectorial capacity and life history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Ingham
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L35QA, UK. .,Present Address: Parasitology Unit, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Universitätsklinikum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - F Brown
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L35QA, UK.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, CH647TE, UK
| | - H Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L35QA, UK
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Feufack-Donfack LB, Sarah-Matio EM, Abate LM, Bouopda Tuedom AG, Ngano Bayibéki A, Maffo Ngou C, Toto JC, Sandeu MM, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Ayong L, Awono-Ambene P, Morlais I, Nsango SE. Epidemiological and entomological studies of malaria transmission in Tibati, Adamawa region of Cameroon 6 years following the introduction of long-lasting insecticide nets. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:247. [PMID: 33964974 PMCID: PMC8106832 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04745-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Cameroon. Implementation of control interventions requires prior knowledge of the local epidemiological situation. Here we report the results of epidemiological and entomological surveys carried out in Tibati, Adamawa Region, Cameroon, an area where malaria transmission is seasonal, 6 years after the introduction of long-lasting insecticidal bed nets. METHODS Cross-sectional studies were carried out in July 2015 and 2017 in Tibati. Thick blood smears and dried blood spots were collected from asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals in the community and at health centers, respectively, and used for the molecular diagnosis of Plasmodium species. Adult mosquitoes were collected by indoor residual spraying and identified morphologically and molecularly. The infection status of Plasmodium spp. was determined by quantitative PCR, and positivity of PCR-positive samples was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Overall malaria prevalence in our study population was 55.0% (752/1367) and Plasmodium falciparum was the most prevalent parasite species (94.3%), followed by P. malariae (17.7%) and P. ovale (0.8%); 92 (12.7%) infections were mixed infections. Infection parameters varied according to clinical status (symptomatic/asymptomatic) and age of the sampled population and the collection sites. Infection prevalence was higher in asymptomatic carriers (60.8%), but asexual and sexual parasite densities were lower. Prevalence and intensity of infection decreased with age in both the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. Heterogeneity in infections was observed at the neighborhood level, revealing hotspots of transmission. Among the 592 Anopheles mosquitoes collected, 212 (35.8%) were An. gambiae, 172 (29.1%) were An. coluzzii and 208 (35.1%) were An. funestus (s.s.). A total of 26 (4.39%) mosquito specimens were infected by Plasmodium sp. and the three Anopheles mosquitoes transmitted Plasmodium at equal efficiency. Surprisingly, we found an An. coluzzii specimen infected by Plasmodium vivax, which confirms circulation of this species in Cameroon. The positivity of all 26 PCR-positive Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes was successively confirmed by sequencing analysis. CONCLUSION Our study presents the baseline malaria parasite burden in Tibati, Adamawa Region, Cameroon. Our results highlight the high malaria endemicity in the area, and hotspots of disease transmission are identified. Parasitological indices suggest low bednet usage and that implementation of control interventions in the area is needed to reduce malaria burden. We also report for the first time a mosquito vector with naturally acquired P. vivax infection in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Brice Feufack-Donfack
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- CNRS UPR 9022, Inserm U 963, Université de Strasbourg, 2, allée Konrad Roentgen, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Elangwe Milo Sarah-Matio
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Marcel Abate
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Aline Gaelle Bouopda Tuedom
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de l’Université de Douala (FMSP–UD), BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Albert Ngano Bayibéki
- Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, Yaoundé-Campus Messa, BP 1110, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Christelle Maffo Ngou
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Claude Toto
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, BP 288, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Maurice Marcel Sandeu
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, Yaounde, 13591 Cameroon
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, PO Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Carole Else Eboumbou Moukoko
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de l’Université de Douala (FMSP–UD), BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon
| | - Lawrence Ayong
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale, BP 288, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Eveline Nsango
- Service de Paludisme du Centre Pasteur Cameroun, BP 1274, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de l’Université de Douala (FMSP–UD), BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon
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Roux O, Renault D, Mouline K, Diabaté A, Simard F. Living with predators at the larval stage has differential long-lasting effects on adult life history and physiological traits in two anopheline mosquito species. J Insect Physiol 2021; 131:104234. [PMID: 33831434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Roux
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Institut de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - David Renault
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes biodiversitéévolution) - UMR 6553, F-35000 Rennes, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Karine Mouline
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France; Institut de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
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Zamyatin A, Avdeyev P, Liang J, Sharma A, Chen C, Lukyanchikova V, Alexeev N, Tu Z, Alekseyev MA, Sharakhov IV. Chromosome-level genome assemblies of the malaria vectors Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles arabiensis. Gigascience 2021; 10:giab017. [PMID: 33718948 PMCID: PMC7957348 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles arabiensis belong to the Anopheles gambiae complex and are among the major malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa. However, chromosome-level reference genome assemblies are still lacking for these medically important mosquito species. FINDINGS In this study, we produced de novo chromosome-level genome assemblies for A. coluzzii and A. arabiensis using the long-read Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology and the Hi-C scaffolding approach. We obtained 273.4 and 256.8 Mb of the total assemblies for A. coluzzii and A. arabiensis, respectively. Each assembly consists of 3 chromosome-scale scaffolds (X, 2, 3), complete mitochondrion, and unordered contigs identified as autosomal pericentromeric DNA, X pericentromeric DNA, and Y sequences. Comparison of these assemblies with the existing assemblies for these species demonstrated that we obtained improved reference-quality genomes. The new assemblies allowed us to identify genomic coordinates for the breakpoint regions of fixed and polymorphic chromosomal inversions in A. coluzzii and A. arabiensis. CONCLUSION The new chromosome-level assemblies will facilitate functional and population genomic studies in A. coluzzii and A. arabiensis. The presented assembly pipeline will accelerate progress toward creating high-quality genome references for other disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Zamyatin
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt 49-A, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Pavel Avdeyev
- Department of Mathematics, The George Washington University, 801 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Jiangtao Liang
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Atashi Sharma
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Chujia Chen
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Varvara Lukyanchikova
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Nikita Alexeev
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt 49-A, Saint Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Zhijian Tu
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Max A Alekseyev
- Department of Mathematics, The George Washington University, 801 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Igor V Sharakhov
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 170 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 360 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Zubair Q, Matthews H, Sougoufara S, Mujeeb F, Ashall S, Aboagye-Antwi F, Tripet F. Bulk-up synchronization of successive larval cohorts of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii through temperature reduction at early larval stages: effect on emergence rate, body size and mating success. Malar J 2021; 20:67. [PMID: 33531024 PMCID: PMC7856783 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria persists as a huge medical and economic burden. Although the number of cases and death rates have reduced in recent years, novel interventions are a necessity if such gains are to be maintained. Alternative methods to target mosquito vector populations that involve the release of large numbers genetically modified mosquitoes are in development. However, their successful introduction will require innovative strategies to bulk-up mosquito numbers and improve mass rearing protocols for Anopheles mosquitoes. Methods The relationship between mosquito aquatic stage development and temperature was exploited so that multiple cohorts of mosquitoes, from separate egg batches, could be synchronized to ‘bulk-up’ the number of mosquitoes released. First instar larvae were separated into two cohorts: the first, maintained under standard insectary conditions at 27oC, the second subjected to an initial 5-day cooling period at 19oC. Results Cooling of 1st instars slowed the mean emergence times of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae by 2.4 and 3.5 days, respectively, compared to their 27oC counterparts. Pupation and emergence rates were good (> 85 %) in all conditions. Temperature adjustment had no effect on mosquito sex ratio and adult fitness parameters such as body size and mating success. Conclusions Bulk-up larval synchronization is a simple method allowing more operational flexibility in mosquito production towards mark-release-recapture studies and mass release interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaswa Zubair
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Holly Matthews
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Seynabou Sougoufara
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Fatima Mujeeb
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Simon Ashall
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Fred Aboagye-Antwi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - Frédéric Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
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Akpodiete NO, Tripet F. Laboratory and microcosm experiments reveal contrasted adaptive responses to ammonia and water mineralisation in aquatic stages of the sibling species Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) and Anopheles coluzzii. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:17. [PMID: 33407790 PMCID: PMC7789177 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sibling species of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) and Anopheles coluzzii co-exist in many parts of West Africa and are thought to have recently diverged through a process of ecological speciation with gene flow. Divergent larval ecological adaptations, resulting in Genotype-by-Environment (G × E) interactions, have been proposed as important drivers of speciation in these species. In West Africa, An. coluzzii tends to be associated with permanent man-made larval habitats such as irrigated rice fields, which are typically more eutrophic and mineral and ammonia-rich than the temporary rain pools exploited by An. gambiae (s.s.) Methods To highlight G × E interactions at the larval stage and their possible role in ecological speciation of these species, we first investigated the effect of exposure to ammonium hydroxide and water mineralisation on larval developmental success. Mosquito larvae were exposed to two water sources and increasing ammonia concentrations in small containers until adult emergence. In a second experiment, larval developmental success was compared across two contrasted microcosms to highlight G × E interactions under conditions such as those found in the natural environment. Results The first experiment revealed significant G × E interactions in developmental success and phenotypic quality for both species in response to increasing ammonia concentrations and water mineralisation. The An. coluzzii strain outperformed the An. gambiae (s.s.) strain under limited conditions that were closer to more eutrophic habitats. The second experiment revealed divergent crisscrossing reaction norms in the developmental success of the sibling species in the two contrasted larval environments. As expected, An. coluzzii had higher emergence rates in the rice paddy environment with emerging adults of superior phenotypic quality compared to An. gambiae (s.s.), and vice versa, in the rain puddle environment. Conclusions Evidence for such G × E interactions lends support to the hypothesis that divergent larval adaptations to the environmental conditions found in man-made habitats such as rice fields in An. coluzzii may have been an important driver of its ecological speciation. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nwamaka Oluchukwu Akpodiete
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Frédéric Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
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Lee Y, Souvannaseng L, Collier TC, Main BJ, Norris LC, Fofana A, Traoré SF, Cornel AJ, Luckhart S, Lanzaro GC. Evidence for Divergent Selection on Immune Genes between the African Malaria Vectors, Anopheles coluzzii and A. gambiae. Insects 2020; 11:E893. [PMID: 33352887 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary A comparison of the genomes of the African malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae and A. coluzzii, revealed that immune genes are highly diverged. Although these two species frequently co-occur within a single site, they occur in distinct larval habitats. Our results taken in the context of known differences in the larval habitats occupied by these taxa support the hypothesis that observed genetic divergence may be driven by immune response to microbial agents specific to these habitats. Strict within species mating may have subsequently evolved in part to maintain immunocompetence which might be compromised by dysregulation of immune pathways in hybrids. We conclude that the evolution of immune gene divergence among this important group of species may serve as a useful model to explore ecological speciation in general. Abstract During their life cycles, microbes infecting mosquitoes encounter components of the mosquito anti-microbial innate immune defenses. Many of these immune responses also mediate susceptibility to malaria parasite infection. In West Africa, the primary malaria vectors are Anopheles coluzzii and A. gambiae sensu stricto, which is subdivided into the Bamako and Savanna sub-taxa. Here, we performed whole genome comparisons of the three taxa as well as genotyping of 333 putatively functional SNPs located in 58 immune signaling genes. Genome data support significantly higher differentiation in immune genes compared with a randomly selected set of non-immune genes among the three taxa (permutation test p < 0.001). Among the 58 genes studied, the majority had one or more segregating mutations (72.9%) that were significantly diverged among the three taxa. Genes detected to be under selection include MAP2K4 and Raf. Despite the genome-wide distribution of immune genes, a high level of linkage disequilibrium (r2 > 0.8) was detected in over 27% of SNP pairs. We discuss the potential role of immune gene divergence as adaptations to the different larval habitats associated with A. gambiae taxa and as a potential force driving ecological speciation in this group of mosquitoes.
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Liu F, Ye Z, Baker A, Sun H, Zwiebel LJ. Gene editing reveals obligate and modulatory components of the CO 2 receptor complex in the malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles coluzzii. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 127:103470. [PMID: 32966873 PMCID: PMC7704673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity to volatile carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by humans and other animals is a critical component in the host preference behaviors of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles coluzzii. The molecular receptors responsible for the ability to sense CO2 are encoded by three putative gustatory receptor (Gr) genes (Gr22,23,24) which are expressed in a distinctive array of sensory neurons housed in maxillary palp capitate peg sensilla of An. coluzzii. Despite the identification of these components and subsequent studies, there is a paucity of understanding regarding the respective roles of these three GRs in the mosquito's CO2 transduction process. To address this, we have used CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing technique combined with in vivo electrophysiological recordings to directly examine the role of Gr22,23,24 in detecting CO2 in An. coluzzii. These studies reveal that both Gr23 and Gr24 are absolutely required to maintain in vivo CO2 sensitivity while, in contrast, Gr22 knock out mutants are still able to respond to CO2 stimuli albeit with significantly weaker sensitivity. Our data supports a model in which Gr22 plays a modulatory role to enhance the functionality of Gr23/24 complexes that are responsible for CO2 sensitivity of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Adam Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Huahua Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Laurence J Zwiebel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
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40
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Liu F, Ye Z, Baker A, Sun H, Zwiebel LJ. Gene editing reveals obligate and modulatory components of the CO 2 receptor complex in the malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles coluzzii. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 127:103470. [PMID: 32966873 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.13.094995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity to volatile carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by humans and other animals is a critical component in the host preference behaviors of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles coluzzii. The molecular receptors responsible for the ability to sense CO2 are encoded by three putative gustatory receptor (Gr) genes (Gr22,23,24) which are expressed in a distinctive array of sensory neurons housed in maxillary palp capitate peg sensilla of An. coluzzii. Despite the identification of these components and subsequent studies, there is a paucity of understanding regarding the respective roles of these three GRs in the mosquito's CO2 transduction process. To address this, we have used CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing technique combined with in vivo electrophysiological recordings to directly examine the role of Gr22,23,24 in detecting CO2 in An. coluzzii. These studies reveal that both Gr23 and Gr24 are absolutely required to maintain in vivo CO2 sensitivity while, in contrast, Gr22 knock out mutants are still able to respond to CO2 stimuli albeit with significantly weaker sensitivity. Our data supports a model in which Gr22 plays a modulatory role to enhance the functionality of Gr23/24 complexes that are responsible for CO2 sensitivity of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Adam Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Huahua Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Laurence J Zwiebel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
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Sun H, Liu F, Ye Z, Baker A, Zwiebel LJ. Mutagenesis of the orco odorant receptor co-receptor impairs olfactory function in the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 127:103497. [PMID: 33188923 PMCID: PMC7718783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes rely heavily on their olfactory systems for host seeking, selection of oviposition sites, and avoiding predators and other environmental dangers. Of these behaviors, the preferential selection of a human blood-meal host drives the vectorial capacity of anthropophilic female Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are dispersed across several appendages on the head and express an obligate odorant receptor co-receptor (Orco) coupled with a "tuning" odorant receptor (OR) to form heteromeric, odor-gated ion channels in the membrane of these neurons. To examine the mechanistic and functional contributions of Orco/OR complexes to the chemosensory processes of An. coluzzii, we utilized CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to create a line of homozygous, Orco-knockout, mutant mosquitoes. As expected, orco-/- ORNs across both adult and larval stages of An. coluzzii display significantly lower background activity and lack nearly all odor-evoked responses. In addition, blood-meal-seeking, adult female, orco-/- mutant mosquitoes exhibit severely reduced attraction to human- and non-human-derived odors while gravid females are significantly less responsive to established oviposition attractants. These results reinforce observations in other insects that Orco is crucial in maintaining the activity of ORNs. In that light, it significantly influences a range of olfactory-driven behaviors central to the anthropophilic host preference that is critical to the vectorial capacity of An. coluzzii as a primary vector for human malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahua Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Zi Ye
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Adam Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Laurence J Zwiebel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, 465 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
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Meiwald A, Clark E, Kristan M, Edi C, Jeffries CL, Pelloquin B, Irish SR, Walker T, Messenger LA. Reduced long-lasting insecticidal net efficacy and pyrethroid insecticide resistance are associated with over-expression of CYP6P4, CYP6P3 and CYP6Z1 in populations of Anopheles coluzzii from South-East Côte d'Ivoire. J Infect Dis 2020; 225:1424-1434. [PMID: 33175129 PMCID: PMC9016462 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to major public health insecticides in Côte d’Ivoire has intensified and now threatens the long-term effectiveness of malaria vector control interventions. Methods This study evaluated the bioefficacy of conventional and next-generation long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), determined resistance profiles, and characterized molecular and metabolic mechanisms in wild Anopheles coluzzii from Southeast Côte d’Ivoire in 2019. Results Phenotypic resistance was intense: >25% of mosquitoes survived exposure to 10 times the doses of pyrethroids required to kill susceptible populations. Similarly, the 24-hour mortality rate with deltamethrin-only LLINs was very low and not significantly different from that with an untreated net. Sublethal pyrethroid exposure did not induce significant delayed vector mortality effects 72 hours later. In contrast, LLINs containing the synergist piperonyl butoxide, or new insecticides clothianidin and chlorfenapyr, were highly toxic to A. coluzzii. Pyrethroid-susceptible A. coluzzii were significantly more likely to be infected with malaria, compared with those that survived insecticidal exposure. Pyrethroid resistance was associated with significant overexpression of CYP6P4, CYP6P3, and CYP6Z1. Conclusions Study findings raise concerns regarding the operational failure of standard LLINs and support the urgent deployment of vector control interventions incorporating piperonyl butoxide, chlorfenapyr, or clothianidin in areas of high resistance intensity in Côte d’Ivoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Meiwald
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Clark
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Constant Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan 01, BP 1303, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Claire L Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bethanie Pelloquin
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Seth R Irish
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Su MP, Georgiades M, Bagi J, Kyrou K, Crisanti A, Albert JT. Assessing the acoustic behaviour of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) dsxF mutants: implications for vector control. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:507. [PMID: 33028410 PMCID: PMC7539510 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Release of gene-drive mutants to suppress Anopheles mosquito reproduction is a promising method of malaria control. However, many scientific, regulatory and ethical questions remain before transgenic mosquitoes can be utilised in the field. At a behavioural level, gene-drive carrying mutants should be at least as sexually attractive as the wildtype populations they compete against, with a key element of Anopheles copulation being acoustic courtship. We analysed sound emissions and acoustic preference in a doublesex mutant previously used to collapse Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) cages. METHODS Anopheles rely on flight tones produced by the beating of their wings for acoustic mating communication. We assessed the impact of disrupting a female-specific isoform of the doublesex gene (dsxF) on the wing beat frequency (WBF; measured as flight tone) of males (XY) and females (XX) in homozygous dsxF- mutants (dsxF-/-), heterozygous dsxF- carriers (dsxF+/-) and G3 dsxF+ controls (dsxF+/+). To exclude non-genetic influences, we controlled for temperature and wing length. We used a phonotaxis assay to test the acoustic preferences of mutant and control mosquitoes. RESULTS A previous study showed an altered phenotype only for dsxF-/- females, who appear intersex, suggesting that the female-specific dsxF allele is haplosufficient. We identified significant, dose-dependent increases in the WBF of both dsxF-/- and dsxF+/- females compared to dsxF+/+ females. All female WBFs remained significantly lower than male equivalents, though. Males showed stronger phonotactic responses to the WBFs of control dsxF+/+ females than to those of dsxF+/- and dsxF-/- females. We found no evidence of phonotaxis in any female genotype. No male genotypes displayed any deviations from controls. CONCLUSIONS A prerequisite for anopheline copulation is the phonotactic attraction of males towards female flight tones within mating swarms. Reductions in mutant acoustic attractiveness diminish their mating efficiency and thus the efficacy of population control efforts. Caged population assessments may not successfully reproduce natural mating scenarios. We propose to amend existing testing protocols to better reflect competition between mutants and target populations. Our findings confirm that dsxF disruption has no effect on males; for some phenotypic traits, such as female WBFs, the effects of dsxF appear dose-dependent rather than haplosufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Su
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.,Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Marcos Georgiades
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Judit Bagi
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Kyros Kyrou
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Crisanti
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joerg T Albert
- Ear Institute, University College London, 332 Grays Inn Road, London, WC1X 8EE, UK. .,The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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Gnambani EJ, Bilgo E, Sanou A, Dabiré RK, Diabaté A. Infection of highly insecticide-resistant malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii with entomopathogenic bacteria Chromobacterium violaceum reduces its survival, blood feeding propensity and fecundity. Malar J 2020; 19:352. [PMID: 33008454 PMCID: PMC7530970 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is now a concern that malaria eradication will not be achieved without the introduction of novel control tools. Microbiological control might be able to make a greater contribution to vector control in the future. The interactions between bacteria and mosquito make mosquito microbiota really promising from a disease control perspective. Here, the impact of Chromobacterium violaceum infections, isolated from both larvae and adult of wild-caught Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes in Burkina Faso, was evaluated on mosquito survival, blood feeding and fecundity. METHODS To assess entomopathogenic effects of C. violaceum infection on mosquitoes, three different types of bioassays were performed in laboratory. These bioassays aimed to evaluate the impact of C. violaceum infection on mosquito survival, blood feeding and fecundity, respectively. During bioassays mosquitoes were infected through the well-established system of cotton ball soaked with 6% glucose containing C. violaceum. RESULTS Chromobacterium violaceum kills pyrethroid resistant Anopheles coluzzii (LT80 of 8.78 days ± 0.18 at 108 bacteria cell/ml of sugar meal). Interestingly, this bacterium had other negative effects on mosquito lifespan by significantly reducing (~ 59%, P < 0.001) the mosquito feeding willingness from day 4-post infection (~ 81% would seek a host to blood feed) to 9- day post infection (22 ± 4.62% would seek a host to blood feed). Moreover, C. violaceum considerably jeopardized the egg laying (~ 16 eggs laid/mosquito with C. violaceum infected mosquitoes vs ~ 129 eggs laid/mosquito with control mosquitoes) and hatching of mosquitoes (a reduction of ~ 22% of hatching rate with C. violaceum infected mosquitoes). Compared to the bacterial uninfected mosquitoes, mosquitoes infected with C. violaceum showed significantly higher retention rates of immature eggs and follicles. CONCLUSION These data showed important properties of Burkina Faso C. violaceum strains, which are highly virulent against insecticide-resistant An. coluzzii, and reduce both mosquito blood feeding and fecundity propensities. However, additional studies as the sequencing of C. violaceum genome and the potential toxins secreted will provide useful information render it a potential candidate for the biological control strategies of malaria and other disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edounou Jacques Gnambani
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS) / Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.,Université Nazi Boni / Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Etienne Bilgo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS) / Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Adama Sanou
- Université Nazi Boni / Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS) / Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS) / Centre Muraz, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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Sy FA, Faye O, Diallo M, Dia I. Effects of insecticide resistance on the reproductive potential of two sub-strains of the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii. J Vector Borne Dis 2020; 56:207-211. [PMID: 32655069 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.289401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES The emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in African malaria vectors raise concerns over the control of malaria disease. Therefore, the implementation of better control strategies need a thorough understanding of the effects and mechanisms of resistance on vector adaptation capacities. We studied the effects of insecticide resistance on the reproductive potential of two laboratory sub-strains of the malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii characterised by phenotypic resistance/susceptibility to DDT. METHODS The two sub-strains were selected from a laboratory strain of An. coluzzii using WHO test tubes. For each sub-strain, the number of produced and hatched eggs, developmental time, mosquito stages mortality, sex ratio and insemination rates after dissection of spermathecae were compared as measures of reproductive potential. RESULTS Overall, the susceptible sub-strain produced higher but not significant mean numbers of eggs. However, the mean numbers of hatched eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were significantly lower than those of the resistant substrain. The mean time from egg-hatching to adult-emergence, egg-flooding to hatching, I instar to pupae and pupae to adult were similar between the two sub-strains. The mortality rates at the pupal stage were significantly different between the two sub-strains. Of the dissected spermathecae, 85.1% of the females from the resistant sub-strain were fertilized compared to 66.1% of the females from the susceptible sub-strain (p <0.0001). The resistant sub-strain produced more females in comparison to the susceptible sub-strain (respective mean sex ratio 1.37 vs 1.03, p = 0.01). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The results show differential life history traits between the two sub-strains of the malaria vector An. coluzzii, particularly fertility, insemination rate and sex ratio. They may have varied implications for insecticide resistance spread, monitoring and management; and hence underscore the need of further investigations before any generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faty Amadou Sy
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle et Parasitaire, Departement de Biologie Animale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
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Schoelitsz B, Mwingira V, Mboera LEG, Beijleveld H, Koenraadt CJM, Spitzen J, van Loon JJA, Takken W. Chemical Mediation of Oviposition by Anopheles Mosquitoes: a Push-Pull System Driven by Volatiles Associated with Larval Stages. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:397-409. [PMID: 32240482 PMCID: PMC7205850 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The oviposition behavior of mosquitoes is mediated by chemical cues. In the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae, conspecific larvae produce infochemicals that affect this behavior. Emanations from first instar larvae proved strongly attractive to gravid females, while those from fourth instars caused oviposition deterrence, suggesting that larval developmental stage affected the oviposition choice of the female mosquito. We examined the nature of these chemicals by headspace collection of emanations of water in which larvae of different stages were developing. Four chemicals with putative effects on oviposition behavior were identified: dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) and dimethyltrisulfide (DMTS) were identified in emanations from water containing fourth instars; nonane and 2,4-pentanedione (2,4-PD) were identified in emanations from water containing both first and fourth instars. Dual-choice oviposition studies with these compounds were done in the laboratory and in semi-field experiments in Tanzania. In the laboratory, DMDS and DMTS were associated with oviposition-deterrent effects, while results with nonane and 2,4-PD were inconclusive. In further studies DMDS and DMTS evoked egg retention, while with nonane and 2,4-PD 88% and 100% of female mosquitoes, respectively, laid eggs. In dual-choice semi-field trials DMDS and DMTS caused oviposition deterrence, while nonane and 2,4-PD evoked attraction, inducing females to lay more eggs in bowls containing these compounds compared to the controls. We conclude that oviposition of An. gambiae is mediated by these four infochemicals associated with conspecific larvae, eliciting either attraction or deterrence. High levels of egg retention occurred when females were exposed to chemicals associated with fourth instar larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Schoelitsz
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA,, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,HAS University of Applied Sciences, Onderwijsboulevard 221, 5223 DE,, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Victor Mwingira
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA,, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,National Institute for Medical Research, Amani Research Centre, P.O. Box 81, Muheza, Tanzania
| | - Leonard E G Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297, Morogoro, Chuo Kikuu, Tanzania
| | - Hans Beijleveld
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA,, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornsesteeg 59B, 6708 PD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Constantianus J M Koenraadt
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA,, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Spitzen
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA,, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA,, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Takken
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA,, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Siciliano G, Costa G, Suárez-Cortés P, Valleriani A, Alano P, Levashina EA. Critical Steps of Plasmodium falciparum Ookinete Maturation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:269. [PMID: 32256458 PMCID: PMC7092720 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The egress and fertilization of Plasmodium gametes and development of a motile ookinete are the first crucial steps that mediate the successful transmission of the malaria parasites from humans to the Anopheles vector. However, limited information exists about the cell biology and regulation of this process. Technical impediments in the establishment of in vitro conditions for ookinete maturation in Plasmodium falciparum and other human malaria parasites further constrain a detailed characterization of ookinete maturation. Here, using fluorescence microscopy and immunolabeling, we compared P. falciparum ookinete maturation in Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes in vivo and in cell culture in vitro. Our results identified two critical steps in ookinete maturation that are regulated by distinct mosquito factors, thereby highlighting the role of the mosquito environment in the transmission efficiency of malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Costa
- Vector Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pablo Suárez-Cortés
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Vector Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelo Valleriani
- Vector Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pietro Alano
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena A Levashina
- Vector Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Ononamadu CJ, Datit JT, Imam AA. Insecticide Resistance Profile of Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes: A Study of a Residential and Industrial Breeding Sites in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Environ Health Insights 2020; 14:1178630219897272. [PMID: 31975780 PMCID: PMC6958648 DOI: 10.1177/1178630219897272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring and understanding the trend and dynamics of insecticide resistance is very key to devising efficient control strategies. This study was carried out to characterize the mosquito population, its insecticide resistance profile, and the physicochemical properties of their breeding sites in Sharada and Wailari of Kano State, Nigeria. Six breeding sites from the 2 study areas were sampled and their physicochemical parameters determined. Mosquito larvae were sampled from the sites and reared to adult. The emergent adults were morphologically and molecularly identified to species level. The World Health Organization (WHO) susceptibility assay was carried out on the adult mosquitoes using different classes of insecticides in WHO discriminating concentrations. kdr-mutation was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method using the permethrin (pyrethroid) resistant and susceptible adult mosquitoes. Most of the determined physicochemical parameters were significantly higher in the industrial area, Sharada. Morphologically, the mosquitoes from the 2 sites were identified as Anopheles gambiae and 100% of the randomly sampled population were found to be Anopheles coluzzii by PCR-based molecular technique. The WHO susceptible assay revealed a graded level of resistance to bendiocarb, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and permethrin with mortalities of 78.36%, 75.74%; 43.44%, 56.96%; and 37.50%, 37.50% in both Sharada and Wailari, respectively. Pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide (PBO) resulted in a significant but minor recovery of susceptibility to permethrin. The kdr mutation frequency was higher in Sharada (45.71%) relative to Wailari (31.43%). Higher kdr mutation frequency was also observed in the resistant population (48.56%) relative to the susceptible (28.54%). The kdr mutation frequency was weakly associated with the resistance status (odds ratio [OR]: 5.9, χ2:3.58, P = .058) and the breeding sites (OR: 3.46, χ2:2.90, P = .088). In conclusion, the study revealed a highly pyrethroid-resistant A coluzzii population with low PBO recovery rate. Furthermore, the data suggested the involvement of kdr mutation, detoxification enzyme, and possibly abiotic factors of the breeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimaobi J Ononamadu
- Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Nigeria Police Academy, Wudil, Nigeria
| | - John T Datit
- Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
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49
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Fassinou AJYH, Koukpo CZ, Ossè RA, Agossa FR, Azondékon R, Sominahouin A, Kpanou C, Sagbohan H, Yovogan B, Akogbéto MC, Sezonlin M. Pesticides and the evolution of the genetic structure of Anopheles coluzzii populations in some localities in Benin (West Africa). Malar J 2019; 18:407. [PMID: 31805939 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in the natural habitats of insect groups are determined the genetic polymorphisms between individuals. The objective of this study was to establish the genetic structure of the Anopheles coluzzii populations in four localities of Benin. Methods Insecticide surveys and larval sampling were conducted on 4 study localities, including Cotonou, Ketou, Zagnanado, and Sô-Ava. Molecular characterizations were performed on the Anopheles mosquitoes collected with the allelic and genotypic frequencies of kdr gene determined. The multiple comparison Chi square test for proportions was performed with R version 3.3.3. Next, the observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, and indices of fixation, and genetic differentiation were estimated. Finally, the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (EHW) was determined to assess whether panmixia exists in the different populations of mosquitoes of the agroecological zones under study. Results Carbamates, pyrethroids, organophosphorus and organochlorines use have been reported in all localities except Sô-Ava. Anopheles coluzzii was strongly represented across all study localities. The L1014F allele was observed in the localities of Kétou, Cotonou and Zagnanado. Likewise, insecticide selection pressure of homozygous resistant individuals (L1014F/L1014F) was significantly higher in Kétou, Cotonou and Zagnanado (p value < 0.05). Surprisingly in Sô-Ava, a relatively high frequency of the L1014F allele despite the reported absence of pesticide use was observed. All mosquito populations were found to be deficient in heterozygosity across the study sites (FIS< 0). No genetic differentiation (FST< 0) was observed in the localities of Zagnanado and Kétou. Conclusion The survey on the use of insecticides showed that insecticide selection pressures differ across the investigated localities. It would be desirable to rotate or apply formulations of combined products with different modes of action. Doing so would enable a better management of resistant homozygous individuals, and mitigate the resistance effect of commonly used insecticides.
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50
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Chen YA, Lien JC, Tseng LF, Cheng CF, Lin WY, Wang HY, Tsai KH. Effects of indoor residual spraying and outdoor larval control on Anopheles coluzzii from São Tomé and Príncipe, two islands with pre-eliminated malaria. Malar J 2019; 18:405. [PMID: 31806029 PMCID: PMC6896513 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vector control is a key component of malaria prevention. Two major vector control strategies have been implemented in São Tomé and Príncipe (STP), indoor residual spraying (IRS) and outdoor larval control using Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti). This study evaluated post-intervention effects of control strategies on vector population density, composition, and knockdown resistance mutation, and their implications for malaria epidemiology in STP. Methods Mosquitoes were collected by indoor and outdoor human landing catches and mosquito light traps in seven districts. Mosquito density was calculated by numbers of captured adult mosquitoes/house/working hour. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was PCR amplified and sequenced to understand the spatial–temporal population composition of malaria vector in STP. Knockdown resistance L1014F mutation was detected using allele-specific PCR. To estimate the malaria transmission risks in STP, a negative binomial regression model was constructed. The response variable was monthly incidence, and the explanatory variables were area, rainfall, entomological inoculation rate (EIR), and kdr mutation frequency. Results Malaria vector in STP is exophilic Anopheles coluzzii with significant population differentiation between Príncipe and São Tomé (mean FST = 0.16, p < 0.001). Both vector genetic diversity and knockdown resistance mutation were relatively low in Príncipe (mean of kdr frequency = 15.82%) compared to São Tomé (mean of kdr frequency = 44.77%). Annual malaria incidence rate in STP had been rapidly controlled from 37 to 2.1% by three rounds of country-wide IRS from 2004 to 2007. Long-term application of Bti since 2007 kept the mosquito density under 10 mosquitoes/house/hr/month, and malaria incidence rate under 5% after 2008, except for a rising that occurred in 2012 (incidence rate = 6.9%). Risk factors of area (São Tomé compared to Príncipe), rainfall, outdoor EIR, and kdr mutation frequency could significantly increase malaria incidence by 9.33–11.50, 1.25, 1.07, and 1.06 fold, respectively. Conclusions Indoor residual spraying could rapidly decrease Anopheles density and malaria incidence in STP. Outdoor larval control using Bti is a sustainable approach for controlling local vector with exophilic feature and insecticide resistance problem. Vector control interventions should be intensified especially at the north-eastern part of São Tomé to minimize impacts of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-An Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Ching Lien
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Taiwan Anti-Malaria Advisory Mission, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe.
| | - Lien-Fen Tseng
- Taiwan Anti-Malaria Advisory Mission, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
| | - Chien-Fu Cheng
- Taiwan Anti-Malaria Advisory Mission, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
| | - Wan-Yu Lin
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hurng-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hsien Tsai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Taiwan Anti-Malaria Advisory Mission, São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe. .,Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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