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Clark RN, Housley SL, Ahktar MN, Barnetson R. Metastatic Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma to the Urinary Bladder. Scott Med J 2008. [DOI: 10.1258/rsmsmj.53.4.10e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Le Mouélic S, Paillou P, Janssen MA, Barnes JW, Rodriguez S, Sotin C, Brown RH, Baines KH, Buratti BJ, Clark RN, Crapeau M, Encrenaz PJ, Jaumann R, Geudtner D, Paganelli F, Soderblom L, Tobie G, Wall S. Mapping and interpretation of Sinlap crater on Titan using Cassini VIMS and RADAR data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007je002965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cole NA, Clark RN, Todd RW, Richardson CR, Gueye A, Greene LW, McBride K. Influence of dietary crude protein concentration and source on potential ammonia emissions from beef cattle manure. J Anim Sci 2007; 83:722-31. [PMID: 15705770 DOI: 10.2527/2005.833722x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emissions of ammonia, as well as other gases and particulates, to the atmosphere are a growing concern of livestock producers, the general public, and regulators. The concentration and ruminal degradability of CP in beef cattle diets may affect urinary and fecal excretion of N and thus may affect ammonia emissions from beef cattle feed yards. To determine the effects of dietary CP concentration and degradability on potential ammonia emissions, 54 steers were randomly assigned to nine dietary treatments in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments consisted of three dietary CP concentrations (11.5, 13, and 14.5%) and three supplemental urea:cottonseed meal ratios (100:0, 50:50, and 0:100 of supplemental N). Steers were confined to tie stalls, and feces and urine excreted were collected and frozen after approximately 30, 75, and 120 d on feed. One percent of daily urine and feces excretion were added to polyethylene chambers containing 1,550 g of soil. Chambers were sealed, and ammonia emissions were trapped in an acid solution for 7 d using a vacuum system. As the protein concentration in the diet increased from 11.5 to 13%, in vitro daily ammonia emissions increased (P < 0.01) 60 to 200%, due primarily to increased urinary N excretion. As days on feed increased, in vitro ammonia emissions also increased (P < 0.01). Potential ammonia losses were highly correlated (P < 0.01) to urinary N (r2 = 0.69), urinary urea-N (r2 = 0.58) excretion, serum urea-N concentration (r2 = 0.52), and intake of degradable protein N (r2 = 0.23). Although dietary composition can affect daily ammonia losses, daily ammonia emissions must be balanced with effects on animal performance to determine optimal protein concentrations and forms in the diet.
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Cruikshank DP, Dalton JB, Dalle Ore CM, Bauer J, Stephan K, Filacchione G, Hendrix AR, Hansen CJ, Coradini A, Cerroni P, Tosi F, Capaccioni F, Jaumann R, Buratti BJ, Clark RN, Brown RH, Nelson RM, McCord TB, Baines KH, Nicholson PD, Sotin C, Meyer AW, Bellucci G, Combes M, Bibring JP, Langevin Y, Sicardy B, Matson DL, Formisano V, Drossart P, Mennella V. Surface composition of Hyperion. Nature 2007; 448:54-6. [PMID: 17611536 DOI: 10.1038/nature05948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hyperion, Saturn's eighth largest icy satellite, is a body of irregular shape in a state of chaotic rotation. The surface is segregated into two distinct units. A spatially dominant high-albedo unit having the strong signature of H2O ice contrasts with a unit that is about a factor of four lower in albedo and is found mostly in the bottoms of cup-like craters. Here we report observations of Hyperion's surface in the ultraviolet and near-infrared spectral regions with two optical remote sensing instruments on the Cassini spacecraft at closest approach during a fly-by on 25-26 September 2005. The close fly-by afforded us the opportunity to obtain separate reflectance spectra of the high- and low-albedo surface components. The low-albedo material has spectral similarities and compositional signatures that link it with the surface of Phoebe and a hemisphere-wide superficial coating on Iapetus.
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Brown RH, Clark RN, Buratti BJ, Cruikshank DP, Barnes JW, Mastrapa RME, Bauer J, Newman S, Momary T, Baines KH, Bellucci G, Capaccioni F, Cerroni P, Combes M, Coradini A, Drossart P, Formisano V, Jaumann R, Langevin Y, Matson DL, McCord TB, Nelson RM, Nicholson PD, Sicardy B, Sotin C. Composition and Physical Properties of Enceladus' Surface. Science 2006; 311:1425-8. [PMID: 16527972 DOI: 10.1126/science.1121031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Observations of Saturn's satellite Enceladus using Cassini's Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer instrument were obtained during three flybys of Enceladus in 2005. Enceladus' surface is composed mostly of nearly pure water ice except near its south pole, where there are light organics, CO2, and amorphous and crystalline water ice, particularly in the region dubbed the "tiger stripes." An upper limit of 5 precipitable nanometers is derived for CO in the atmospheric column above Enceladus, and 2% for NH3 in global surface deposits. Upper limits of 140 kelvin (for a filled pixel) are derived for the temperatures in the tiger stripes.
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Sotin C, Jaumann R, Buratti BJ, Brown RH, Clark RN, Soderblom LA, Baines KH, Bellucci G, Bibring JP, Capaccioni F, Cerroni P, Combes M, Coradini A, Cruikshank DP, Drossart P, Formisano V, Langevin Y, Matson DL, McCord TB, Nelson RM, Nicholson PD, Sicardy B, LeMouelic S, Rodriguez S, Stephan K, Scholz CK. Release of volatiles from a possible cryovolcano from near-infrared imaging of Titan. Nature 2005; 435:786-9. [PMID: 15944697 DOI: 10.1038/nature03596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Titan is the only satellite in our Solar System with a dense atmosphere. The surface pressure is 1.5 bar (ref. 1) and, similar to the Earth, N2 is the main component of the atmosphere. Methane is the second most important component, but it is photodissociated on a timescale of 10(7) years (ref. 3). This short timescale has led to the suggestion that Titan may possess a surface or subsurface reservoir of hydrocarbons to replenish the atmosphere. Here we report near-infrared images of Titan obtained on 26 October 2004 by the Cassini spacecraft. The images show that a widespread methane ocean does not exist; subtle albedo variations instead suggest topographical variations, as would be expected for a more solid (perhaps icy) surface. We also find a circular structure approximately 30 km in diameter that does not resemble any features seen on other icy satellites. We propose that the structure is a dome formed by upwelling icy plumes that release methane into Titan's atmosphere.
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Clark RN, Brown RH, Jaumann R, Cruikshank DP, Nelson RM, Buratti BJ, McCord TB, Lunine J, Baines KH, Bellucci G, Bibring JP, Capaccioni F, Cerroni P, Coradini A, Formisano V, Langevin Y, Matson DL, Mennella V, Nicholson PD, Sicardy B, Sotin C, Hoefen TM, Curchin JM, Hansen G, Hibbits K, Matz KD. Compositional maps of Saturn's moon Phoebe from imaging spectroscopy. Nature 2005; 435:66-9. [PMID: 15875014 DOI: 10.1038/nature03558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The origin of Phoebe, which is the outermost large satellite of Saturn, is of particular interest because its inclined, retrograde orbit suggests that it was gravitationally captured by Saturn, having accreted outside the region of the solar nebula in which Saturn formed. By contrast, Saturn's regular satellites (with prograde, low-inclination, circular orbits) probably accreted within the sub-nebula in which Saturn itself formed. Here we report imaging spectroscopy of Phoebe resulting from the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft encounter on 11 June 2004. We mapped ferrous-iron-bearing minerals, bound water, trapped CO2, probable phyllosilicates, organics, nitriles and cyanide compounds. Detection of these compounds on Phoebe makes it one of the most compositionally diverse objects yet observed in our Solar System. It is likely that Phoebe's surface contains primitive materials from the outer Solar System, indicating a surface of cometary origin.
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Clark RN, Swayze GA, Livo KE, Kokaly RF, Sutley SJ, Dalton JB, McDougal RR, Gent CA. Imaging spectroscopy: Earth and planetary remote sensing with the USGS Tetracorder and expert systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002je001847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hoefen TM, Clark RN, Bandfield JL, Smith MD, Pearl JC, Christensen PR. Discovery of Olivine in the Nili Fossae Region of Mars. Science 2003; 302:627-30. [PMID: 14576430 DOI: 10.1126/science.1089647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have detected a 30,000-square-kilometer area rich in olivine in the Nili Fossae region of Mars. Nili Fossae has been interpreted as a complex of grabens and fractures related to the formation of the Isidis impact basin. We propose that post-impact faulting of this area has exposed subsurface layers rich in olivine. Linear mixture analysis of Thermal Emission Spectrometer spectra shows surface exposures of 30% olivine, where the composition of the olivine ranges from Fo30 to Fo70.
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Ruff SW, Christensen PR, Clark RN, Kieffer HH, Malin MC, Bandfield JL, Jakosky BM, Lane MD, Mellon MT, Presley MA. Mars' “White Rock” feature lacks evidence of an aqueous origin: Results from Mars Global Surveyor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000je001329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Purdy CW, Straus DC, Parker DB, Williams BP, Clark RN. Water quality in cattle feedyard playas in winter and summer. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:1402-7. [PMID: 11560268 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of feedyards on endotoxin concentration, fecal coliform count, and other water quality measurements during winter and summer in feedyard playas (shallow lakes). SAMPLE POPULATION Water samples obtained from 7 feedyard playas and 3 nonfeedyard control playas. PROCEDURE Surface water samples were collected from each playa and at various depths from 3 feedyard playas. Endotoxin concentrations, 22 water quality variables, and fecal coliform counts were determined in samples collected in summer and winter from various combinations of playas. RESULTS Cattle numbers per feedyard ranged from 40,000 to 175,000 head/y. Mean endotoxin concentrations were significantly lower in control playas than in feedyard playas in winter and summer. Endotoxin concentration appeared to be homogenous at various water depths. Values for 20 of 22 water quality variables were higher in the feedyard playas than in control playas in winter and summer. In winter only, mean total fecal coliform concentration in feedyard playas was significantly greater than in control playas. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that feedyards have the potential to impact water quality in playas, and cattle should not be allowed access to them. Feedyard playa water should not be used under high pressure to settle dust in pens with cattle or to cool cattle, because aerosols containing pathogens and high concentrations of endotoxin are a health hazard for humans and cattle?
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Tsan MF, Clark RN, Goyert SM, White JE. Induction of TNF-α and MnSOD by endotoxin: role of membrane CD14 and Toll-like receptor-4. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 280:C1422-30. [PMID: 11350737 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.280.6.c1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin (LPS) is a potent inducer of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Recent evidence suggests that LPS induction of TNF-α and MnSOD mRNAs is mediated through distinct intracellular signal transduction pathways. Membrane CD14 (mCD14) and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) mediate LPS induction of TNF-α in macrophages. In the current study, we evaluated the role of mCD14 and TLR4 in LPS induction of MnSOD using peritoneal macrophages from CD14 knockout (CD14-KO) mice and mice with the Tlr4 gene point mutation (C3H/HeJ) or deletion (C57BL/10ScCr). We studied mCD14-dependent (1 and 10 ng/ml) and mCD14-independent (1,000 ng/ml) concentrations of LPS. Compared with control (BALB/c) macrophages, LPS at 1 and 10 ng/ml failed to induce TNF-α or MnSOD mRNA in CD14-KO macrophages. However, LPS at 1,000 ng/ml induced TNF-α and MnSOD mRNAs equally in macrophages from CD14-KO and control mice. LPS (1, 10, or 1,000 ng/ml) failed to induce TNF-α or MnSOD mRNA and failed to activate nuclear factor-κB in C3H/HeJ or C57BL/10ScCr macrophages. Measurements of TNF-α and MnSOD enzyme activity paralleled TNF-α and MnSOD mRNA levels. These data demonstrate that, like TNF-α, induction of MnSOD by LPS is mediated by mCD14 and TLR4 in murine macrophages.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Drosophila Proteins
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/genetics
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Superoxide Dismutase/genetics
- Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 4
- Toll-Like Receptors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Christensen PR, Bandfield JL, Smith MD, Hamilton VE, Clark RN. Identification of a basaltic component on the Martian surface from Thermal Emission Spectrometer data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Carlson RW, Anderson MS, Johnson RE, Smythe WD, Hendrix AR, Barth CA, Soderblom LA, Hansen GB, McCord TB, Dalton JB, Clark RN, Shirley JH, Ocampo AC, Matson DL. Hydrogen peroxide on the surface of Europa. Science 1999; 283:2062-4. [PMID: 10092224 DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5410.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spatially resolved infrared and ultraviolet wavelength spectra of Europa's leading, anti-jovian quadrant observed from the Galileo spacecraft show absorption features resulting from hydrogen peroxide. Comparisons with laboratory measurements indicate surface hydrogen peroxide concentrations of about 0.13 percent, by number, relative to water ice. The inferred abundance is consistent with radiolytic production of hydrogen peroxide by intense energetic particle bombardment and demonstrates that Europa's surface chemistry is dominated by radiolysis.
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Christensen PR, Anderson DL, Chase SC, Clancy RT, Clark RN, Conrath BJ, Kieffer HH, Kuzmin RO, Malin MC, Pearl JC, Roush TL, Smith MD. Results from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer. Science 1998; 279:1692-8. [PMID: 9497282 DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5357.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Thermal Emission Spectrometer spectra of low albedo surface materials suggests that a four to one mixture of pyroxene to plagioclase, together with about a 35 percent dust component provides the best fit to the spectrum. Qualitative upper limits can be placed on the concentration of carbonates (<10 percent), olivine (<10 percent), clay minerals (<20 percent), and quartz (<5 percent) in the limited regions observed. Limb observations in the northern hemisphere reveal low-lying dust hazes and detached water-ice clouds at altitudes up to 55 kilometers. At an aerocentric longitude of 224 degrees a major dust storm developed in the Noachis Terra region. The south polar cap retreat was similar to that observed by Viking.
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McCord TB, Carlson RW, Smythe WD, Hansen GB, Clark RN, Hibbitts CA, Fanale FP, Granahan JC, Segura M, Matson DL, Johnson TV, Martin PD. Organics and other molecules in the surfaces of Callisto and Ganymede. Science 1997; 278:271-5. [PMID: 9323203 DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5336.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Five absorption features are reported at wavelengths of 3.4, 3.88, 4. 05, 4.25, and 4.57 micrometers in the surface materials of the Galilean satellites Callisto and Ganymede from analysis of reflectance spectra returned by the Galileo mission near-infrared mapping spectrometer. Candidate materials include CO2, organic materials (such as tholins containing C(triple bond)N and C-H), SO2, and compounds containing an SH-functional group; CO2, SO2, and perhaps cyanogen [(CN)2] may be present within the surface material itself as collections of a few molecules each. The spectra indicate that the primary surface constituents are water ice and hydrated minerals.
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Clark RN, Ashby CR, Dewey SL, Ramachandran PV, Strecker RE. Effect of acute and chronic fluoxetine on extracellular dopamine levels in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens of rat. Synapse 1996; 23:125-31. [PMID: 8807740 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199607)23:3<125::aid-syn1>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that an increase in serotonergic (5-HT) activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) produces an increase in dopamine (DA) release, providing a possible mechanism for the involvement of DA in the therapeutic action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants. However, acutely administered fluoxetine (2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) failed to elevate extracellular levels of DA, or its metabolites in the NAc or caudate-putamen (CP). In fact, the highest dose produced a small (20%) decrease in DA levels in the NAc. Extracellular levels of the 5-HT metabolite 5HIAA were consistently decreased at all doses of fluoxetine in both structures. Since SSRIs generally require several weeks of treatment to be effective clinically, a second experiment examined the effect of chronic administration of fluoxetine. Chronic (21 day) daily treatment with 5 mg/kg had no effect on NAc basal levels of DA, DA metabolites, or 5HIAA, relative to a saline-treated control group. Finally, pretreatment with fluoxetine appeared to slightly enhance the elevation of NAc DA induced by an injection of cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), an effect that was not quite significant (P < .06). In conclusion, the 5-HT-induced facilitation of NAc DA neurotransmission described in the literature may not be relevant to the therapeutic action of fluoxetine.
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Calvin WM, Clark RN, Brown RH, Spencer JR. Spectra of the icy Galilean satellites from 0.2 to 5μm: A compilation, new observations, and a recent summary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94je03349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Calvin WM, King TVV, Clark RN. Hydrous carbonates on Mars?: Evidence from Mariner 6/7 infrared spectrometer and ground-based telescopic spectra. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94je01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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King TV, Clark RN, Calvin WM, Sherman DM, Brown RH. Evidence for Ammonium-Bearing Minerals on Ceres. Science 1992; 255:1551-3. [PMID: 17820166 DOI: 10.1126/science.255.5051.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spectra obtained from recent telescopic observation of 1-Ceres and laboratory measurements and theoretical calculations of three component mixtures of Ceres analog material suggest that an ammoniated phyllosilicate is present on the surface of the asteroid, rather than H(2)O frost as had been previously reported. The presence of an ammoniated phyllosilicate, most likely ammoniated saponite, on the surface of Ceres implies that secondary temperatures could not have exceeded 400 kelvin.
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Christensen PR, Anderson DL, Chase SC, Clark RN, Kieffer HH, Malin MC, Pearl JC, Carpenter J, Bandiera N, Brown FG, Silverman S. Thermal emission spectrometer experiment: Mars Observer mission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92je00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
This paper has presented the characteristic features of those types of dwarfism that are manifest at birth. This information has been presented in a fashion that should assist the pediatrician in arriving at an appropriate diagnosis without excessive delay or extensive diagnostic studies. However, variable expressivity may result in subtle presentation and, in those cases, diagnosis may be more challenging.
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Clark RN, Swayze GA, Singer RB, Pollack JB. High-resolution reflectance spectra of Mars in the 2.3-μm region: Evidence for the mineral scapolite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib09p14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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49
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Swayze GA, Clark RN. Infrared spectra and crystal chemistry of scapolites: Implications for Martian mineralogy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib09p14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Clark RN, King TVV, Klejwa M, Swayze GA, Vergo N. High spectral resolution reflectance spectroscopy of minerals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib08p12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 958] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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