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Zhu Y, Luan Y, Zhao Y, Liu J, Duan Z, Ruan R. Current Technologies and Uses for Fruit and Vegetable Wastes in a Sustainable System: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:foods12101949. [PMID: 37238767 DOI: 10.3390/foods12101949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The fruit and vegetable industry produces millions of tons of residues, which can cause large economic losses. Fruit and vegetable wastes and by-products contain a large number of bioactive substances with functional ingredients that have antioxidant, antibacterial, and other properties. Current technologies can utilize fruit and vegetable waste and by-products as ingredients, food bioactive compounds, and biofuels. Traditional and commercial utilization in the food industry includes such technologies as microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), and high hydrostatic pressure technique (HHP). Biorefinery methods for converting fruit and vegetable wastes into biofuels, such as anaerobic digestion (AD), fermentation, incineration, pyrolysis and gasification, and hydrothermal carbonization, are described. This study provides strategies for the processing of fruit and vegetable wastes using eco-friendly technologies and lays a foundation for the utilization of fruit and vegetable loss/waste and by-products in a sustainable system.
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Xiong J, Zhang S, Ke L, Wu Q, Zhang Q, Cui X, Dai A, Xu C, Cobb K, Liu Y, Ruan R, Wang Y. Research progress on pyrolysis of nitrogen-containing biomass for fuels, materials, and chemicals production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162214. [PMID: 36796688 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis of nitrogen-containing biomass holds tremendous potential for producing varieties of high value-added products, alleviating energy depletion. Based on the research status about nitrogen-containing biomass pyrolysis, the effect of biomass feedstock composition on pyrolysis products is first introduced from the aspects of elemental analysis, proximate analysis, and biochemical composition. The properties of biomass with high and low nitrogen used in pyrolysis are briefly summarized. Then, with the pyrolysis of nitrogen-containing biomass as the core, biofuel characteristics, nitrogen migration during pyrolysis, the application prospects, unique advantages of nitrogen-doped carbon materials for catalysis, adsorption and energy storage are introduced, as well as their feasibility in producing nitrogen-containing chemicals (acetonitrile and nitrogen heterocyclic) are reviewed. The future outlook for the application of the pyrolysis of nitrogen-containing biomass, specifically, how to realize the denitrification and upgrading of bio-oil, performance improvement of nitrogen-doped carbon materials, as well as separation and purification of nitrogen-containing chemicals, are addressed.
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Yan H, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Cui X, Liu Y, Yu Z, Xu S, Ruan R. Rice straw as microalgal biofilm bio-carrier: Effects of indigenous microorganisms on rice straw and microalgal biomass production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 341:118075. [PMID: 37141712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal biofilm cultivation is a promising method for efficient microalgae production. However, expensive, difficult-to-obtain and non-durable carriers hinder its up-scaling. This study adopted both sterilized and unsterilized rice straw (RS) as a carrier for the development of microalgal biofilm, with polymethyl methacrylate as control. The biomass production and chemical composition of Chlorella sorokiniana, as well as the microbial community composition during cultivation were examined. The physicochemical properties of RS before and after utilized as carrier were investigated. The biomass productivity of unsterilized RS biofilm exceeded that of suspended culture by 4.85 g m-2·d-1. The indigenous microorganisms, mainly fungus, could effectively fixed microalgae to the bio-carrier and enhance its biomass production. They could also degrade RS into dissolved matters for microalgal utilization, leading to the physicochemical properties change of RS in the direction which favored its energy conversion. This study showed that RS can be used effectively as a microalgal biofilm carrier, thus presenting a new possibility for the recycling of rice straw.
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Shuai X, Dai T, McClements DJ, Ruan R, Du L, Liu Y, Chen J. Hypolipidemic effects of macadamia oil are related to AMPK activation and oxidative stress relief: In vitro and in vivo studies. Food Res Int 2023; 168:112772. [PMID: 37120222 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Macadamia oil is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, especially a high level of palmitoleic acid, which may have beneficial health effects by lowering blood lipid levels. In our study, the hypolipidemic effects of macadamia oil and its potential mechanisms of action were investigated using a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays. The results showed that macadamia oil significantly reduced lipid accumulation, and improved triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in oleic acid-induced high-fat HepG2 cells. The macadamia oil treatment also exhibited antioxidant effects, as seen by its ability to reduce reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The effects of 1000 μg/mL of macadamia oil were comparable to that of 4.19 μg/mL simvastatin. The results of qRT-PCR and western blotting analyses indicated that macadamia oil effectively inhibited hyperlipidemia by reducing the expression levels of SREBP-1c, PPAR-γ, ACC and FAS and by enhancing the expression levels of HO-1, NRF2 and γ-GCS, via AMPK activation and oxidative stress relief, respectively. In addition, different doses of macadamia oil were found to significantly improve liver lipid accumulation, reduce serum and liver TC, TG, and LDL-C levels, increase HDL-C levels, increase antioxidant enzyme (SOD, GSH-Px, and T-AOC) activity, and decrease the MDA content of mice on a high-fat diet. These results indicated that macadamia oil had a hypolipidemic effect and provide insights that might facilitate the development of functional food and dietary supplements.
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Wu Q, Zhang L, Ke L, Zhang Q, Cui X, Fan L, Dai A, Xu C, Zhang Q, Bob K, Zou R, Liu Y, Ruan R, Wang Y. Co-torrefaction of corncob and waste cooking oil coupled with fast co-pyrolysis for bio-oil production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 370:128529. [PMID: 36574887 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a rich source of fixed renewable carbon and a promising alternative to fossil sources. However, low effective hydrogen to carbon ratio limits its applications. This work studied the influence of oil-bath co-torrefaction of corncob and waste cooking oil for co-pyrolysis. It was compared with dry torrefaction and hydrothermal wet torrefaction firstly. Residual of oil-bath co-torrefaction were the highest of 97.01 %. Oil-bath co-torrefaction could maximize hydrogen atoms retention in corncob, which has a positive significance for deoxygenation during pyrolysis. Oil-bath co-torrefaction could also reduce the average activation energy required for corncob decomposition, while it was increased with dry torrefaction. Oil-bath co-torrefaction coupled with co-pyrolysis was more suitable for hydrocarbon-rich bio-oil production. Oil-bath co-torrefaction temperature had the greatest influence on bio-oil composition. High pressure promoted formation of the CC double bond and degradation of lignin, which further promoted the formation of monocyclic aromatics in bio-oil.
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Bo Y, Chu R, Sun D, Deng X, Zhou C, Yan X, Ruan R, Cheng P. Mixotrophic culture of bait microalgae for biomass and nutrients accumulation and their synergistic carbon metabolism. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 367:128301. [PMID: 36370937 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae cannot meet the bait demand for aquaculture due to light intensity limitation and other disadvantageous conditions. This research selected 6 mixotrophic microalgae, and the optimal strains and organic carbon were screened. The results showed that Thalassiosira pseudonana and Chlorella sp. are suitable for mixotrophic culture. The maximum cell density of Thalassiosira pseudonana was found to be 1.67 times than that of the photoautotrophic group when glycerol was added. The maximum cell density of Chlorella sp. with acetic acid was 1.69 times than that of the photoautotrophic group. When the concentration of acetic acid was 5.0 g·L-1 and the concentration of KNO3 was 0.2 g·L-1, the maximum biomass of Chlorella sp. could reach 3.54 × 107 cells·mL-1; the maximum biomass of Thalassiosira pseudonana was 5.53 × 106 cells·mL-1 with 10.0 g·L-1 glycerol and 0.2 g·L-1 KNO3. Metabolomic analysis further revealed that mixotrophic bait microalgae could promote the accumulation of lipids and amino acids.
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Liu J, Huang L, An J, Ma Y, Cheng Y, Zhang R, Peng P, Wang Y, Addy M, Chen P, Chen C, Liu Y, Huang G, Ruan R. Application of high‐pressure homogenization to improve physicochemical and antioxidant properties of almond hulls. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.14235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Shuai X, Dai T, Chen M, Liu CM, Ruan R, Liu Y, Chen J. Characterization of lipid compositions, minor components and antioxidant capacities in macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) oil from four major areas in China. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Luo X, Liu Y, Muhmood A, Zhang Q, Wang J, Ruan R, Wang Y, Cui X. Effect of time and temperature of pretreatment and anaerobic co-digestion of rice straw and swine wastewater by domesticated paddy soil microbes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 323:116218. [PMID: 36108514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice straw and swine wastewater are abundant, easy to obtain, and inexpensive biomass materials. Anaerobic digestion of rice straw and swine wastewater effectively regulates the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and also improves methane production efficiency. The dense lignocellulosic structure, unsuitable carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and light texture of rice straw hinder its application in anaerobic digestion. Effective pretreatment technologies can improve degradation efficiency and methane production. Our study is the first to apply domesticated paddy soil microbes to enhance the efficiency of hydrolytic acidification of rice straw and swine wastewater at varying temperatures and times. The results show that the highest total organic carbon (1757.2 mg/L), soluble chemical oxygen demand (5341.7 mg/L), and organic acid concentration (4134.6 mg/L) appeared in the hydrolysate after five days of hydrolytic acidification at 37 °C. Moreover, the use of hydrolysate produced 13% more gas and reduced the anaerobic digestion period by ten days compared to the untreated control. This suggests that using domesticated paddy soil microbes as a pretreatment might be a sustainable and cost-effective strategy for improving the degradation efficacy and methane production from lignocellulosic materials.
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Chen J, Dai L, Mataya D, Cobb K, Chen P, Ruan R. Enhanced sustainable integration of CO 2 utilization and wastewater treatment using microalgae in circular economy concept. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 366:128188. [PMID: 36309175 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have been shown to have a promising potential for CO2 utilization and wastewater treatment which still faces the challenges of high resource and energy requirements. The implementation of the circular economy concept is able to address the issues that limit the application of microalgae-based technologies. In this review, a comprehensive discussion on microalgae-based CO2 utilization and wastewater treatment was provided, and the integration of this technology with the circular economy concept, for long-term economic and environmental benefits, was described. Furthermore, technological challenges and feasible strategies towards the improvement of microalgae cultivation were discussed. Finally, necessary regulations and effective policies favoring the implementation of microalgae cultivation into the circular economy were proposed. These are discussed to support sustainable development of microalgae-based bioremediation and bioproduction. This work provides new insights into the implementation of the circular economy concept into microalgae-based CO2 utilization and wastewater treatment to enhance sustainable production.
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Zheng H, Ge F, Song K, Yang Z, Li J, Yan F, Wu X, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Ruan R. Docosahexaenoic acid production of the marine microalga Isochrysis galbana cultivated on renewable substrates from food processing waste under CO 2 enrichment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157654. [PMID: 35908707 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Leftover dough is a starch-rich food processing waste of Chinese steamed bread. Leftover dough hydrolysates enriched with glucose and amino acids were used to cultivate the marine microalga Isochrysis galbana to produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) under CO2 enrichment. Isochrysis galbana could use mixed carbon sources (CO2, glucose, and amino acids) synchronously to grow and accumulate DHA. Cell growth, the uptake of glucose and amino acids, and DHA production were significantly affected by CO2 enrichment. The maximum biomass concentration of 3.85 g L-1 was achieved with 3 % CO2. And the maximum DHA yield was 65.5 mg L-1 d-1. To enhance DHA production, a two-stage cultivation strategy was successfully developed by this work. The maximum DHA yield of the two-stage culture was elevated by 2.3-fold. It is feasible to produce DHA by Isochrysis galbana using leftover dough under CO2 enrichment.
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Dai L, Zhou N, Lv Y, Cobb K, Chen P, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zou R, Lei H, Mohamed BA, Ruan R, Cheng Y. Catalytic reforming of polyethylene pyrolysis vapors to naphtha range hydrocarbons with low aromatic content over a high silica ZSM-5 zeolite. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157658. [PMID: 35908703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the microwave-assisted pyrolysis coupled with ex-situ catalytic reforming of polyethylene for naphtha range hydrocarbons, with low aromatic content, was investigated. Experimental results revealed that ZSM-5 zeolites with low SiO2/Al2O3 ratios led to high aromatic selectivity, while an extremely high SiO2/Al2O3 ratio significantly reduced the aromatic selectivity. The high selectivity of C5-C12 hydrocarbons (98.9 %) with low selectivity of C5-C12 aromatics (28.5 %) was obtained over a high silica ZSM-5 zeolite at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C, catalytic cracking temperature of 460 °C, and a weight hourly space velocity of 7 h-1. The liquid oil produced was mainly composed of C5-C12 olefins that can be easily converted into paraffin-rich naphtha by hydrogenation or hydrogen transfer reactions as the feedstock for new plastic manufacturing. 8 cycles of regeneration-reaction cycles were carried out successfully with little change on the product distribution, showing the great potential for continuous production of low-aromatic liquid oil. Catalyst characterization showed that the catalyst deactivation was primarily caused by coke deposition (approximately 16.0 wt%) on the surface of the catalysts, and oxidative regeneration was able to recover most of the pore structure and acidity of the zeolite by effectively removing coke. This study provides a better understanding for the plastic-to-naphtha process and even for scale-up studies.
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Li W, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Luo S, Wu X, Liu Y, Min A, Ruan R. Harvesting Chlorella vulgaris by electro-flotation with stainless steel cathode and non-sacrificial anode. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127961. [PMID: 36113816 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a promising method for efficiently harvesting microalgae, electro-flotation's performance is related to various factors including electrode design and process operating parameters. In this paper, bubble generation behavior on stainless-steel cathodes, with wire diameters of 0.8 mm, 0.2 mm and 0.05 mm, was studied. The results show that the bubble size increased with the increasing diameter of the electrode wire. Over 90 % harvesting efficiency was achieved using non-sacrificial anode. Extracellular polymeric substance is the main reason keeping bubbles from bursting.
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Cai Y, Zhai L, Wu K, Li Z, Gu Z, Wang Y, Cui X, Zhou T, Ruan R, Liu T, Liu Y, Zhang Q. Mechanisms of promotion in the heterotrophic growth of Chlorella vulgaris by the combination of sodium acetate and hydrolysate of broken rice. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:127965. [PMID: 36113821 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to reduce the culture cost and increase the growth rate of heterotrophic Chlorella vulgaris, the effects of hydrolysate of broken rice (HBR) combined with sodium acetate on its growth were evaluated. Results showed that the addition of 0.4 g/L of sodium acetate could stabilize the pH of the medium via the co-metabolism of acetate, ammonia and nitrate by Chlorella vulgaris. Meanwhile, isocitrate lyase activity increased threefold, which further promoted the glyoxylate cycle and the citric acid cycle, which finally provided more energy and metabolic precursors for cell growth. The biomass production (5.04 g/L), biomass productivity (1.65 g/L/day) and protein content (64.14 %) were 1.56, 1.81 and 1.77 times higher than the glucose group. This study demonstrated that HBR combined with sodium acetate could effectively promote the heterotrophic metabolism of microalgae, which provided scientific basis and guidance for industrial production of high-value products using Chlorella vulgaris as a fermentation platform.
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Gao K, Liu Y, Liu T, Song X, Ruan R, Feng S, Wang X, Cui X. OSA improved the stability and applicability of emulsions prepared with enzymatically hydrolyzed pomelo peel insoluble fiber. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dong H, Liu W, Zhang H, Zheng X, Duan H, Zhou L, Xu T, Ruan R. Improvement of phosphate solubilizing bacteria Paenibacillus xylanexedens on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and wastewater treatment in attached cultivation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135604. [PMID: 35809743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A symbiotic system of algae-bacteria, and attached cultivation, are two ways to increase microalgae biomass, and beneficially effect wastewater treatment. However, the possible advantages of the algae-bacteria co-culture in attached cultivation, are still unclear. This paper investigates the effects of different morphologies of a phosphate solubilizing bacteria-Paenibacillus xylanexedens (bacteria supernatant, bacteria, broken bacteria), on the growth of microalgae-Chlorella pyrenoidosa and wastewater treatment in an attached co-culture system. The results show that the broken bacteria had the most significant effect, with the biomass and protein content of Chlorella pyrenoidosa increasing by 125.67% and 25.04%; and the removal rate of COD, NH4+-N and PO43- in wastewater increasing by 23.57%, 146.15% and 9.96% respectively. This indicates that the intracellular material of the Paenibacillus xylanexedens was more effective in promoting the biomass growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and the removal rates of COD, NH4+-N and PO43-, compared to the algae growing without the bacteria. The algae-bacteria symbiotic attached mode was superior to the suspended mode, in terms of both Chlorella pyrenoidosa biomass enhancement and effective wastewater treatment. The addition of different morphologies of Paenibacillus xylanexedens significantly enlarged the difference between the two culture modes. This study provides a new method for coupled algae-bacteria co-cultures for wastewater treatment, based on the symbiotic effect.
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Cai Y, Zhai L, Fang X, Wu K, Liu Y, Cui X, Wang Y, Yu Z, Ruan R, Liu T, Zhang Q. Effects of C/N ratio on the growth and protein accumulation of heterotrophic Chlorella in broken rice hydrolysate. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:102. [PMID: 36209252 PMCID: PMC9547431 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae protein is considered as a sustainable alternative to animal protein in the future. Using waste for microalgal culture can upgrade low-value raw materials into high-value products, helping to offset the cost of microalgal protein production. In this study we explored the feasibility of using microalgae heterotrophic fermentation to convert broken rice hydrolysate (BRH) into protein. RESULTS The results showed that the increase of BRH supplemental ratio was beneficial to the increase of biomass production but not beneficial to the increase of intracellular protein content. To further improve protein production, the effect of C/N ratio on intracellular protein accumulation was studied. It was found that low C/N ratio was beneficial to the synthesis of glutamate in microalgae cells, which in turn promoted the anabolism of other amino acids and further the protein. When the C/N ratio was 12:1, the biomass productivity and protein content could reach a higher level, which were 0.90 g/L/day and 61.56%, respectively. The obtained Chlorella vulgaris biomass was rich in essential amino acids (41.80%), the essential amino acid index was as high as 89.07, and the lysine content could reach up to 4.05 g/100 g. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a theoretical basis and guidance for using Chlorella vulgaris as an industrial fermentation platform to convert broken rice into products with high nutritional value.
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He M, Cao Y, Xu Z, You S, Ruan R, Gao B, Wong KH, Tsang DCW. Process water recirculation for catalytic hydrothermal carbonization of anaerobic digestate: Water-Energy-Nutrient Nexus. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 361:127694. [PMID: 35905882 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The process water (PW) from acid-catalyzed hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is still an environmental burden due to the enriched organics, nutrients, and salts. This study proposed a novel strategy to valorize food waste digestate into multifunctional hydrochar by recirculating the PW in the HCl-catalyzed HTC process. The produced multifunctional hydrochar could be utilized as a high-quality solid fuel with HHV of 27.9 MJ kg-1 (hydrochar without PW recirculation) and a slow-release fertilizer by converting the complex Ca and P compounds from the food waste digestate into a Ca-P deposit (hydroxyapatite) with more than a 93 % P recovery rate (hydrochar with PW recirculation). Adding fresh HCl in the HTC PW recirculation system only displayed a marginal catalytic impact on the hydrochar properties after two cycles of recirculation. This study demonstrated the importance of inherent Ca in the feedstocks and the dual role of HCl in the HTC with PW recirculation.
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Yue L, Song X, Cui X, Zhang Q, Tian X, Yang X, Wu Q, Liu Y, Ruan R, Wang Y. Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of microwave-assisted fabricated selenylation Astragalus polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:8-15. [PMID: 36075149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Selenylation Astragalus polysaccharides (Se-APS) was fabricated by an optimized microwave-assisted method. Their physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacities and selenium (Se) release rate under gastrointestinal conditions were determined. Se-APS with the highest Se content (18.8 mg/g) was prepared in 0.4 % nitric acid, under the microwave conditions of 90 min and 80 °C. FTIR and XPS spectra indicated that Se was bound to the polysaccharide chain in the form of O-Se-O and O-H···Se, and most of Se+4 was reduced to Se0. Meanwhile, the micromorphology of Se-APS became clusters, loose and porous, which decreased its hydrodynamic particle size and negative surface charges. Besides, Se-APS displayed strong scavenging capacities towards ABTS and superoxide anion free radicals than Na2SeO3, and showed higher Se release rate (12.52 ± 0.31 %) under intestinal fluid comparing with gastric fluid (3.14 ± 0.38 %) during 8 h in vitro digestion. The results provided efficient preparation method references for selenylation polysaccharides, and broaden the application fields of APS.
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Zhou T, Li X, Zhang Q, Dong S, Liu H, Liu Y, Chaves AV, Ralph PJ, Ruan R, Wang Q. Ecotoxicological response of Spirulina platensis to coexisted copper and zinc in anaerobic digestion effluent. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155874. [PMID: 35568173 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper ion (Cu2+) and zinc ion (Zn2+) are widely co-existent in anaerobic digestion effluent as typical contaminants. This work aims to explore how Cu2+-Zn2+ association affects physiological properties of S. platensis using Schlösser medium (SM) and sterilized anaerobic digestion effluent (SADE). Microalgae cells viability, biochemical properties, uptake of Cu2+ and Zn2+, and risk assessment associated with the biomass reuse as additives to pigs were comprehensively assessed. Biomass production ranged from 0.03 to 0.28 g/L in SM and 0.63 to 0.79 g/L in SADE due to the presence of Cu2+ and Zn2+. Peak value of chlorophyll-a and carotenoid content during the experiment decreased by 70-100% and 40-100% in SM, and by 70-77% and 30-55% in SADE. Crude protein level reduced by 4-41% in SM and by 65-75% in SADE. The reduction ratio of these compounds was positively related to the Cu2+ and Zn2+ concentrations. Maximum value of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids was both obtained at 0.3 Cu + 2.0 Zn (50.8% and 22.8%, respectively) and 25% SADE reactors (33.8% and 27.7%, respectively). Uptake of Cu in biomass was facilitated by Zn2+ concentration (> 4.0 mg/L). Risk of S. platensis biomass associated with Cu2+ was higher than Zn2+. S. platensis from SM (Cu2+ ≤ 0.3 mg/L and Zn2+ ≤ 4.0 mg/L) and diluted SADE (25% and 50% SADE) reactors could be used as feed additives without any risk (hazard index <1), which provides sufficient protein and fatty acids for pig consumption. These results revealed the promising application of using S. platensis for bioremediation of Cu2+ and Zn2+ in anaerobic digestion effluent and harvesting biomass for animal feed additives.
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Chen L, Zheng M, Chen Z, Peng Y, Jones C, Graves S, Chen P, Ruan R, Papadimitriou J, Carey-Smith R, Leys T, Mitchell C, Huang YG, Wood D, Bulsara M, Zheng MH. The burden of end-stage osteoarthritis in Australia: a population-based study on the incidence of total knee replacement attributable to overweight/obesity. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:1254-1262. [PMID: 34890810 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the risk of total knee replacement (TKR) for primary osteoarthritis (OA) associated with overweight/obesity in the Australian population. METHODS This population-based study analyzed 191,723 cases of TKR collected by the Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Registry and population data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The time-trend change in incidence of TKR relating to BMI was assessed between 2015 and 2018. The influence of obesity on the incidence of TKR in different age and gender groups was determined. The population attributable fraction (PAF) was then calculated to estimate the effect of obesity reduction on TKR incidence. RESULTS The greatest increase in incidence of TKR was seen in patients from obese class III. The incidence rate ratio for having a TKR for obesity class III was 28.683 at those aged 18-54 years but was 2.029 at those aged >75 years. Females in obesity class III were 1.7 times more likely to undergo TKR compared to similarly classified males. The PAFs of TKR associated with overweight or obesity was 35%, estimating 14,287 cases of TKR attributable to obesity in 2018. The proportion of TKRs could be reduced by 20% if overweight and obese population move down one category. CONCLUSIONS Obesity has resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of TKR in the youngest population in Australia. The impact of obesity is greatest in the young and the female population. Effective strategies to reduce the national obese population could potentially reduce 35% of the TKR, with over 10,000 cases being avoided.
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Gao K, Liu T, Cao L, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Ruan R, Feng S, Wu X. Feasibility of pomelo peel dietary fiber as natural functional emulsifier for preparation of Pickering-type emulsion. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:4491-4499. [PMID: 35122272 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of Pickering emulsions stabilized by food-derived particles is of great interest, studies have focused on development of natural functional emulsifiers from agricultural byproducts. Dietary fiber (DF) has been recognizing for its excellent physiological functions. Moreover, physicochemical properties of pomelo peel DF (PDF) make it a potential emulsifier. However, pristine PDF is not suitable as emulsifier due to its compact physical structure and high hydrophobicity, which seriously limits its utilization. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of cellulase on physicochemical properties of PDF and to illustrate the feasibility of cellulase modified PDF (MPDF) as natural functional emulsifier. RESULTS Cellulase modification significantly improved (P < 0.05) specific surface area, water-holding capacity/oil-holding capacity, viscoelasticity, hydrophobicity, and pore structure while decreased crystallinity index and particle size of PDF. Emulsion could remain stable over 30 days as MPDF concentrations up to 1 wt% and oil/water ratio 3:7. The appearance stability of emulsions was not influenced by temperature (4-60 °C), pH (3.0-12.0), and ion concentration (0-200 mmol L-1 ) which was similar to Pickering emulsions. The mechanism of MPDF as an emulsifier was mainly attributed to the combination of Pickering effect and the three-dimensional network. In addition, MPDF showed higher antioxidant capacity in emulsions than other classical emulsifiers. CONCLUSION The results illustrated that MPDF has a favorable feasibility for preparation of stable Pickering-type emulsions, which will be a practical support for application of PDF as a natural functional emulsifier and will be helpful to realize the resource utilization of DF in pomelo industries. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Cen Q, Wu X, Cao L, Lu Y, Lu X, Chen J, Fu G, Liu Y, Ruan R. Green production of a yellow laccase by Coriolopsis gallica for phenolic pollutants removal. AMB Express 2022; 12:96. [PMID: 35841420 PMCID: PMC9288578 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a group of green biocatalysts, fungal laccases have aroused great interest in diverse biotechnological fields. Therein, yellow laccase has advantages over blue laccase in catalytic performance, but it is not common in the reported fungal laccases. Here, we report a yellow laccase from white-rot fungus Coriolopsis gallica NCULAC F1 about its production, purification, characterization, and application. Laccase production in the co-fermentation of pomelo peel and wheat bran reached the enzyme activity by 10,690 U/L after 5 days with a 13.58-time increase. After three steps of purification, laccase increased the specific activity from 30.78 to 188.79 U/mg protein with an activity recovery of 45.64%. The purified C. gallica laccase (CGLac) showed a molecular mass of about 57 kDa. CGLac had a yellow color and no absorption peaks at 610 nm and 330 nm, suggesting that it’s a yellow laccase. CGLac exhibited stability towards temperature (40–60 °C) and neutral pH (6.0–8.0). Fe3+ and Mn2+ strongly stimulated CGLac activity by 162.56% and 226.05%, respectively. CGLac remained high activities when exposed to organic reagents and putative inhibitors. Additionally, CGLac contributed to 90.78%, 93.26%, and 99.66% removal of phenol, p-chlorophenol and bisphenol A after 120 min, respectively. In conclusion, a green efficient production strategy was introduced for fungal laccase, and the obtained CGLac presented great enzymatic properties and catalytic potential in the removal of phenolic pollutants. Pomelo peels and wheat bran are great nutritional sources and laccase inducers. CGLac showed the spectral characteristic of yellow laccase. CGLac had great stability and catalytic ability for phenolic pollutants removal.
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Li Z, Liu Y, Zhou T, Cao L, Cai Y, Wang Y, Cui X, Yan H, Ruan R, Zhang Q. Effects of Culture Conditions on the Performance of Arthrospira platensis and Its Production of Exopolysaccharides. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142020. [PMID: 35885263 PMCID: PMC9316341 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) has been widely applied in industry and commerce for its various activities but the accumulation of EPS in culture medium may influence the growth of A. platensis reversely. This work aims to explore the impacts of initial pH, nitrogen source and concentration, phosphate concentration and recycle times of the culture medium on the growth of A. platensis and the secretion of its EPS. The results showed that EPS accumulated with the increase in recycle times of culture medium. The optimal initial pH for the growth of A. platensis was 8.50, and high pH of 11.5 inhibited the growth of biomass while resulting in highest EPS content of 92.87 mg/g DW. Excessive and limited nitrogen (NaNO3 of 25.00 g/L and NaNO3 < 2.50 g/L) and phosphate (K2HPO4 of 5.00 g/L and K2HPO4 < 0.50 g/L) inhibited the biomass production of A. platensis by 1.28−30.77% and 14.29−45.05%, respectively. EPS yield of 97.57 mg/g DW and 40.90 mg/g DW were obtained under NaNO3 of 25.00 g/L and K2HPO4 of 5.00 g/L due to salt stress. These findings are beneficial in providing a theoretical basis for high yield EPS from A. platensis without affecting biomass yield.
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