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Apetogbo Y, Ahadji-Dabla KM, Soma DD, Amoudji AD, Koffi E, Akagankou KI, Bamogo R, Ngaffo KL, Maiga S, Atcha-Oubou RT, Dorkenoo AM, Vizcaino L, Lenhart A, Diabaté A, Dabiré RK, Ketoh GK. Insecticide resistance intensity and efficacy of synergists with pyrethroids in Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) from Southern Togo. Malar J 2022; 21:353. [PMID: 36437444 PMCID: PMC9703766 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was designed to provide insecticide resistance data for decision-making in terms of resistance management plans in Togo. METHODS The susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) to insecticides used in public health was assessed using the WHO tube test protocol. Pyrethroid resistance intensity bioassays were performed following the CDC bottle test protocol. The activity of detoxification enzymes was tested using the synergists piperonyl butoxide, S.S.S-tributlyphosphorotrithioate and ethacrinic acid. Species-specific identification of An. gambiae s.l. and kdr mutation genotyping were performed using PCR techniques. RESULTS Local populations of An. gambiae s.l. showed full susceptibility to pirimiphos methyl at Lomé, Kovié, Anié, and Kpèlè Toutou. At Baguida, mortality was 90%, indicating possible resistance to pirimiphos methyl. Resistance was recorded to DDT, bendiocarb, and propoxur at all sites. A high intensity of pyrethroid resistance was recorded and the detoxification enzymes contributing to resistance were oxidases, esterases, and glutathione-s-transferases based on the synergist tests. Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles coluzzii were the main species identified. High kdr L1014F and low kdr L1014S allele frequencies were detected at all localities. CONCLUSION This study suggests the need to reinforce current insecticide-based malaria control interventions (IRS and LLINs) with complementary tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawo Apetogbo
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515, Lomé 01, Togo. .,Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, 01 B.P. 545 , Bobo‑Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso. .,Centre d'Excellence Africaine d'Innovation biotechnologique pour l'Elimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA-ITECH-MTV), Université Nazi Boni, 01 B.P. 545 , Bobo‑Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Koffi M Ahadji-Dabla
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515, Lomé 01, Togo.
| | - Dieudonné Diloma Soma
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, 01 B.P. 545 , Bobo‑Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Adjovi D Amoudji
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515, Lomé 01, Togo
| | - Edoh Koffi
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515, Lomé 01, Togo
| | - Kossivi I Akagankou
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515, Lomé 01, Togo
| | - Rabila Bamogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, 01 B.P. 545 , Bobo‑Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Kelly Lionelle Ngaffo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, 01 B.P. 545 , Bobo‑Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.,Centre d'Excellence Africaine d'Innovation biotechnologique pour l'Elimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA-ITECH-MTV), Université Nazi Boni, 01 B.P. 545 , Bobo‑Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Samina Maiga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, 01 B.P. 545 , Bobo‑Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Rachid T Atcha-Oubou
- Programme National de Lutte contre le Paludisme/Ministère de la Santé, 01 B.P. 518, Lomé 01, Togo
| | - Ameyo M Dorkenoo
- Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515, Lomé 01, Togo
| | - Lucrecia Vizcaino
- Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria/Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria/Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, 01 B.P. 545 , Bobo‑Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.,Centre d'Excellence Africaine d'Innovation biotechnologique pour l'Elimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA-ITECH-MTV), Université Nazi Boni, 01 B.P. 545 , Bobo‑Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch Kounbobr Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, 01 B.P. 545 , Bobo‑Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.,Centre d'Excellence Africaine d'Innovation biotechnologique pour l'Elimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA-ITECH-MTV), Université Nazi Boni, 01 B.P. 545 , Bobo‑Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Guillaume Koffivi Ketoh
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et d'Ecotoxicologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515, Lomé 01, Togo
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Piameu M, Nwane P, Toussile W, Mavridis K, Wipf NC, Kouadio PF, Mbakop LR, Mandeng S, Ekoko WE, Toto JC, Ngaffo KL, Ngo Etounde PK, Ngantchou AT, Chouaibou M, Müller P, Awono-Ambene P, Vontas J, Etang J. Pyrethroid and Etofenprox Resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii from Vegetable Farms in Yaoundé, Cameroon: Dynamics, Intensity and Molecular Basis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185543. [PMID: 34577014 PMCID: PMC8469461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated widespread insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations from Cameroon. However, the intensity of this resistance and underlying mechanisms are poorly known. Therefore, we conducted three cross-sectional resistance surveys between April 2018 and October 2019, using the revised World Health Organization protocol, which includes resistance incidences and intensity assessments. Field-collected Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Nkolondom, Nkolbisson and Ekié vegetable farms in the city of Yaoundé were tested with deltamethrin, permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and etofenprox, using 1× insecticide diagnostic concentrations for resistance incidence, then 5× and 10× concentrations for resistance intensity. Subsamples were analyzed for species identification and the detection of resistance-associated molecular markers using TaqMan® qPCR assays. In Nkolbisson, both An. coluzzii (96%) and An. gambiae s.s. (4%) were found together, whereas only An. gambiae s.s. was present in Nkolondom, and only An. coluzzii was present in Ekié. All three populations were resistant to the four insecticides (<75% mortality rates―MR1×), with intensity generally fluctuating over the time between mod-erate (<98%―MR5×; ≥98%―MR10×) and high (76–97%―MR10×). The kdr L995F, L995S, and N1570Y, and the Ace-1 G280S-resistant alleles were found in An. gambiae from Nkolondom, at 73%, 1%, 16% and 13% frequencies, respectively, whereas only the kdr L995F was found in An. gambiae s.s. from Nkolbisson at a 50% frequency. In An. coluzzii from Nkolbisson and Ekié, we detected only the kdr L995F allele at 65% and 60% frequencies, respectively. Furthermore, expression levels of Cyp6m2, Cyp9k1, and Gste2 metabolic genes were highly upregulated (over fivefold) in Nkolondom and Nkolbisson. Pyrethroid and etofenprox-based vector control interventions may be jeopardized in the prospected areas, due to high resistance intensity, with multiple mechanisms in An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Piameu
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 1110, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (P.K.N.E.); (A.T.N.)
| | - Philippe Nwane
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department de Biologie et Physiologie Animales, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
- Centre de Recherche sur les Filarioses et Maladies Tropicales (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Wilson Toussile
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Département de Mathématiques et Sciences Physiques (MPS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Polytechnique de Yaoundé (ENSPY), Université de Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 8390, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Nadja Christina Wipf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (N.C.W.); (P.M.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paraudie France Kouadio
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 1303, Cote d’Ivoire; (P.F.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Lili Ranaise Mbakop
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Stanislas Mandeng
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 337, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Eyisap Ekoko
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Laboratory of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Douala, P.O. Box 24157, Douala 999108, Cameroon
| | - Jean Claude Toto
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - Kelly Lionelle Ngaffo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Centre d’excellence Africain en Innovations Biotechnologiques pour l’élimination des Maladies à Transmission Vectorielle (CEA/ITECH-MTV), Université Nazi Boni, P.O. Box 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 22620, Burkina Faso;
| | - Petronile Klorane Ngo Etounde
- Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 1110, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (P.K.N.E.); (A.T.N.)
| | - Arthur Titcho Ngantchou
- Ecole des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique d’Afrique Centrale, P.O. Box 1110, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (P.K.N.E.); (A.T.N.)
| | - Mouhamadou Chouaibou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, P.O. Box 1303, Abidjan 1303, Cote d’Ivoire; (P.F.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Pie Müller
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (N.C.W.); (P.M.)
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece; (K.M.); (J.V.)
- Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 875, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Josiane Etang
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Institut de Recherche de Yaoundé (IRY), Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), P.O. Box 288, Yaoundé 999108, Cameroon; (M.P.); (P.N.); (W.T.); (L.R.M.); (S.M.); (W.E.E.); (J.C.T.); (P.A.-A.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, P.O. Box 2701, Douala 999108, Cameroon
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, 35394 Gießen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +237-677-61-97-79
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