Thioglycolic acid and pyrazole derivatives of 4(3H)-quinazolinone: synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation

New derivatives of 4(3H)-quinazolinone were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. The derivatives are: 3-Aryl-2-[3-aryl-1-(carboxymethylthio)-3-oxopropyl)]-4(3H)-quinazolinones 2a-f; 3-Aryl-2-(3-aryl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4(3H)-quinazolinones 3a-f; 3-Aryl-2-(1,3-diaryl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4(3H)-quinazolinones 4a-f; 3-Aryl-2-(3-aryl-1-thiocarbamoyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4(3H)-quinazolinones 5a-f; 3-Aryl-2-[3-aryl-1-(carboxymethylthio)-3-hydroxyiminopropyl)]-4(3H)- quinazolinones 6a-f; and 3-Aryl-2-[3-aryl-1-(carboxymethy- lthio)-3-thiocarbamoyliminopropyl)]-4(3H)-quinazolinones 7a-f. Some of the tested compounds showed activity comparable to that of the standard references used.

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazolinone and pyrazolidinedione derivatives of benzimidazole

Four novel series of pyrazolylbenzimidazole derivatives have been prepared, namely 2-[(1-substituted phenyl-3,5-dimethyl-4-pyrazolyl)methyl]benzimidazole 5a-d 2-[(1-substituted phenyl-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-4-pyrazolyl-4-yl)methyl]benzimidazoles 6a-d; 2-[(1-substituted phenyl-3,5-dioxopyrazolidin-4-yl)methyl]benzimidazoles 7a-d and 2-[(4-(1-phenyl-5-aryl-4,5-dihydro-3-pyrazolyl)phenylaminoacetyl]thio- methyl)-benzimidazoles 12a-e. The antimicrobial testing of the prepared compounds was performed using Escherichia Coli (NCTC 5933) as Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 4163) as gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans (NCTC 5310) as yeast like fungi. The most potent compound was the pyrazolone 6a which exhibits interesting antibacterial activity against the gram-negative bacteria E. coli.

Synthesis and antimicrobial testing of 4H-1,2,4-triazole, 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole and 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine derivatives of 1H-benzimidazole

Three novel series of benzimidazole derivatives namely 6-substituted 3-[1-(2-alkyl-1 H-benzimidazolyl)methyl]-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4] thiadiazoles 5a-h, 6-substituted 3-[1-(2-alkyl-1H-benzimidazolyl)methyl]-7H-1,2,4 -triazolo[3,4-b]-[1,3,4]thiadiazines 6a-j and 6-thioxo-3-[1-(2-alkyl-1H-benzimidazolyl)methyl]-5,6-dihydro-1,2,4 -triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazoles 7a, b have been prepared by cyclization of the key intermediate 1-[(4-amino-5-mercapto-4 H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methyl]-2-alkyl-1 H-benzimidazoles 3a, b. Furthermore, 1-[(4-arylideneamino-5-mercapto- 4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-methyl]-2-alkyl- 1 H-benzimidazoles 4a-h have been prepared and some of them were cyclized to 6-substituted 3-[1-(2-alkyl-1H-benzimidazolyl)methyl]-1,2,4-triazolo [3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles 5d, h using thionyl chloride. The prepared compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity in vitro; they showed moderate activity.

Synthesis and antimicrobial testing of novel oxadiazolylbenzimidazole derivatives

Three novel series of oxadiazolylbenzimidazole derivatives have been prepared, namely 1-[(2-alkylthio or aralkylthio-1,3,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl]-2-alkyl-1 H-benzimidazoles 3a-f; 1-[(3-substituted aminomethyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl ]-2-alkyl-1 H-benzimidazoles 4a-f and 1-[(2-substituted amino-1,3,4-oxidiazol-5-yl)methyl]-2-alkyl-1 H-benzimidazoles 6a-j. The antimicrobial testing of the prepared compounds was performed, some of them showed week activity.

Ultrastructure of resting and rh-GMCSF-treated human macrophages derived from blood monocytes

The ultrastructure of cultured blood monocyte-derived human macrophages was investigated and correlated under the effect of different doses of rh-GMCSF (dose 1 = 25 IU/ml, dose 2 = 125 IU/ml and dose 3 = 250 IU/ml). Resting macrophages showed irregular cell borders and pseudopodia pushed out in all directions. Their cytoplasm depicted rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex in the perinuclear area. Lipid globules, primary lysosomes and mitochondria were characteristically prominent. rh-GMCSF-stimulated macrophages were more voluminous and their nuclei were irregular in outline, with predominance of euochromatin over heterochromatin. The cytoplasm was overcrowded by an increasing number of organelles including lysosomes, phagolysosomes and mitochondria. Golgi complex demonstrated a wide-spread distribution along the cells, with profound membrane expansion and cisternal dilatation; especially, in cells treated with dose 2. Electron dense osmiophilic deposits (collapsed membranes) were seen in association with lipid globules, which were commonly polarized at cell peripheries. Most of these changes were dose dependent. However, cells treated with dose 3 manifested additionally well-developed centrioles, inapparent nuclear membrane, display of microfilaments and well-established adhesions. The demonstrated ultrastructural changes in rh-GMCSF-treated human macrophages indicated pronounced activation, which supports the reported clinical effect of this cytokine.

Enhancement of leishmanicidal activity of human macrophages against Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani infection using recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor

The in vitro effect of recombinant human Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (rh-GMCSF) on the leishmanicidal activity and superoxide anion productivity of macrophages derived from human blood monocytes (MOs) were investigated. MOs treated with 25, 125, or 250 U/mL of rh-GMCSF for 72 h prior to infection with leishmania parasites, manifested significant dose-dependent increase in its leishmanicidal activities against Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani parasites. The percentage of increase in leishmanicidal activity of L. major-infected MOs were 22.71, 64.34 and 81.34, respectively while in L. donovani-infected MOs, it reached 3.01, 32.28 and 74.38, respectively. Treatment of leishmania-infected MOs with rh-GMCSF (250 U/mL) for different periods of time up to 96 hours, induced a significant time-dependent reduction in the percentage of infected cells and the parasitic load (No. of amastigotes/100 MOs). After 96 h of treatment with rh-GMCSF, the percentages of reduction in the infection rates were 82.45 in L.major-infected MOs (p < 0.001) and 39.65 in L. donovani-infected cells (p < 0.01). The percentage of reduction in the parasitic load reached 90.82 (p < 0.001) and 36.6 (p < 0.05) in MOs infected with L. major and L. donovani, respectively. The priming effect of rh-GMCSF on superoxide anion production by human MOs stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was both dose-dependent and time-dependent. In 72 hour-old human MOs, the maximum superoxide anion release was generated by MOs primed for 45 min with 500 U/mL of rh-GMCSF. These cells produced 8.960 +/- 2.075 nmol/5 x 10(4) MOs/ 180 min as compared to 4.563 +/- 1.773 nmol/5 x 10(4) unprimed cell control/180 min (p < 0.001).

Effect of rh-GMCSF and rh-GCSF on oxygen free radical production by human neutrophils and blood monocyte-derived human macrophages

The in vitro effect of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (rh-GMCSF) and recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (rh-GCSF) on oxygen free radical (OFR) generation by human neutrophils and blood monocytes derived human macrophages stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate was investigated and compared. The production of OFR by neutrophils and macrophages was time dependent, and the maximum release of OFR by neutrophils and macrophages was measured 90 and 180 min after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate, respectively. The priming effects or rh-GMCSF and rh-GCSF on OFR production by human neutrophils and macrophages was dose dependent. The maximum generation of OFR by neutrophils occurred when primed with 1,000 U/ml of rh-GMCSF and reached 2.383 +/- 0.191 nmol/10(5) neutrophils/90 min as compared with 1.072 +/- 0.113 nmol/10(5) neutrophils/90 min in the unprimed controls. This represents a 122.20% increase in OFR generation (p < 0.001). However, the percentage of maximum increase in OFR production was 57.84 when neutrophils were primed with a concentration of 5,000 U of rh-GCSF/ml. In 72-hour-old human macrophages, much higher levels of OFR production as compared with neutrophils were measured following stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate. The maximum generation of OFR was measured in macrophages primed for 45 min with 500 U/ml of rh-GMCSF. These cells produced 8.960 +/- 2.075 nmol/5 x 10(4) macrophage/180 min as compared with 4.563 +/- 1.773 nmol/5 x 10(4) unprimed macrophages/180 min (p < 0.001). In macrophages primed with rh-GCSF, however, the maximum OFR production was induced by a dose of 5,000 U/ml and reached 6.902 +/- 1.463 nmol/5 x 10(4) macrophages/180 min as compared with 4.563 +/- 1.773 nmol/5 x 10(4) macrophages/180 min in the unprimed controls (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the priming effect of rh-GMCSF on OFR generation by human macrophages and neutrophils was more potent than that of rh-GCSF, both in the extent of augmentation and in the dose required to produce maximum OFR generation.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents: novel pyrazolyl-, 1,2-oxazolyl-, and 1,3-diazinyl derivatives of 4(3H)-quinazolinones

Four novel series of 4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives have been prepared by cyclization of the key intermediates 3-aryl-2-(3-aryl-3-oxopropenyl)-4-(3H)-quinazolinones with different reagents: 3-aryl-1-iminocarbamoyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4(3H)-quinazolines, 3-aryl-2-(3-aryl-1-thiocarbamoyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4(3H)-quinazolines, 3-aryl-2-(3-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-5-yl)-4(3H)-quinazolinones , and 3-aryl-2-(4-aryl-2-thioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,3-diazin-6-yl )-4(3H)- quinazolinones. The antiinflammatory activity of representatives of these compounds is comparable to or higher than that of proquazone.

Ocular histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma farciminosum in Egyptian donkeys

In this study 19 donkeys suffering from face excoriations below the medial canthas and lesions in the lacrymal apparatus were subjected to clinical radiological and microbiological investigations. Also histopathological examination of biopsy materials from ocular lesions were made. Eleven out of 19 donkeys (57.9%) showed specific lesions in the lacrymal apparatus. Mycological examination revealed the isolation of Histoplasma cells from 10 out of 19 examined cases. The isolated Histoplasma culture, although not completely identical to H. farciminosum, was more related to this than to other Histoplasma species. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of marked tissue infiltration by lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages. Also the fungal organism appeared as double-contoured yeast cells lying within macrophages and giant cells.

(+/-)alpha-Phenyl-beta-(3,4-dimethoxy)- and (+/-)alpha-phenyl-beta -(3,4-dihydroxy)phenethylamines: potential probes for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-ion channel molecule from torpedo electric organ

The synthesis of some N-methyl, N-alkyl derivatives of (+/-)alpha-phenyl-beta-(3,4-dimethoxy)- and (+/-)alpha-phenyl-beta-(3,4-dihydroxy)-phenethylamines was achieved. These compounds were shown to bear certain structural features of acetylcholine (ACh), as well as phencyclidine (PCP). The latter was reported to act as a specific probe for the nicotinic ACh receptor-ion channel molecule from Torpedo electric organ. Biochemical binding studies revealed that for the nicotinic ACh receptor, the 3,4-dimethoxy derivatives behaved as blockers for the binding interaction of [3H]ACh, whereas the 3,4-dihydroxy analogues stimulated such binding. On the other hand, all of the tested phenethylamines exhibited potent blockade towards [3H]PCP binding interactions. The results indicated that the tested compounds might be applied as potential probes for the ACh receptor-ion channel molecule.

Preparation and antidiabetic activity of new substituted 3,5-diarylpyrazolesulfonylurea derivatives. II: Structure-activity relationship

Four series of substituted p-(3,5-diaryl-2-pyrazoline-1) benzenesulfonylurea and thiourea derivatives, along with their corresponding substituted p-(3,5-diarylpyrazole-1) benzenesulfonylurea and thiourea derivatives, were prepared for evaluation as hypoglycemic agents. Preliminary biological testing revealed that the new compounds possess potent hypoglycemic activity.

Studies on histoplasmosis farciminosi (epizootic lymphangitis) in Egypt. Isolation of Histoplasma farciminosum from cases of histoplasmosis farciminosi in horses and its morphological characteristics

Isolation of Histoplasma farciminosum from five horses, showing typical signs of histoplasmosis farciminosi (epizootic lymphangitis) was successfully attempted. The mycelial form of H. farciminosum was isolated on Sabouraud dextrose agar enriched with 2.5% glycerol, brain heart infusion (BHI) agar enriched with 10% horse blood and PPLO dextrose glycerol agar. The last medium proved to be the most effective, both for primary isolation and subculturing of the fungus. It was found that on primary isolation, the lag phase of the mycelial form of the fungus was relatively long, involving 4-8 weeks at 25 degrees C. Colonies of the mycelial form of H. farciminosum appeared on subculture as a yellowish, light brown to deep brown, convoluted, waxy, cauliflower-like growth tending to form scant aerial growth. Conversion of the mycelial form to the yeast form of H. farciminosum was successful by subculturing either on BHI agar with 5% blood or on Pine's medium and incubating at 35-37 degrees C. Complete conversion to the yeast form was achieved only after 4-5 repeated serial transfers onto fresh media every 8 days. The yeast colonies were flat, raised, slightly or deeply wrinkled, white to light gray to grayish brown, and were pasty in consistency.

alpha-Phenyl-beta-(3,4-dimethoxy)phenethylamines: novel inhibitors of choline acetyltransferase from Torpedo electric organ

Some derivatives of alpha-phenyl-beta-(3,4-dimethoxy)phenethylamine that might bear a certain conformational resemblance to choline were prepared. The in vitro inhibition of choline acetyltransferase from Torpedo electric organ was investigated. These compounds gave variable degrees of inhibition; the most potent inhibitor was, N,N,N,-trimethyl-alpha-phenyl-beta-(3,4-dimethoxy)phenethylammonium++ + iodide, with an I50 of 1.3 X 10(-5) M. The inhibition of choline acetyltransferase from Spodoptera littoralis larval brains was also determined for comparative study. The aforementioned compound has an I50 of 9 X 10(-6) M on choline acetyltransferase from this source.

Synthesis of new 8-(5-substituted amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl) and 8-(5-substituted amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) methoxyquinolines with antibilharzial activity

Several 5-substituted amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl and 5-substituted amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl derivatives with different 8-hydroxyquinoline moieties in the 2-position were prepared and tested for their antiparasitic activity. Preliminary biological tests on mice experimentally infested with Schistosoma mansoni revealed that the new compounds show moderate schistosomicidal activity.

Antidiabetic activity of some 1-substituted 3,5-dimethylpyrazoles

Several new 1-substituted 3,5-dimethylpyrazoles were prepared for testing as hypoglycemic agents. A number of these containing para-substituted 1-carbonylphenylurea and para-substituted 1-carbamoylbenzenesulfonylurea derivatives were found to possess potent hypoglycemic activity.

Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of some sulfonylurea derivatives of 3,5-disubstituted pyrazoles

Two series of 3,5-disubstituted pyrazolesulfonylurea derivatives were prepared and evaluated as hypoglycemic agents. Preliminary biological testing revealed that the new compounds possess potent hypoglycemic activity.

Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of some sulfonylurea derivatives of 3,4,5-trisubstituted pyrazoles

Three series of 3,4,5-trisubstituted pyrazolesulfonylurea derivatives were prepared and evaluated as hypoglycemic agents. Preliminary biological testing revealed that the new compounds possess moderate hypoglycemic activity.

Preparation and antidiabetic activity of cyclic sulfonylthiourea derivatives

3-Substituted 5-methyl-1-(p-[(3,5-dimethyl)pyrazol-1-yl]-, 5-methyl-1-(p-[(5-methyl-3-carboxy)pyrazol-1-yl]-, 1-(p-[(3-methyl-5-phenyl)pyrazol-1-yl]-, and 1-(p-[(3-methyl-4-bromo-5-phenyl)pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonyl)-2-thiohydantoin and their 5-methyl-2-thiohydantoin and 5,6-dihydro-4(3H)-oxo-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione derivatives were prepared for evaluation as hypoglycemic agents. Biological testing showed that some of these compounds possessed antidiabetic activity.