The landscape history of grouse shooting in the Yorkshire Dales

The literature concerning recreational landscapes is substantial, but its contents are heavily biased towards the parks and gardens of the aristocratic and land-owning classes. Surprisingly, very little of a landscape historical nature has been published on the countrysides created and maintained for the purpose of grouse shooting, even though the areas concerned are some of the most admired and most ecologically sensitive parts of Britain. The pursuit of grouse shooting has been followed in the Yorkshire Dales for more than 250 years and the activity (in this context ‘sport’ is an emotive term) and its varied impacts upon the landscape have been conditioned by a variety of factors. Some are social, and relate to perceptions of what constitute acceptable forms of upper class recreation and association; some are technological and involve the development of firearms; some are logistical and pertain to improvements in access to the upland grouse moors, while some are ecological and concern the improvement and deterioration of the habitat and fluctuations in the grouse population. All these factors found expression in the landscape, on the grand scale, by the systematic burning, swaling or swiddening of the moors and at the local level, for example, by constructing butts in relation to topography, prevailing wind direction and the flight paths favoured by the game.

Injury prevention in Scotland--the case for a national strategy

In children and young adults, injury overshadows other causes of death and is a major contributor to acute and long-term disability. Yet injury is more amenable to prevention than most other causes of ill health. The purpose of this paper is to present the case for the development and implementation of a national injury prevention strategy for Scotland. Systematic reviews of the evidence have identified a series of specific interventions that have been shown to reduce injury incidence, mortality or morbidity. Research suggests that over half of all traumatic deaths are avoidable in children. In addition to the responsibilities of individuals, parents, carers, schools and employers to prevent or to reduce the probability of injury, responsibility for injury prevention and the protection of the public from injury hazards lies with a range of national and local agencies in the UK. These vary across the country and are unco-ordinated. To reduce the number of deaths and disorders resulting from injury, and the costs associated with treating and caring for injured people and their families, we contend that the most pressing current need is to develop a national strategy for Scotland.

Heat-loss response to a thermal challenge in seasonal affective disorder

This study extends earlier findings of poorly facilitated postexercise heat loss during the winter in seasonal affective disorder (SAD). While depressed in the winter, 19 SAD subjects exhibited a significantly impaired postexercise heat loss relative to 10 control subjects. During the summer while euthymic, SAD subjects did not significantly differ from control subjects in postexercise heat loss. Since thermoregulatory heat loss is a highly dopamine-dependent process, these results support earlier findings of poorly facilitated dopamine availability in SAD during the winter and suggest a centrally mediated effect of light in SAD.

Seasonal independence of low prolactin concentration and high spontaneous eye blink rates in unipolar and bipolar II seasonal affective disorder

Twenty-four subjects with seasonal affective disorder (SAD: bipolar II, n = 14; unipolar, n = 10) and 20 normal controls were assessed for early follicular basal serum prolactin (PRL) concentration in winter and summer. Luteal basal PRL concentration was assessed in winter. The PRL values represented the mean of three values derived during a 45-minute period. A subset of 17 subjects with SAD and 11 controls were also assessed for spontaneous eye blinking via a polygraphic recording in winter and summer. In winter, compared with controls, subjects with SAD were characterized by significantly lower follicular (10.1 vs 4.5 micrograms/L, respectively) and luteal (14.4 vs 7.4 micrograms/L, respectively) PRL values and by significantly higher eye blink rates (30 vs 61 blinks per 3 minutes, respectively). In summer, controls and subjects with SAD showed similar significant differences in follicular PRL values (9.3 vs 3.9 micrograms/L, respectively) and eye blink rates (25 vs 67 blinks per 3 minutes, respectively). No significant differences in PRL values or eye blink rates were found between the bipolar II and unipolar forms of SAD in either season. Results were discussed in terms of dopamine functioning.

Effect of phototherapy on spontaneous eye blink rate in subjects with seasonal affective disorder

Eye blink rate was measured in four subjects with seasonal affective disorder and in four control subjects before and after phototherapy. The subjects with seasonal disorder blinked twice as often as the control subjects before therapy but no differently after phototherapy.

The changeling myth and the pre-psychology of parenting

Most European cultures, especially in rural areas, and until recently, routinely used ritual magic procedures to protect new-born children and their mothers from fairies, demons, and other supernatural beings. There seemed general recognition that this was a hazardous period for mother and child even if the dangers were seen as external, rather than internal (Hastings, 1910; Krappe, 1930). In this paper, several of these legends will be recounted, which illustrate a number of recurring themes which are of considerable interest to the student of human development. It is proposed that the changeling legend explained, by attribution to supernatural forces, such pathological developmental problems as early failure of attachment, rejection, projective and identificatory problems, and or course, the developmental process in which many of these issues are subsumed, the separation-individuation process (Mahler et al., 1975). A case is presented which illustrates important elements of the legend and an attempt is made to show how the legends may be understood in the light of developmental theory.

The family and the problem of internalization

This paper is an attempt to integrate concepts derived from family therapy with psychoanalytic concepts. In particular, the nature and process of internalization is scrutinized in the light of family-role functioning.

Cognitive structure and achievement in the young child

Recent findings from a longitudinal study or early school learning indicate that the Piaget measures of cognitive functioning at the Kindergarten level are reliable predictors of achievement in Grades I and II. Their predictive value remains statistically significant even after the I.Q. effect is ‘partialled’ out. A combined ‘test’ including the best Piaget subtest (Seriation and Time) with the Picture Arrangement from the WISC and the total score from the Lincoln Osseretsky (Motor Development test), when administered at Kindergarten, gives a surprisingly high prediction for achievement at Grades I and II.

The significance of these findings is discussed. It is suggested that the Piaget tests at this level tap an important dimension of development, possibly that related to individuation and Ego autonomy.

Intelligence, personality and achievement

A longitudinal development study of a group of middle class children has been described briefly, with emphasis on a segment of this research where findings suggest that the children achieving most at school are those with high intelligence and a high level of observed emotional disturbance (relative to the group).

This result was discussed in the light of current emphasis on early diagnosis and treatment of learning problems, and in the light of the interest in the bright under achiever.

It is suggested that more emphasis be laid on fostering cognitive growth and skills in the low intelligence group, though we remain guarded about the future progress of our bright but relatively disturbed children.

Speculations were made about the possible future course of these children, and also about those children who at present are apparently learning well below their capacity.

Attempts will be made to isolate those factors, which individually and by their interaction, let emotional disturbance add drive force to learning, and those which reduce that drive.

On the Structure of the Bone-Marrow in Relation to Blood-Formation

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Contributions to the Physiology and Pathology of the Blood: Part II

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