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Loganathan M, Thangavelu R, P P, Kalimuthu M, Ramesh R, Selvarajan R, Uma S. First report of rhizome rot of banana caused by Klebsiella variicola in India. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2011. [PMID: 33673773 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2316-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rhizome rot or soft rot disease is one of the major problems in banana (Musa spp.) cultivation, as it causes germination failure and death of early stage plants. A roving survey conducted during 2017 to 2019 in the major banana growing states of India indicated a 5-30% incidence of rhizome rot in commercial cultivars. The symptoms observed were yellowing of leaves, necrotic drying with or without heart rot, and yellow or brown water soaked spots with dark brown margins in the rhizomes. Decay of tissues, cavity formation and brown ooze with foul smell, and toppling were also observed. To isolate bacteria, dissected diseased tissues were surface sterilized and plated on Crystal Violet Pectate (CVP) medium. Of 60 samples plated on CVP medium, three samples collected from cvs. NeyPoovan-AB (Karur, Tamil Nadu, 10°56'36.8"N;78°24'12.5"E), Grand Naine-AAA (Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 10°47'26.1"N;78°34'14.8"E) and Thellachakkarakeli-AAA (East-Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, 16°51'32.1"N;81°46'08.4"E), did not yield any bacteria; however, when plated on nutrient agar, they produced whitish to dull white, mucoid, raised, round and translucent colonies, and three isolates were named as NPK-3-48, GTC-5 and 1-1B-3, respectively. Because these colonies were distinct from colonies obtained on CVP medium (which were analyzed and confirmed separately as Pectobaterium sp.) (Gokul et al. 2019), they were further characterized. Amplification of 16S rDNA genes of NPK-3-48, GTC-5 and 1-1B-3 isolates using universal primers (27F 5' - AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG - 3'; 1492 R 5' - GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT - 3') and rpoB gene (Rosenblueth et al. 2004) was carried; the amplicons were sequenced and deposited in NCBI (Accessions MW036529-MW036531; MW497572-MW497574). Phylogenetic analysis of rpoB clearly showed that the isolates NPK-3-48, GTC-5, 1-1B-3 are Klebsiella variicola (Rosenblueth et al. 2004) Besides, biochemical tests also indicated that all three isolates were Gram negative, catalase positive, oxidase negative and able to utilize glucose, maltose and citrate (Ajayasree and Borkar 2018). Therefore, the above said morphological, molecular and biochemical analyses carried out indicated that NPK-3-48, GTC-5, 1-1B-3 are of K. variicola. Earlier, K. variicola causing soft rot has been reported on banana in China (Fan et al. 2016), plantain soft rot in Haiti (Fulton et al. 2020) and carrot soft rot in India (Chandrashekar et al. 2018). For pathogenicity tests, these three isolates were grown in nutrient broth for 48 h at 37±1°C and the cells were harvested by centrifugation. Five milliliters of the culture suspension (2×108 CFUmL-1) taken in a syringe was injected into rhizomes of three month old tissue cultured Grand Naine plants. Each bacterial isolate was injected into eight banana plants at soil level. Appropriate controls were maintained. Inoculated plants were maintained in a glasshouse at 32±2°C and after 30-35 days, rhizome rot symptoms appeared in all the three bacterial isolates inoculated plants but in none of the control plants. The Koch's postulates were proved by re-isolation and identification.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of K. variicola causing rhizome rot disease of banana in India.
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Srivastava A, Rathore S, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Extracellular Vesicles in Oncology: from Immune Suppression to Immunotherapy. AAPS J 2021; 23:30. [PMID: 33586060 PMCID: PMC7882565 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are involved in cell-to-cell communication and play a crucial role in cellular physiology. The role of exosomes in cancer has been widely explored. Tumor cells have evolved and adapted to evade the immune response. The study of the immune system's modulations in favor of rogue tumor cells led to the development of a novel immunotherapeutic strategy targeting the immune checkpoint proteins (ICPs). In clinical settings, the response to ICP therapy has been inconsistent and is difficult to predict. Quantitating the targeted ICPs through immunohistochemistry is one approach, but is not pragmatic in a clinical setting and is often not sensitive. Examining the molecules present in bodily fluids to determine ICP treatment response, "liquid biopsy" is a convenient alternative. The term "liquid biopsy" refers to circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), non-coding (nc) RNA, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating free DNA (cfDNA), etc. EVs includes exosomes, microvesicles, and oncosomes. Herein, we focus on exosomes isolated from bodily fluids and their use in liquid biopsy. Due to their unique ability to transfer bioactive molecules and perturb the physiology of recipient cells, exosomes have garnered attention for their immune modulation role and as a resource to identify molecules associated with liquid biopsy-based diagnostic methods. In this review, we examine the putative role of exosomes and their cargo in influencing the immune system. We discuss the immune and tumor cells present in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and the exosomes derived from these cells to understand how they participate in creating the immune-suppressive TME. Additionally, use of exosomes in liquid biopsy-based methods to measure the treatment response elicited by immunotherapy is discussed. Finally, we describe how exosomes have been used to develop immune therapies, especially cell-free vaccines, for cancer treatment.
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Das S, Hong Z, Stoica VA, Gonçalves MAP, Shao YT, Parsonnet E, Marksz EJ, Saremi S, McCarter MR, Reynoso A, Long CJ, Hagerstrom AM, Meyers D, Ravi V, Prasad B, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Wen H, Gómez-Ortiz F, García-Fernández P, Bokor J, Íñiguez J, Freeland JW, Orloff ND, Junquera J, Chen LQ, Salahuddin S, Muller DA, Martin LW, Ramesh R. Local negative permittivity and topological phase transition in polar skyrmions. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:194-201. [PMID: 33046856 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-00818-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Topological solitons such as magnetic skyrmions have drawn attention as stable quasi-particle-like objects. The recent discovery of polar vortices and skyrmions in ferroelectric oxide superlattices has opened up new vistas to explore topology, emergent phenomena and approaches for manipulating such features with electric fields. Using macroscopic dielectric measurements, coupled with direct scanning convergent beam electron diffraction imaging on the atomic scale, theoretical phase-field simulations and second-principles calculations, we demonstrate that polar skyrmions in (PbTiO3)n/(SrTiO3)n superlattices are distinguished by a sheath of negative permittivity at the periphery of each skyrmion. This enhances the effective dielectric permittivity compared with the individual SrTiO3 and PbTiO3 layers. Moreover, the response of these topologically protected structures to electric field and temperature shows a reversible phase transition from the skyrmion state to a trivial uniform ferroelectric state, accompanied by large tunability of the dielectric permittivity. Pulsed switching measurements show a time-dependent evolution and recovery of the skyrmion state (and macroscopic dielectric response). The interrelationship between topological and dielectric properties presents an opportunity to simultaneously manipulate both by a single, and easily controlled, stimulus, the applied electric field.
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Hariharan G, Purvaja R, Anandavelu I, Robin RS, Ramesh R. Accumulation and ecotoxicological risk of weathered polyethylene (wPE) microplastics on green mussel (Perna viridis). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111765. [PMID: 33396084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that organisms including humans are exposed to microplastics directly or indirectly. The present study aims to examine the ingestion of these microplastics and the consequences of the same by studying the accumulation behavior of weathered Polyethylene (wPE) microplastics. The Perna viridis were exposed chronically to three different environmentally relevant concentrations of wPE for 30 days, followed by a one-week depuration phase. There was no mortality observed in the control and exposed groups, but the feeding rate was observed to have substantially decreased in the group exposed to higher concentration (3 μgL-1) of wPE. It was also observed that a higher number of wPE particles accumulated in the intestine of exposed organisms. Interestingly, the present study revealed the presence of the substantial number of wPE particles in exposed organisms, which may adversely affect the internal organs as well as growth and reproduction. This study perceived that accumulation is marginally influenced by size of wPE. Similarly, biomarker analysis showed that wPE exposure significantly altered both the metabolism and histology of the internal organs of the exposed organisms. Overall, the study confirmed that the intestine was the most sensitive organ followed by gills, adductor muscles, and foot tissue adding new insights into the adverse effects of wPE in the marine ecosystem.
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Ahmed R, Muralidharan R, Srivastava A, Johnston SE, Zhao YD, Ekmekcioglu S, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Molecular Targeting of HuR Oncoprotein Suppresses MITF and Induces Apoptosis in Melanoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020166. [PMID: 33418925 PMCID: PMC7825065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The human antigen R (HuR) protein regulates the expression of hundreds of proteins in a cell that support tumor growth, drug resistance, and metastases. HuR is overexpressed in several human cancers, including melanoma, and is a molecular target for cancer therapy. Our study objective, therefore, was to develop HuR-targeted therapy for melanoma. We identified that HuR regulates the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) that has been implicated in both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance in melanoma and is a putative therapeutic target in melanoma. Using a gene therapeutic approach, we demonstrated silencing of HuR reduced MITF protein expression and inhibited the growth of melanoma cells but not normal melanocytes. However, combining HuR-targeted therapy with a small molecule MEK inhibitor suppressed MITF and produced a synergistic antitumor activity against melanoma cells. Our study results demonstrate that HuR is a promising target for melanoma treatment and offers new combinatorial treatment strategies for overriding MITF-mediated drug resistance. Abstract Background: Treatment of metastatic melanoma possesses challenges due to drug resistance and metastases. Recent advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy have shown clinical benefits in melanoma patients with increased survival. However, a subset of patients who initially respond to targeted therapy relapse and succumb to the disease. Therefore, efforts to identify new therapeutic targets are underway. Due to its role in stabilizing several oncoproteins’ mRNA, the human antigen R (HuR) has been shown as a promising molecular target for cancer therapy. However, little is known about its potential role in melanoma treatment. Methods: In this study, we tested the impact of siRNA-mediated gene silencing of HuR in human melanoma (MeWo, A375) and normal melanocyte cells in vitro. Cells were treated with HuR siRNA encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle (NP) either alone or in combination with MEK inhibitor (U0126) and subjected to cell viability, cell-cycle, apoptosis, Western blotting, and cell migration and invasion assays. Cells that were untreated or treated with control siRNA-NP (C-NP) were included as controls. Results: HuR-NP treatment significantly reduced the expression of HuR and HuR-regulated oncoproteins, induced G1 cell cycle arrest, activated apoptosis signaling cascade, and mitigated melanoma cells’ aggressiveness while sparing normal melanocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HuR-NP treatment significantly reduced the expression of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in both MeWo and MITF-overexpressing MeWo cells (p < 0.05). Finally, combining HuR-NP with U0126 resulted in synergistic antitumor activity against MeWo cells (p < 0.01). Conclusion: HuR-NP exhibited antitumor activity in melanoma cells independent of their oncogenic B-RAF mutational status. Additionally, combinatorial therapy incorporating MEK inhibitor holds promise in overriding MITF-mediated drug resistance in melanoma.
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Vignesh Kumar B, Anisha Shafni JV, Deepak Samuel V, Abhilash KR, Purvaja R, Ramesh R. Dna Barcoding of the Protected Horned Helmet, Cassis cornuta (Linnaeus 1758)†. CURR SCI INDIA 2020. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v119/i12/2014-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pavithra S, Sivaraj P, Arjunan P, Prabhu S, Ramesh R, Yuvaraj P, Sivakumar N. Surface Modification and Electrochemical Performance of Al2O3 Coated and Ni-Doped Spinel LiMn2O4 for Aqueous Rechargeable Battery Applications. SURFACE ENGINEERING AND APPLIED ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3103/s1068375520040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ramadass GA, Vedachalam N, Ramesh S, Sathianarayanan D, Subramanian AN, Ramesh R, Chowdhury T, Pranesh SB, Atmanand MA. Challenges in Developing Deep-Water Human Occupied Vehicles. CURR SCI INDIA 2020. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v118/i11/1687-1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ramadass GA, Ramesh S, Vedachalam N, Subramanian AN, Sathianarayanan D, Ramesh R, Harikrishnan G, Chowdhury T, Jyothi VBN, Pranesh SB, Doss Prakash V, Atmanand MA. Unmanned Underwater Vehicles: Design Considerations and Outcome of Scientific Expeditions. CURR SCI INDIA 2020. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v118/i11/1681-1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chinnappan M, Srivastava A, Amreddy N, Razaq M, Pareek V, Ahmed R, Mehta M, Peterson JE, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Exosomes as drug delivery vehicle and contributor of resistance to anticancer drugs. Cancer Lett 2020; 486:18-28. [PMID: 32439419 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small membranous vesicles implicated in intercellular signalling. Through their uncanny ability to carry and deliver donor cellular cargo (biomolecules) to target cells, they exert a profound effect on the regular functioning of healthy cells and play a significant role in pathogenesis and progression of several diseases, including cancer. The composition and number of endogenously circulating exosomes frequently vary, which is often reflective of the pathophysiological status of the cell. Applicability of exosomes derived from normal cells as a drug carrier with or without modifying their intraluminal and surface components are generally tested. Conversely, exosomes also are reported to contribute to resistance towards several anti-cancer therapies. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully evaluate the role of exosomes in cancer progression, resistance and the potential use of exosomes as a delivery vehicle of cancer therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements in the exploitation of exosomes as a drug delivery vehicle. We also discuss the role of exosomes in conferring resistance to anti-cancer therapeutics. While this review is focused on cancer, the exosome-based drug delivery and resistance is also applicable to other human diseases.
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Srivastava A, Amreddy N, Pareek V, Chinnappan M, Ahmed R, Mehta M, Razaq M, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Progress in extracellular vesicle biology and their application in cancer medicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 12:e1621. [PMID: 32131140 PMCID: PMC7317410 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Under the broader category of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes are now well recognized for their contribution and potential for biomedical research. During the last ten years, numerous technologies for purification and characterization of EVs have been developed. This enhanced knowledge has resulted in the development of novel applications of EVs. This review is an attempt to capture the exponential growth observed in EV science in the last decade and discuss the future potential to improve our understanding of EVs, develop technologies to overcome current limitations, and advance their utility for human benefit, especially in cancer medicine. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
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Mehta M, Griffith J, Panneerselvam J, Babu A, Mani J, Herman T, Ramesh R, Munshi A. Regorafenib sensitizes human breast cancer cells to radiation by inhibiting multiple kinases and inducing DNA damage. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:1109-1120. [PMID: 32052681 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1730012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most challenging and aggressive subtype of breast cancer with limited treatment options because of tumor heterogeneity, lack of druggable targets and therapy resistance. TNBCs are characterized by overexpression of growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) making them promising therapeutic targets. Regorafenib is an FDA approved oral multi-kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of multiple protein kinases including those involved in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis [VEGFR1-3, TIE2], tumor microenvironment [PDGFR-β, FGFR] and oncogenesis (KIT, RET, RAF-1, BRAF). In the current study, we examined the radiosensitizing effects of Regorafenib on TNBC cell lines and explored the mechanism by which Regorafenib enhances radiosensitivity. METHODS MDA-MB-231 and SUM159PT (human TNBC cell lines) and MCF 10a (human mammary epithelial cell line) were treated with Regorafenib, ionizing radiation or a combination of both. Following treatment with Regorafenib and radiation we conducted clonogenic assay to determine radiosensitivity, immunoblot analysis to assess the effect on key signaling targets, tube formation to evaluate effect on angiogenesis and comet assay as well as western blot for γH2AX to assess DNA damage response (DDR). RESULTS Regorafenib reduced cell proliferation and enhanced radiosensitivity of MDA-MB-231 and SUM159PT cell lines but had no effect on the MCF 10a cells. Clonogenic survival assays showed that the surviving fraction at 2 Gy for both MDA-MB-231 and SUM159PT was reduced from 66.4 ± 8.9 and 88.2 ± 1.7 in controls to 38.1 ± 4.9 and 75.1 ± 1.1 following a 24 hr pretreatment with 10 μM and 5 μM Regorafenib, respectively. A marked reduction in the expression of VEGFR, PDGFR, EGFR and the downstream target, ERK, was observed with Regorafenib treatment alone or in combination with radiation. We also observed a significant inhibition of VEGF-A production in the TNBC cell lines following treatment with Regorafenib. Further, the addition of conditioned medium from Regorafenib-treated tumor cells onto human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) suppressed tube formation, indicating an inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Regorafenib also decreased migration of TNBC cells and suppressed radiation-induced DNA damage repair in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that Regorafenib enhanced radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases, VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and DNA damage response in TNBC. Therefore, combining Regorafenib with radiation and antiangiogenic agents will be beneficial and effective in controlling TNBC.
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Robin RS, Karthik R, Purvaja R, Ganguly D, Anandavelu I, Mugilarasan M, Ramesh R. Holistic assessment of microplastics in various coastal environmental matrices, southwest coast of India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134947. [PMID: 31734498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastics in the marine environment are introduced through multiple pathways, and pose serious threats to aquatic biota. Recently microplastic pollution and its possible consequences in India have been recognized by the scientific community, however the extent of the crisis has not yet been quantified. The present study attempted to ascertain the abundance, distribution and characteristics of microplastics in coastal waters (14 locations), beach sediments (22 locations) and marine fishes (11 locations) from the state of Kerala, southwest coast of India. The results showed that the mean microplastic abundance was 1.25 ± 0.88 particles/m3 in coastal waters and 40.7 ± 33.2 particles/m2 in beach sediments with higher concentrations in the southern coast of the state. The abundance of microplastics, mostly contributed by fragments, fibre/line and foam, in both coastal waters and beach sediments, were highly influenced by river runoff and proximity to urban agglomeration. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR) revealed that polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) were the dominant polymers in the marine environment. The digestive tracts of 15 out of 70 commercially important fishes studied, contained 22 microplastic particles. Polyethylene (PE; 38.46%) followed by cellulose (CE; 23.08%), rayon (RY; 15.38%), polyester (PL; 15.38%) and polypropylene (PP; 7.69%) were the major contributors in the fish ingested microplastic composition. A broad range of heavy metals, metalloids and other elements that are potentially indicative of hazardous chemicals were present in microplastics collected from the beaches of Kerala. These results enhance our understanding on the sources, transport pathways and the associated environmental risks of microplastics to marine ecosystems.
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Krishnakumar R, Ramesh R. A Method and an Experimental Setup for Measuring the Self-Noise of Piezoelectric Hydrophones. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2020; 67:413-421. [PMID: 31562081 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2019.2943955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-noise of hydrophone is one of the important parameters for critical sonar applications, as it finally decides the lowest detectable signal from a target. To measure the ambient noise of the ocean, the self-noise of the hydrophone should be much less than the sea state zero (SS0) noise. Hence, an experimental setup is required to measure the self-noise generated by the hydrophones. An experimental setup has been designed, developed, and demonstrated. The facility consists of a vibration-isolated and EMI-shielded vacuum chamber which encloses the sample holder assembly and effectively isolates the test hydrophones from external environmental noise sources, such as ground vibrations, electromagnetic interference, and airborne acoustic noises. This enables the measurement of self-noise that is originating purely within the hydrophone. A procedure is developed to remove the noise contribution of the preamplifier including its resistors from the measured output signal of the preamplifier. Uncertainty in measurement using this setup is estimated using the propagation of distribution method through Monte Carlo simulation. This article describes the factors contributing to the self-noise in piezoelectric (PE) transducers, the noise measurement principle, the constructional details of the experimental setup, and the calibration procedure. The technique is demonstrated by measuring the self-noise of a few different types of hydrophones. Thermal noise as low as 0.5 nV / √{Hz} with an estimated uncertainty of 0.5 nV / √{Hz} with a confidence level of 95% is achieved.
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Ramesh R, Kalin L, Hantush M, Rezaeinzadeh M, Anderson C. Challenges Calibrating Hydrology for Groundwater-Fed Wetlands: a Headwater Wetland Case Study. ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 25:355-371. [PMID: 35574564 PMCID: PMC9104761 DOI: 10.1007/s10666-019-09684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to adapt the Soil and Watershed Assessment Tool (SWAT), a ubiquitously used watershed model, for ground-water dominated surface waterbodies by accounting for recharge from the aquifers. Using measured flow to a headwater slope wetland in Alabama's coastal plain region as a case study, we present challenges and relatively simple approaches in using the SWAT model to predict flows from the draining watershed and relatively simple approaches to model groundwater upwelling. SWAT-simulated flow at the study watershed was limited by precipitation, and consequently, simulated flows were several times smaller in magnitude than observed flows. Thus, our first approach involved a separate stormflow and baseflow calibration which included the use of a regression relationship between observed and simulated baseflow (E NASH = 0.67). Our next approach involved adapting SWAT to simulate upwelling groundwater discharge instead of deep aquifer losses by constraining the range of deep losses, β deep parameter, to negative values (E NASH = 0.75). Finally, we also investigated the use of artificial neural networks (ANN) in conjunction with SWAT to further improve calibration performance. This approach used SWAT-calibrated flow, evapotranspiration, and precipitation as inputs to ANN (E NASH = 0.88). The methods investigated in this study can be used to navigate similar flow calibration challenges in other groundwater dominant watersheds which can be very useful tool for managers and modelers alike.
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Amreddy N, Ahmed RA, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Tumor-Targeted Dendrimer Nanoparticles for Combinatorial Delivery of siRNA and Chemotherapy for Cancer Treatment. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2059:167-189. [PMID: 31435921 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9798-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In current cancer therapy, the combined targeted delivery of treatments is an important method to enhance the therapeutic efficiency and reduce adverse side effects. Dendrimer-based nanoparticles have received considerable attention for multifunctional therapeutic delivery. In this chapter, we describe the methods for encapsulating the chemotherapeutic drug, cisplatin (CDDP), and human antigen R (HuR)-targeted siRNA into dendrimer nanoparticles for folate receptor-targeted delivery. We discuss the methodologies for physical and biological characterization of synthesized multifunctional (Den-PEI-CDDP-HuR-FA) nanoparticles in detail. Physical characterization includes size and charge determination, drug encapsulation and release kinetics, ligand conjugation, etc., and functional characterization involves testing of the nanoparticles for receptor-specific uptake and cytotoxicity on human lung cancer and normal cells. The protocol provided is geared to provide the readers an overview of developing multifunctional dendrimer-based nanoparticles. However, based on the individual's objective and the type of combinatorial drugs to deliver, the protocol may need modifications in achieving maximal efficacy.
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Andrade D, Mehta M, Griffith J, Oh S, Corbin J, Babu A, De S, Chen A, Zhao YD, Husain S, Roy S, Xu L, Aube J, Janknecht R, Gorospe M, Herman T, Ramesh R, Munshi A. HuR Reduces Radiation-Induced DNA Damage by Enhancing Expression of ARID1A. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11122014. [PMID: 31847141 PMCID: PMC6966656 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11122014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor ARID1A, a subunit of the chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF, regulates cell cycle progression, interacts with the tumor suppressor TP53, and prevents genomic instability. In addition, ARID1A has been shown to foster resistance to cancer therapy. By promoting non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), ARID1A enhances DNA repair. Consequently, ARID1A has been proposed as a promising therapeutic target to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy and radiation. Here, we report that ARID1A is regulated by human antigen R (HuR), an RNA-binding protein that is highly expressed in a wide range of cancers and enables resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Our results indicate that HuR binds ARID1A mRNA, thereby increasing its stability in breast cancer cells. We further find that ARID1A expression suppresses the accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) caused by radiation and can rescue the loss of radioresistance triggered by HuR inhibition, suggesting that ARID1A plays an important role in HuR-driven resistance to radiation. Taken together, our work shows that HuR and ARID1A form an important regulatory axis in radiation resistance that can be targeted to improve radiotherapy in breast cancer patients.
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Kulkarni S, Lenin M, Ramesh R, Delphine SCW, Velu K. Evaluation of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 and ATP2B1 Genes as Cardiovascular Risk Predictors in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2019; 9:221-225. [PMID: 31681547 PMCID: PMC6822321 DOI: 10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_92_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the primary cause of morbidity and premature mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene product TCF4 is a transcription factor that acts as a downstream effector in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and may be important in the development of both type 2 diabetes and renal development and disease. It is, therefore, plausible that mutations in this gene could manifest themselves in reduced kidney function or kidney disease through their effects on hyperglycemia as well as independent of this mechanism. The ATP2B1 gene encodes the plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoform 1, which removes bivalent calcium ions from eukaryotic cells against very large concentration gradients and is responsible for controlling the contraction and dilation of vascular smooth muscles. Aim and Objectives: The aims of this study are (1) to evaluate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TCF7L2 gene as cardiovascular risk predictors in CKD and (2) to evaluate SNPs of ATP2B1 gene as cardiovascular risk predictors in CKD. Subjects and Methods: Fifty clinically diagnosed CKD patients in the age group between 20 and 60 years of both genders were selected as cases and fifty healthy participants from the master health checkup department were selected as controls. Genomic DNA was extracted based on the spin column kit method. The DNA samples were stored at −20°C until analysis. Genotyping for TCF7L2 gene rs7903146 (C/T) and ATP2B1 gene rs11105354 (A/G) was carried out through polymerase chain reaction. Results: T allele frequency was observed in 12 controls and 23 cases (odds ratio [OR] = 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0–4.7). CC genotype was observed in 38 controls and 27 cases and CT genotype in 22 cases and 12 controls. A allele was found in 38 cases and 23 controls (OR = 2, 95% CI: 1.1–3.8). The mean values of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, urea, and creatinine were high in cases when compared to controls. Conclusion: T allele of TCF7L2 gene rs7903146 (C/T) and A allele of ATP2B1 (A/G) gene rs11105354 (A/G) are associated with CVD in CKD patients.
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Razaq M, Pareek V, Srivastava A, Ramesh R. P2.01-83 Role of Exosomal MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as Predictors of Response to Treatment and Prognosis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). J Thorac Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.08.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Leong HS, Butler KS, Brinker CJ, Azzawi M, Conlan S, Dufès C, Owen A, Rannard S, Scott C, Chen C, Dobrovolskaia MA, Kozlov SV, Prina-Mello A, Schmid R, Wick P, Caputo F, Boisseau P, Crist RM, McNeil SE, Fadeel B, Tran L, Hansen SF, Hartmann NB, Clausen LPW, Skjolding LM, Baun A, Ågerstrand M, Gu Z, Lamprou DA, Hoskins C, Huang L, Song W, Cao H, Liu X, Jandt KD, Jiang W, Kim BYS, Wheeler KE, Chetwynd AJ, Lynch I, Moghimi SM, Nel A, Xia T, Weiss PS, Sarmento B, das Neves J, Santos HA, Santos L, Mitragotri S, Little S, Peer D, Amiji MM, Alonso MJ, Petri-Fink A, Balog S, Lee A, Drasler B, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Wilhelm S, Acar H, Harrison RG, Mao C, Mukherjee P, Ramesh R, McNally LR, Busatto S, Wolfram J, Bergese P, Ferrari M, Fang RH, Zhang L, Zheng J, Peng C, Du B, Yu M, Charron DM, Zheng G, Pastore C. Publisher Correction: On the issue of transparency and reproducibility in nanomedicine. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:902. [PMID: 31358944 PMCID: PMC7875076 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Leong HS, Butler KS, Brinker CJ, Azzawi M, Conlan S, Dufès C, Owen A, Rannard S, Scott C, Chen C, Dobrovolskaia MA, Kozlov SV, Prina-Mello A, Schmid R, Wick P, Caputo F, Boisseau P, Crist RM, McNeil SE, Fadeel B, Tran L, Hansen SF, Hartmann NB, Clausen LPW, Skjolding LM, Baun A, Ågerstrand M, Gu Z, Lamprou DA, Hoskins C, Huang L, Song W, Cao H, Liu X, Jandt KD, Jiang W, Kim BYS, Wheeler KE, Chetwynd AJ, Lynch I, Moghimi SM, Nel A, Xia T, Weiss PS, Sarmento B, Neves JD, Santos HA, Santos L, Mitragotri S, Little S, Peer D, Amiji MM, Alonso MJ, Petri-Fink A, Balog S, Lee A, Drasler B, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Wilhelm S, Acar H, Harrison RG, Mao C, Mukherjee P, Ramesh R, McNally LR, Busatto S, Wolfram J, Bergese P, Ferrari M, Fang RH, Zhang L, Zheng J, Peng C, Du B, Yu M, Charron DM, Zheng G, Pastore C. Publisher Correction: On the issue of transparency and reproducibility in nanomedicine. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:811. [PMID: 31289407 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Leong HS, Butler KS, Brinker CJ, Azzawi M, Conlan S, Dufés C, Owen A, Rannard S, Scott C, Chen C, Dobrovolskaia MA, Kozlov SV, Prina-Mello A, Schmid R, Wick P, Caputo F, Boisseau P, Crist RM, McNeil SE, Fadeel B, Tran L, Hansen SF, Hartmann NB, Clausen LPW, Skjolding LM, Baun A, Ågerstrand M, Gu Z, Lamprou DA, Hoskins C, Huang L, Song W, Cao H, Liu X, Jandt KD, Jiang W, Kim BYS, Wheeler KE, Chetwynd AJ, Lynch I, Moghimi SM, Nel A, Xia T, Weiss PS, Sarmento B, das Neves J, Santos HA, Santos L, Mitragotri S, Little S, Peer D, Amiji MM, Alonso MJ, Petri-Fink A, Balog S, Lee A, Drasler B, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Wilhelm S, Acar H, Harrison RG, Mao C, Mukherjee P, Ramesh R, McNally LR, Busatto S, Wolfram J, Bergese P, Ferrari M, Fang RH, Zhang L, Zheng J, Peng C, Du B, Yu M, Charron DM, Zheng G, Pastore C. On the issue of transparency and reproducibility in nanomedicine. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:629-635. [PMID: 31270452 PMCID: PMC6939883 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0496-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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Stoica VA, Laanait N, Dai C, Hong Z, Yuan Y, Zhang Z, Lei S, McCarter MR, Yadav A, Damodaran AR, Das S, Stone GA, Karapetrova J, Walko DA, Zhang X, Martin LW, Ramesh R, Chen LQ, Wen H, Gopalan V, Freeland JW. Optical creation of a supercrystal with three-dimensional nanoscale periodicity. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:377-383. [PMID: 30886403 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation with ultrafast light pulses can realize and manipulate states of matter with emergent structural, electronic and magnetic phenomena. However, these non-equilibrium phases are often transient and the challenge is to stabilize them as persistent states. Here, we show that atomic-scale PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices, counterpoising strain and polarization states in alternate layers, are converted by sub-picosecond optical pulses to a supercrystal phase. This phase persists indefinitely under ambient conditions, has not been created via equilibrium routes, and can be erased by heating. X-ray scattering and microscopy show this unusual phase consists of a coherent three-dimensional structure with polar, strain and charge-ordering periodicities of up to 30 nm. By adjusting only dielectric properties, the phase-field model describes this emergent phase as a photo-induced charge-stabilized supercrystal formed from a two-phase equilibrium state. Our results demonstrate opportunities for light-activated pathways to thermally inaccessible and emergent metastable states.
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Spaldin NA, Ramesh R. Advances in magnetoelectric multiferroics. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:203-212. [PMID: 30783227 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of magnetic properties by an electric field in magnetoelectric multiferroic materials has driven significant research activity, with the goal of realizing their transformative technological potential. Here, we review progress in the fundamental understanding and design of new multiferroic materials, advances in characterization and modelling tools to describe them, and the exploration of devices and applications. Focusing on the translation of the many scientific breakthroughs into technological innovations, we identify the key open questions in the field where targeted research activities could have maximum impact in transitioning scientific discoveries into real applications.
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Ganesh S, Nandhini T, Samuel VD, Sreeraj CR, Abhilash KR, Purvaja R, Ramesh R. Marine snakes of Indian coasts: historical resume, systematic checklist, toxinology, status, and identification key. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2019. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.3981.11.1.13132-13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We compile an up-to-date checklist of 26 species of marine snakes known from the Indian coastlines. We furnish information on the original orthography, authorship, date of publication, current binominal representation, synonymy and chresonymy lists for each recognized taxon. In addition, we provide details of name-bearing types, repository and type locality (both original and subsequent restrictions where applicable) of the prevailing nomen for all recognized species. We summarise the history of research on Indian marine snakes from Linnaeus to the present day, including taxonomic and regional treatises, and highlight the taxonomic flux. We also provide a revised key for this group to facilitate easier identification and support effective conservation.
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Ahmed R, Amreddy N, Babu A, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Combinatorial Nanoparticle Delivery of siRNA and Antineoplastics for Lung Cancer Treatment. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1974:265-290. [PMID: 31099010 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9220-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in nanotechnology, especially in drug delivery systems, are advanced by featuring novel multifunctional nanoparticles that promise safe, specific, and efficient therapeutic delivery for cancer treatment. Multifunctional nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems enable simultaneous delivery of multiple therapeutic agents for effective combination therapy for cancer. In this chapter, we provide detailed protocols for development and application of a multifunctional nanoparticle system for combinatorial delivery of a chemotherapeutic (cisplatin) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) for human antigen R (HuR) mRNA in cancer cells using a polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer platform. Protocols for nanoparticle functionalization with folic acid (FA) for targeted delivery of therapeutics toward folate receptor (FR)-overexpressing cancer cells are also described. Further, methods employed for physiochemical and functional characterization of the multifunctional nanoparticle system are discussed in detail. Using the methods described in this chapter, researchers would be able to develop PAMAM dendrimer-based multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics and siRNA combinations. We also provide an example showing the dendrimer-polyethyleneimine-cis-diamminedichloroplatinum-siRNA-folic acid (Den-PEI-CDDP-siRNA-FA) nanoparticle system developed was therapeutically effective toward non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines (H1299 and A549) while exhibiting reduced toxicity to normal lung fibroblast (MRC9) cells.
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Parthasarathy P, Aithal RR, Raghavendra Rao RS, Raghuram S, Ramesh R, Nazneen A. Correlation of Symphysiofundal Height and Abdominal Girth with the Incidence of Hypotension in Cesarean Section Under Spinal Anesthesia using Bupivacaine with Fentanyl as Adjuvant: A Clinical Study. Anesth Essays Res 2019; 13:214-218. [PMID: 31198233 PMCID: PMC6545932 DOI: 10.4103/aer.aer_36_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: A decreased lumbosacral subarachnoid space volume is a major factor in cephalad intrathecal spread of local anesthetic in term parturients due to compressive effect of the gravid uterus. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of symphysiofundal height (SFH) and abdominal girth (AG) with the incidence of hypotension and the highest level of sensory blockade. Settings and Design: This study was a prospective observational study. Materials and Methods: Ninety parturients under the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status class II within the age range of 20–30 years, weighing between 60 and 65 kg, and height between 150 and 155 cm were studied, and the SFH and AG of all parturients had been measured just before spinal anesthesia. Hyperbaric bupivacaine 9 mg with 12.5 μg intrathecal fentanyl was administered for subarachnoid block. The incidence of hypotension and the highest level of sensory block were assessed. Statistical Analysis: Correlation analysis (Spearman's rank test) was applied to analyze the data, and P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The incidence of hypotension was higher with increasing SFH (16.9% with SFH of 30–35 cm, 78.37% with SFH of 36–40 cm; correlation coefficient ρ =0.338) and with increasing AG (5.3% with AG between 85 and 89 cm, 35.7% with AG 90–94 cm, 62.8% with AG 95–99 cm; ρ =0.341), and both were statistically significant (P < 0.001). There was a statistically significant correlation between increasing SFH and maximum sensory block achieved (ρ =0.157, P < 0.001). There was increased level of sensory blockade with increased AG but was not statistically significant (ρ =0.011, P = 0.32). Conclusion: In term parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, the SFH has a significant positive correlation with the incidence of hypotension and ascent of spinal anesthesia. AG also has a positive correlation with the incidence of hypotension but is not significant with the ascent of spinal anesthesia.
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Karthik R, Robin RS, Purvaja R, Ganguly D, Anandavelu I, Raghuraman R, Hariharan G, Ramakrishna A, Ramesh R. Microplastics along the beaches of southeast coast of India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:1388-1399. [PMID: 30248861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of microplastics (plastic debris <5 mm) along the coast is a growing concern worldwide, due to increased input of discarded wastes from various sources. In order to evaluate the extent of microplastic pollution on the sandy beaches (25 locations) along Tamil Nadu coast (1076 km), India, microplastic debris were quantified and categorized into four different size classes. The beaches were classified according to potential sources of pollution i.e. riverine, tourism and fisheries. Beach samples collected from the high tide line contained significantly higher abundance of microplastic than at the low tide line. Beaches adjacent to rivers exhibited relatively higher microplastic abundance compared to those influenced by tourism and fishing activities. Out of the total detected debris, plastic fragments were the maximum (47-50%), followed by line/fibres (24-27%) and foam (10-19%) materials. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene were the main types of microplastics present in these beaches. Gut content analysis of commercially important fishes, collected from the coastal waters, revealed microplastics ingestion in 10.1% of fishes. The results indicate that microplastics accumulation in the coastal environment, especially close to the river mouths, may be a serious concern, due to its ability to enter into the marine food web and highlights the necessity of microplastics screening from estuarine, coastal waters and other potential sources.
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Prasad MHK, Ganguly D, Paneerselvam A, Ramesh R, Purvaja R. Seagrass litter decomposition: an additional nutrient source to shallow coastal waters. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 191:5. [PMID: 30523426 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Seagrass ecosystems are vital for its regulatory services yet, highly threatened by degradation due to human pressures. Decomposition of two tropical seagrass species (Cymodocea serrulata and Cymodocea rotundata) was studied and compared, to understand their potential in generating additional nutrients to coastal waters. Release of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus during the decomposition process of seagrass wracks was estimated in bacteria-active (non-poisoned) and bacteria-inhibited (poisoned) conditions from shore-washed fresh seagrass, sampled from Palk Bay, India. Incubation experiments for 25 days indicated a near three times higher concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in bacteria-inhibited flasks compared to bacteria-active conditions for both species. The maximum leaching rates of DOC, TDN and TDP were found to be 294, 65.1 and 11.2 μM/g dry wt/day, respectively. Further, higher release of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) (> 1.3 times) was documented from the bacteria-active flask, highlighting the significance of microbial process in generating bio-available nutrients from decaying seagrass. Faster decomposition (0.014 ± 0.004 day-1) in the initial stages (up to 8 days) compared to the later stages (0.005 ± 0.001 day-1) indicated a rapid loss of biomass carbon during the initial leaching process and its relative importance in the decomposition pathway. The decomposition rate is best described by a single-stage exponential decay model with a half-life of 41 days. It is estimated that the total seagrass litter available along the Palk Bay coast is about ~ 0.3 Gg with high potential of additional nitrogen (0.9 ± 0.5 Mg) and phosphorus (0.3 ± 0.1 Mg) supply to the adjacent coastal waters.
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Yuan S, Das S, Ramesh R, Qiao C. Service Agreement Trifecta: Backup Resources, Price and Penalty in the Availability-Aware Cloud. INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1287/isre.2017.0755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rajarajan S, Prabhu J, Korlimarla A, Nair M, Alexander A, Kaluve R, Ps H, Raja U, Ramesh R, Patil S, Bs S, Ts S. MicroRNA based immune response signature identifies poor prognostic subgroup within ER negative breast cancers. Ann Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy428.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Banerjee K, Paneerselvam A, Ramachandran P, Ganguly D, Singh G, Ramesh R. Seagrass and macrophyte mediated CO2 and CH4 dynamics in shallow coastal waters. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203922. [PMID: 30296285 PMCID: PMC6175284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Seagrass meadows are among the most important coastal/ marine ecosystems for long-term carbon storage and conditioning of coastal waters. A combined air-water flux of CO2 and CH4 from the seagrass meadows was studied for the first time from Asia's largest brackish-water lagoon, Chilika, India. Ecosystem-based comparisons were carried out during two hydrologically different conditions of dry and wet seasons in the seagrass dominated southern sector (SS); macrophyte-dominated northern sector (NS); the largely un-vegetated central sector (CS) and the tidally active outer channel (OC) of the lagoon. The mean fluxes of CO2 from SS, NS, CS and OC were 9.8, 146.6, 48.4 and 33.0mM m-2d-1, and that of CH4 were 0.12, 0.11, 0.05 and 0.07mM m-2d-1, respectively. The net emissions (in terms of CO2 equivalents), considering the global warming potential of CO2 (GWP: 1) and CH4 (GWP: 28) from seagrass meadows were over 14 times lower compared to the macrophyte-dominated sector of the lagoon. Contrasting emissivity characteristics of CO2 and CH4 were observed between macrophytes and seagrass, with the former being a persistent source of CO2. It is inferred that although seagrass meadows act as a weak source of CH4, they could be effective sinks of CO2 if land-based pollution sources are minimized.
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Kumar S, Bhavya PS, Ramesh R, Gupta GVM, Chiriboga F, Singh A, Karunasagar I, Rai A, Rehnstam-Holm AS, Edler L, Godhe A. Nitrogen uptake potential under different temperature-salinity conditions: Implications for nitrogen cycling under climate change scenarios. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 141:196-204. [PMID: 30213661 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As projected by climate change models, increase in sea surface temperature and precipitation in the future may alter nutrient cycling in the coastal regions due to potential changes in phytoplankton community structure and their ability to assimilate nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). An experiment simulating different temperature and salinity conditions (28°C-35 ambient conditions, 28ºC-31, 31ºC-35 and 31ºC-31) in mesocosms containing 1000 L of coastal water from the Arabian Sea was performed and N uptake rates were measured using 15N tracer technique on 2nd, 5th, 7th and 10th day of the experiment. The results show that, under all conditions, the total N (NO3- + NH4+) uptake rates were lower in the beginning and on the final day of the tracer experiment, while it peaked during middle, consistent with chlorophyll a concentrations. Total N uptake rate was significantly lower (p = 0.003) under ambient temperature-lower salinity condition (28ºC-31) than the others. This indicates that lowering of salinity in coastal regions due to excessive rainfall in the future may affect the N uptake potential of the phytoplankton, which may change the regional C and N budget.
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Harish S, Naveen AN, Abinaya R, Archana J, Ramesh R, Navaneethan M, Shimomura M, Hayakawa Y. Enhanced performance on capacity retention of hierarchical NiS hexagonal nanoplate for highly stable asymmetric supercapacitor. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Srivastava A, Moxley K, Ruskin R, Dhanasekaran DN, Zhao YD, Ramesh R. A Non-invasive Liquid Biopsy Screening of Urine-Derived Exosomes for miRNAs as Biomarkers in Endometrial Cancer Patients. AAPS J 2018. [PMID: 29987691 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have great potential to serve as a source of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for endometrial cancer (EC). Urine-derived exosomes from patients with EC and patients with symptoms of EC, but without established EC, were used to evaluate a unique miRNA expression profile. Of the 84 miRNA studied, 57 were amplified in qPCR, suggesting the differential packaging of miRNA in exosomes. Further, hsa-miR-200c-3p was identified to be enriched the most. Various bioinformatics and in silico tools were used to evaluate the biological significance of hsa-miR-200c-3p in EC. We conclude that differential miRNA in exosomes can be utilized for discovery of biomarker signatures and EC diagnosis; hsa-miR-200c-3p is one such candidate. Urine-derived exosomes pave the way for the development of non-invasive biomarkers.
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Srivastava A, Moxley K, Ruskin R, Dhanasekaran DN, Zhao YD, Ramesh R. A Non-invasive Liquid Biopsy Screening of Urine-Derived Exosomes for miRNAs as Biomarkers in Endometrial Cancer Patients. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:82. [PMID: 29987691 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes have great potential to serve as a source of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for endometrial cancer (EC). Urine-derived exosomes from patients with EC and patients with symptoms of EC, but without established EC, were used to evaluate a unique miRNA expression profile. Of the 84 miRNA studied, 57 were amplified in qPCR, suggesting the differential packaging of miRNA in exosomes. Further, hsa-miR-200c-3p was identified to be enriched the most. Various bioinformatics and in silico tools were used to evaluate the biological significance of hsa-miR-200c-3p in EC. We conclude that differential miRNA in exosomes can be utilized for discovery of biomarker signatures and EC diagnosis; hsa-miR-200c-3p is one such candidate. Urine-derived exosomes pave the way for the development of non-invasive biomarkers.
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Shanmugasundaram OL, Syed Zameer Ahmed K, Sujatha K, Ponnmurugan P, Srivastava A, Ramesh R, Sukumar R, Elanithi K. Fabrication and characterization of chicken feather keratin/polysaccharides blended polymer coated nonwoven dressing materials for wound healing applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 92:26-33. [PMID: 30184750 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this research work, three kinds of nonwoven wound dressings were developed from chicken feather keratin (CFK-NW), keratin‑sodium alginate (CFK-SA-NW) and keratin-chitosan (CFK-CS-NW) and characterized using FTIR and SEM. The physical characteristics such as air permeability, thickness and areal density test results revealed the suitability of fabricated materials for wound dressing applications. CFK-SA-NW and CFK-CS-NW indicated a positive antibacterial effect against Gram's positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram's negative Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli bacteria with the zone of inhibition enhanced over >2.0 cm. Moreover, the biomedical potentials of dressing materials has been investigated by cell viability and cytotoxicity tests. Further, the wound healing ability was demonstrated using in vivo model (Albino Wistar rat). The fabricated materials exhibited good support for cell viability and a strong cytocompatibility. Furthermore, the hundred percent wound healing ability of CFK-CS-NW, CFK-SA-NW, CFK-NW and untreated control rats was observed at 15, 17, 21 and 23 days, respectively, Moreover, the wound healing potential of CFK-CS-NW and CFK-SA-NW was found to be better than that of CFK-NW and control group of rats. The outcome of the present study discloses the prospective applications of the developed materials as wound dressing biomaterial.
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Arumugam K, Srinivasalu S, Purvaja R, Ramesh R. Distribution of Major and trace elements in Koppunuru area, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Data Brief 2018; 18:180-189. [PMID: 29896509 PMCID: PMC5995752 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From koppunuru study area totally 58 samples were collected in 7 different boreholes, minimum depth of 28 m and Maximum depth of 157.7 m. The borehole samples geochemical analysis (major and trace elements) was carried out at Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration & Research (AMD), Hyderabad, India. Major and trace element studies have been conducted on the Neoproterozoic Palnad sub-basin Andhra Pradesh, South India, to determine their Geochemistry, Uranium mineralization and provenance characteristics. Geochemically, this sedimentary basin has a different litho – unit like as gritty quartzite, conglomerate, and Shale. This study area mainly dominated by Uranium deposited and radioactive elements are predominately deposit. Strong positive correlation between Uranium and Lead (r = 0.887) suggested radiogenic nature of this system.
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89
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Carmel S, Pon A, Meenakshisundaram N, Ramesh R, Bhattacharyya A. Bandgap scaling and negative differential resistance behavior of zigzag phosphorene antidot nanoribbons (ZPANRs). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14855-14863. [PMID: 29781502 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01435c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This work examines the prospect of phosphorene antidot nanoribbons (PANRs) using the density functional based tight binding (DFTB) method. Horizontally perforated PANRs with both armchair (A) and zigzag (Z) configurations were considered for electrical simulations. Our simulation results found that the APANRs cannot be scaled down with nanoribbon width, whereas ZPANRs can be scaled easily. Bandgap scaling in terms of ribbon width, length and antidot number was thoroughly analyzed for ZPANRs. In the end, a two-terminal device was constructed and transmission analysis was performed using the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) methodology. A negative differential resistance (NDR) region appeared in the current-voltage characteristics of the ZPANRs, which paved a pathway for nano-device application.
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90
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Panneerselvam J, Srivastava A, Muralidharan R, Wang Q, Zheng W, Zhao L, Chen A, Zhao YD, Munshi A, Ramesh R. IL-24 modulates the high mobility group (HMG) A1/miR222 /AKT signaling in lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:70247-70263. [PMID: 27602961 PMCID: PMC5342550 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-24, a novel tumor suppressor/cytokine exhibits antitumor activity against a broad-spectrum of human cancer cells. In a recent study, we showed that IL-24 inhibited AKT in lung cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanism of AKT inhibition by IL-24 remains elusive.The high mobility group (HMG) A1 a member of the non-histone chromosomal proteins and commonly referred to as architectural transcription factor, regulates transcription of various genes involved in cell growth and survival. Overexpression of HMGA1 has been shown to be associated with tumor progression and metastasis in several cancers, including human lung cancer. A recent study demonstrated that HMGA1 activates AKT function by reducing the activity of the protein phosphatase, phosphatase 2A subunit B (PPP2R2A) via the oncogenic micro (mi) RNA-222. Based on this report we hypothesized that IL-24-mediated AKT inhibition involved the HMGA1/miR-222 axis.To test our hypothesis, in the present study we used a H1299 lung cancer cell line that expressed exogenous human IL-24 when induced with doxycycline (DOX). Induction of IL-24 expression in the tumor cells markedly reduced HMGA1 mRNA and protein levels. Using a mechanistic approach, we found that IL-24 reduced miR-222-3p and -5p levels, as determined by qRT-PCR. Associated with HMGA1 and miR-222 inhibition was a marked increase in PPP2R2A, with a concomitant decrease in phosphorylated AKTT308/S473 expression. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of HMGA1 in combination with IL-24 significantly reduced AKT T308/S473 protein expression and greatly reduced cell migration and invasion compared with individual treatments. Further combination of IL-24 and a miR-222-3p inhibitor significantly increased PPP2R2A expression.Our results demonstrate for the first time that IL-24 inhibits AKT via regulating the HMGA1/miR-222 signaling node in human lung cancer cells and acts as an effective tumor suppressor. Thus, a therapy combining IL-24 with HMGA1 siRNA or miR-222-3p inhibitor should present effective treatment of lung cancer.
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91
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Sreeraj CR, Abhilash KR, Deepak Samuel V, Krishnan P, Purvaja R, Ramesh R. Occurrence of Live Rhodolith Bed of <i>Lithophyllum kotschyanum</i> Unger (Corallinaceae:Lithophylloideae) in Palk Bay:First Record from India. CURR SCI INDIA 2018. [DOI: 10.18520/cs%2fv114%2fi03%2f445-446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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92
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Sreeraj CR, Abhilash KR, Deepak Samuel V, Krishnan P, Purvaja R, Ramesh R. Occurrence of Live Rhodolith Bed of <i>Lithophyllum kotschyanum</i> Unger (Corallinaceae:Lithophylloideae) in Palk Bay:First Record from India. CURR SCI INDIA 2018. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v114/i03/445-446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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93
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Krishnan P, Purvaja R, Sreeraj CR, Raghuraman R, Robin RS, Abhilash KR, Mahendra RS, Anand A, Gopi M, Mohanty PC, Venkataraman K, Ramesh R. Differential Bleaching Patterns in Corals of Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar. CURR SCI INDIA 2018. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v114/i03/679-685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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94
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Achari GA, Ramesh R. Characterization of quorum quenching enzymes from endophytic and rhizosphere colonizing bacteria. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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95
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Ramesh S, Ramadass GA, Doss Prakash V, Sandhya CS, Ramesh R, Sathianarayanan D, Vinithkumar NV. Application of Indigenously Developed Remotely Operated Vehicle for the Study of Driving Parameters of Coral Reef Habitat of South Andaman Islands, India. CURR SCI INDIA 2017. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v113/i12/2353-2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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96
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Amreddy N, Babu A, Muralidharan R, Panneerselvam J, Srivastava A, Ahmed R, Mehta M, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Cancer Drug and Gene Delivery. Adv Cancer Res 2017; 137:115-170. [PMID: 29405974 PMCID: PMC6550462 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective and safe delivery of anticancer agents is among the major challenges in cancer therapy. The majority of anticancer agents are toxic to normal cells, have poor bioavailability, and lack in vivo stability. Recent advancements in nanotechnology provide safe and efficient drug delivery systems for successful delivery of anticancer agents via nanoparticles. The physicochemical and functional properties of the nanoparticle vary for each of these anticancer agents, including chemotherapeutics, nucleic acid-based therapeutics, small molecule inhibitors, and photodynamic agents. The characteristics of the anticancer agents influence the design and development of nanoparticle carriers. This review focuses on strategies of nanoparticle-based drug delivery for various anticancer agents. Recent advancements in the field are also highlighted, with suitable examples from our own research efforts and from the literature.
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Andrade D, Mehta M, Griffith J, Panneerselvam J, Srivastava A, Kim TD, Janknecht R, Herman T, Ramesh R, Munshi A. YAP1 inhibition radiosensitizes triple negative breast cancer cells by targeting the DNA damage response and cell survival pathways. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98495-98508. [PMID: 29228705 PMCID: PMC5716745 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway that regulates proliferation and apoptosis to control organ size during developmental growth. Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), the terminal effector of the Hippo pathway, is a transcriptional co-activator and a potent growth promoter that has emerged as a critical oncogene. Overexpression of YAP1 has been implicated in promoting resistance to chemo-, radiation and targeted therapy in various cancers. However, the role of YAP1 in radioresistance in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is currently unknown. We evaluated the role of YAP1 in radioresistance in TNBC in vitro, using two approaches to inhibit YAP1: 1) genetic inhibition by YAP1 specific shRNA or siRNA, and 2) pharmacological inhibition by using the small molecule inhibitor, verteporfin that prevents YAP1 transcriptional activity. Our findings demonstrate that both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of YAP1 sensitizes TNBC cells to radiation by inhibiting the EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling axis and causing an increased accumulation of DNA damage. Our results reveal that YAP1 activation exerts a protective role for TNBC cells in radiotherapy and represents a pharmacological target to enhance the anti-tumor effects of DNA damaging modalities in the treatment of TNBC.
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Li Q, Nelson CT, Hsu SL, Damodaran AR, Li LL, Yadav AK, McCarter M, Martin LW, Ramesh R, Kalinin SV. Quantification of flexoelectricity in PbTiO 3/SrTiO 3 superlattice polar vortices using machine learning and phase-field modeling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1468. [PMID: 29133906 PMCID: PMC5684141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexoelectricity refers to electric polarization generated by heterogeneous mechanical strains, namely strain gradients, in materials of arbitrary crystal symmetries. Despite more than 50 years of work on this effect, an accurate identification of its coupling strength remains an experimental challenge for most materials, which impedes its wide recognition. Here, we show the presence of flexoelectricity in the recently discovered polar vortices in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices based on a combination of machine-learning analysis of the atomic-scale electron microscopy imaging data and phenomenological phase-field modeling. By scrutinizing the influence of flexocoupling on the global vortex structure, we match theory and experiment using computer vision methodologies to determine the flexoelectric coefficients for PbTiO3 and SrTiO3. Our findings highlight the inherent, nontrivial role of flexoelectricity in the generation of emergent complex polarization morphologies and demonstrate a viable approach to delineating this effect, conducive to the deeper exploration of both topics. Flexoelectric coupling between strain gradients and polarization influences the physics of ferroelectric devices but it is difficult to directly probe its effects. Here, Li et al. use principal component analysis to compare STEM images with phase-field modeling and extract the flexoelectric contributions.
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Babu A, Amreddy N, Muralidharan R, Pathuri G, Gali H, Chen A, Zhao YD, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Chemodrug delivery using integrin-targeted PLGA-Chitosan nanoparticle for lung cancer therapy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14674. [PMID: 29116098 PMCID: PMC5676784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the efficacy of RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) peptide-modified polylactic acid-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-Chitosan nanoparticle (CSNP) for integrin αvβ3 receptor targeted paclitaxel (PTX) delivery in lung cancer cells and its impact on normal cells. RGD peptide-modified chitosan was synthesized and then coated onto PTX-PLGA nanoparticles prepared by emulsion-solvent evaporation. PTX-PLGA-CSNP-RGD displayed favorable physicochemical properties for a targeted drug delivery system. The PTX-PLGA-CSNP-RGD system showed increased uptake via integrin receptor mediated endocytosis, triggered enhanced apoptosis, and induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and more overall cytotoxicity than its non-targeted counterpart in cancer cells. PTX-PLGA-CSNP-RGD showed less toxicity in lung fibroblasts than in cancer cells, may be attributed to low drug sensitivity, nevertheless the study invited close attention to their transient overexpression of integrin αvβ3 and cautioned against corresponding uptake of toxic drugs, if any at all. Whereas, normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells with poor integrin αvβ3 expression showed negligible toxicity to PTX-PLGA-CSNP-RGD, at equivalent drug concentrations used in cancer cells. Further, the nanoparticle demonstrated its capacity in targeted delivery of Cisplatin (CDDP), a drug having physicochemical properties different to PTX. Taken together, our study demonstrates that PLGA-CSNP-RGD is a promising nanoplatform for integrin targeted chemotherapeutic delivery to lung cancer.
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Prabhakar P, Manikandan, Balasubramanian S, Veeramani S, Naina Mohammad S, Sivakumar G, SathishKumar S, Ramesh R, Hemanath T, Selvarani G. Incidence of coronary artery anomalies among patients undergoing coronary angiography and its relevance to appropriate choice of coronary catheter selection. Indian Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2017.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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