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Takemae H, Kobayashi K, Sugi T, Han Y, Gong H, Ishiwa A, Recuenco FC, Murakoshi F, Takano R, Murata Y, Nagamune K, Horimoto T, Akashi H, Kato K. Toxoplasma gondii RON4 binds to heparan sulfate on the host cell surface. Parasitol Int 2017; 67:123-130. [PMID: 29081389 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry neck protein 4 (TgRON4) is a component of the moving junction, a key structure for host cell invasion. We previously showed that host cellular β-tubulin is a binding partner of TgRON4 in the invasion process. Here, to identify other binding partners of TgRON4 in the host cell, we examined the binding of TgRON4 to components of the host cell surface. TgRON4 binds to various mammalian cells, but this binding disappeared in glycosaminoglycan- and heparan sulfate-deficient CHO cells and after heparitinase treatment of mammalian cells. The C-terminal half of TgRON4 showed relatively strong binding to cells and heparin agarose. A glycoarray assay indicated that TgRON4 binds to heparin and modified heparin derivatives. Immunoprecipitation of T. gondii-infected CHO cell lysates showed that TgRON4 interacts with glypican 1 during Toxoplasma invasion. This interaction suggests a role for heparan sulfate in parasite invasion.
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Shimoda H, VAN Nguyen D, Yonemitsu K, Minami S, Nagata N, Hara N, Kuwata R, Murakami S, Kodera Y, Takeda T, Yoshikawa Y, Horimoto T, Maeda K. Influenza A virus infection in Japanese wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax). J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:848-851. [PMID: 28321029 PMCID: PMC5447971 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum samples were collected from 385 wild boars between 2010 and 2013 to examine the seroprevalence of influenza A virus (IAV) in Japan. Antibodies against IAV were identified using a commercial kit in 13 wild boars (3.4%). To
identify the serotypes, positive sera were examined by virus-neutralization test using representative serotypes and strains. Three wild boars in Yamaguchi and four in Tochigi showed the highest antibody titers against the pandemic
H1N1 2009 virus and classical swine H1N1 virus strains, respectively. These data indicate that wild boars may have close contact with humans and domestic pigs and therefore that there is potential for IAVs to reassort in wild
boars as they have been shown to do in pigs.
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Horimoto T, Hiono T, Mekata H, Odagiri T, Lei Z, Kobayashi T, Norimine J, Inoshima Y, Hikono H, Murakami K, Sato R, Murakami H, Sakaguchi M, Ishii K, Ando T, Otomaru K, Ozawa M, Sakoda Y, Murakami S. Nationwide Distribution of Bovine Influenza D Virus Infection in Japan. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163828. [PMID: 27682422 PMCID: PMC5040247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are major reservoirs of the provisionally named influenza D virus, which is potentially involved in the bovine respiratory disease complex. Here, we conducted a serological survey for the influenza D virus in Japan, using archived bovine serum samples collected during 2010–2016 from several herds of apparently healthy cattle in various regions of the country. We found sero-positive cattle across all years and in all the prefectural regions tested, with a total positivity rate of 30.5%, although the positivity rates varied among regions (13.5–50.0%). There was no significant difference in positivity rates for Holstein and Japanese Black cattle. Positivity rates tended to increase with cattle age. The herds were clearly divided into two groups: those with a high positive rate and those with a low (or no) positive rate, indicating that horizontal transmission of the virus occurs readily within a herd. These data demonstrate that bovine influenza D viruses have been in circulation for at least 5 years countrywide, emphasizing its ubiquitous distribution in the cattle population of Japan.
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Gong H, Kobayashi K, Sugi T, Takemae H, Horimoto T, Xuan X, Akashi H, Kato K. Pull-down method to access the cell surface receptor for Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:514-515. [PMID: 27591002 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein X, which is expressed on the surface of Toxoplasma and is thought to interact with host molecules, was expressed as a GST recombinant protein, conjugated to sepharose 4B, and used to pull down biotin-labeled 293T cells. The product was analysis by 2D-PAGE and Western blotting. Mass spectrometry revealed the reacted spots from the gel to be heat shock proteins.
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Kato K, Sugi T, Takemae H, Takano R, Gong H, Ishiwa A, Horimoto T, Akashi H. Characterization of a Toxoplasma gondii calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase homolog. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:405. [PMID: 27444499 PMCID: PMC4957278 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1676-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa and a major pathogen of animals and immunocompromised humans, in whom it causes encephalitis. Understanding the mechanism of tachyzoite invasion is important for the discovery of new drug targets and may serve as a model for the study of other apicomplexan parasites. We previously showed that Plasmodium falciparum expresses a homolog of human calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) that is important for host cell invasion. In this study, to identify novel targets for the treatment of Toxoplasma gondii infection (another apicomplexan parasite), we sought to identify a CaMK-like protein in the T. gondii genome and to characterize its role in the life-cycle of this parasite. Methods An in vitro kinase assay was performed to assess the phosphorylation activities of a novel CaMK-like protein in T. gondii by using purified proteins with various concentrations of calcium, calmodulin antagonists, or T. gondii glideosome proteins. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy was performed to detect the localization of this protein kinase by using the antibodies against this protein and organellar maker proteins of T. gondii. Results We identified a novel CaMK homolog in T. gondii, T. gondii CaMK-related kinase (TgCaMKrk), which exhibits calmodulin-independent autophosphorylation and substrate phosphorylation activity. However, calmodulin antagonists had no effect on its kinase activity. In T. gondii-infected cells, TgCaMKrk localized to the apical ends of extracellular and intracellular tachyzoites. TgCaMKrk phosphorylated TgGAP45 for phosphorylation in vitro. Conclusions Our data improve our understanding of T. gondii motility and infection, the interaction between parasite protein kinases and glideosomes, and drug targets for protozoan diseases.
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Takenaka-Uema A, Sugiura K, Bangphoomi N, Shioda C, Uchida K, Kato K, Haga T, Murakami S, Akashi H, Horimoto T. Development of an improved reverse genetics system for Akabane bunyavirus. J Virol Methods 2016; 232:16-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ishihara Y, Shioda C, Bangphoomi N, Sugiura K, Saeki K, Tsuda S, Iwanaga T, Takenaka-Uema A, Kato K, Murakami S, Uchida K, Akashi H, Horimoto T. Akabane virus nonstructural protein NSm regulates viral growth and pathogenicity in a mouse model. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1391-1397. [PMID: 27181086 PMCID: PMC5059365 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological function of a nonstructural protein, NSm, of Akabane virus (AKAV) is
unknown. In this study, we generated a series of NSm deletion mutant viruses by reverse
genetics and compared their phenotypes. The mutant in which the NSm coding region was
almost completely deleted could not be rescued, suggesting that NSm plays a role in virus
replication. We next generated mutant viruses possessing various partial deletions in NSm
and identified several regions critical for virus infectivity. All rescued mutant viruses
produced smaller plaques and grew inefficiently in cell culture, compared to the wild-type
virus. Interestingly, although the pathogenicity of NSm deletion mutant viruses varied in
mice depending on their deletion regions and sizes, more than half the mice died following
infection with any mutant virus and the dead mice exhibited encephalitis as in wild-type
virus-inoculated mice, indicating their neuroinvasiveness. Abundant viral antigens were
detected in the brain tissues of dead mice, whereas appreciable antigen was not observed
in those of surviving mice, suggesting a correlation between virus growth rate in the
brain and neuropathogenicity in mice. We conclude that NSm affects AKAV replication
in vitro as well as in vivo and that it may function
as a virulence factor.
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Horimoto T, Gen F, Murakami S, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Kato K, Hisasue M, Sakaguchi M, Nidom CA, Kawaoka Y. Cats as a potential source of emerging influenza virus infections. Virol Sin 2016; 30:221-3. [PMID: 25953615 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Suda Y, Fukushi S, Tani H, Murakami S, Saijo M, Horimoto T, Shimojima M. Analysis of the entry mechanism of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, using a vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotyping system. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1447-54. [PMID: 26935918 PMCID: PMC7087235 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne disease causing severe hemorrhagic symptoms with a nearly 30 % case-fatality rate in humans. The experimental use of CCHF virus (CCHFV), which causes CCHF, requires high-biosafety-level (BSL) containment. In contrast, pseudotyping of various viral glycoproteins (GPs) onto vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) can be used in facilities with lower BSL containment, and this has facilitated studies on the viral entry mechanism and the measurement of neutralizing activity, especially for highly pathogenic viruses. In the present study, we generated high titers of pseudotyped VSV bearing the CCHFV envelope GP and analyzed the mechanisms involved in CCHFV infection. A partial deletion of the CCHFV GP cytoplasmic domain increased the titer of the pseudotyped VSV, the entry mechanism of which was dependent on the CCHFV envelope GP. Using the pseudotype virus, DC-SIGN (a calcium-dependent [C-type] lectin cell-surface molecule) was revealed to enhance viral infection and act as an entry factor for CCHFV.
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Murakoshi F, Ichikawa-Seki M, Aita J, Yaita S, Kinami A, Fujimoto K, Nishikawa Y, Murakami S, Horimoto T, Kato K. Molecular epidemiological analyses of Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1 (CSpV1), a symbiotic virus of Cryptosporidium parvum, in Japan. Virus Res 2015; 211:69-72. [PMID: 26439535 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We show that Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1 (CSpV1), a member of the family Partitiviridae, genus Cryspovirus that can infect Cryptosporidium parvum, is a new candidate for high-resolution tool for tracing C. parvum. CSpV1 was detected in all C. parvum-positive samples tested. Phylogenetic analysis of dsRNA1 sequence from CSpV1 can distinguish infected areas of C. parvum on the national level. Sequences detected in samples from Iwate prefecture and other islands (Tanegashima, and Okinawa) belonged to a single clade. This system can differentiate the samples from Hokkaido and south part of Japan as well as from other countries. Samples from Iwate, Tanegashima, and Okinawa belonged to a single subclade, respectively. Therefore, the CSpV1 dsRNA sequences reflect the regional distribution of their host and have potential as a high-resolution tool to trace C. parvum IIaA15G2R1 subtype.
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Inomata A, Murakoshi F, Ishiwa A, Takano R, Takemae H, Sugi T, Cagayat Recuenco F, Horimoto T, Kato K. Heparin interacts with elongation factor 1α of Cryptosporidium parvum and inhibits invasion. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11599. [PMID: 26129968 PMCID: PMC4486996 DOI: 10.1038/srep11599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is an apicomplexan parasite that can cause serious watery diarrhea, cryptosporidiosis, in human and other mammals. C. parvum invades gastrointestinal epithelial cells, which have abundant glycosaminoglycans on their cell surface. However, little is known about the interaction between C. parvum and glycosaminoglycans. In this study, we assessed the inhibitory effect of sulfated polysaccharides on C. parvum invasion of host cells and identified the parasite ligands that interact with sulfated polysaccharides. Among five sulfated polysaccharides tested, heparin had the highest, dose-dependent inhibitory effect on parasite invasion. Heparan sulfate-deficient cells were less susceptible to C. parvum infection. We further identified 31 parasite proteins that potentially interact with heparin. Of these, we confirmed that C. parvum elongation factor 1α (CpEF1α), which plays a role in C. parvum invasion, binds to heparin and to the surface of HCT-8 cells. Our results further our understanding of the molecular basis of C. parvum infection and will facilitate the development of anti-cryptosporidial agents.
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Kobayashi K, Takano R, Takemae H, Sugi T, Ishiwa A, Gong H, Recuenco FC, Iwanaga T, Horimoto T, Akashi H, Kato K. Erratum: CORRIGENDUM: Analyses of Interactions Between Heparin and the Apical Surface Proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Rep 2015. [PMCID: PMC3950574 DOI: 10.1038/srep04349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Recuenco FC, Takano R, Chiba S, Sugi T, Takemae H, Murakoshi F, Ishiwa A, Inomata A, Horimoto T, Kobayashi Y, Horiuchi N, Kato K. Lambda-carrageenan treatment exacerbates the severity of cerebral malaria caused by Plasmodium berghei ANKA in BALB/c mice. Malar J 2014; 13:487. [PMID: 25495520 PMCID: PMC4295290 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is an urgent need to develop and test novel compounds against malaria infection. Carrageenans, sulphated polysaccharides derived from seaweeds, have been previously shown to inhibit Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. However, they are inflammatory and alter the permeability of the blood–brain barrier, raising concerns that their use as a treatment for malaria could lead to cerebral malaria (CM), a severe complication of the disease. In this work, the authors look into the effects of the administration of λ-carrageenan to the development and severity of CM in BALB/c mice, a relatively non-susceptible model, during infection with the ANKA strain of Plasmodium berghei. Methods Five-week-old female BALB/c mice were infected with P. berghei intraperitoneally. One group was treated with λ-carrageenan (PbCGN) following the 4-day suppressive test protocol, whereas the other group was not treated (PbN). Another group of healthy BALB/c mice was similarly given λ-carrageenan (CGN) for comparison. The following parameters were assessed: parasitaemia, clinical signs of CM, and mortality. Brain and other vital organs were collected and examined for gross and histopathological lesions. Evans blue dye assays were employed to assess blood–brain barrier integrity. Results Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected BALB/c mice treated with λ-carrageenan died earlier than those that received no treatment. Histopathological examination revealed that intracerebral haemorrhages related to CM were present in both groups of infected BALB/c mice, but were more numerous in those treated with λ-carrageenan than in mock-treated animals. Inflammatory lesions were also observed only in the λ-carrageenan-treated mice. These observations are consistent with the clinical signs associated with CM, such as head tilt, convulsions, and coma, which were observed only in this group, and may account for the earlier death of the mice. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that the administration of λ-carrageenan exacerbates the severe brain lesions and clinical signs associated with CM in BALB/c mice infected with P. berghei ANKA.
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Murakoshi F, Takeuchi M, Inomata A, Horimoto T, Ito M, Suzuki Y, Kato K. Administration of lasalocid-NA is preventive against cryptosporidiosis of newborn calves. Vet Rec 2014; 175:353. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Takemae H, Sugi T, Kobayashi K, Murakoshi F, Recuenco FC, Ishiwa A, Inomata A, Horimoto T, Yokoyama N, Kato K. Analyses of the binding between Theileria orientalis major piroplasm surface proteins and bovine red blood cells. Vet Rec 2014; 175:149. [PMID: 24943099 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Bangphoomi N, Takenaka-Uema A, Sugi T, Kato K, Akashi H, Horimoto T. Akabane virus utilizes alternative endocytic pathways to entry into mammalian cell lines. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:1471-8. [PMID: 25056673 PMCID: PMC4272979 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The entry mechanisms of
Akabane virus (AKAV), Bunyaviridae family, have not yet been determined.
In this study, chemical inhibitors were used to analyze endocytic mechanisms during AKAV
infection of mammalian cell lines. The analyses using drug treatments followed by
quantitative measurement of viral RNA and N protein revealed that AKAV enters
non-bovine-derived cell lines (Vero, HmLu-1 and BHK cells) in a manner indicative of
clathrin endocytosis. By contrast, AKAV infection in bovine-derived cell lines (LB9.K and
MDBK cells) is independent of this pathway. Further analyses indicated that AKAV entry
into bovine cell lines involves a non-clathrin, non-caveolae endocytic pathway that is
dependent on dynamin. We conclude that although both cell types require a low pH for AKAV
penetration, AKAV utilizes alternative entry pathways into mammalian cell lines.
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Takemae H, Sugi T, Kobayashi K, Murakoshi F, Recuenco FC, Ishiwa A, Inomata A, Horimoto T, Yokoyama N, Kato K, Kato K. Interaction between Theileria orientalis 23-kDa piroplasm membrane protein and heparin. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2014; 62:17-24. [PMID: 24979990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The 23-kDa piroplasm membrane protein of Theileria orientalis (p23) is an immunogenic protein expressed during the intraerythrocytic stage of the parasite; its function, however, remains unclear. To evaluate the host factor or factors that interact with p23, we examined the binding of p23 to components of the host cell surface. Recombinant p23 protein of the Ikeda genotype failed to bind to bovine red blood cells or to peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but did bind to Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells. A glycoarray assay showed that recombinant p23 proteins from the three genotypes bound to heparin, indicating that p23 is a heparin-binding Theileria surface molecule. Further analysis of heparin-binding molecules is useful for understanding attachment and invasion of T. orientalis merozoites.
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Mohamed YM, Bangphoomi N, Yamane D, Suda Y, Kato K, Horimoto T, Akashi H. Physical interaction between bovine viral diarrhea virus nonstructural protein 4A and adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR). Arch Virol 2014; 159:1735-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-1997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Horimoto T, Gen F, Murakami S, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Kato K, Akashi H, Hisasue M, Sakaguchi M, Kawaoka Y, Maeda K. Serological evidence of infection of dogs with human influenza viruses in Japan. Vet Rec 2014; 174:96. [PMID: 24336761 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Gong H, Kobayashi K, Sugi T, Takemae H, Ishiwa A, Recuenco FC, Murakoshi F, Xuan X, Horimoto T, Akashi H, Kato K. Characterization and binding analysis of a microneme adhesive repeat domain-containing protein from Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitol Int 2013; 63:381-8. [PMID: 24361285 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii invades almost all nucleated cells, and has infected approximately 34% of the world's population to date. In order to develop effective vaccines against T. gondii infection, understanding of the role of the molecules that are involved in the invasion process is important. For this purpose, we characterized T. gondii proteins that contain microneme adhesive repeats (MARs), which are common in moving junction proteins. T. gondii MAR domain-containing protein 4a (TgMCP4a), which contains repeats of 17-22 amino acid segments at the N-terminus and three putative MAR domains at the C-terminus, is localized near the rhoptry of extracellular parasites. Following infection, TgMCP4a was detected in the parasitophorous vacuole. The recombinant Fc-TgMCP4a N-terminus protein (rTgMCP4a-1/Fc) showed binding activity to the surface proteins of Vero, 293T, and CHO cells. The recombinant GST-TgMCP4a N-terminus protein (rTgMCP4a-1/GST), which exhibited binding activity, was used to pull down the interacting factors from 293T cell lysate, and subsequent mass spectrometry analysis revealed that three types of heat shock proteins (HSPs) interacted with TgMCP4a. Transfection of a FLAG fusion protein of TgMCP4a-1 (rTgMCP4a-1/FLAG) into 293T cell and the following immunoprecipitation with anti-FLAG antibody confirmed the interactions of HSC70 with TgMCP4a. The addition of rTgMCP4a-1/GST into the culture medium significantly affected the growth of the parasite. This study hints that T. gondii may employ HSP proteins of host cell to facilitate their growth.
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Takemae H, Sugi T, Kobayashi K, Gong H, Ishiwa A, Recuenco FC, Murakoshi F, Iwanaga T, Inomata A, Horimoto T, Akashi H, Kato K. Characterization of the interaction between Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry neck protein 4 and host cellular β-tubulin. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3199. [PMID: 24217438 PMCID: PMC3824165 DOI: 10.1038/srep03199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma rhoptry neck protein 4 (TgRON4) is a component of the moving junction macromolecular complex that plays a central role during invasion. TgRON4 is exposed on the cytosolic side of the host cell during invasion, but its molecular interactions remain unclear. Here, we identified host cellular β-tubulin as a binding partner of TgRON4, but not Plasmodium RON4. Coimmunoprecipitation studies in mammalian cells demonstrated that the C-terminal 15-kDa region of β-tubulin was sufficient for binding to TgRON4, and that a 17-kDa region in the proximal C-terminus of TgRON4 was required for binding to the C-terminal region of β-tubulin. Analysis of T. gondii-infected lysates from CHO cells expressing the TgRON4-binding region showed that the C-terminal region of β-tubulin interacted with TgRON4 at early invasion step. Our results provide evidence for a parasite-specific interaction between TgRON4 and the host cell cytoskeleton in parasite-infected cells.
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Kobayashi K, Takano R, Takemae H, Sugi T, Ishiwa A, Gong H, Recuenco FC, Iwanaga T, Horimoto T, Akashi H, Kato K. Analyses of interactions between heparin and the apical surface proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3178. [PMID: 24212193 PMCID: PMC3822384 DOI: 10.1038/srep03178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin, a sulfated glycoconjugate, reportedly inhibits the blood-stage growth of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Elucidation of the inhibitory mechanism is valuable for developing novel invasion-blocking treatments based on heparin. Merozoite surface protein 1 has been reported as a candidate target of heparin; however, to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved, we characterized the molecules that bind to heparin during merozoite invasion. Here, we show that heparin binds only at the apical tip of the merozoite surface and that multiple heparin-binding proteins localize preferentially in the apical organelles. To identify heparin-binding proteins, parasite proteins were fractionated by means of heparin affinity chromatography and subjected to immunoblot analysis with ligand-specific antibodies. All tested members of the Duffy and reticulocyte binding-like families bound to heparin with diverse affinities. These findings suggest that heparin masks the apical surface of merozoites and blocks interaction with the erythrocyte membrane after initial attachment.
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Iwanaga T, Sugi T, Kobayashi K, Takemae H, Gong H, Ishiwa A, Murakoshi F, Recuenco FC, Horimoto T, Akashi H, Kato K. Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum cdc2-related kinase and the effects of a CDK inhibitor on the parasites in erythrocytic schizogony. Parasitol Int 2013; 62:423-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sugi T, Kobayashi K, Takemae H, Gong H, Ishiwa A, Murakoshi F, Recuenco FC, Iwanaga T, Horimoto T, Akashi H, Kato K. Identification of mutations in TgMAPK1 of Toxoplasma gondii conferring resistance to 1NM-PP1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2013; 3:93-101. [PMID: 24533298 PMCID: PMC3862444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1NM-PP1 resistant clones were established from chemically random mutated parasites. Resistant clones had a mutation in TgMAPK1. Resistant clones had less susceptibility to 1NM-PP1 at cell division. The mutation was not found at the gatekeeper residue.
Toxoplasma gondii is an important food and waterborne pathogen that causes severe disease in immunocompromised patients. Bumped kinase inhibitors (BKIs) have an antiparasitic effect on T. gondii tachyzoite growth by targeting T. gondii calmodulin-domain protein kinase 1 (TgCDPK1). To identify mutations that confer resistance to BKIs, chemical mutagenesis was performed, followed by selection in media containing either 250 or 1000 nM 1NM-PP1. Whole-genome sequence analysis of resistant clones revealed single nucleotide mutations in T. gondii mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (TgMAPK1) at amino acids 162 (L162Q) and 171 (I171N). Plasmid constructs having the TgMAPK1 L162Q mutant sequence successfully replaced native TgMAPK1 genome locus in the presence of 1000 nM 1NM-PP1. The inhibitory effect of 1NM-PP1 on cell division observed in the parent clone was decreased in 1NM-PP1-resistant clones; however, effects on parasite invasion and calcium-induced egress were similar in both parent and resistant clones. A plasmid construct expressing the full length TgMAPK1 splicing isoform with L162Q mutation successfully complemented TgMAPK1 function in the pressure of 250 nM 1NM-PP1 in plaque assay. 1NM-PP1-resistant clones showed resistance to other BKIs (3MB-PP1 and 3BrB-PP1) with different levels. Here we identify TgMAPK1 as a novel target for 1NM-PP1 activity. This inhibitory effect is mediated through inhibition of tachyzoite cell division, and can be overcome through mutations at multiple residues in TgMAPK1.
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Murakoshi F, Tozawa Y, Inomata A, Horimoto T, Wada Y, Kato K. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from calves in Ishikari District, Hokkaido, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:837-40. [PMID: 23411407 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are major hosts of Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves is associated with retarded growth, weight loss and calf mortality, and zoonotic infections in humans. Fecal samples were collected from calves in Ishikari District, Hokkaido, Japan and examined by PCR and sequence analyses. Among the 107 fecal samples collected in May and June 2012, 25 (23%) were positive for Cryptosporidium, including 8 samples (7%) having C. parvum, 10 (9%) having C. bovis and 7 (7%) having C. ryanae. This is first time C. ryanae has been detected in Hokkaido. Furthermore, it is the first detection of C. ryanae from pre-weaned calves in Japan. Microscopic observation with the flotation method is powerful and traditional tool for screening for Cryptosporidium species, but it sometimes leads to low detection of Cryptosporidium with low oocyst shedding intensity. If calves with or without diarrhea are examined using the molecular diagnostic tools, C. bovis and C. ryanae might be detected in other areas of Japan including Hokkaido. Here, the zoonotic species, C. parvum, was also observed. Therefore, calves can be potential sources of cryptosporidial infections for humans and other animals. The detection of C. parvum was statistically correlated with diarrhea in calves.
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