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Vecchiet J, Dalessandro M, Travasi F, Falasca K, Di Iorio A, Schiavone C, Zingariello P, Di Ilio E, Pizzigallo E, Paganelli R. Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma production during HIV-1 infection and changes induced by antiretroviral therapy. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2003; 16:157-66. [PMID: 12797907 DOI: 10.1177/039463200301600210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that a switch of the cytokine pattern from a predominant type 1 (antiviral and cell mediated response) to type 2 (polyclonal humoral immune response) occurs during the course of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection, and represents a key event in the progression of immunodeficiency and dysregulated immune activation. We proposed to further investigate this immunological aspect of HIV-1 disease, in naive and in patients treated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART). The prototypic cytokines chosen were Interleukin (IL)-4 and Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), whose in vitro production was determined in mononuclear cell cultures stimulated with different T lymphocyte mitogenic agents (anti-CD3, Phytohaemoagglutin-P -PHA-, E. coli B04/035 Lipopolysaccharide -LPS-). We classified all the patients on the basis of the number of CD4+ lymphocytes and we found a progressive, even if not significant decrease in the baseline production of IFN-gamma with the progression of the immunodeficiency. The mean value of baseline IFN-gamma in the group of patients with CD4+>500 cells/microL was 7.79 +/- 3.1 pg/mL while in the group with CD4+<200 cells/microL it was 4.66 +/- 2.22. We didn't find significant differences in the baseline production of IL-4 in these groups and in IFN-gamma and IL-4 production in LPS-stimulated cultures. We also re-assessed 12 patients after one year's follow-up. They presented a significant increase in IFN-gamma production compared to the first assessment in the LPS-stimulated cultures (baseline IFN-gamma 2.87 +/- 1.17 pg/mL, after 12 months 19.15 +/- 5.19 pg/mL; p= 0.03). In the 12 patients in follow-up IL-4 production showed a decreased in PHA-stimulated cultures with mean values of 16.65 +/- 14.32 pg/mL at baseline and 6.54 +/- 6.54 pg/mL after follow-up. These results highlight the immunorestoring effects of HAART. IL-4 production was lower in the treated subjects compared to the naive ones in PHA-stimulated cultures (mean values: IL-4=13.42 +/- 11.08 pg/mL in the naive patients and 9.75 +/- 65 pg/mL in the treated patients). The IFN-gamma values in anti-CD3 stimulated cultures were also higher in the treated patients, but this increase was not significant.
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Camera E, Lisby S, Dell'Anna ML, Santucci B, Paganelli R, Baadsgaard O, Picardo M. Levels of enzymatic antioxidants activities in mononuclear cells and skin reactivity to sodium dodecyl sulphate. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2003; 16:49-54. [PMID: 12578731 DOI: 10.1177/039463200301600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical irritants are able to produce several biological modifications of the skin, including the direct or indirect production of cytokines and reactive oxygen species leading to an inflammatory reaction. This report examines the existence of a possible correlation between the skin sensitivity to the irritant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and the activity of the enzymatic antioxidants. In twenty-three healthy subjects the evaluation of the epidermal and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) activities of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (Cat) demonstrate a significant correlation (r= 0,85 and p< 0,005 for SOD, and r= 0,87 and p< 0,0001 for Cat). Based on this result, on a further group of normal subjects (n=13) we studied the link between the threshold dose of skin reactivity to SDS and the activities of the enzymatic antioxidants in PBMCs. The degree of skin modification induced by SDS, applied at different concentrations for 24 hrs, was determined by means of Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL), Erythemal Index or by Visual Score (VS). The minimal dose of the irritant capable of inducing skin modifications, was significantly correlated with SOD (r=0,77) and Cat (r=0,81) activities in PBMCs, and the modification of TEWL or EI were inversely correlated with levels of antioxidants in PBMCs (r=-0,62 for SOD and r=-0,66 for Cat). Our results indicate that the skin reactivity to irritants can be modulated by the levels of antioxidants, and suggest a possible therapeutical approach in preventing irritant contact dermatitis.
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Paganelli R, Ciuffreda S, Verna N, Cavallucci E, Paolini F, Ramondo S, Di Gioacchino M. Probiotics and food-allergic diseases. Allergy 2002; 57 Suppl 72:97-9. [PMID: 12144565 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.57.s72.11.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The definition of probiotics is always evolving, since it includes natural live micro-organisms, cellular subfractions, as well as genetically engineered derivatives or proteins. The scope of probiotic administration is beneficial change of the intestinal microflora, and improvement of non immune or immune resistance in the intestinal tract. Very few controlled human studies have been reported, but many in vitro and experimental animal studies point to their safety and potentially useful applications. We shall review the published reports and discuss mainly the prospective uses in the field of allergic diseases, with reference to the implication of the natural (innate) immune system as regulator of the development of abnormal responses to ingested food antigens.
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Trubiani O, Guarnieri S, Paganelli R, Di Primio R. Involvement of caspace-3 in the cleavage of terminal transferase. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2002; 15:201-208. [PMID: 12575920 DOI: 10.1177/039463200201500306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the in vivo role of caspase-3 in Terminal Transferase metabolism DMSO-treated RPMI-8402, a human pre-T cell line was used. In DMSO treated samples (3)H-dGTP incorporation and TdT phosphorylation occurs after 4 hours of treatment. After 8 hours cells undergo TdT proteolysis in addition to its inactivation. The cleavage of TdT into 32- and 58-KDa proteolytic fragments occurred simultaneously with the activation of Caspase-3, but preceded changes associated with the apoptotic process described after 48 hours of treatment. The Caspase-3 peptide inhibitor V, used as a specific inhibitor, prevented TdT proteolysis prolonging its activity and rescued cells from apoptosis. Our experiments suggest that TdT is a nuclear substrate for Caspase-3, the main apoptotic effector protease in many cell types, and that the cleavage of TdT represents a primary step in a signal cascade leading to pre-T cell apoptosis.
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Ensoli F, Fiorelli V, Lugaresi A, Farina D, De Cristofaro M, Collacchi B, Muratori DS, Scala E, Di Gioacchino M, Paganelli R, Aiuti F. Lymphomononuclear cells from multiple sclerosis patients spontaneously produce high levels of oncostatin M, tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta, and interferon gamma. Mult Scler 2002; 8:284-8. [PMID: 12166497 DOI: 10.1191/1352458502ms817oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines are deemed to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of multiple sderosis (MS). They provide signals for T-cell activation and inflammatory cell recruitment in the brain and might directly alter neuroglial and neuronal cell survival and function. We found that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from MS patents spontaneously produce high levels of TNFalpha, TNFbeta, IFNgamma, and oncostatin M (oncM), a proinflammatory cytokine actng on cells of neural, vascular, hematopoietic, and lymphoid origin. Spontaneous production of these cytokines was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in PBMC short-term culture supernatants from MS patients than in blood donors (HC). On average, lectin-induced production of these cytokines by PBMC was higher in MS patents than in HC significantly so only for TNFalpha (p = 0.013). Determination of TNFalpha, TNFbeta IFNgamma, and oncM in corresponding sera showed that on average, oncM levels were higher in MS patients than in HC, though the results were not statistically significant whereas levels of TNFalpha, TNFbeta and IFNgamma were below the assay threshold in most patients. The finding that MS PBMCs are primed in vivo to produce and release high levels of proinflammatory cytokines suggests the presence of a basal activation of the immune system which, in turn, may play a role in the complex circuitry of molecular and cellular interactions responsible for neurologic damage in MS.
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Di Gioacchino M, Verna N, Cavallucci E, Paolini F, Caruso R, Grana M, Schiavone C, Di Iorio A, Ramondo S, Reale M, Paganelli R, Theoharides TC. Steroid and antihistamines modulate RANTES release in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells of atopic patients. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2002; 15:27-34. [PMID: 12593785 DOI: 10.1177/039463200201500104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
RANTES plays a crucial role in cell recruitment in allergic inflammation. We investigated the pharmacological modulation of RANTES release in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from allergic patients with active asthma. Chemokine production was assessed before and after 15 day treatment with histamine-1 receptor antagonists (antihistamines) (Loratadine or Cetirizine) and a steroid (Deflazacort), both in unstimulated and PHA-stimulated cell cultures. Results were compared with those obtained from placebo-treated patients. During the treatment period, patients recorded morning and evening peak expiratory flow (PEF) by the mini-Wright procedure. PEF absolute values and diurnal variability significantly improved respect to the pre-treatment in steroid-treated patients, in comparison to the placebo and antihistamine-treated groups (p<0.001 and 0.01, respectively). PEF diurnal variability in the antihistamine-treated group were lower than placebo-treated group without statistical significance (p=0.06). No differences could be found in RANTES levels in supernatants of all cultures between the two antihistamines. RANTES release significantly decreased in supernatants of all cell cultures from steroid (p<0.01) and antihistamine (p=0.03 and 0.04) groups after treatments, compared to the basal values; whereas it increased slightly in controls. Co-variance analysis on RANTES levels, adjusting for pre-treatment values, showed a significant reduction of RANTES release by PHA-stimulated PBMCs from steroid (p=0.003) and anti-histamine (p=0.03) groups, with respect to the placebo group. The same statistical tool applied between the steroid and the antihistamine groups showed, after therapy, the lowest levels of RANTES to be associated with steroid treatment (p=0.005). The study shows that the steroid is the most effective drug in modulating RANTES release from PBMCs. However, antihistamines, which are able to reduce cell recruitment due to chemokine release, avoiding important side effects, may be useful in long term therapy in controlling and preventing allergic inflammation.
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Bellioni Businco B, Paganelli R, Bruno G, Grossi O, Di Rienzo A, Businco L. Allergy to tetanus toxoid vaccine. Allergy 2001; 56:701-2. [PMID: 11421933 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.00122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Boscol P, Di Sciascio MB, D'Ostilio S, Del Signore A, Reale M, Conti P, Bavazzano P, Paganelli R, Di Gioacchino M. Effects of electromagnetic fields produced by radiotelevision broadcasting stations on the immune system of women. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2001; 273:1-10. [PMID: 11419593 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The object of this study was to investigate the immune system of 19 women with a mean age of 35 years, for at least 2 years (mean = 13 years) exposed to electromagnetic fields (ELMFs) induced by radiotelevision broadcasting stations in their residential area. In September 1999, the ELMFs (with range 500 KHz-3 GHz) in the balconies of the homes of the women were (mean +/- S.D.) 4.3 +/- 1.4 V/m. Forty-seven women of similar age, smoking habits and atopy composed the control group, with a nearby resident ELMF exposure of < 1.8 V/m. Blood lead and urinary trans-trans muconic acid (a metabolite of benzene), markers of exposure to urban traffic, were higher in the control women. The ELMF exposed group showed a statistically significant reduction of blood NK CD16+-CD56+, cytotoxic CD3(-)-CD8+, B and NK activated CD3(-)-HLA-DR+ and CD3(-)-CD25+ lymphocytes. 'In vitro' production of IL-2 and interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the ELMF exposed group, incubated either with or without phytohaemoagglutinin (PHA), was significantly lower; the 'in vitro' production of IL-2 was significantly correlated with blood CD16+-CD56+ lymphocytes. The stimulation index (S.I.) of blastogenesis (ratio between cell proliferation with and without PHA) of PBMC of ELMF exposed women was lower than that of the control subjects. The S.I. of blastogenesis of the ELMF exposed group (but not blood NK lymphocytes and the 'in vitro' production of IL-2 and INF-gamma by PBMC) was significantly correlated with the ELMF levels. Blood lead and urinary trans-trans muconic acid were barely correlated with immune parameters: the urinary metabolite of benzene of the control group was only correlated with CD16+-CD56+ cells indicating a slight effect of traffic on the immune system. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that high frequency ELMFs reduce cytotoxic activity in the peripheral blood of women without a dose-response effect.
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Propato A, Schiaffella E, Vicenzi E, Francavilla V, Baloni L, Paroli M, Finocchi L, Tanigaki N, Ghezzi S, Ferrara R, Chesnut R, Livingston B, Sette A, Paganelli R, Aiuti F, Poli G, Barnaba V. Spreading of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell repertoire in long-term nonprogressors and its role in the control of viral load and disease activity. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:561-76. [PMID: 11390031 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-term non-progressors (LTNP) represent a minority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals characterized by stable or even increasing CD4+ T-cell count and by stronger immune responses against HIV than progressors. In this study, HIV-specific effector CD8+ T cells, as detected by both a sensitive ex vivo enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay and specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) peptide tetramers, were at a low frequency in the peripheral blood of LTNP, and recognized a lower number of HIV peptides than their memory resting cell counterparts. Both factors may account for the lack of complete HIV clearance by LTNP, who could control the viral spread, and displayed a higher magnitude of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses than progressors. By combining cell purification and ELISPOT assays this study demonstrates that both effector and memory resting cells were confined to a CD8+ population with memory CD45RO+ phenotype, with the former being CD28- and the latter CD28+. Longitudinal studies highlighted a relatively stable HIV-specific effector repertoire, viremia, and CD4+ T-cell counts, which were all correlated with maintenance of nonprogressor status. In conclusion, the analysis of HIV-specific cellular responses in these individuals may help define clear correlates of protective immunity in HIV infection.
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De Luca G, Capasso M, Iarlori C, Paganelli R, Gambi D, Uncini A, Lugaresi A. Oncostatin M (oncM) Spontaneous Production By Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) Is Increased In Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP). J Peripher Nerv Syst 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8027.2001.01007-18.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gerli R, Monti D, Bistoni O, Mazzone AM, Peri G, Cossarizza A, Di Gioacchino M, Cesarotti ME, Doni A, Mantovani A, Franceschi C, Paganelli R. Chemokines, sTNF-Rs and sCD30 serum levels in healthy aged people and centenarians. Mech Ageing Dev 2000; 121:37-46. [PMID: 11164458 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(00)00195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence point to a profound remodelling of the cytokine network in healthy elderly subjects, with decreased type-1 cytokine production (IL 2) and a shift to type 0 and 2. We have also observed an increase of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha) in vitro, and an increase of circulating stem cell factor in vivo. In this setting, we studied changes of chemokines (MCP-1 and RANTES) with aging, as well as other molecules, namely, sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII, and the soluble form of the CD30 molecule (sCD30), involved in the pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine balance. The subjects enrolled in the study belonged to three different selected healthy groups of young, aged and centenarians. The presence of rheumatoid factor (RF) and antinuclear antibodies (ANA) was simultaneously assessed. The results show that MCP-1 serum levels were higher in the healthy aged and lowest in the young, while RANTES increased exclusively in centenarians. Only centenarians had autoantibodies (ANA and RF). sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII were significantly elevated in healthy old subjects compared to the young, and even higher in selected centenarians compared to the other age groups. sCD30 serum levels were significantly raised in centenarians compared to the young, despite absence of circulating CD30+ cells in the peripheral blood of the whole study population. No relationship among serum values of these different members of the TNF-R family was found, despite a strong correlation for sTNF-RI and sTNF-RII in all groups. We hypothesize that the increased chemokine levels in aged people, and raised sCD30 levels in centenarians, may reflect a general shift towards type 0/2 cytokines in normal aging, which may be responsible, at least in part, for the appearance of circulating autoantibodies without definite clinical consequences at advanced age.
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Vorechovský I, Luo L, Hertz JM, Frøland SS, Klemola T, Fiorini M, Quinti I, Paganelli R, Ozsahin H, Hammarström L, Webster AD, Smith CI. Mutation pattern in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase gene in 26 unrelated patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Hum Mutat 2000; 9:418-25. [PMID: 9143921 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1997)9:5<418::aid-humu7>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mutation pattern was characterized in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase gene (BTK) in 26 patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia, the first described immunoglobulin deficiency, and was related to BTK expression. A total of 24 different mutations were identified. Most BTK mutations were found to result in premature termination of the translation product. Mutations were detected in most BTK exons with a predominance of frameshift and nonsense mutations in the 5' end of the gene and missense mutations in its 3' part, corresponding to the catalytic domain of the enzyme. Nonsense and frameshift mutations were associated with diminished levels of BTK mRNA expression, except for a frameshift mutation in exon 17 and two nonsense mutations in exon 2, indicating that these cases are not confined to penultimate exons. One amino acid substitution (R28H) was found in the pleckstrin homology domain's residue, which is mutated in mice bearing the X-linked immunodeficiency phenotype; another substitution (R307G) was identified in the src homology domain 2. All remaining amino acid substitutions were found in the catalytic domain of Btk.
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Carbonari M, Tedesco T, Del Porto P, Paganelli R, Fiorilli M. Human T cells with a type-2 cytokine profile are resistant to apoptosis induced by primary activation: consequences for immunopathogenesis. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 120:454-62. [PMID: 10844523 PMCID: PMC1905555 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to a relative dominance of T cells producing type 2 cytokines in certain human immune disorders are still unclear. We investigated the relative susceptibility to apoptosis induced by primary in vitro activation of human type 1 (producing interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)) or type 2 (producing IL-4) T cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from patients with immune disorders characterized by expansion of type 2 cells (four with AIDS and hyper-IgE/hypereosinophilia, one with Churg-Strauss syndrome, and one with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome) or from individuals with normal cytokine balances. Cells were stimulated for 16 h with ionomycin and phorbol ester, and apoptosis of cytokine-producing cells was assessed by flow cytometry. T cells with a type-2 cytokine profile, i.e. producing IL-4 alone, were significantly more resistant to activation-induced apoptosis than those producing IFN-gamma alone. This was observed in AIDS patients, whose type 2 cells were mostly CD8+, as well as in the patients with Churg-Strauss and with hypereosinophilic syndrome. CD4+ and CD8+ IL-4-producing cells were equally resistant to apoptosis. Lower susceptibility to apoptosis of type-2 T cells was also observed in subjects with normal cytokine balances. Bcl-2 expression was high in type-2 cells and in viable type-1 cells, whereas it was low in apoptotic type-1 cells. Resistance to activation-induced apoptosis may explain the expansion of cells producing type-2 cytokines in certain immune disorders.
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Rosso R, Mattiacci G, Bernardi ML, Guazzi V, Zaffiro A, Bellegrandi S, De Rocco MG, Bellioni-Businco B, Sirianni MC, Aiuti F, Paganelli R. Very delayed reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics. Contact Dermatitis 2000; 42:293-5. [PMID: 10789856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Cossarizza A, Stent G, Mussini C, Paganelli R, Borghi V, Nuzzo C, Pinti M, Pedrazzi J, Benatti F, Esposito R, Røsok B, Nagata S, Vella S, Franceschi C, De Rienzo B. Deregulation of the CD95/CD95L system in lymphocytes from patients with primary acute HIV infection. AIDS 2000; 14:345-55. [PMID: 10770536 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200003100-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the role of CD95/CD95 ligand (CD95L) expression and functionality in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) during primary, acute HIV syndrome (AHS) and in the subsequent period. PATIENTS Twelve patients were studied during the acute phase of the viral infection and most were followed for some months. METHODS Cell culture and cytotoxicity assays based upon 51Cr release and flow cytometry were used to evaluate cell killing via CD95 molecule, flow cytometry to assess surface antigens, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of soluble CD95 and CD95L plasma levels, quantitative competitive (QC) reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with an original RNA competitor for the analysis of CD95L mRNA expression and QC RT-PCR for determining plasma viral load. RESULTS The analysis of PBL during this phase revealed that almost all cells, including CD8 T cells with a virgin phenotype, B lymphocytes and natural killer cells displayed CD95 molecules on the plasma membrane. Activation of CD95 on the surface of isolated lymphocytes by anti-CD95 monoclonal antibodies or binding to CD95L induced rapid apoptosis. However, CD95L mRNA was not expressed in PBL from these patients and was poorly inducible. Soluble CD95 was found in the plasma of all patients, but only in a few at high levels, even some months after seroconversion. In contrast, soluble CD95L was detected in only one patient, this occurring after the symptomatic period. For 10 of the 12 patients, expression of CD95 on the cell membrane or in the plasma did not correlate with the plasma viral load, which varied widely from patient to patient. Further, plasma levels of soluble CD95 were not altered by decreased lymphocyte activation or by efficient antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSIONS In patients experiencing an acute, primary HIV infection, a prolonged deregulation of the CD95/CD95L system may exist, which is probably not entirely related to virus production but may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. The hypothesis can be put forward that a complex balance exists between proapoptotic events (increase in CD95 expression), probably triggered by the host as a method to limit viral production, and antiapoptotic events (decrease in CD95L expression) probably triggered by the virus as a way to increase its production and survival.
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Giovannetti A, Pierdominici M, Mazzetta F, Mazzone AM, Ricci G, Prozzo A, Pandolfi F, Paganelli R, Aiuti F. HIV type 1-induced inhibition of CD45 tyrosine phosphatase activity correlates with disease progression and apoptosis, but not with anti-CD3-induced T cell proliferation. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:211-9. [PMID: 10710209 DOI: 10.1089/088922200309304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is a key positive element in multiple lymphocyte signaling pathways. To understand the contribution of CD45 to HIV-1-induced T cell hyporesponsiveness and apoptosis we evaluated the CD45-associated tyrosine phosphatase activity of lymphocytes from patients with different stages of HIV-1 disease and compared it with CD45 expression, spontaneous and Fas-induced apoptosis, anti-CD3-induced T cell proliferation, distribution of CCR5 delta32/wt, and cytokine production. The proliferative response to anti-CD3 as well as the CD45-associated phosphatase activity were significantly reduced in progressors. In long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) the proliferative response to anti-CD3 was also diminished, although to a lesser extent, while the tyrosine phosphatase activity was not significantly impaired. One-third of LTNPs were found positive for the 32-bp deletion of the CCR5 gene. This mutation had no effects on anti-CD3 proliferative response or CD45 phosphatase activity. A significant reduction in IL-2 and IFN-gamma was observed in both LTNPs and in normal progressors, whereas IL-4 production was significantly decreased only in progressors. Last, we observed a significant correlation between CD45 phosphatase activity and apoptosis. We therefore conclude that the impairment of CD45 tyrosine phosphatase activity correlates with disease progression and the level of T cell apoptosis, but not with anti-CD3-induced T cell proliferation. Moreover, we suggest that evaluation of CD45 tyrosine phosphatase activity may represent an additional tool with which to assess disease progression.
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Bagnara GP, Bonsi L, Strippoli P, Bonifazi F, Tonelli R, D'Addato S, Paganelli R, Scala E, Fagiolo U, Monti D, Cossarizza A, Bonafé M, Franceschi C. Hemopoiesis in healthy old people and centenarians: well-maintained responsiveness of CD34+ cells to hemopoietic growth factors and remodeling of cytokine network. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2000; 55:B61-6; discussion B67-70. [PMID: 10737681 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/55.2.b61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro hemopoiesis and hemopoietic cytokines production were evaluated in 9 centenarians (median age 100.5 years, age range: 100-104 years), 10 old people (median age: 71 years, age range: 66-73 years), and 10 young people (median age: 35 years, age range: 30-45 years), all carefully selected for their healthy status. The main findings were the following: (i) a trend towards a decreased absolute number of CD34+ progenitor cells in the peripheral blood of old people and centenarians, in comparison to young subjects; (ii) a well-preserved capability of CD34+ cells from old people and centenarians to respond to hemopoietic cytokines, and to form erythroid (BFU-E), granulocyte-macrophagic (CFU-GM), and mixed colonies (CFU-GEMM) in a way (number, size, and morphology) indistinguishable from that of young subjects; (iii) an age-related decreased in vitro production of granulocyte-macrophagic colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and a decreased production of interleukin-3 (IL-3) in centenarians by phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); (iv) a linear increase of the serum level of stem cell factor (SCF), measured in the above-mentioned subjects and in 65 additional subjects, including 4 centenarians. These data suggest that basal hematopoietic potential is well preserved in healthy centenarians, and that the hemopoietic cytokine network undergoes a complex remodeling with age.
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Paganelli R, Mezzaroma I, Mazzone AM, Pinter E, Aiuti F. Leptin levels in HIV-positive patients treated with HAART. AIDS 1999; 13:2479. [PMID: 10597792 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199912030-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Mezzaroma I, Carlesimo M, Pinter E, Alario C, Sacco G, Muratori DS, Bernardi ML, Paganelli R, Aiuti F. Long-term evaluation of T-cell subsets and T-cell function after HAART in advanced stage HIV-1 disease. AIDS 1999; 13:1187-93. [PMID: 10416521 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199907090-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluation of immunological reconstitution after 2 years of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in AIDS patients. DESIGN Previous data showed the effectiveness of HAART but conflicting evidence of immune reconstitution has been found in severely immunocompromised patients. Therefore, T-cell subsets and functions were analysed during 24 months of HAART in 21 AIDS patients (mean baseline CD4 cell count, 20 x 10(6)/l). METHODS Subjects were tested at baseline and after 4, 12 and 24 months of therapy for clinical symptoms and the following investigations were carried out: plasma HIV RNA, T-cell subsets and lymphoproliferative responses to mitogens (phytohaemagglutinin, anti-CD3), and recall antigens (Candida mannoprotein, tetanus toxoid and recombinant glycoprotein 160). RESULTS Increase in body weight, improvement of Karnofsky's score and reduction of opportunistic infections were observed. All patients showed an initial increase in the CD4 memory subset, whereas naive CD4 cells consistently increased only after 1 year. The magnitude of immune recovery was stronger in patients showing a significant reduction in viral load. However seven out of 21 patients who did not reach a sustained suppression of viral load showed also an increase in T-cell subsets. The majority of patients recovered lymphoproliferative responses to mitogens, whereas only four subjects showed a functional response to Candida mannoprotein. No patients showed a response to HIV recombinant glycoprotein 160 or tetanus toxoid. CONCLUSIONS The immune recovery observed is slower and not complete in severely immunocompromised patients. Our data suggest that HAART may be continued also in the absence of a significant HIV RNA decrease if alternative drugs are not available.
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Fabrizi G, Romano A, Vultaggio P, Bellegrandi S, Paganelli R, Venuti A. Heterogeneity of atopic dermatitis defined by the immune response to inhalant and food allergens. Eur J Dermatol 1999; 9:380-4. [PMID: 10417442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Although atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common disease, its etiopathogenesis is not well known. The diagnosis of AD is based solely on the clinical criteria proposed by Hanifin and Rajka. In order to understand the immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AD, we have classified the patients affected by this disease in four groups according to the results of skin prick-tests, specific IgE and patch-tests. This classification is intended to separate and compare the patients affected by AD according to the involvement of immunological type I and/or type IV mechanisms. Our results show that, although all the patients studied are clinically affected by AD, there are four different groups of patients who present an apparently diverse immunopathological mechanism. There is a group that seems to have an IgE mediated mechanism, another group that suggests a cell mediated mechanism, another group which seems to involve both mechanisms, and yet another group that apparently does not show any of the above mentioned mechanisms. In the present article we hypothesize and argue that the imbalance of the immune system is a consequence of the still unknown etiopathogenetic mechanism of AD, but perhaps not the cause of AD.
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Bellioni-Businco B, Paganelli R, Lucenti P, Giampietro PG, Perborn H, Businco L. Allergenicity of goat's milk in children with cow's milk allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103:1191-4. [PMID: 10359905 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is a common disease of infancy and childhood. An appropriate cow's milk (CM) substitute is necessary for feeding babies with CMA. CM substitutes are soy formulas and casein- or whey-based extensively hydrolyzed formulas. In several countries, including Italy, goat's milk (GM) formulas are available, and some physicians recommend them for feeding babies with CMA. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate, in vitro and in vivo, the allergenicity of GM in 26 children with proven IgE-mediated CMA. METHODS All the children underwent skin tests with CM and GM; detection of specific serum IgE to CM and GM; and double-blind, placebo-controlled, oral food challenges (DBPCOFCs) with fresh CM, GM, and, as placebo, a soy formula (Isomil, Abbott, Italy). CAP inhibition and immunoblotting inhibition assays were also carried out in 1 of 26 and 4 of 26 children with positive RAST results to both CM and GM, respectively. RESULTS All the children had positive skin test responses and CAP results to both CM and GM, all had positive DBPCOFC results to CM, and 24 of 26 had positive DBPCOFCs to GM. In CAP inhibition tests, preincubation of serum with CM or GM strongly inhibited IgE either to CM or to GM. In immunoblotting inhibition assays, preincubation with CM completely extinguished reactivity to GM, whereas GM partially inhibited reactivity to CM. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly indicate that GM is not an appropriate CM substitute for children with IgE-mediated CMA. A warning on the lack of safety of GM for children with CMA should be on the label of GM formulas to prevent severe allergic reactions in babies with CMA.
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Bellegrandi S, Rosso R, Mattiacci G, Ferrara R, D'Offizi G, Aiuti F, Mezzaroma I, Paganelli R. Contact dermatitis in subjects infected with HIV type 1. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40:777-9. [PMID: 10321613 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(99)70166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the course of HIV type 1 infection, up to 90% of patients may have skin disease. We studied a group of 26 HIV-infected patients (15 women, 11 men) with symptoms of skin disease or diffuse itching; they were patch tested for common contactants to determine whether allergic contact dermatitis was the cause of their symptoms. We found that approximately one third of HIV-1-positive patients with cutaneous symptoms not related to allergic contact dermatitis had positive patch tests for environmental contactants; in most of them this sensitization was directly related to skin symptoms.
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Gerli R, Paganelli R, Cossarizza A, Muscat C, Piccolo G, Barbieri D, Mariotti S, Monti D, Bistoni O, Raiola E, Venanzi FM, Bertotto A, Franceschi C. Long-term immunologic effects of thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103:865-72. [PMID: 10329821 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymectomy (Tx) is a common therapeutic option to treat myasthenia gravis (MG), but its effects on the immune system are still obscure in humans. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate long-term immunologic effects of therapeutic Tx in patients with MG. METHODS T- and B-cell subsets and T-cell repertoire were analyzed in 35 patients with MG, 16 with previous Tx (at least 8 years before), 6 with recent (<1 year) Tx, and 13 without Tx, as well as in 32 healthy subjects used as normal control subjects. Serum immunoglobulins and a variety of autoantibodies were also measured. A subsequent 3-year clinical follow-up was performed to verify the possible appearance of systemic autoimmune diseases. RESULTS The long-term thymectomized (Txd) patients had mild T-cell lymphopenia and an expansion of some Vbeta families among circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. They displayed a normal number of total B and CD5+ B-circulating lymphocytes, but they also displayed a polyclonal increase in serum IgM and IgG associated with the presence of high levels of a variety of organ- and nonorgan-specific autoantibodies, including anti-dsDNA and anticardiolipin, without clinical evidence of autoimmune disease. These serologic abnormalities were not detectable in both non-Txd and recently Txd patients. After 3 years, 2 long-term Txd patients had systemic lupus erythematosus and an undifferentiated connective tissue disease. CONCLUSIONS The association between MG and laboratory findings of systemic autoimmune disease may be in part related to Tx rather than to MG. Tx may represent a risk for the development of systemic autoimmune disorders over years in patients with MG.
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Cossarizza A, Mussini C, Borghi V, Mongiardo N, Nuzzo C, Pedrazzi J, Benatti F, Moretti L, Pinti M, Paganelli R, Franceschi C, De Rienzo B. Apoptotic features of peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes during primary, acute HIV infection. Exp Cell Res 1999; 247:304-11. [PMID: 10047472 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a major role during HIV infection, including the primary, acute HIV syndrome (AHS), during which such phenomenon is massive. We asked whether apoptosis involved not only peripheral blood lymphocytes, but also monocytes (PBM) and granulocytes (PBG). Thus, we studied cells from different patients during the acute phase of the viral syndrome. The CD95 molecule was expressed at high density on the PBM and PBG surface during AHS. Culturing PBG for a few hours resulted in a significant membrane expression of phosphatidylserine, consistent with apoptosis. However, cells maintained for hours plasma membrane integrity and showed no relevant changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. The overexpression of CD95 was not associated with high plasmatic levels of sCD95 and, together with apoptosis and its related markers decreased after a few weeks of highly active antiretroviral therapy. During AHS, a deregulation of the CD95 system occurs in monocytes and granulocytes, is related to a high propensity of PBG to undergo apoptosis, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Antiretroviral treatment resulted not only in a decrease of virus production, but also in a reduced PBG tendency to undergo spontaneous apoptosis. Even if the mechanism(s) responsible for this phenomenon remains to be elucidated, our data suggest a possible (indirect?) action of antiretroviral therapies on PBG and PBM which could explain, at least partially, the rescue of natural immunity and the reduced use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor during such treatments.
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Bellegrandi S, Rosso R, Mattiacci G, Zaffiro A, Di Sora F, Menzella F, Aiuti F, Paganelli R. Combined immediate- and delayed-type hypersensitivity to metamizole. Allergy 1999; 54:88-90. [PMID: 10195371 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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