[Effects of hypertonic lactated Ringer's solution on hepatic ATP and L/P ratio in rats subjected to acute hemorrhage]

This study aimed to clarify the difference in the effects of hypertonic lactated Ringer's solution (HLS) on hepatic ATP level and L/P ratio during acute hemorrhage in rats. The hepatic ATP level in HLS 230 group was lower, and L/P ratio in HLS 300 group was higher than those in the control group. There was no significant difference in glycogen among 4 groups. However, pH and the base excess in HLS 230 and HLS 300 group were significantly higher than those in the C group. Heart rate in HLS 300 group was significantly lower than that in the C group. These results suggest that HLS may not be useful with regard to the hepatic energy metabolism, although it improves the metabolic acidosis during acute hemorrhage.

Effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane on free radical formation in the post-ischaemic reperfused heart

Sevoflurane has been reported to generate oxygen free radicals. We have investigated whether sevoflurane or isoflurane enhances oxygen free radical formation in the post-ischaemic reperfused heart. An isolated rat heart-lung preparation was used. Thirty male Wistar rats were allocated to four groups: control, no drug, 2.5% sevoflurane and 1.4% isoflurane. The heart was perfused initially at a cardiac output of 30 mL min-1 and a mean arterial pressure of 70 mmHg. Ten minutes after the start of perfusion, the heart was rendered globally ischaemic for 10 min by reducing the preload and afterload to zero. Then, the heart was reperfused for 10 min. At the end of reperfusion, the heart was freeze dried for 6 days. The perfusate blood was collected just before and just after ischaemia and at the end of reperfusion. The formation of hydroxyl radicals in perfusate blood and heart was measured with high-performance liquid chromatography using salicylic acid. Hydroxyl radicals react with salicylic acid, yielding 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5- and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA). Before and after ischaemia, there were no significant differences in cardiac output, systolic pressure, heart rate and right arterial pressure among the groups. The concentrations of 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5- and 3,4-DHBA in the perfusate blood after ischaemia and reperfusion were significantly higher than those before ischaemia in all groups. However, there were no differences in the DHBA levels among groups. This study indicates that sevoflurane and isoflurane do not enhance hydroxyl radical formation in the post-ischaemic reperfused heart.

Comparative effects of Ringer's acetate and lactate solutions on intraoperative central and peripheral temperatures

STUDY OBJECTIVES

To compare the effects of Ringer's lactate (LR) and Ringer's acetate (AR) solutions on core body and peripheral temperatures during isoflurane or sevoflurane anesthesia.

DESIGN

Prospective, randomized study.

SETTING

Operating rooms of a university hospital.

PATIENTS

60 ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing general surgery.

INTERVENTIONS

Following induction with 5 mg/kg of thiamylal and 0.1 mg/kg of vecuronium, patients were randomly assigned to one of four groups (15 patients per group). They received inhalation anesthetics (66% nitrous oxide [N2O] and 1.0% to 2.0% isoflurane or 1.3% to 2.6% sevoflurane) and LR or AR.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Tympanic membrane (central) temperatures, forearm temperatures, and fingertip temperatures were recorded during surgery every 30 minutes. Tympanic membrane temperatures in the patients given AR were significantly higher than those given LR during isoflurane anesthesia 5 and 30 minutes after induction of anesthesia. However, this was not the case for sevoflurane anesthesia. There were no significant differences in forearm and fingertip temperatures or fingertip bloodflow among the four groups.

CONCLUSION

There was no significant difference between AR and LR in the preservation of heat during either sevoflurane or isoflurane anesthesia. However, AR may be superior to LR for maintaining central temperature during the early period of isoflurane anesthesia.

[Effects of lactated Ringer solution and acetated Ringer solution on hepatic ATP and L/P ratio in rats subjected to acute hemorrhage]

This study aimed to clarify the difference in the effects of lactated Ringer solution (LR) and acetated Ringer solution (AR) on hepatic ATP level and L/P ratio during acute hemorrhage in rats. There were no significant differences in the hepatic ATP levels and L/P ratios among 3 groups. Glycogen in LR group was higher than that in the control group. However pH and the base excess in LR and AR group were significantly higher than those in the C group. These results suggest that LR as well as AR may improve the metabolic acidosis, and LR may be more useful than AR with regard to glucose supply during acute hemorrhage.

Mechanism of the negative inotropic effect of midazolam and diazepam in cultured foetal mouse cardiac myocytes

We have investigated the effects of midazolam and diazepam on intracellular calcium (Ca2+) handling in foetal mouse ventricular myocytes using the Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent indicator, indo-1. We also investigated separately whether flumazenil or the L-type Ca2+ channel agonist, Bay K8644, antagonized these myocardial depressive effects. Midazolam and diazepam decreased the Ca2+ transient and beating rate in a concentration-dependent manner, and these decreases were prevented by Bay K8644. Flumazenil did not antagonize the myocardial depressive effects. In myocytes whose sarcoplasmic reticulum was inhibited by ryanodine, midazolam and diazepam had the same potent cardiodepressive effects. Midazolam and diazepam are direct cardiac depressants, which decrease the Ca2+ transient and beating rate, and the L-type Ca2+ channel is important in the negative inotropism and chronotropism caused by these drugs.

The minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in rats

There are only limited data on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in rats. This study was designed to determine the minimum alveolar concentration value for sevoflurane in younger and older rats. Minimum alveolar concentration determination was performed in spontaneously breathing animals, 9-week-old rats (younger, n = 8) and more than 13-month-old rats (older, n = 8). Rats were instrumented with a silastic catheter in the abdominal aorta via the femoral artery to allow for arterial blood gas sampling. Subsequently, minimum alveolar concentration for sevoflurane was determined in 40 younger and 38 older rats. Minimum alveolar concentration for sevoflurane in younger rats was significantly higher than in the older rats (2.68 +/- 0.19 vs. 2.29 +/- 0.19, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis indicated that minimum alveolar concentration for sevoflurane was not affected by the presence of an arterial catheter in the abdominal aorta (younger, 2.75 +/- 0.08 vs. 2.67 +/- 0.21; older, 2.23 +/- 0.19 vs. 2.30 +/- 0.18). Minimum alveolar concentration is profoundly affected by the age of the animal, but not by limited instrumentation.

[Effects of steroids on hepatic ATP and L/P ratio in rats subjected to acute hemorrhage]

Both steroids and hemorrhage may affect the hepatic energy metabolism. The effects of steroids (5 mg.kg-1 of methylpredonisolone, 50 mg.kg-1 of methylpredonisolone, 25 mg.kg-1 of hydrocortisone and 250 mg.kg-1 of hydrocortisone) on hepatic ATP level and L/P ratio were evaluated in rats under acute hemorrhage. There were no significant differences in the hepatic ATP levels and L/P ratio among 5 groups. However, the base excess in 3 steroid groups (50 mg.kg-1 of methylpredonisolone, 25 mg.kg-1 of hydrocortisone and 250 mg.kg-1 of hydrocortisone) was significantly higher than that in the control group. This result suggests that steroids may improve the metabolic acidosis during acute hemorrhage.

A case of coronary artery spasm during spinal anesthesia

We present a rare case of coronary artery spasm during spinal anesthesia in a patient who had neither complications nor prior history of coronary artery disease. Some factors are involved in the occurrence of perioperative coronary artery spasm. Many cases of coronary artery spasm during general anesthesia, or general plus epidural anesthesia, have been reported. Although spinal anesthesia by itself has not been reported to be a cause of coronary artery spasm, it is likely, in the current case, that the combination of the activated parasympathetic nerve system by the retraction of the peritoneum and spinal anesthesia might have caused the coronary artery spasm. Anesthesiologists need to be aware that coronary artery spasm may occur during spinal anesthesia, especially when the peritoneum is retracted.

Temperatures measured by a deep body thermometer (Coretemp) compared with tissue temperatures measured at various depths using needles placed into the sole of the foot

Continuous monitoring of body temperature during anaesthesia is a widely accepted clinical practice for which a variety of techniques are used. In this study, the accuracy of the deep body thermometer (Coretemp) was compared with temperatures measured by needle thermocouples. With IRB approval and informed consent, seven ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing otolaryngeal surgery were studied. General anaesthesia and neuromuscular blockade were induced with thiamylal and vecuronium. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane at an end-tidal concentration of 1.0-2.0% and 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen. After induction of general anaesthesia, subcutaneous temperature was measured at the sole of the left foot using a Coretemp. Additionally 8-, 18-, and 38-mm-long needle thermocouples were inserted into the the sole of the left foot close to Coretemp and skin-surface temperature was also recorded adjacent to the needles. The Coretemp measurement (Tc) correlated best with 18-mm-deep needle temperature (r2 = 0.87). There was also a good correlation between Tc and 38-mm-deep needle temperature (r2 = 0.83). Skin and 8-mm-deep needle temperatures correlated poorly or only moderately with Tc (r2 = 0.67, 0.75, respectively). These results indicate that temperatures measured by Coretemp well reflect the temperatures at a depth of 18 mm or more from the skin into the foot.

[Effects of amrinon and prostaglandin E1 on intraoperative central and peripheral temperatures during peripheral arterial surgery]

Effects of amrinon (AM) and prostaglandin E1 (PG) on body temperatures during surgery under general anesthesia were studied. Thirty-nine elective peripheral arterial surgery patients were assigned to one of three groups. All groups received dopamine (DOA) 3 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 after intubation and ten patients receiving only DOA served as a control group. Fifteen patients who received AM 1 microgram.kg-1 followed by AM 5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 were assigned as an AM group. Fourteen patients who received PG 0.02 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 were defined as a PG group. Rectal and fingertip temperatures were monitored continuously during surgery. Fingertip temperatures in both AM and PG groups were significantly higher than those in the control group 120 minutes after the administration of drugs. On the other hand, rectal temperatures in all groups did not differ significantly throughout the study. The rectum-fingertip temperature gradient was lower in both AM and PG group than in the control group. These results suggest that bolus injection of AM 1 microgram.kg-1 followed by AM 5 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 and PG 0.02 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 may be effective for maintaining central and peripheral temperatures during surgery under general anesthesia.

Cardiac effects of methylmethacrylate in the rat heart-lung preparation with or without volatile anesthetics

We have assessed the deleterious effects of methylmethacrylate (MMA) on cardiac function and metabolism in the isolated heart-lung preparation with or without volatile anesthetics. Wistar rats were prepared for the heart-lung model. They were randomly divided into 5 groups as follows. (1) Control (C) group. (2) Cement (M) group; they received MMA. (3) Halothane (H) group; they received MMA and 1% halothane. (4) Isoflurane (I) group; they received MMA and 1.5% isoflurane. (5) Sevoflurane (S) group; they received MMA and 2.5% sevoflurane. MMA 1000 micrograms/ml was administered 7 min after the start of perfusion except in the C group. At the end of the experimental period, the hearts were freeze-clamped and then myocardial high energy phosphates, lactate and glycogen were measured. Cardiac output in all groups but C group decreased significantly. PO2 of the perfusion blood in the M, H, I and S groups was significantly lower than that in the C group. Myocardial ATP in the M, H, I and S groups was significantly lower than that in the C group. ADP and AMP in the M, H, I and S groups were higher than those in the C group. There were no significant differences in lactate and glycogen levels between the 5 groups. MMA 1000 micrograms/ml is much higher than the blood level (0.05-31.89 micrograms/ml) which was reported in clinical patients who had femoral prosthesis. Therefore, the direct contribution of MMA itself to cardiac depression may be less than the other factors such as embolism in clinical situations. Volatile anesthetics did not influence the deleterious effects of MMA on cardiac function and metabolism.

[Anesthetic management of a neonate with primary cardiac rhabdomyoma]

We have experienced anesthetic management for cardiac rhabdomyoma in a 21-day-old male, whose pulmonary trunk was obstructed by the tumor. He was anesthetized with fentanyl 70 micrograms.kg-1 and oxygen. The operative and post-operative courses were uneventful. Cardiac tumor, especially cardiac rhabdomyoma, in infant is rare. Anesthesia for the resection of the cardiac tumor must be carried out carefully, because sudden death due to arrhythmias as well as cardiac or respiratory failure is the most dangerous complication.

[Alterations of cardiac function and metabolism in the rat heart-lung preparation by methyl methacrylate (MMA) and their protection by ulinastatin]

We have assessed the deleterious effects of methyl methacrylate (MMA) on cardiac function and metabolism in the isolated heart-lung preparation and their protection by ulinastatin. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were prepared for the heart-lung model. They were randomly divided into 3 groups. In the MMA (M) and ulinastatin (U) groups, MMA 1000 micrograms.ml-1 was administered 7 minutes after the start of perfusion. At the end of the experimental period, the hearts were freeze-clamped and then myocardial high energy phosphates, lactate and glycogen were measured. Cardiac output decreased significantly in the M and U groups. Po2 of the perfusion blood in the M and U groups was significantly lower than that in the control (C) group. Myocardial ATP in the M and U groups was significantly lower than that in the C group. ADP and AMP in the M and U groups were higher than those in the C group. Although there was no significant difference in lactate levels among the 3 groups, glycogen in the U and C groups was significantly higher than that in the M group. MMA 1000 micrograms.ml-1 is much higher than the blood level (0.05-31.89 micrograms.ml-1) reported clinically in patients who had femoral prosthesis. Ulinastatin increased myocardial glycogen content which had been reduced by MMA. This may suggest that ulinastatin has a protective effect on heart damaged by MMA.

[Anesthesia with transesophageal echocardiography for removal of pheochromocytoma]

A 45-year-old female was scheduled for left adrenalectomy because of a pheochromocytoma. Preoperative general condition was well controlled with alpha- and beta-blockers. Anesthesia was induced with thiamylal and vecuronium, and maintained with isoflurane (0.5-3%) and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Blood pressure was controlled with nicardipine and alpha-blocker during the manipulation of the tumor. After removal of the tumor, dopamine and norepinephrine were used. We used transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to determine the fluid administration rate and doses of catecholamine. We could observe the wall motion and the mass of the heart, and see changes of the left ventricular enddiastolic volume, the cardiac output and the stroke volume. TEE monitoring seems to be very useful during the resection of pheochromocytoma.

Isoflurane and sevoflurane produce a dose-dependent reduction in the shivering threshold in rabbits

All general anesthetics markedly impair thermoregulatory responses; nonetheless, sufficient hyperthermia or hypothermia will trigger most protective reflexes. Shivering, however, remains an exception among thermo-regulatory responses: it is common during postanesthetic recovery, but is rare at typical anesthetic concentrations. This observation suggests that general anesthesia impairs shivering far more than other thermoregulatory defenses. Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that low concentrations of isoflurane and sevoflurane would virtually obliterate shivering. Japanese white rabbits were anesthetized with isoflurane or sevoflurane at end-tidal concentrations of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) (n = 6 in each group); the normal core temperature for these rabbits is approximately 39 degrees C. Core temperatures were subsequently reduced by a water-perfused thermode positioned in the colon. The core temperature triggering shivering identified the threshold for this response. Five of the six rabbits given 0.2 MAC isoflurane shivered at a mean core temperature of 36.3 +/- 0.3 degrees C (mean +/- SD), and one rabbit failed to shiver at a minimum core temperature of 35.0 degrees C. Four of the six rabbits given 0.3 MAC isoflurane shivered at a mean core temperature of 36.2 +/- 0.6 degrees C, and two of these rabbits failed to shiver at a minimum core temperature of 35.0 degrees C. However, no rabbit given 0.4 MAC isoflurane shivered, even at minimum core temperatures of 35.0 degrees C. All of the rabbits given 0.2 MAC sevoflurane shivered at a mean core temperature of 36.6 +/- 0.7 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of intravenous anesthetics on function and metabolism in the reperfused working rat heart

We investigated the comparative effects of ketamine, flunitrazepam, diazepam and midazolam on function and metabolism in reperfused rat hearts. Seventy-two hearts were rapidly excised and perfused with buffer as a Neely's working model. Whole heart ischemia was induced for 15 min followed by reperfusion for 20 min. Four intravenous anesthetics in 2 different concentrations (10 and 50 times of therapeutic concentrations) were administered during reperfusion. The data were compared to a control group in which intravenous anesthetics were not used. At the end of reperfusion, myocardial metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography. Cardiac outputs in the both groups given lower and higher doses of ketamine and flunitrazepam and in the groups given the higher dose of diazepam and midazolam were significantly lower than that in the control group [at the end of reperfusion: control: 60.4; ketamine: 48.8 (lower) and 14.6 (higher); flunitrazepam: 50.2 (lower) and 50.6 (higher); diazepam: 62.6 (lower) and 42.5 (higher); midazolam: 59.5 (lower) and 51.2 (higher), ml/min]. The levels of ATP in all higher concentration anesthetic groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (control: 23.7, ketamine: 17.8, flunitrazepam: 17.8, diazepam: 17.7, midazolam: 17.7, mumol/g). These results suggest that ketamine and flunitrazepam moderately depress cardiac function more than diazepam and midazolam when they are given during reperfusion.

Effects of prostaglandin E1 on intra-operative central and peripheral temperatures during upper abdominal surgery

Effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on temperatures during upper abdominal surgery under isoflurane anaesthesia were studied. Forty-five patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups (15 patients per group). One group received 0.05 micrograms kg-1 min-1 of PGE1, the second group received 0.1 microgram kg-1 min-1 of PGE1 just after the induction of anaesthesia, and the third group received no PGE1 during anaesthesia (control). Tympanic membrane (central) temperatures, forearm temperatures, and fingertip temperatures were recorded during surgery every 30 min. Tympanic membrane temperatures in the 0.05 micrograms kg-1 min-1 group during and at the end of surgery were significantly higher than those in the control group. In the 0.1 microgram kg-1 min-1 group, maximum decrease of tympanic membrane temperature was significantly larger than that in the control group. Fingertip temperatures in the 0.05 micrograms kg-1 min-1 group during surgery were significantly higher than those in the control group. This result suggests that 0.05 micrograms kg-1 min-1 of PGE1 may be superior to 0.1 microgram kg-1 min-1 of PGE1 for maintaining central and peripheral temperatures during surgery and general anaesthesia.

Comparative effects of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane and sevoflurane on function and metabolism in the ischaemic rat heart

This study was designed to examined the effects of inhalation anaesthetics on function and metabolism in isolated ischaemic rat hearts. Four volatile anaesthetics in two different concentrations (1.0 to 1.5 MAC) were used before whole heart ischaemia was induced for 15 min followed by reperfusion for 30 min. The data were compared with a control group in which inhalation anaesthetics were not used. Before ischaemia, volatile anaesthetics depressed ventricular function. During reperfusion, ventricular function and coronary flow in both halothane groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. Myocardial ATP concentrations in the 1.0 MAC of enflurane and isoflurane groups were significantly higher than those in the control group. We conclude that halothane had more depressant effects than the other anaesthetics and that enflurane and isoflurane may enhance metabolic recovery in the ischaemic working rat heart.

A hemothorax after thoracic epidural anesthesia

A case of a hemothorax that occurred after thoracic epidural anesthesia is described. This situation might have been caused by accidental puncture of the intercostal vessel and visceral pleura by a Tuohy needle. The risk of causing a pneumothorax and/or hemothorax must be kept in mind when attempting thoracic epidural anesthesia.

Effects of artificial blood (FC-43 emulsion) on myocardial energy metabolism in the rat heart-lung preparation

We have assessed the effects of artificial blood (FC-43 emulsion) on myocardial energy metabolism in the rat heart-lung preparation. Animals were allocated to four groups (n = 8 each group) according to the ratio of perfusion blood and FC-43 as follows: group 1 = control, perfusion blood only; group 2 = 50% FC-43; group 3 = 75% FC-43; and group 4 = 100% FC-43. Hearts were perfused initially to a cardiac output of 30 ml min-1 and mean arterial pressure of 50 mm Hg. Thirty minutes after perfusion, the hearts were freeze-dried for 6 days. Myocardial high energy phosphates (ATP, ADP and AMP) were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography. Myocardial lactate and glycogen concentrations were measured by enzymatic methods. There were almost no significant differences in cardiac output, systolic pressure, right atrial pressure and heart rate among the groups. Oxygen contents of the perfusate in all FC-43 groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. Myocardial ATP concentrations in rats receiving 50%, 75% and 100% FC-43 were significantly lower than those in the control group. In addition, myocardial ADP and AMP concentrations in rats receiving 75% and 100% FC-43 were significantly higher than those in the control group. Although there is adequate oxygen-carrying capacity in FC-43 to maintain cardiac function during perfusion, the energy levels in the hearts perfused with FC-43 were lower than those in normal hearts.

[Anesthetic management with continuous epidural buprenorphine of a patient with dystrophia myotonica]

We report an anesthetic management of a 45 year-old female patient with dystrophia myotonica who was scheduled for abdominal total hysterectomy. The patient was diagnosed as dystrophia myotonica 8 years ago. Epidural catheterization was performed through Th12-L1 interspace and spinal anesthesia was performed through L2-3 interspace using 3.3 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine. Adequate block below Th5 level was obtained. The intraoperative course of anesthesia was uneventful. Moreover, the continuous epidural administration of buprenorphine gave a satisfactory postoperative pain relief and no respiratory depression was observed. Spinal or epidural anesthesia seems to be effective and safe for the patient with dystrophia myotonica.

[Anesthetic management of laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy in a 2-year-old child]

We have experienced the anesthetic management of laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy in a 2-year-old child. The patient was anesthetized with isoflurane and manually ventilated to keep PaCO2 at 30 mmHg prior to the carbon dioxide insufflation of the peritoneal cavity. Two minutes after the abdomen was distended, end-tidal CO2 began to increase and after 10 minutes PaCO2 was 50 mmHg. We had to increase tidal volume and respiratory rate, although airway pressure was 30 cmH2O. We should be careful because children who undergo pneumoperitoneum become hypercapnic easily during general anesthesia.

Effects of intravenous anaesthetics on function and metabolism in the isolated rat heart-lung preparation

The influence of several intravenous anaesthetics on the heart was assessed using the isolated rat heart-lung preparation. Each group received 10(-3)mol litre-1 and 10(-4)mol liter-1 of ketamine, 6 micrograms ml-1 and 60 micrograms ml-1 of midazolam, 6 micrograms ml-1 and 60 micrograms ml-1 of diazepam or 0.6 micrograms ml-1 and 6 micrograms ml-1 of flunitrazepam. Systolic blood pressure in rats receiving high doses of midazolam, diazepam and ketamine were higher than that in the control group. Heart rate in rats receiving high doses of ketamine and diazepam were lower than that in the control group. However, there were no significant changes in cardiac output among the groups. Maximum rate of left ventricular tension development in rats receiving high doses of midazolam and diazepam increased significantly in comparison with that in the control group. There were no significant changes in myocardial high energy phosphates among the groups. None of the intravenous anaesthetics, even in doses which were 100 times greater than therapeutic doses, showed any depressant effects in this preparation. Moreover, it is surprising that midazolam and diazepam produced direct increases in myocardial contractility. These results suggest that the cardiodepressant effects of intravenous anaesthetics may be due to their effects on the central nervous system.

Effects of inhalation anesthetics on myocardial and hepatic energy metabolism in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats subjected to hemorrhage

Forty spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and forty normotensive Wistar-ST rats (NRs) were used to assess the influence of anesthetics on myocardial and hepatic energy metabolism after hemorrhage. They were divided into five pairs of groups: a control group (pentobarbital 6 mg.100 g BW-1 ip), and four others which received 1.2% halothane, 2.2% enflurane, 1.4% isoflurane, and 3.3% sevoflurane, respectively. Following a 10 min stabilization period, blood (2 ml.100 g BW-1) was gradually withdrawn over a 5 min period from a femoral artery. Thirty min after the induction of hemorrhage, the heart and liver were removed and myocardial and hepatic metabolites (ATP, lactate, pyruvate and glycogen) were measured by enzymatic methods. There were no significant differences in myocardial metabolites among either the anesthetic groups or between SHRs and NRs. However, hepatic ATP levels in all SHR groups were significantly lower than those in NR groups. Moreover, ATP levels in the inhalation anesthetic groups of SHRs were significantly higher than that in the control group of SHRs. All inhalation anesthetics, especially isoflurane, may reduce metabolic deterioration of the liver during hemorrhage when compared to barbiturate anesthesia.