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Harmon BT, Orkunoglu-Suer EF, Adham K, Larkin JS, Gordish-Dressman H, Clarkson PM, Thompson PD, Angelopoulos TJ, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Hubal MJ, Tosi LL, Hoffman EP, Devaney JM. CCL2 and CCR2 variants are associated with skeletal muscle strength and change in strength with resistance training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:1779-85. [PMID: 20947712 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00633.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Baseline muscle size and muscle adaptation to exercise are traits with high variability across individuals. Recent research has implicated several chemokines and their receptors in the pathogenesis of many conditions that are influenced by inflammatory processes, including muscle damage and repair. One specific chemokine, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), is expressed by macrophages and muscle satellite cells, increases expression dramatically following muscle damage, and increases expression further with repeated bouts of exercise, suggesting that CCL2 plays a key role in muscle adaptation. The present study hypothesizes that genetic variations in CCL2 and its receptor (CCR2) may help explain muscle trait variability. College-aged subjects [n = 874, Functional Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated With Muscle Size and Strength (FAMUSS) cohort] underwent a 12-wk supervised strength-training program for the upper arm muscles. Muscle size (via MR imaging) and elbow flexion strength (1 repetition maximum and isometric) measurements were taken before and after training. The study participants were then genotyped for 11 genetic variants in CCL2 and five variants in CCR2. Variants in the CCL2 and CCR2 genes show strong associations with several pretraining muscle strength traits, indicating that inflammatory genes in skeletal muscle contribute to the polygenic system that determines muscle phenotypes. These associations extend across both sexes, and several of these genetic variants have been shown to influence gene regulation.
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Kostek MC, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Harris TB, Thompson PD, Clarkson PM, Angelopoulos TJ, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Seip RL, Garcia M, Li R, Zmuda JM, Delmonico MJ, Kanaya A, Hoffman EP. A polymorphism near IGF1 is associated with body composition and muscle function in women from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:315-24. [PMID: 20490824 PMCID: PMC2928925 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported associations of polymorphisms in the IGF1 gene with phenotypes of body composition (BC). The purpose of this study was to identify phenotypes of BC and physical function that were associated with the IGF1 promoter polymorphism (rs35767, −C1245T). Subjects from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study, white males and females (n = 925/836) and black males and females (533/705) aged 70–79 years were genotyped for the polymorphism. Phenotypes of muscle size and function, bone mineral density, and BC were analyzed for associations with this polymorphism. To validate and compare these findings, a cohort of young (mean age = 24.6, SD = 5.9) white men and women (n = 173/296) with similar phenotypic measurements were genotyped. An association with BC was identified in elderly females when significant covariates (physical activity, age, smoking status, body mass index) were included. White women with C/C genotype had 3% more trunk fat and 2% more total fat than those with C/T (P < 0.05). Black women with C/C genotype had 3% less total lean mass and 3% less muscle mass than their T/T counterparts (P < 0.05). Associations were identified with muscle strength in white women (P < 0.01) that were in agreement with the C/C genotype having lower muscle function. Thus, in an elderly population but not a young population, a polymorphism in the IGF1 gene may be predictive of differences in body composition, primarily in black females.
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Devaney JM, Thompson PD, Visich PS, Gordon PM, Orkunoglu-Suer F, Gordish-Dressman H, Khianey R, Hubal MJ, Clarkson PM, Pescatello LS, Zoeller RF, Kraus WE, Hoffman EP. The 1p13.3 LDL-Associated Locus Shows Large Effect Sizes in Young Populations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000386462.00890.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Harmon B, Gordish-Dressman H, Suer F, Clarkson PM, Thompson PD, Angelopoulos TJ, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Hoffman EP, Devaney JM. Polymorphisms From GWAS Studies Are Associated With BMI and Post-Exercise Fat Loss In College Students. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000386466.93266.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zoeller RF, Angelopoulos TJ, Thompson BC, Wenta MR, Price TB, Thompson PD, Moyna NM, Seip RL, Clarkson PM, Gordon PM, Pescatello LS, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Hoffman EP, Visich PS. Vascular remodeling in response to 12 wk of upper arm unilateral resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 41:2003-8. [PMID: 19812518 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181a70707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Participation in regular aerobic exercise has been shown to increase arterial size and that exercise-induced vascular remodeling may be regional rather than systemic. However, these issues have been minimally investigated concerning resistance training. PURPOSES To determine whether 1) resistance training of the nondominant arm elicits an increase in diameter of the brachial artery and 2) unilateral training induces arterial remodeling in the contralateral arm. METHODS Twenty-four previously untrained participants, consisting of 18 females (aged 22.3 +/- 5.1 yr) and 6 males (aged 21.7 +/- 1.8 yr), participated in unilateral strength training of the biceps and triceps for 12 wk using their nondominant arm. Isotonic (one-repetition maximum, 1RM) and isometric (ISO) strength of the biceps were assessed before and after training on both arms. Brachial artery diameter and biceps muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) of both arms were also measured before and after training using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS Brachial artery diameter increased 5.47% (P < 0.05) in the nondominant trained arm with no change observed in the dominant untrained arm. Biceps CSA increased 18.3% (P < 0.05) in the trained arm with no change (P > 0.05) in the untrained limb. Nondominant 1RM and ISO strength increased by 35.1% and 16.8%, respectively (P < 0.05 for both), although there were no significant changes (P > 0.05) in the contralateral arm. A modest correlation was found between the increases in CSA and in brachial artery diameter (r2 = 0.19, P = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that upper arm vascular remodeling, manifesting as increased brachial artery diameter, can result from resistance training and that these changes are localized to the trained limb and associated with increases in CSA.
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Lowndes J, Carpenter RL, Zoeller RF, Seip RL, Moyna NM, Price TB, Clarkson PM, Gordon PM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Hoffman EP, Thompson PD, Angelopoulos TJ. Association of age with muscle size and strength before and after short-term resistance training in young adults. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 23:1915-20. [PMID: 19749605 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b94b35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the association of age with muscle mass and strength in a group of young adults before and after 12 weeks of progressive resistance training. Eight hundred twenty-six young males and females (age 24.34 +/- 5.69 yr, range 18-39 yr) completed a strictly supervised 12-week unilateral resistance training program of the nondominant arm. Isometric (maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) and dynamic strength (1 repetition maximum [1RM]) of the elbow flexors and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the biceps-brachii using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were measured before and after training. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for size and strength variables and age. In addition, the cohort was divided into groups according to decade of life and differences assessed by analysis of variance. Age correlated significantly and positively with all pretraining measures of muscle size and strength (CSA: r = 0.191, p < 0.001; MVC: r = 0.109, p = 0.002; 1RM: r = 0.109, p = 0.002). Age was not related to the training-induced changes in CSA or MVC but was negatively associated with the change in 1RM (r = -0.217, p < 0.001). The study indicates that age does have a significant positive relationship with muscle size and strength in untrained young adults. Although age was negatively associated with improvements in 1RM, the effect of age was small relative to the improvements induced through resistance training, thus suggesting age does not limit response to training in any practical way during early adulthood.
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Devaney JM, Tosi LL, Fritz DT, Gordish-Dressman HA, Jiang S, Orkunoglu-Suer FE, Gordon AH, Harmon BT, Thompson PD, Clarkson PM, Angelopoulos TJ, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Brandoli C, Hoffman EP, Rogers MB. Differences in fat and muscle mass associated with a functional human polymorphism in a post-transcriptional BMP2 gene regulatory element. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:1073-82. [PMID: 19492344 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A classic morphogen, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) regulates the differentiation of pluripotent mesenchymal cells. High BMP2 levels promote osteogenesis or chondrogenesis and low levels promote adipogenesis. BMP2 inhibits myogenesis. Thus, BMP2 synthesis is tightly controlled. Several hundred nucleotides within the 3' untranslated regions of BMP2 genes are conserved from mammals to fishes indicating that the region is under stringent selective pressure. Our analyses indicate that this region controls BMP2 synthesis by post-transcriptional mechanisms. A common A to C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the BMP2 gene (rs15705, +A1123C) disrupts a putative post-transcriptional regulatory motif within the human ultra-conserved sequence. In vitro studies indicate that RNAs bearing the A or C alleles have different protein binding characteristics in extracts from mesenchymal cells. Reporter genes with the C allele of the ultra-conserved sequence were differentially expressed in mesenchymal cells. Finally, we analyzed MRI data from the upper arm of 517 healthy individuals aged 18-41 years. Individuals with the C/C genotype were associated with lower baseline subcutaneous fat volumes (P = 0.0030) and an increased gain in skeletal muscle volume (P = 0.0060) following resistance training in a cohort of young males. The rs15705 SNP explained 2-4% of inter-individual variability in the measured parameters. The rs15705 variant is one of the first genetic markers that may be exploited to facilitate early diagnosis, treatment, and/or prevention of diseases associated with poor fitness. Furthermore, understanding the mechanisms by which regulatory polymorphisms influence BMP2 synthesis will reveal novel pharmaceutical targets for these disabling conditions.
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Kostek MA, Angelopoulos TJ, Clarkson PM, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Price TB, Seip RL, Thompson PD, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Hoffman EP, Pescatello LS. Myostatin and follistatin polymorphisms interact with muscle phenotypes and ethnicity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:1063-71. [PMID: 19346981 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181930337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined associations among myostatin (MSTN) 2379 A > G and 163 G > A and follistatin (FST) -5003 A > T and -833 G > T single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on the muscle size and the strength response to resistance training (RT). METHODS Subjects (n = 645, age = 24.1 +/- 0.2 yr, body mass index [BMI] = 24.2 +/- 0.2 kg x m(-2)) self-disclosed themselves as Caucasian (78.9%), African American (3.6%), Asian (8.4%), Hispanic (5.0%), or Other (4.2%). They were genotyped for MSTN 2379 A > G (n = 645), MSTN 163 G > A (n = 639), FST -5003 A > T (n = 580), and FST -833 G > T (n = 603). We assessed dynamic (one repetition maximum [1RM]) and isometric (maximum voluntary contraction [MVC]) muscle strength and size (cross-sectional area [CSA]) of the elbow flexors before and after 12 wk of unilateral upper-arm RT. Repeated-measures ANCOVA tested associations among genetic variants and muscle phenotypes with age and BMI as covariates. RESULTS Baseline MVC was greater among African Americans who were carriers of the MSTN G(2379) allele (AG/GG, n = 15) than the A2379A homozygotes (n = 8; 64.2 +/- 6.8 vs 49.8 +/- 8.7 kg). African Americans who were carriers of the FST T(-5003) allele (n = 12) had greater baseline 1RM (11.9 +/- 0.7 vs 8.8 +/- 0.5 kg) and CSA (24.4 +/- 1.3 vs 19.1 +/- 1.2 cm(2)) than African Americans with the A-5003A genotype (n = 14; P < 0.05). No MSTN or FST genotype and muscle phenotype associations were found among the other ethnic groups (P >or= 0.05). CONCLUSION MSTN 2379 A > G and FST -5003 A > T were associated with baseline muscle strength and size among African Americans only. These ethnic-specific associations are hypothesis generating and should be confirmed in a larger sample of African Americans.
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Walsh S, Kelsey BK, Angelopoulos TJ, Clarkson PM, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Seip RL, Bilbie S, Thompson PD, Hoffman EP, Price TB, Devaney JM, Pescatello LS. CNTF 1357 G -> A polymorphism and the muscle strength response to resistance training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107:1235-40. [PMID: 19628720 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90835.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined associations between the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) 1357 G --> A polymorphism and the muscle strength response to a unilateral, upper arm resistance-training (RT) program among healthy, young adults. Subjects were 754 Caucasian men (40%) and women (60%) who were genotyped and performed a training program of the nondominant (trained) arm with the dominant (untrained) arm as a comparison. Peak elbow flexor strength was measured with one repetition maximum, isometric strength with maximum voluntary contraction, and bicep cross-sectional area with MRI in the trained and untrained arms before and after training. Women with the CNTF GG genotype gained more absolute isometric strength, as measured by MVC (6.5 +/- 0.3 vs. 5.2 +/- 0.5 kg), than carriers of the CNTF A1357 allele in the trained arm pre- to posttraining (P < 0.05). No significant associations were seen in men. Women with the CNTF GG genotype gained more absolute dynamic (1.0 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.1 kg) and allometric (0.022 +/- 0.0 vs. 0.015 +/- 0.0 kg/kg(-0.67)) strength, as measured by 1 RM, than carriers of the CNTF A1357 allele in the untrained arm pre- to posttraining (P < 0.05). No significant associations were seen in men. No significant associations, as measured by cross-sectional area, were seen in men or women. The CNTF 1357 G --> A polymorphism explains only a small portion of the variability in the muscle strength response to training in women.
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Harmon BT, Suer F, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Clarkson PM, Thompson PD, Angelopoulos TJ, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Hoffman EP. Association Of Atrogin-1 Genotypes With Baseline Muscle Phenotypes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000356129.88155.af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Walsh S, Angelopoulos TJ, Clarkson PM, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Seip RL, Bilbie S, Thompson PD, Hoffman EP, Price TB, Devaney JM, Pescatello LS. Vitamin D Receptor Genetic Variants And The Muscle Size And Strength Response To Resistance Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000356121.50037.bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gordon PM, Liu D, Gordish-Dressman H, Devaney JM, Pistilli E, Angelopoulos TJ, Clarkson PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Seip RL, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Thompson PD, Hoffman EP. Interaction Of Body Mass Index And Adiposity-related Gene Polymorphisms Influences Risk For Metabolic Syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000356120.72908.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fletcher E, Betts JJ, Harrison M, Moyna NM, O'Connor P, Visich PS. Effect Of Exercise Intensity On Pro-and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines In Trained And Untrained Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000353477.15341.c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Seip RL, Gordish-Dressman H, Devaney JM, Gordon P, Clarkson P, Angelopoulos TJ, Pescatello LS, Moyna NM, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Thompson PD, Hoffman EP. Serum Creatine Kinase Response To Initiation Of Resistance Training Predicts Hypertrophic Response In Men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000355422.89059.ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kostek MA, Angelopoulos TJ, Clarkson PM, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Thompson PD, Devaney J, Gordish-Dressman H, Hoffman EP, Maresh CM, Pescatello LS. Vdr Variants Influence Physical Activity Participation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000354150.07483.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Visich PS. The Value of Graded Exercise Testing in Today's World. Am J Lifestyle Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827608318206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the continued high prevalence of coronary artery disease in our country, the need for diagnostic testing for myocardial ischemia will continue to be a high priority. Many advances have been made in the field of diagnostic testing for myocardial ischemia, but the combination of graded exercise testing (GXT) with 12-lead electrocardiogram (with or without nuclear perfusion imaging or echocardiography) continues to be the initial noninvasive test most accepted in the medical field. However, it is imperative that the patient is able and willing to give a good physical effort to increase the sensitivity in detecting disease. In addition to using GXT for diagnostic purposes, the GXT is also beneficial in respect to determining long-term prognosis, assessing therapeutic interventions, and assessing one's functional capacity for the purpose of determining appropriate and safe exercise training.
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Orkunoglu-Suer FE, Gordish-Dressman H, Clarkson PM, Thompson PD, Angelopoulos TJ, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Harmon B, Seip RL, Hoffman EP, Devaney JM. INSIG2 gene polymorphism is associated with increased subcutaneous fat in women and poor response to resistance training in men. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:117. [PMID: 19105843 PMCID: PMC2646703 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background A common SNP upstream of the INSIG2 gene, rs7566605 (g.-10,1025G>C, Chr2:118,552,255, NT_022135.15), was reported to be associated with obesity (Body Mass Index, [BMI]) in a genome-wide association scan using the Framingham Heart Study but has not been reproduced in other cohorts. As BMI is a relatively insensitive measure of adiposity that is subject to many confounding variables, we sought to determine the relationship between the INSIG2 SNP and subcutaneous fat volumes measured by MRI in a young adult population. Methods We genotyped the INSIG2 SNP rs7566605 in college-aged population enrolled in a controlled resistance-training program, (the Functional Polymorphism Associated with Human Muscle Size and Strength, FAMuSS cohort, n = 752 volunteers 18–40 yrs). In this longitudinal study, we examined the effect of the INSIG2 polymorphism on subcutaneous fat and muscle volumes of the upper arm measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before and after 12 wks of resistance training. Gene/phenotype associations were tested using an analysis of covariance model with age and weight as covariates. Further, the % variation in each phenotype attributable to genotype was determined using hierarchical models and tested with a likelihood ratio test. Results Women with a copy of the C allele had higher levels of baseline subcutaneous fat (GG: n = 139; 243473 ± 5713 mm3 vs. GC/CC: n = 181; 268521 ± 5003 mm3; p = 0.0011); but men did not show any such association. Men homozygous for the G ancestral allele showed a loss of subcutaneous fat, while those with one or two copies of the C allele gained a greater percentage of subcutaneous fat with resistance training (GG: n = 103; 1.02% ± 1.74% vs. GC/CC: n = 93; 6.39% ± 1.82%; p = 0.035). Conclusion Our results show that the INSIG2 rs7566605 polymorphism underlies variation in subcutaneous adiposity in young adult women and suppresses the positive effects of resistance training on men. This supports and extends the original finding that there is an association between measures of obesity and INSIG2 rs7566605 and further implicates this polymorphism in fat regulation.
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Angelopoulos TJ, Miles MP, Lowndes J, Sivo SA, Seip RL, Pescatello LS, Zoeller RF, Visich PS, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Thompson PD. Apolipoprotein E genotype and sex influence C-reactive protein levels regardless of exercise training status. Metabolism 2008; 57:1204-10. [PMID: 18702945 PMCID: PMC2603605 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker for systemic inflammation and increased cardiovascular disease risk. Regular exercise may decrease CRP. Apolipoprotein E (apo E) has 3 common genotype variants--E2/3, 3/3, and 3/4--that modulate lipid metabolism and may have other metabolic physiologic roles, including some evidence that the genotype affects CRP levels. We assessed fasting serum CRP in 117 (male = 51, female = 66) healthy adults who volunteered for a 6-month aerobic exercise program. Both pre- and posttraining measurements were available in 71 (male = 31, female = 40) subjects. At baseline and follow-up, the numbers of subjects in the 3 groups were approximately equal: 2/3, n = 33 and 20; 3/3, n = 41 and 26; and 3/4, n = 43 and 25. At baseline, CRP levels differed by apo E genotype: means +/- SD were 2.84 +/- 2.18, 2.59 +/- 2.34, and 1.90 +/- 2.13 mg/L for E2/3, 3/3, and 3/4 subjects, respectively (3/4 vs 2/3, P < .05). In women, CRP was higher than that in men (3.14 +/- 2.49 vs 2.12 +/- 2.13 mg/L, P < .006). Exercise failed to affect CRP in the entire cohort (2.68 +/- 2.38 vs 2.52 +/- 2.48 mg/L) or in any apo E genotype group, and the apo E genotype effect observed at baseline persisted after training. In a largely white study cohort, CRP is higher in apo E3/3 than in 3/4 subjects and in women compared with men, but remains unchanged by 6 months of standard aerobic exercise training of the volume and higher intensity promoted by national organizations to reduce cardiovascular disease risk. How apo E genotype affects CRP is not known.
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Kostek MA, Angelopoulos TJ, Clarkson PM, Gordon PM, Visich PS, Thompson PD, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Hoffman EP, Maresh CM, Pescatello LS. IGF2 ApaI Polymorphism Influences Physical Activity Participation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000322555.30904.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hubal MJ, Devaney JM, Gordish-Dressman H, Thompson PD, Clarkson PM, Pescatello LS, Angelopoulos TJ, Zoeller RF, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Visich PS, Hoffman EP. Association of a Polymorphism in the Estrogen Receptor 1 Gene with Fasting Glucose Levels in Caucasians. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000322260.83791.e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Harmon BT, Adham K, Patel RR, Larkin JS, Gordish-Dressman H, Suer F, Hubal M, Clarkson PM, Thompson PD, Angelopoulos TJ, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Tosi LL, Hoffman EP, Devaney JM. Variants in MCP1 and MCP1R are Associated with Baseline Muscle Size and Strength. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000322531.57346.0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kostek MA, Pescatello LS, Seip RL, Angelopoulos TJ, Clarkson PM, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Thompson PD, Hoffman EP, Price TB. Subcutaneous fat alterations resulting from an upper-body resistance training program. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39:1177-85. [PMID: 17596787 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b0138058a5cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is believed spot reduction, the exercise-induced localized loss of subcutaneous fat, does not occur as a result of an exercise program; however, evidence as a whole has been inconsistent. To reexamine this concept, we compared subcutaneous fat measurements before and after resistance training among 104 subjects (45 men, 59 women). METHODS Subjects participated in 12 wk of supervised resistance training of their nondominant arm. Magnetic resonance imaging and skinfold calipers examined subcutaneous fat in the nondominant (trained) and dominant (untrained) arms before and after resistance training. Repeated-measures ANCOVA tested for subcutaneous fat differences within and between arms before, after, and from before to after resistance training by gender and measurement technique, with BMI and age as covariates. Simple linear regression compared subcutaneous fat changes before and after resistance training as assessed by MRI and skinfold. RESULTS Subcutaneous fat, measured by skinfold, decreased in the trained arm and not the untrained arm in the men (P < 0.01); it was similar in the total sample and in the women (P > 0.05). MRI determinations of subcutaneous fat changes were not different between arms in the total sample and by gender (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Subcutaneous fat changes resulting from resistance training varied by gender and assessment technique. Skinfold findings indicate that spot reduction occurred in men but not in women. In contrast, MRI found a generalized subcutaneous fat loss independent of gender, supporting the notion that spot reduction does not occur as a result of resistance training. MRI, sensitive to changes along the entire upper arm, detected greater variation in resistance training responses, preventing significant differences between trained and untrained arms. Variation in upper-arm resistance training response was not evident from a single skinfold measurement at the belly of the muscle.
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Uthurralt J, Gordish-Dressman H, Bradbury M, Tesi-Rocha C, Devaney J, Harmon B, Reeves EK, Brandoli C, Hansen BC, Seip RL, Thompson PD, Price TB, Angelopoulos TJ, Clarkson PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Gordon PM, Hoffman EP. PPARalpha L162V underlies variation in serum triglycerides and subcutaneous fat volume in young males. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 8:55. [PMID: 17705849 PMCID: PMC2040140 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-8-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of the five sub-phenotypes defining metabolic syndrome, all are known to have strong genetic components (typically 50-80% of population variation). Studies defining genetic predispositions have typically focused on older populations with metabolic syndrome and/or type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that the study of younger populations would mitigate many confounding variables, and allow us to better define genetic predisposition loci for metabolic syndrome. METHODS We studied 610 young adult volunteers (average age 24 yrs) for metabolic syndrome markers, and volumetric MRI of upper arm muscle, bone, and fat pre- and post-unilateral resistance training. RESULTS We found the PPARalpha L162V polymorphism to be a strong determinant of serum triglyceride levels in young White males, where carriers of the V allele showed 78% increase in triglycerides relative to L homozygotes (LL = 116 +/- 11 mg/dL, LV = 208 +/- 30 mg/dL; p = 0.004). Men with the V allele showed lower HDL (LL = 42 +/- 1 mg/dL, LV = 34 +/- 2 mg/dL; p = 0.001), but women did not. Subcutaneous fat volume was higher in males carrying the V allele, however, exercise training increased fat volume of the untrained arm in V carriers, while LL genotypes significantly decreased in fat volume (LL = -1,707 +/- 21 mm3, LV = 17,617 +/- 58 mm3 ; p = 0.002), indicating a systemic effect of the V allele on adiposity after unilateral training. Our study suggests that the primary effect of PPARalpha L162V is on serum triglycerides, with downstream effects on adiposity and response to training. CONCLUSION Our results on association of PPARalpha and triglycerides in males showed a much larger effect of the V allele than previously reported in older and less healthy populations. Specifically, we showed the V allele to increase triglycerides by 78% (p = 0.004), and this single polymorphism accounted for 3.8% of all variation in serum triglycerides in males (p = 0.0037).
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Pescatello LS, Kelsey BK, Price TB, Seip RL, Angelopoulos TJ, Clarkson PM, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Gordish-Dressman HA, Bilbie SM, Thompson PD, Hoffman EP. The muscle strength and size response to upper arm, unilateral resistance training among adults who are overweight and obese. J Strength Cond Res 2007; 21:307-13. [PMID: 17530988 DOI: 10.1519/r-22236.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity result in musculoskeletal impairments that limit exercise capacity. We examined if the muscle strength and size response to resistance training (RT) differed among 687 young (mean +/- SEM, 24.2 +/- 0.2 years) overweight and obese (OW) compared to normal weight (NW) adults as denoted by the body mass index (BMI). Subjects were 449 NW (22.0 +/- 0.1 kg.m(-2), 23.4 +/- 0.3 years) and 238 OW (29.2 +/- 0.2 kg.m(-2), 25.6 +/- 0.4 years) men (n = 285) and women (n = 402) who underwent 12 weeks (2 d.wk(-1)) of RT of the nondominant arm. Maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and 1 repetition maximum (1RM) assessed peak elbow flexor strength. Magnetic resonance imaging measured the biceps muscle cross sectional area (CSA). Multiple dependent variable analysis of covariance tested if muscle strength and size differed among BMI groups pre-, post-, and pre-to-post-RT. Overweight and obese had greater MVC, 1RM, and CSA than NW pre- and post-RT (p < 0.001). Maximum voluntary contraction and 1RM gains were not different between BMI groups pre- to post-RT (p >or= 0.05). When adjusted for baseline values, NW had greater relative MVC (21.2 +/- 1.0 vs. 17.4 +/- 1.4%) and 1RM (54.3 +/- 1.5 vs. 49.0 +/- 2.0%) increases than OW (p < 0.05). Normal weight also had greater allometric MVC (0.48 +/- 0.02 kg.kg(-0.67) vs. 0.40 +/- 0.03 kg.kg(-0.67)) and 1RM (0.25 +/- 0.00 vs. 0.22 +/- 0.01 kg.kg(-0.67)) gains than OW (p < 0.05). CSA gains were greater among OW than NW (3.6 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.1 cm(2)) (p < 0.001); however, relative CSA increases were not different between BMI groups (19.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 18.4 +/- 0.7%) (p >or= 0.05). Despite similar relative muscle size increases, relative and allometic strength gains were less among OW than NW. These findings indicate the short-term relative and allometric muscle strength response to RT may be attenuated among adults who are overweight and obese.
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Kostek MA, Goodspeed MK, Seip RL, Angelopoulos TJ, Clarkson PM, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Bilbie S, Thompson PD, Devaney J, Hoffman EP, Pescatello LS. The Myostatin A2379G Polymorphism and Muscle Strength Among African Americans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000274080.01179.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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