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Agüero B, Berrios F, Pardo-Roa C, Ariyama N, Bennett B, Medina RA, Neira V. First detection of Omicron variant BA.4.1 lineage in dogs, Chile. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-10. [PMID: 38174799 PMCID: PMC10769545 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2298089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2's rapid global spread caused the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic in March 2020. Alongside humans, domestic dogs and cats are also susceptible to infection. However, limited reports on pet infections in Chile prompted a comprehensive study to address this knowledge gap. Between March 2021 and March 2023, the study assessed 65 pets (26 dogs and 39 cats) from 33 COVID-19+ households alongside 700 nasal swabs from animals in households with unknown COVID-19 status. Using RT-PCR, nasal, fecal, and environmental samples were analyzed for the virus. In COVID-19+ households, 6.06% tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, belonging to 3 dogs, indicating human-to-pet transmission. Pets from households with unknown COVID-19 status tested negative for the virus. We obtained 2 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from animals, that belonged to Omicron BA.4.1 variant, marking the first report of pets infected with this lineage globally. Phylogenetic analysis showed these sequences clustered with human sequences collected in Chile during the same period when the BA.4.1 variant was prevalent in the country. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Chilean pets was relatively low, likely due to the country's high human vaccination rate. Our study highlights the importance of upholding and strengthening human vaccination strategies to mitigate the risk of interspecies transmission. It underscores the critical role of the One Health approach in addressing emerging zoonotic diseases, calling for further research on infection dynamics and risk factors for a comprehensive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Agüero
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F. Berrios
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C. Pardo-Roa
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Nursing, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - N. Ariyama
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - B. Bennett
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - RA. Medina
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - V. Neira
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Weingart C, Krücken J, Kohn B. Repeated imidocarb treatment failure suggesting emerging resistance of Babesia canis in a new endemic area in north-eastern Germany. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102315. [PMID: 38301344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Canine babesiosis has been increasingly diagnosed in various regions of Germany such as north-eastern Germany in recent years. A dog with several relapses of Babesia canis infection after treatment with imidocarb is described. A 9-year-old male Magyar Viszla with B. canis infection was referred after two treatments with imidocarb (dosage 2.1 mg/kg SC) because of lethargy, fever and pancytopenia (additional treatments with prednisolone and doxycycline). Merozoites were detected in the blood smear and imidocarb treatment was repeated. Clinical signs, pancytopenia and a positive B. canis PCR occurred after the 3rd (6 mg/kg SC), 4th (7.7 mg/kg SC) and 5th (7.5 mg/kg SC and doxycycline for 4 weeks in addition) imidocarb injection and thorough tick prevention with isoxazoline and permethrin products. 12 days after the 5th injection, the PCR was negative for the first time. The dog was again presented with fever 35 days after the 5th injection. The B. canis PCR was positive and laboratory examination revealed pancytopenia. Treatment with atovaquone/azithromycin for 18 days was performed and no further relapse occurred for 32 weeks. In the case of suspected imidocarb resistance in B. canis infection, treatment with atovaquone/azithromycin can be an alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Weingart
- Small Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19 b 14163, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Small Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19 b 14163, Germany
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Filipas MC, Owen L, Adami C. A retrospective observational cohort study on the postoperative respiratory complications and their risk factors in brachycephalic dogs undergoing BOAS surgery: 199 cases (2019-2021). J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:329-337. [PMID: 38413137 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To observe the occurrence of postanaesthetic respiratory complications and to determine their prevalence and risk factors in dogs undergoing brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from 199 clinical records were retrospectively analysed. Univariable logistic regression followed by multivariable logistic regression was used to identify associations between the dependent variables (set as the postoperative respiratory complications observed in the study dogs) and various independent covariates. The quality of model-fit was assessed using the likelihood ratio test. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Four postoperative respiratory complications were observed: hypoxaemia (n=10/199; 5%), dyspnoea requiring tracheal re-intubation (n=13/199, 7%), dyspnoea requiring tracheostomy (n=10/199, 5%) and aspiration pneumonia (n=12/199, 6%). Univariable logistic regression showed an association between postoperative aspiration pneumonia and increasing body condition score and American Society of Anaesthesiology classification; however, when these covariates were evaluated in the multivariable model significance was not maintained. Risk factors for tracheostomy were preoperative and postoperative aspiration pneumonia (odds ratio: 9.52, 95% confidence interval: 1.56 to 57.93) and increasing brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome grade (odds ratio: 4.65, 95% confidence interval: 0.79 to 27.50). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE High brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome grade and aspiration pneumonia, either developing peri-operatively or as pre-existing condition, may represent risk factors for postoperative tracheostomy. Preoperative diagnosis of aspiration pneumonia may further increase the risk of postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Filipas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OES, UK
| | - L Owen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OES, UK
| | - C Adami
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OES, UK
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4
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Mangano ER, Jones GMC, Suarez-Bonnet A, Waller AS, Priestnall SL. Streptococcus zooepidemicus in dogs: Exploring a canine pathogen through multilocus sequence typing. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110059. [PMID: 38554599 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus equi. subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) associated diseases in dogs have emerged as a significant concern over recent decades. S. zooepidemicus occurs sporadically in dog populations globally, with increased prevalence in shelters/kennels. This study used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of 149 independent canine S. zooepidemicus isolates to assess associations between sequence type and breed, country of origin, disease severity, sampling type, year, and behaviour within an outbreak. No clear associations for breed, country, sampling type and year were determined in this study. ST-10 and 123 strains were present within all disease categories, from no clinical signs to severe disease. Assessment of S. zooepidemicus infection in 3 UK outbreaks at the same location found ST-10, 18, 123 strains, and a ST-173 strain in a US outbreak, were associated with haemorrhagic pneumonia and persisted in kennelled populations over time. The ST-173 clonal complex has been noted to have severe virulence capabilities in dogs and other species. S. zooepidemicus seems to thrive in environments with a high risk of transmissibility, overcrowding, stress and naïve populations, particularly for those in shelters/kennels. MLST alone cannot determine the virulence phenotype of S. zooepidemicus in dogs. However, a level of conservancy and diversity within ST allelic loci aids the opportunity to cause severe disease in dogs. Thus, further research into whole genome sequencing and characterising the virulence factors of S. zooepidemicus is warranted in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli R Mangano
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
| | - Gareth M C Jones
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Suarez-Bonnet
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon L Priestnall
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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Kizerwetter‐Świda M, Chrobak‐Chmiel D, Stefańska I, Kwiecień E, Rzewuska M. In vitro activity of selected antimicrobials against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius of canine origin in Poland. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1385. [PMID: 38547160 PMCID: PMC10977695 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is an important veterinary pathogen. In general, only a few antimicrobials show in vitro activity against MRSP isolates. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro activity of selected antimicrobials, including last-choice drugs, against clinical MRSP isolates of canine origin. The activity of 10 selected agents was evaluated against 41 clinical MRSP isolates. METHODS The disk diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration values were used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). The guidelines for staphylococci of canine or human origin were employed for the interpretation of the results. RESULTS Among the examined MRSP isolates, resistance to enrofloxacin and clindamycin was the most prevalent (n = 40; 97.6%). Resistance to doxycycline and gentamicin was observed in 83.0% (n = 34) and 68.3% (n = 28) of the isolates, respectively. Single isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol (n = 5; 12.2%) and rifampicin (n = 3; 7.3%), whereas all showed susceptibility to amikacin, vancomycin, mupirocin and linezolid. Predominantly, the results of AST obtained by both methods were consistent. Some discrepancies were observed for gentamicin; however, clinical breakpoints for staphylococci of human origin were used. CONCLUSIONS Amikacin and chloramphenicol constitute potential treatment options in infections caused by MRSP and may be included in extended susceptibility testing in our geographical region. The determination of clinical breakpoints for some antimicrobials not incorporated in the recommendations should be a high priority in the veterinary diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kizerwetter‐Świda
- Department of Preclinical SciencesInstitute of Veterinary MedicineWarsaw University of Life SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Dorota Chrobak‐Chmiel
- Department of Preclinical SciencesInstitute of Veterinary MedicineWarsaw University of Life SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Ilona Stefańska
- Department of Preclinical SciencesInstitute of Veterinary MedicineWarsaw University of Life SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Ewelina Kwiecień
- Department of Preclinical SciencesInstitute of Veterinary MedicineWarsaw University of Life SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Magdalena Rzewuska
- Department of Preclinical SciencesInstitute of Veterinary MedicineWarsaw University of Life SciencesWarsawPoland
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Johns O, Pearl DL, Foster RA, Barta J, Chenier T. The seroprevalence and risk factors for exposure to Neospora caninum and Neospora hughesi in Ontario broodmares. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 50:101002. [PMID: 38644034 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The seroprevalence and risk factors for exposure to Neospora caninum and Neospora hughesi in broodmares in Ontario were investigated. Sixty of the 219 (27.4%) study broodmares were seropositive for N. caninum and 65/219 (29.7%) for N. hughesi with cut-offs of ≥1:40 and ≥1:160, respectively. Thirty-one of 63 participating farms (49.2%) had at least 1 broodmare seropositive for N. caninum. Thirty-three of the 63 (52.4%) participating farms had at least 1 broodmare positive for N. hughesi. Risk factors for N. caninum included presence of farm dogs (OR = 6.70; 95% CI = 2.14-20.97; p = 0.001), and high stocking density (OR = 2.83; 95% CI = 1.27-6.30; p = 0.011). Presence of livestock, excluding cattle, was associated with reduced risk of exposure (OR = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.06-0.53; p = 0.002). The only risk factor for exposure to N. hughesi was feeding hay on the ground in the paddock (OR = 4.31; 95% CI = 1.65-11.22; p = 0.003). This study demonstrated widespread exposure to Neospora spp. in broodmares in Ontario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Johns
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - David L Pearl
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Robert A Foster
- University of Guelph, Department of Pathobiology, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - John Barta
- University of Guelph, Department of Pathobiology, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Tracey Chenier
- University of Guelph, Department of Population Medicine, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Castro J, Oliveira R, Fernandes L, Carvalho I, Oliveira H, Brinks E, Cho GS, Franz C, Almeida C, Silva S, Araújo D. Molecular characterization and virulence profile of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca isolated from ill cats and dogs in Portugal. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110056. [PMID: 38537400 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Klebsiella spp. are important pathogens of humans and companion animals such as cats and dogs, capable of causing severe life-threatening diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular and phenotypic properties of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca isolated from ill companion animals by whole genome sequencing, followed by in vitro assessment of biofilm formation and in vivo pathogenicity using the Galleria mellonella model. Two LPS O-types were identified for all the K. pneumoniae isolates tested (O3B and O1/O2v2) and only one for K. oxytoca isolates (OL104), and the most common STs found were ST11 and ST266. Furthermore, a high diversity of K-locus types was found for K. pneumoniae (KL102; KL105; KL31, and KL13). Within K. pneumoniae, one specific O/K/ST-types combination (i.e., KL105-ST11-O1/O2v2) showed results that were of concern, as it exhibited a high inflammatory response at 12 h post-infection in G. mellonella with 80% of the larvae dead at 72 h post-infection. This virulence potential, on the other hand, did not appear to be directly related to the biofilm-forming capacity. Also, virulence and resistance scores obtained for this set of strains did surpass score 1. The present study demonstrated that Klebsiella spp. isolated from companion animals belonging to STs that can cause human infections and present virulence on an invertebrate model. Thus, this study underscores the role of dogs and cats as reservoirs of resistant Klebsiella spp. that could potentially be transmitted to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Castro
- INIAV, IP - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão 4485-655, Portugal; Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Oliveira
- INIAV, IP - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão 4485-655, Portugal; LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Fernandes
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Isabel Carvalho
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Hugo Oliveira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Erik Brinks
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gyu-Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Charles Franz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Kiel, Germany
| | - Carina Almeida
- INIAV, IP - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão 4485-655, Portugal; Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- INIAV, IP - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão 4485-655, Portugal; Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Daniela Araújo
- INIAV, IP - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Lugar da Madalena, Vairão 4485-655, Portugal; Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Atero N, Córdova-Bührle F, Salgado-Caxito M, Benavides JA, Fernández M, Diethelm-Varela B, Ramos R, Sapiente Aguirre C, Trujillo F, Dürr S, Mardones FO. An assessment of the owned canine and feline demographics in Chile: registration, sterilization, and unsupervised roaming indicators. Prev Vet Med 2024; 226:106185. [PMID: 38507889 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The global rise in companion animal populations, particularly dogs and cats, is driven by emotional and social benefits for owners, and their population management is becoming critically important to avoid a plethora of adverse effects on themselves, humans, and wildlife. We estimated the size and density of the owned canine and feline population in Chile and evaluated the status of microchipping, registration, sterilization rates, and the proportion of owned animals that roam unsupervised. A cross-sectional household survey in 36 districts was conducted and standard inferential statistics was employed to analyze differences between cats and dogs, sexes within each species, and between rural and urban areas. Additionally, two negative binomial models with mixed effects were developed to predict the number of dogs and cats per households. Two methods were used to compare population size estimates at the country level, multiplying: (1) the estimated mean number of companion animals per household by the estimated number of households at the country level, and (2) the estimated human:dog and human:cat ratios by the total human population. The study involved 6333 respondents, of which 76% (74% urban; 83% rural) owned companion animals (dogs and/or cats). Individuals in rural multi-person households increase the probability of owning dogs and/or cats. Additionally, women exhibit a greater inclination towards cat and dog ownership compared to men, while those over 30 years old demonstrate lower rates of companion animal ownership in contrast to the 18-30 age group for both species. The overall human:dog and human:cat ratios estimated were 2.7:1, and 6.2:1, respectively. The estimated total number of owned dogs and cats in Chile ranged from 9.6 to 10.7 million, depending on the methodological approach, while national median density of companion animals was 12 dogs per km2 (ranging from 0.02 to 7232) and 5 cats per km2 (ranging from 0.01 to 3242). This nationwide study showed one of the highest percentages of households with companion animals in Latin America and relatively low registration and sterilization rates, highlighting the need to strength long-term public policies to control populations of companion animals and promote responsibility in pet ownership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolhole Atero
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Córdova-Bührle
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Dirección de Transferencia y Desarrollo, Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Julio A Benavides
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad y Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miriam Fernández
- Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas (ECIM), Las Cruces, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Núcleo Milenio para la Ecología y la Conservación de los Ecosistemas de Arrecifes Mesofóticos Templados (NUTME), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamín Diethelm-Varela
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820244, Chile
| | - Romina Ramos
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Sapiente Aguirre
- Programa Nacional de Tenencia Responsable de Animales de Compañía (PTRAC), Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Regional y Administrativo (SUBDERE), Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública de Chile; Departamento de Planificación y Gestión, de la División de Administración y Finanzas, Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Regional y Administrativo (SUBDERE), Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública de Chile, Chile
| | - Florencia Trujillo
- Programa Nacional de Tenencia Responsable de Animales de Compañía (PTRAC), Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Regional y Administrativo (SUBDERE), Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública de Chile
| | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fernando O Mardones
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátrica, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820244, Chile.
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Haghighat K, Haniloo A, Shemshadi B, Torabi N. Gastrointestinal parasites of dogs and foxes in the Zanjan province of Iran: With an emphasis on Echinococcus species. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 50:101013. [PMID: 38644038 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Canids harbor many zoonotic parasites and play an important role in the spread of parasites in the human environment. Estimation of parasitic infection among canids as definitive hosts may help competent authorities design efficient control programs. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in dogs and foxes with an emphasis on Echinococcus spp. A total of 500 fecal samples of dogs and 30 fecal samples of foxes were studied in the summer, autumn, and winter of 2021 in the Zanjan province using the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique, followed by multiplex PCR. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite infection was estimated to be 19.05%. The prevalence was 24.8%, 10.2%, and 26.7% in stray, shelter dogs and foxes, respectively. No parasites were found among pet and guard dog samples. PCR results on Taenidae eggs showed that 2.4% of samples were positive for Echinococcus granulosus and none contained E. multilocularis. Noteworthy is that E. granulosus was identified only in stray dog samples. The higher prevalence of E. granulosus infection in stray dogs in this province emphasizes the importance of monitoring the food sources consumed by these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Haghighat
- Islamic Azad University Sciences and Researches Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Haniloo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran
| | - Bahar Shemshadi
- Islamic Azad University Sciences and Researches Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Torabi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran.
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10
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Taddesse H, Grillini M, Ayana D, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Cassini R, Kumsa B. Survey of ectoparasites affecting dog and cat populations living in sympatry in Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1413. [PMID: 38504631 PMCID: PMC10951627 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectoparasites of dogs and cats are implicated to be responsible for life-threatening anaemia, allergic dermatitis and pruritic and non-pruritic skin disorders. In Ethiopia, few studies have been conducted on the arthropods of dogs and cats. OBJECTIVES In order to shed light on some of these aspects, a survey was conducted to investigate the presence of ectoparasites in dogs and cats living in sympatry in the urban and rural areas of Gamo Zone, Ethiopia. METHODS A total of 297 dogs and 110 cats were examined for ectoparasites, and questionnaires were employed to obtain information concerning owner's knowledge about arthropods and vector-borne diseases (VBDs). RESULTS The overall prevalence of ticks, fleas and lice in dogs was 36.7%, 69.7% and 4.7%, respectively. Similarly, on cats, an overall prevalence of 2.7% ticks and 21.8% fleas was recorded. On dogs, fleas (Ctenocephalides felis 69.4%, Echidnophaga gallinacea 1.3%, Ctenocephalides canis 1.0% and Pulex irritans 0.3%), ticks (Amblyomma variegatum 22.9%, Rhipicephalus sanguineus 14.1%, Haemaphysalis leachi 8.8%, Rhipicephalus praetextatus 4.0% and Rhipicephalus pulchellus 3.4%) and lice (Heterodoxus spiniger 4.0% and Trichodectes canis 0.7%) were identified. Likewise, on cats, fleas (C. felis [15.5%] and E. gallinacea [7.3%]) and ticks (H. leachi [2.7%]) were identified. The abundance of C. felis was significantly higher (p < 0.001) on dogs, whereas in cats, the abundance of E. gallinacea was significantly higher (p = 0.002) than the other ectoparasites. On dogs, a significantly higher prevalence of Rh. sanguineus was recorded in urban areas (<0.001) and on dogs which live in indoor environments (p = 0.003) than on dogs which live in other environments. On the other hand, the prevalence of A. variegatum in rural areas and midland agroecology was significantly higher (p < 0.001). The prevalence of H. leachi was significantly higher in midland (p < 0.001) and on adult dogs (p = 0.001). Overall, fleas were more prevalent in rural (p = 0.029) than in urban areas, and female dogs were with higher infestation than the male (p = 0.047) dogs; C. felis was prevalent in female (p = 0.038) dogs than males. Overall, 88.3% owners in the study area had no knowledge about ectoparasites and VBDs of dogs and cats. Majority of the owners (64.8%) attest that they had never visited veterinary clinics. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the data presented in the present study provide additional knowledge on the importance of ectoparasites of dogs and cats and are believed to contribute in awareness creation and strengthening of veterinary services of dogs and cats of the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Taddesse
- Southern Agricultural Research InstituteArba Minch Agricultural Research CenterArba MinchEthiopia
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and PathologyAddis Ababa UniversityBishoftuEthiopia
| | - Marika Grillini
- Department of Animal MedicineProduction and HealthUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Dinka Ayana
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and PathologyAddis Ababa UniversityBishoftuEthiopia
| | | | - Rudi Cassini
- Department of Animal MedicineProduction and HealthUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Bersissa Kumsa
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and PathologyAddis Ababa UniversityBishoftuEthiopia
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11
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Mamun TI, Mahmud MW, Dey SC, Fahim MAA, Raihan MAT, Tuhin RH, Sima SA, Akter S. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding zoonotic diseases among cat and dog owners in Bangladesh. Prev Vet Med 2024; 226:106166. [PMID: 38484427 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The close relationship between human and companion animals like cats and dogs raises public health concerns regarding the potential transmission of zoonotic diseases in Bangladesh. The study aimed to evaluate the cat and dog owners' knowledge, attitudes, practices, and risk perception concerning zoonotic diseases for designing effective interventions and reducing disease transmission. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 480 pet owners in various region of Bangladesh. For data collection, a structured, closed-ended questions were implemented. The data collection was anonymous and individuals were chosen through a random selection method. Responses were classified to evaluate comprehensive knowledge, using a threshold value of ≥65%. Quantitative score was created to measure Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices, and these scores were divided into categories of good and poor knowledge, positive and negative attitudes, as well as correct and incorrect practices. The analysis included the application of both descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis. The findings showed that females made up more than half of the survey participants (55.2%), with the predominant pet owned being cats (73.1%). Overall, only a small portion (21.25%) of the survey respondents demonstrated good knowledge about the topic as measured by a dichotomous outcome. A larger proportion of participants (84.58%) exhibited a positive attitude towards zoonotic diseases. However, when it came to correct practices, about one-third (29.79%) of performed satisfactorily. It is noteworthy that 90.4% of the participants exhibited a high level of understanding regarding the transmission of rabies through dog bites. The knowledge and practices of owners were markedly impacted by their education, occupation, and geographic location. Furthermore, 48.1% identified 'social media' as their primary source of information, and 80.0% regarded vaccination as a preventive measure. The study reveals gaps in knowledge and practices of risks regarding zoonotic diseases among pet owners in Bangladesh. It is crucial to implement focused educational initiatives and preventative measures to effectively tackle gaps in knowledge concerning zoonotic diseases and to avert potential infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajul Islam Mamun
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Wakil Mahmud
- Genetics and Animal Breeding, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh; Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Asif Al Fahim
- Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Sajeda Afroz Sima
- Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
| | - Suchona Akter
- Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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12
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Pegram C, Diaz-Ordaz K, Brodbelt DC, Chang YM, von Hekkel AF, Wu CH, Church DB, O'Neill DG. Target Trial Emulation: Does surgical versus non-surgical management of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs cause different outcomes? Prev Vet Med 2024; 226:106165. [PMID: 38503655 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Target trial emulation applies design principles from randomised controlled trials to the analysis of observational data for causal inference and is increasingly used within human epidemiology. Using anonymised veterinary clinical data from the VetCompass Programme, this study applied the target trial emulation framework to determine whether surgical (compared to non-surgical) management for cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture in dogs causes improved short- and long-term lameness and analgesia outcomes. The emulated target trial included dogs diagnosed with CCL rupture between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019 within the VetCompass database. Inclusion in the emulated trial required dogs aged ≥ 1.5 and < 12 years, first diagnosed with unilateral CCL rupture during 2019 and with no prior history of contralateral ligament rupture or stifle surgery. Dogs were retrospectively observed to have surgical or non-surgical management. Informed from a directed acyclic graph derived from expert opinion, data on the following variables were collected: age, breed, bodyweight, neuter status, insurance status, non-orthopaedic comorbidities, orthopaedic comorbidities and veterinary group. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to adjust for confounding, with weights calculated based on a binary logistic regression exposure model. Censored dogs were accounted for in the IPTW analysis using inverse probability of censoring weighting (IPCW). The IPCWs were combined with IPTWs and used to weight each dog's contribution to binary logistic regression outcome models. Standardized mean differences (SMD) examined the balance of covariate distribution between treatment groups. The emulated trial included 615 surgical CCL rupture cases and 200 non-surgical cases. The risk difference for short-term lameness in surgically managed cases (compared with non-surgically managed cases) was -25.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) -36.7% to -15.9%) and the risk difference for long-term lameness -31.7% (95% CI -37.9% to -18.1%). The study demonstrated the application of the target trial framework to veterinary observational data. The findings show that surgical management causes a reduction in short- and long-term lameness compared with non-surgical management in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pegram
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Karla Diaz-Ordaz
- University College London, Department of Statistical Science, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Dave C Brodbelt
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Research Support Office, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Anna Frykfors von Hekkel
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Chieh-Hsi Wu
- Statistical Sciences Research Institute, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - David B Church
- Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Dan G O'Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
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13
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Calabro C, Sadhu R, Xu Y, Aprea M, Guarino C, Cazer CL. Longitudinal antimicrobial susceptibility trends of canine Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Prev Vet Med 2024; 226:106170. [PMID: 38493570 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance within Staphylococcus pseudintermedius poses a significant risk for the treatment of canine pyoderma and as a reservoir for resistance and potential zoonoses, but few studies examine long-term temporal trends of resistance. This study assesses the antimicrobial resistance prevalence and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) trends in S. pseudintermedius (n=1804) isolated from canine skin samples at the Cornell University Animal Health Diagnostic Center (AHDC) between 2007 and 2020. Not susceptible (NS) prevalence, Cochran-Armitage tests, logrank tests, MIC50 and MIC90 quantiles, and survival analysis models were used to evaluate resistance prevalence and temporal trends to 23 antimicrobials. We use splines as predictors in accelerated failure time (AFT) models to model non-linear temporal trends in MICs. Multidrug resistance was common among isolates (47%), and isolates had moderate to high NS prevalence to the beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, the fluoroquinolones, gentamicin, the macrolides/lincosamides, the tetracyclines, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. However, low levels of NS to amikacin, rifampin, and vancomycin were observed. Around one third of isolates (38%) were found to be methicillin resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), and these isolates had a higher prevalence of NS to all tested antimicrobials than methicillin susceptible isolates. Amongst the MRSP isolates, one phenotypically vancomycin resistant isolate (MIC >16 µg/mL) was identified, but genomic sequence data was unavailable. AFT models showed increasing MICs across time to the beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, the fluoroquinolones, gentamicin, and the macrolides/lincosamides, and decreasing temporal resistance (decreasing MICs) to doxycycline was observed amongst isolates. Notably, ATF modeling showed changes in MIC distributions that were not identified using Cochran-Armitage tests on prevalence, MIC quantiles, and logrank tests. Increasing resistance amongst these S. pseudintermedius isolates highlights the need for rational, empirical prescribing practices and increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance to maintain the efficacy of current therapeutic agents. AFT models with non-linear predictors may be a useful, breakpoint-independent, surveillance tool alongside other modeling methods and antibiograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Calabro
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ritwik Sadhu
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yuchen Xu
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Aprea
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Cassandra Guarino
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Casey L Cazer
- Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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14
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Dhein ES, Heikkilä U, Oevermann A, Blatter S, Meier D, Hartnack S, Guscetti F. Incidence rates of the most common canine tumors based on data from the Swiss Canine Cancer Registry (2008 to 2020). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302231. [PMID: 38635572 PMCID: PMC11025767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Monitoring neoplasms in standardized registries facilitates epidemiologic studies of risk factors for tumor development and predisposition. In an observational study, we determined incidence rates (IR) and malignant tumor incidence rate ratios (IRR) by age, sex, and breed in Swiss dogs using demographic data from the official Swiss dog registration database Amicus. The dataset analyzed included 54'986 tumors diagnosed by histology and cytology in four Swiss veterinary pathology laboratories between 2008 and 2020. Diagnoses were coded according to the Vet-ICD-O-canine-1 system. Most tumors occurred in the skin (n = 19'045; 34.64%), soft tissues (n = 11'092; 20.17%), and mammary glands (n = 7'974; 14.50%). The IRs for all and for malignant tumors were 775/100'000 dog-years at risk (95%CI 764-777) and 338/100'000 dog-years at risk (95%CI 333-342), respectively. Females (850; 95%CI 834-853) had a higher overall tumor IR than males (679; 95%CI 666-684). The highest tumor IR was found at 11 years of age (1'857; 95%CI 1'780-1'867). Potential novel breed-specific predispositions were uncovered, with high IRs for several benign and malignant tumors in Polski Owczarek Nizinnys (overall IR: 3'303; 95%CI 2'502-3'864) and high IRs for malignant tumors in Russian Black Terriers (melanomas: 345; 95%CI 138-708), Field Spaniels (adenocarcinomas: 376; CI95% 138-817), Dogo Argentinos (mast cell tumors: 844; CI95% 591-1'169), King Charles Spaniels and Manchester Terriers (lymphomas: 319; CI95% 137-627 and 302; CI95% 98-704, respectively), Landseers (osteosarcomas: 74; CI95% 15-216), Bouvier des Flandres (hemangiosarcomas: 127; CI95% 26-371), and Bearded Collies and Cane Corso Italianos (gliomas: 91; CI95% 45-162 and 34; CI95% 7-99, respectively). Nordic hunting dogs had the highest (8.08; CI95% 3.55-16.7) and Chihuahueno the lowest cancer IRRs (0.42; 95%CI 0.31-0.57) compared to mixed breeds. In conclusion, the calculated IRs and IRRs revealed previously unknown predisposing factors, including novel breed-specific susceptibilities. The results may have implications for cancer screening, diagnostic work-up, breeding management and oncologic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sophie Dhein
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna Oevermann
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sohvi Blatter
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Meier
- Zyto/Histo Diagnostik Labor Freienstein, Freienstein, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franco Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Tolentino Júnior DS, Vasconcelos Marques MS, de Oliveira RC. Rabies vaccination of the Maxakali indigenous population. Vaccine 2024; 42:2495-2498. [PMID: 38413279 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilceu Silveira Tolentino Júnior
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, René Rachou Institute, Postgraduate Program in Collective Health, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Special Indigenous Health District of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, Ministry of Health, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Vale do Rio Doce University. Postgraduate Program in Integrated Territory Management, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Maryana Santos Vasconcelos Marques
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, René Rachou Institute, Postgraduate Program in Collective Health, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Special Indigenous Health District of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, Ministry of Health, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Vale do Rio Doce University. Postgraduate Program in Integrated Territory Management, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberto Carlos de Oliveira
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, René Rachou Institute, Postgraduate Program in Collective Health, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Special Indigenous Health District of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo, Ministry of Health, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Vale do Rio Doce University. Postgraduate Program in Integrated Territory Management, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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16
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Anderer S. Drug-Resistant E coli in Pet Dogs Could Pose Risk to People. JAMA 2024; 331:1081. [PMID: 38477946 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
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17
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Villanueva-Saz S, Martínez MV, Alsina S, Fernández A, Gómez Á, Verde M, Ruiz H, Lacasta D, Alnassan AA, Trotta M, Yzuel A, Marteles D. First report on natural infection by Dirofilaria repens in a cat in Spain: case report and literature review of feline subcutaneous dirofilariosis in Europe. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1195-1201. [PMID: 37919542 PMCID: PMC10998798 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Dirofilaria repens is an endemic mosquito-borne pathogen widely spread throughout Europe and other non-Europen regions. Infection by D. repens has been reported in dogs, although little is known about the occurrence and epidemiological features of this nematode in cats. During the surgical procedure within the framework of a trap, neuter and release sterilization program, two female filarial nematodes with spontaneous movement were removed from the internal part of the spermatic cord from asymptomatic stray cat in Spain (Grao de Castellón, Castellon de la Plana, province of Spain). Moreover, the presence of microfilariae was detected by using three different methods, including direct blood smear technique, the microhematocrit tube test, and Knott´s modified test. PCR performed from the nematodes extracted from the spermatic cord and from microfilariae in EDTA-blood sample tested both positive for D. repens. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report that demonstrates the presence of D. repens in cats in Spain. In this sense, a review of the current scientific status of feline subcutaneous dirofilariosis in Europe was also performed. Future investigations should analyze the epidemiological role of cats in D. repens infection including the prevalence of infection. Veterinarians working in endemic areas should be aware of this infection in cats and their susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain.
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - María Victoria Martínez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro Clínico Veterinario Teruel, Teruel, Spain
| | - Sandra Alsina
- Clinica Veterinaria Bitxets, Grao de Castellón, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Álex Gómez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maite Verde
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Héctor Ruiz
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Delia Lacasta
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alaa Aldin Alnassan
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary medicine laboratory IDEXX, Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Michele Trotta
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Andrés Yzuel
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
| | - Diana Marteles
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, 50013, Spain
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
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18
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De Decker S, Rohdin C, Gutierrez-Quintana R. Vertebral and spinal malformations in small brachycephalic dog breeds: Current knowledge and remaining questions. Vet J 2024; 304:106095. [PMID: 38458418 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Small brachycephalic dog breeds, such as the French bulldog, English bulldog and pug have become increasingly popular. These breeds are predisposed to a variety of vertebral and spinal malformations, including hemivertebra, caudal articular process dysplasia, transitional vertebra, cranial thoracic vertebral canal stenosis, spinal arachnoid diverticulum and meningeal fibrosis. Recent studies have provided new insights into the prevalence, anatomical characteristics, pathophysiology and treatment of these conditions. Thoracic hemivertebra, caudal articular process dysplasia, transitional vertebra, and cranial thoracic vertebral canal stenosis occur commonly in neurologically normal dogs. Although the clinical relevance of these vertebral anomalies has therefore been questioned, severe kyphosis and hemivertebra in pugs have been associated with an increased likelihood of neurological signs. Meningeal fibrosis is characterised by the formation of dense intradural fibrotic adhesions, constricting the spinal cord. This condition has been heavily associated with the pug breed. It is in pugs further common to observe multiple concurrent spinal disorder in association with chronic progressive pelvic limb gait abnormalities. This clinical presentation has been referred to as 'pug dog thoracolumbar myelopathy' and potential genetic risk factors have recently been identified. Despite our increased knowledge, many questions remain currently unanswered. This review discusses our current understanding and controversies surrounding vertebral and spinal malformations in small brachycephalic dog breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Cecilia Rohdin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, University Animal Hospital, Uppsala 75007, Sweden; Anicura Albano Small Animal Hospital, Danderyd 18236, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Leutenegger CM, Evason MD, Willcox JL, Rochani H, Richmond HL, Meeks C, Lozoya CE, Tereski J, Loo S, Mitchell K, Andrews J, Savard C. Benzimidazole F167Y polymorphism in the canine hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum: Widespread geographic, seasonal, age, and breed distribution in United States and Canada dogs. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 24:100520. [PMID: 38237210 PMCID: PMC10825515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Surveillance data for Ancylostoma spp. and the A. caninum benzimidazole treatment resistance associated F167Y polymorphism using molecular diagnostics was obtained in a large population of dogs from the United States and Canada. Real-time PCR (qPCR) for Ancylostoma spp. and allele-specific qPCR detecting a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) F167Y was used in 262,872 canine stool samples collected between March and December of 2022. Ancylostoma spp. was found at an overall prevalence of 2.5% (6538/262,872), with the highest prevalence in the Southern US, 4.4% (4490/103,095), and the lowest prevalence in Canada 0.6% (101/15,829). The A. caninum F167Y polymorphism was found with the highest prevalence (13.4%, n = 46/343) in the Western US and the lowest in Canada at 4.1% (4/97). The F167Y polymorphism was detected every month over the 10-month collection period. Seasonal distribution showed a peak in June for both Ancylostoma spp. (3.08%, 547/17,775) and A. caninum F167Y (12.25%, 67/547). However, the A. caninum F167Y polymorphism prevalence was highest in September (13.9%, 119/856). Age analysis indicates a higher prevalence of both hookworm infections and occurrence of resistant isolates in puppies. The breeds with the highest F167Y polymorphism prevalence in Ancylostoma spp. detected samples were poodles (28.9%), followed by Bernese Mountain dogs (25%), Cocker spaniels (23.1%), and greyhounds (22.4%). Our data set describes widespread geographic distribution of the A. caninum benzimidazole resistance associated F167Y polymorphism in the United States and Canada, with no clear seasonality compared to the Ancylostoma spp. prevalence patterns. The F167 polymorphism was present in all geographic areas with detected hookworms, including Canada. Our study highlights that the F167Y polymorphism is represented in many dog breeds, including greyhounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cathy Meeks
- Antech Diagnostics, Fountain Valley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jan Andrews
- Antech Diagnostics, Fountain Valley, CA, USA
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20
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Szydłowicz M, Zajączkowska Ż, Lewicka A, Łukianowski B, Kamiński M, Holubová N, Sak B, Kváč M, Kicia M. Host-specific Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in shelter dogs from central Europe. Parasitology 2024; 151:351-362. [PMID: 38305092 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202400009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis and microsporidia are unicellular opportunistic pathogens that can cause gastrointestinal infections in both animals and humans. Since companion animals may serve as a source of infection, the aim of the present screening study was to analyse the prevalence of these intestinal protists in fecal samples collected from dogs living in 10 animal shelters in central Europe (101 dogs from Poland and 86 from the Czech Republic), combined with molecular subtyping of the detected organisms in order to assess their genetic diversity. Genus-specific polymerase chain reactions were performed to detect DNA of the tested species and to conduct molecular subtyping in collected samples, followed by statistical evaluation of the data obtained (using χ2 or Fisher's tests). The observed prevalence was 15.5, 10.2, 1 and 1% for G. intestinalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Cryptosporidium spp. and Encephalitozoon cuniculi, respectively. Molecular evaluation has revealed the predominance of dog-specific genotypes (Cryptosporidium canis XXe1 subtype; G. intestinalis assemblages C and D; E. cuniculi genotype II; E. bieneusi genotypes D and PtEbIX), suggesting that shelter dogs do not pose a high risk of human transmission. Interestingly, the percentage distribution of the detected pathogens differed between both countries and individual shelters, suggesting that the risk of infection may be associated with conditions typical of a given location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szydłowicz
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Żaneta Zajączkowska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Antonina Lewicka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Błażej Łukianowski
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Pathomorphology, 4th Military Clinical Hospital, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kamiński
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Nikola Holubová
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kváč
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kicia
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Wang N, Sieng S, Liang T, Xu J, Han Q. Intestine proteomic and metabolomic alterations in dogs infected with Toxocara canis. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107140. [PMID: 38341054 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is an important zoonotic parasitic disease. Toxocaris canis adults live and reproduce in the intestinal tract of dogs and other canine hosts, and the infectious eggs are continuously excreted in feces, which causes environmental contamination and has an important public health significance. In this study, TMT proteomic and untargeted metabolomic methods were used to explore the physiological and pathological effects on the intestinal tract of dogs which infected with T. canis, and a series of bioinformatics analyses were conducted to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). The proteomics results showed that 198 DEPs were mainly enriched in the immune system and signal transduction pathway, and involved in the regulation of the occurrence and development of cancer and infectious diseases. T. canis could disrupt intestinal permeability by increasing the expression of proteins such as zinc finger protein DZIP1L and myosin heavy chain 10. Additionally, T. canis infection could also inhibit the host immune response by decreasing the expression of MHC-II, NF-κB, DLA and other immune-related molecules. While, the metabolomics results revealed that the expression of oxoglutaric acid, glutamate, d-aspartate, arginine, taurochenodeoxycholic acid and taurocholic acid which participated in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, bile secretion, biosynthesis of amino acids pathway were significantly decreased. The correlation results of proteomics and metabolomics showed that DEPs and DEMs were mainly co-enriched in bile secretion pathway to regulate intestinal peristalsis. Analyzing DEPs and DEMs will not only provide insights into the mechanisms of host parasite interaction, but also aid in identifying potential targets for therapy and diagnosis, thus setting the groundwork for effectively preventing and managing toxocariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, College of Life and Health, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Soben Sieng
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, College of Life and Health, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Tian Liang
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, College of Life and Health, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China
| | - Jingyun Xu
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, College of Life and Health, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China.
| | - Qian Han
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, College of Life and Health, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, China.
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Pace W, Oppong J. Trypanosoma Cruzi antibody screening in North Texas client owned dogs. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 49:101003. [PMID: 38462304 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Despite multiple screening efforts to identify exposures to Trypanosoma cruzi, in dogs across southern USA, no published studies could be found involving client owned dogs in the North Texas Metroplex area. Therefore, a limited screen was conducted for client owned dogs, seeking routine or preventative care, from participating veterinary practices in the greater Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) Metroplex from 2019 to 2021. Participants, with owner consent, ranged in age, breed, and length of time at recorded residence. Ninety-nine samples were acquired from participating veterinary practices, initially assessed with the Chagas StatPak, and positive samples were confirmed with IFA (indirect fluorescent antibody test) at the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Lab (TVMDL), College Station, Texas. Six samples were positive with the StatPak and only two were confirmed positive with IFA. Both animals were senior (10 and 8 years) with no owner reports of previous cardiac issues. The results appear reasonable within the context of previous studies and the seropositivity rate of 2% (n = 99) for client owned dogs included in this study are lower than previously reported rates for shelter dogs from the North Texas area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Pace
- University of North Texas, 1510 Chestnut St., Denton, TX 76201. USA.
| | - Joseph Oppong
- University of North Texas, 1510 Chestnut St., Denton, TX 76201. USA
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Castillo B, Muñoz-Quezada MT, Sapiente-Aguirre C. Demographics and tenure of the Chilean urban dog population. A mathematical model. Prev Vet Med 2024; 225:106141. [PMID: 38359471 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irresponsible dog ownership in urban areas is a public health concern with significant implications for human, animal, and environmental welfare. Factors such as abandonment, variations in adoption, insufficient supervision, emerging identification initiatives, and collective feeding impact the growth of stray dog populations and the transmission of diseases. Developing a modeling tool to understand the dynamics of canine population growth and the effect of human behavior on this phenomenon is essential. METHODS An ordinary differential equation model was developed to depict the growth dynamics and movements of urban dog populations, distinguishing between those with owners (restricted and semi-restricted) and those without (stray and community dogs). Two equilibrium states of the system were analyzed: with and without the presence of individually owned dogs. An increase rate for the population of individually owned dogs was calculated, and a local sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the impact of parameters on the reduction of this population. Additionally, two global sensitivity analysis methods were used to evaluate the simultaneous influence of the parameters. RESULTS Findings indicate that system equilibrium depends on various dog categories. Although total eradication of stray and community dogs is unlikely, equilibrium levels are directly related to subpopulation growth rates, responsible ownership practices, and adoption and abandonment rates. The growth rates of the population of dogs without individual owners have a direct and proportional influence on their regulation, while adoption rates have an inverse and proportional effect. The study, through global sensitivity analysis, identifies key parameters for each dog subpopulation. For restricted dogs, environmental carrying capacity is the most variable factor; for semi-restricted dogs, awareness of responsible ownership is crucial. The abandonment of restricted dogs significantly impacts stray dog dynamics, while the transition from stray to community status is an important variable factor for community dogs. CONCLUSION Addressing the situation of unowned dogs requires a collective effort to reduce risks associated with the spread of zoonotic diseases, environmental pollution, and biodiversity loss, thus contributing to public health and environmental conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Castillo
- Centro de investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
| | | | - Claudia Sapiente-Aguirre
- Programa Nacional de Tenencia Responsable de Animales de Compañía (PTRAC), Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Regional y Administrativo (SUBDERE), Ministerio del Interior y Seguridad Pública de Chile, Chile
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24
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Tammone Santos A, Riva E, Condorí WE, Fernández V, Rodriguez MG, Rivero MA, Faraco M, Aguirre P, Loyza L, Caselli AE, Uhart MM, Estein SM. Trichinella Infection in Culled Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) from El Palmar National Park, Argentina, and Exposure Risk in Humans and Dogs Consuming Wild Boar Meat. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:401-412. [PMID: 38314854 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-23-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked meat containing Trichinella spp. larvae. Consumption of wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat represents an important source of human trichinellosis worldwide. In El Palmar National Park (EPNP), Argentina, invasive alien wild boars are controlled and meat from culled animals is released for public consumption following on-site artificial digestion (AD) testing. Meat trimmings and offal from the control program are often used as food for dogs (Canis familiaris). We evaluated infection and exposure to Trichinella spp. in wild boars from EPNP, as well as exposure to Trichinella spp. and associated risk factors in dogs and human consumers of wild boar meat. Trichinella spp. larvae were detected in muscle samples from 5/49 wild boars by AD (10.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.8%-23%), with a mean burden of 0.24 larvae per gram (lpg; range, 0.06-0.95 lpg). Anti-Trichinella antibodies were not detected in wild boar serum samples (n=42). In dogs, 12/34 were seropositive to Trichinella spp. (35.29%; 95%, CI, 20.3%-53.5%). Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies were not detected in human serum samples (n=63). Our results reveal the presence, albeit at low prevalence, of Trichinella spp. in wild boars and exposure in dogs fed game offal. These findings suggest that the low prevalence and parasitic load in wild boars, together with the best practices applied by EPNP culling program personnel, contribute to keeping the risk of infection in people low. The dog results highlight that the parasite is circulating in the area, and therefore the risk of infection is not negligible. We recommend the implementation of an animal surveillance strategy in order to monitor the evolution of this zoonosis in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina Tammone Santos
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eliana Riva
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Walter E Condorí
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valentina Fernández
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo G Rodriguez
- Área de Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana A Rivero
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Área de Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matias Faraco
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Aguirre
- Departamento de Zoonosis Rurales, Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, España 770, Azul, 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Loyza
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Administración de Parques Nacionales, Av. Rivadavia 1475, C1009ABM, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea E Caselli
- Programa de Conservación Comunitaria del Territorio, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela M Uhart
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B ground floor, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Silvia M Estein
- Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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da Silva AS, de Medeiros Silva MM, de Oliveira Mendes Aguiar C, Nascimento PRP, da Costa EG, Jeronimo SMB, de Melo Ximenes MDFF. Challenges of animals shelters in caring for dogs infected with Leishmania and other pathogens. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 49:100988. [PMID: 38462297 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of human Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) has decreased in Brazil; however, the number of areas reporting human and canine cases has increased, with Leishmania infantum usually preceding human infection. This study aimed to analyze the profile of infectious diseases that are endemic for both human and canine VL, in dogs housed in a shelter located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. Data was obtained between November/2021 to April/2022. All dogs residing at the shelter (98 dogs) were examined and blood was collected for testing for L. infantum, Ehrlichia canis, and Babesia sp. Statistical analyses considered the clinical and laboratory findings. Of the 98 animals, approximately 43% were positive for L. infantum antibodies, 19% were positive for L. infantum kDNA, and 18% were L. infantum positive by culture. Greater levels of anti-leishmania antibodies were observed in dogs with symptoms suggestive of VL. The dogs tested positive for E. canis (19/98) and B. canis (18/98). Lutzomyia longipalpis was captured inside the shelter, representing 74.25% (n = 225) of whole sandflies in the dog shelter. Concomitant infection by L. infantum and E. canis increased the odds of death. Treatment of VL included the use of allopurinol (n = 48) and miltefosine (n = 8). Treated animals showed more signs of Leishmania infection. Tickborn parasites and Leishmania were prevalent in sheltered dogs in a VL-endemic area, which increases the odds of death and poses an additional challenge for caring for abandoned dogs and at the same time setting protocols to manage reservoirs of L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Salles da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Development and Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Marcel Miranda de Medeiros Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Development and Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Oliveira Mendes Aguiar
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Petrucio Nascimento
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Eliardo Guimarães da Costa
- Department of Statistics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Selma M B Jeronimo
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Freire de Melo Ximenes
- Postgraduate Program in Development and Environment, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-900, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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Basset C, Gos ML, Steffen KD, Helman E, Fitte B, Olaizola PL, Unzaga JM. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in family farming goats from the Luracatao Valley, Salta, Argentina. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 49:100992. [PMID: 38462298 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections are important causes of abortion in ruminants. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and frequency of T. gondii and N. caninum titers in goats raised by family farmers in the Luracatao Valley of Salta province, Argentina. A total of 259 serum samples were collected from adult goats in 42 family farms in nine communities and tested for indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT, cut-off 1:100). Seroprevalences were 34.36% (89/259) for T. gondii and 64.09% (166/259) for N. caninum. Co-infection was found in 25.86% (67/259) of the goats tested. The most frequent IFAT titer of T. gondii found was 100 (23.93%; 62/259), and only 2% (5/259) of the goats presented titer 800. For N. caninum, the most frequent titers were 100 (25.86%; 67/259), and titers 200 (20.46%; 53/259) and 400 (14.61%, 38/259). The titers found for T. gondii could suggest a chronic infection in goats, being of importance for the region due to meat consumption and cheese production. The elevated seroprevalence of N. caninum identified in this study may be attributed to the community-specific dog population and the close interaction between dogs and goats, despite the absence of a statistically significant association. Subsequent research is warranted to assess the productive implications of T. gondii and N. caninum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Basset
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1425FQB), Argentina.
| | - María Laura Gos
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kevin D Steffen
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1425FQB), Argentina
| | - Elisa Helman
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1425FQB), Argentina; Grupo de Bioestadística Aplicada- Instituto de Cálculos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bruno Fitte
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (C1425FQB), Argentina
| | - Paula L Olaizola
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Agricultura Familiar Región Pampeana, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Unzaga
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Durães-Oliveira J, Palma-Marques J, Moreno C, Rodrigues A, Monteiro M, Alexandre-Pires G, da Fonseca IP, Santos-Gomes G. Chagas Disease: A Silent Threat for Dogs and Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3840. [PMID: 38612650 PMCID: PMC11011309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a vector-borne Neglected Zoonotic Disease (NZD) caused by a flagellate protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi, that affects various mammalian species across America, including humans and domestic animals. However, due to an increase in population movements and new routes of transmission, T. cruzi infection is presently considered a worldwide health concern, no longer restricted to endemic countries. Dogs play a major role in the domestic cycle by acting very efficiently as reservoirs and allowing the perpetuation of parasite transmission in endemic areas. Despite the significant progress made in recent years, still there is no vaccine against human and animal disease, there are few drugs available for the treatment of human CD, and there is no standard protocol for the treatment of canine CD. In this review, we highlight human and canine Chagas Disease in its different dimensions and interconnections. Dogs, which are considered to be the most important peridomestic reservoir and sentinel for the transmission of T. cruzi infection in a community, develop CD that is clinically similar to human CD. Therefore, an integrative approach, based on the One Health concept, bringing together the advances in genomics, immunology, and epidemiology can lead to the effective development of vaccines, new treatments, and innovative control strategies to tackle CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Durães-Oliveira
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.D.-O.); (G.S.-G.)
| | - Joana Palma-Marques
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.D.-O.); (G.S.-G.)
| | - Cláudia Moreno
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.D.-O.); (G.S.-G.)
| | - Armanda Rodrigues
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.D.-O.); (G.S.-G.)
| | - Marta Monteiro
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.D.-O.); (G.S.-G.)
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FMV, University of Lisbon, ULisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal; (G.A.-P.); (I.P.d.F.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Graça Alexandre-Pires
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FMV, University of Lisbon, ULisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal; (G.A.-P.); (I.P.d.F.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FMV, University of Lisbon, ULisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal; (G.A.-P.); (I.P.d.F.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Santos-Gomes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Associate Laboratory in Translation and Innovation Towards Global Health, LA-REAL, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.D.-O.); (G.S.-G.)
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Dini FM, Stancampiano L, Poglayen G, Galuppi R. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in dogs: a serological survey. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:14. [PMID: 38528602 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dogs, as well as a wide variety of other warm-blooded animals, act as intermediate host of Toxoplasma gondii. In dogs, most cases of toxoplasmosis are subclinical, although clinical disease has been sporadically reported. Beyond its role in diagnostic pathways, seropositivity also functions as a reflection of the parasite's spread within the dog's living environment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible risk factor associated with seropositivity to T. gondii in dogs in Central-Northern Italy, analysing 120 dogs sera for the presence of IgG antibodies by indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). RESULTS The population examined was composed of 54.2% hunting dogs, 24.2% companion dogs, 14.2% truffle dogs and 7.5% watchdogs. Thirty-four (29.2%) dogs tested positive for T. gondii IgG, with titres ranging from 1:40 to 1:1280. Seroprevalence and antibodies titres were not related to dog gender, age or function. The logistic regression and ordered logistic regression results indicated that seroprevalence, and antibody titres were significantly higher in dogs cohabiting with cats, exhibiting coprophagy habits, and living constantly outdoors. Notably, the lifestyle factor showed the highest odds-ratios in the study: dogs living constantly outdoors were found to be at approximately 5 times greater risk of testing positive and having higher antibody titres compared to dogs living both indoors and outdoors. CONCLUSION Both logistic and ordered logistic regression results support the key role of living with cats, engaging in coprophagy behaviours, and maintaining an outdoor lifestyle in increasing the risk of T. gondii infection in dogs. These identified risk factors collectively suggest that both ingesting oocysts, as observed through cat cohabitation and coprophagy, and engaging in predatory behaviours, as possible for outdoor living dogs, are indicating likely sources of T. gondii infection in this host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Maria Dini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Laura Stancampiano
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Poglayen
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Galuppi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Zhang Y, Wu J, Adili S, Wang S, Zhang H, Shi G, Zhao J. [Surveillance of echinococcosis in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2024; 36:79-82. [PMID: 38604689 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the echinococcosis surveillance results in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022, so as to provide insights into formulation of echinococcosis control measures in the prefecture. METHODS Villagers were randomly sampled using a multistage sampling method from class I and II echinococcosis endemic counties in Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022 for detection of human echinococcosis, while all patients undergoing ultrasound examinations in medical institutions in class III endemic counties received active echinococcosis screening. In addition, livestock in centralized slaughterhouses or slaughtering sites were screened for echinococcosis using the palpation and necropsy method, and fresh domestic dog feces samples were collected from randomly selected dog owners in each administrative village for detection of Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs. The trends in detection of human and livestock echinococcosis, detection of newly diagnosed human echinococcosis cases and detection of Echinococcus coproantigen in domestic dogs were analyzed in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022. RESULTS The mean detection rate of human echinococcosis was 0.13% (540/407 803) in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022, which appeared a tendency towards a decline over years (χ2trend = 1 217.21, P < 0.001), and the highest detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases was seen in Hejing County (0.28%, 191/67 865). The detection of livestock echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2017 to 2022 (χ2trend = 147.02, P < 0.001), with the highest detection rate seen in Hejing County (3.44%, 86/2 500), and the detection of Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2017 to 2022 (χ2trend = 302.46, P < 0.001), with the highest detection rate in Qiemo County (2.74%, 118/4 313). CONCLUSIONS The detection of human and livestock echinococcosis and dog feces antigens Echinococcus copro-antigen in domestic dogs all appeared a tendency towards a decline in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022; however, there is still a high echinococcosis transmission risk in local areas. Sustainable integrated echinococcosis control is required in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - J Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - S Adili
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - S Wang
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - H Zhang
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - G Shi
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
| | - J Zhao
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, China
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Csokai J, Heusinger A, Müller E. Outcome of parasitological examinations in dogs in Germany: a retrospective survey. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:160. [PMID: 38480554 PMCID: PMC10937772 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Dog faecal samples examined from January 2019 to December 2019 were retrospectively analysed for frequency of endoparasites. The examinations were performed with several different methods: 29,219 samples were examined by flotation method and sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin concentration (SAFC) technique, 1,330 samples by Baermann-Wetzel migration technique, 12,221 samples using a Giardia coproantigen enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 1,180 samples using a Cryptosporidium coproantigen ELISA, 1,671 samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for Giardia duodenalis and 447 samples by PCR testing for Cryptosporidium spp.. A total of 7.1% of the samples were positive for parasites in the microscopical examination using the flotation method and SAFC technique. The parasites found included Cystoisospora spp. (2.8%), Giardia duodenalis (2.3%), Ancylostomatidae (1.8%), Toxocara canis (1.6%), Trichuris vulpis (0.7%), Toxascaris leonina (0.5%), Capillaria spp. (0.2%), Angiostrongylus vasorum (0.2%), Crenosoma vulpis (0.1%), Taeniidae (0.1%), Sarcocystis spp. (0.03%), Dipylidium caninum (0.01%), Diphyllobothrium latum (< 0.01%), Spirurida (< 0.01%) and Opisthorchiidae (< 0.01%). Using the Baermann-Wetzel migration technique, Angiostrongylus vasorum was found in 0.75% and Crenosoma vulpis in 0.3% of the samples. ELISAs for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. revealed 13.9% and 1.0% positive faecal samples, and Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. PCRs 19.4% and 2.0%, respectively. Dogs in the first year of life were more frequently infected with parasites than older animals. In the microscopic examination using flotation method and SAFC technique, the significantly highest detection rates were found in dogs up to six months of age (p < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anton Heusinger
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstraße 4, 97688, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Müller
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Steubenstraße 4, 97688, Bad Kissingen, Germany
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Fa-ngoen C, Kaewmongkol G, Inthong N, Tanganuchitcharnchai A, Abdad MY, Siengsanan-Lamont J, Blacksell SD, Kaewmongkol S. Serological detection of Rickettsia spp. and evaluation of blood parameters in pet dogs and cats from Bangkok and neighboring provinces. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297373. [PMID: 38452006 PMCID: PMC10919667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Rickettsiosis is caused by Orientia spp. and Rickettsia spp., arthropod-borne zoonotic intracellular bacteria. The close relationships between pet dogs, cats and owners increase the risk of rickettsial transmission, with limited studies on the seroprevalence in pets. This study investigated the prevalence of rickettsia exposure among dogs and cats in Bangkok and neighboring provinces. The samples from 367 dogs and 187 cats used in this study were leftover serum samples from routine laboratory testing stored at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital. In-house Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests included IgG against the scrub typhus group (STG), typhus group (TG), and spotted fever group (SFG). The seroprevalence in pet dogs was 30.25% (111/367), including 21.53% for STG, 4.36% for TG, and 1.09% for SFG. Co-seroprevalence consisted of 2.72% for STG and TG, 0.27% for STG and SFG, and 0.27% for pangroup infection. The prevalence in cats was 62.56% (117/187), including 28.34% for STG, 4.28% for TG, and 6.42% for STG. Co-seroprevalence in cats consisted of STG and TG (4.28%), STG and SFG (5.35%), TG and SFG (3.21%), and three-group infection (10.69%). No significant difference in seroprevalence for the three serogroups was observed in any of the 64 districts sampled. The mean hematocrit level significantly decreased in seropositive dogs (P<0.05). Seropositive dogs and cats were detected in significantly greater numbers of anemia cases than nonanemia cases (P<0.05) (odds ratio: 7.93, 0.44, p = 0.00, p = 0.01). A significantly higher number of seropositive cats had decreased hemoglobin levels (P<0.05) (odds ratio: 3.63, p = 0.00). The seropositive samples significantly differed among older cats (P<0.05). These high exposures in pet dogs and cats could constitute important relationship dynamics between companion animals and rickettsial vectors. Significantly decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin levels indicated anemia in the exposed dogs and cats. The study findings will raise awareness of this neglected disease among pet owners and veterinary hospital personnel and aid in future public health preventative planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanon Fa-ngoen
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gunn Kaewmongkol
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natnaree Inthong
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ampai Tanganuchitcharnchai
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mohammad Yazid Abdad
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Correia B, Magalhães A, Rocha L, Cardoso I, Ferreira RRF, Mesa-Sanchez I. Prevalence of subclinical infectious agents in a blood donor population tested on every donation. J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:176-180. [PMID: 38185815 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the prevalence of blood-borne infectious agents in healthy, client-owned dogs from a blood donor population in Portugal and Spain, and to address the importance of a screening protocol on every donation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Client-owned healthy dogs were tested before each donation on a veterinary blood bank. Blood samples from new potential donors, and from regular donors, were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction for Leishmania species, Ehrlichia species, Brucella species, Babesia species and Anaplasma species Serological tests were also performed for Leishmania species, Ehrlichia species and Dirofilaria immitis. All donors were tested for every infectious agent in each donation. RESULTS The study found that out of a total of 8036 donors and 35,120 samples tested, 3.9% of blood donors tested positive for at least one of the agents, with the most prevalent being Anaplasma species (2.1%). Serological tests also revealed positive results in 14.0% of donors, with the highest percentage for Leishmania species (7.7%). Moreover, the study found that 28.2% of positive results were from dogs with negative results in donations performed 3 to 12 months before, and 18.0% of positive results were recent infections. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate a high prevalence of infectious agents in seemingly healthy, selected dogs eligible to become blood donors in the Iberian Peninsula, highlighting the importance of regular testing on every donation. This study emphasises the importance of a regular screening protocol for every donation instead of annual testing, as is commonly performed in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Correia
- Banco de Sangue Animal (NIV - Núcleo de Investigação Veterinária), Rua Dr. Eduardo Santos Silva, n°261, AH, 4200-283, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Magalhães
- Banco de Sangue Animal (NIV - Núcleo de Investigação Veterinária), Rua Dr. Eduardo Santos Silva, n°261, AH, 4200-283, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Rocha
- Banco de Sangue Animal (NIV - Núcleo de Investigação Veterinária), Rua Dr. Eduardo Santos Silva, n°261, AH, 4200-283, Porto, Portugal
| | - I Cardoso
- BSA - Banco de Sangue Animal, Rua de João de Deus, n°741, 4100-462, Porto, Portugal
| | - R R F Ferreira
- BSA - Banco de Sangue Animal, Rua de João de Deus, n°741, 4100-462, Porto, Portugal
| | - I Mesa-Sanchez
- BSA - Banco De Sangre Animal, Passatge Rovira I Virgili No. 9 Sabadell, 08205, Barcelona, Spain
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Leblanc C, Kassié D, Ranaivoharimina M, Rakotomanana EFN, Mangahasimbola RT, Randrianarijaona A, Ramiandrasoa R, Nely AJ, Razafindraibe NP, Andriamandimby SF, Ranoaritiana DB, Rajaonarivony V, Randrianasolo L, Baril L, Mattern C, Ratovoson R, Guis H. Mixed methods to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) towards rabies in central and remote communities of Moramanga district, Madagascar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012064. [PMID: 38551968 PMCID: PMC11006160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Control of dog-mediated rabies relies on raising awareness, access to post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and mass dog vaccination. To assess rabies awareness in Moramanga district, Madagascar, where rabies is endemic, two complementary quantitative and qualitative approaches were carried out in 2018. In the quantitative approach, a standardized questionnaire was administered to 334 randomized participants living in 170 households located less than 5 km from the anti-rabies treatment center (ARTC) located in Moramanga city (thereafter called the central area), and in 164 households located more than 15 km away from the ARTC in two rural communes (thereafter called the remote area). Logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors influencing knowledge and practice scores. The qualitative approach consisted in semi-structured interviews conducted with 28 bite victims who had consulted the ARTC, three owners of biting dogs, three ARTC staff and two local authorities. Overall, 15.6% (52/334) of households owned at least one dog. The dog-to-human ratio was 1:17.6. The central area had a significantly higher dog bite incidence (0.53 per 100 person-years, 95% CI: 0.31-0.85) compared to the remote area (0.22 per 100 person-years, 95% CI: 0.09-0.43) (p = 0.03). The care pathway following a bite depended on wound severity, how the dog was perceived and its owner's willingness to cover costs. Rabies vaccination coverage in dogs in the remote area was extremely low (2.4%). Respondents knew that vaccination prevented animal rabies but owners considered that their own dogs were harmless and cited access and cost of vaccine as main barriers. Most respondents were not aware of the existence of the ARTC (85.3%), did not know the importance of timely access to PEP (92.2%) or that biting dogs should be isolated (89.5%) and monitored. Good knowledge scores were significantly associated with having a higher socio-economic status (OR = 2.08, CI = 1.33-3.26) and living in central area (OR = 1.91, CI = 1.22-3.00). Good practice scores were significantly associated with living in central area (OR = 4.78, CI = 2.98-7.77) and being aware of the ARTC's existence (OR = 2.29, CI = 1.14-4.80). In Madagascar, knowledge on rabies was disparate with important gaps on PEP and animal management. Awareness campaigns should inform communities (i) on the importance of seeking PEP as soon as possible after an exposure, whatever the severity of the wound and the type of biting dog who caused it, and (ii) on the existence and location of ARTCs where free-of-charge PEP is available. They should also encourage owners to isolate and monitor the health of biting dogs. Above all, awareness and dog vaccination campaigns should be designed so as to reach the more vulnerable remote rural populations as knowledge, good practices and vaccination coverage were lower in these areas. They should also target households with a lower socio-economic status. If awareness campaigns are likely to succeed in improving access to ARTCs in Madagascar, their impact on prompting dog owners to vaccinate their own dogs seems more uncertain given the financial and access barriers. Therefore, to reach the 70% dog vaccination coverage goal targeted in rabies elimination programs, awareness campaigns must be combined with free-of-charge mass dog vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Leblanc
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- General Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Daouda Kassié
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Mendrika Ranaivoharimina
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | | | - Anjasoa Randrianarijaona
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Ravo Ramiandrasoa
- Vaccination Center, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Alphonse José Nely
- Service for the Fight against Plague, Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases and Neglected Tropical Endemo-Epidemic Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- WHO Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | | | - Soa Fy Andriamandimby
- National Laboratory of Rabies, Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Dany Bakoly Ranoaritiana
- Direction of Health Monitoring, Epidemiological Surveillance and Response (DVSSER), Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Virginie Rajaonarivony
- Service for the Fight against Plague, Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases and Neglected Tropical Endemo-Epidemic Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Laurence Randrianasolo
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Laurence Baril
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chiarella Mattern
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Ceped (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Paris, INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Rila Ratovoson
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Hélène Guis
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Genchi M, Escolar IR, García RM, Semeraro M, Kramer LH, Colombo L, Vismarra A. Dirofilaria immitis in Italian Cats and the Risk of Exposure by Aedes albopictus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:151-158. [PMID: 38039375 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dirofilaria immitis, the agent of canine and feline heartworm disease (HWD), is a widespread mosquito-borne helminth. The true prevalence of HW infection in cats is likely underestimated due to the difficulty in establishing a definitive diagnosis. Aedes albopictus, a recognized competent vector for D. immitis, is currently considered the most invasive mosquito species worldwide and Italy presents the highest abundance of Ae. albopictus in Europe. Materials and Methods: The present study was aimed at evaluating the current seroprevalence of D. immitis antibodies in cats in Italy. Further, the ecological niche model (ENM) was applied to evaluate the potential future risk of feline HWD associated with the presence of Ae. albopictus. Results: Sera of 812 Italian cats were analyzed, and the average prevalence of D. immitis antibodies was 12%. Seropositivity was significantly associated with age (<6 years), whereas there was no association with sex or geographical area. Data obtained with the risk map showed that the highest risk of infection was found in northern inland areas and along coastal areas, whereas the lowest risk was identified at higher altitudes. The ENM correctly classified most of the areas where D. immitis seropositive cats were found, with 80.4% occurring in high and very high-risk areas. Conclusions: Results of the present study suggest that cats in Italy are exposed to D. immitis infection, and that routine prevention should be part of the general health care protocols in cats. Moreover, the resulting risk maps indicate that areas with a suitable habitat for Ae. albopictus may put cats at risk of exposure to D. immitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Genchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Manuela Semeraro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Helen Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Alice Vismarra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Nanni C, Quinci M, Frondizi N, Guarnera I, Marazzi R, Specchi S, Morabito S. Presumed mediastinal cysts have a low prevalence in canine thoracic computed tomographic studies. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024; 65:99-106. [PMID: 38217392 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Mediastinal cysts (MCs) are rare lesions that can arise from embryonic remnants of various mediastinal structures. MCs usually are incidental findings in dogs and cats; however, they can reach a mass-like appearance. The description of MCs on CT in dogs is limited. This retrospective, single-center, descriptive, prevalence study aimed to determine the prevalence of presumed mediastinal cysts (PMCs) in dogs and assess their CT characteristics. Dogs that underwent a thoracic CT scan from January 2019 to August 2021 were included. CT images were evaluated for the presence of PMCs by two diagnostic imaging interns, two last year diagnostic imaging residents, and a board-certified veterinary radiologist. Number, location, margins, shape, volume, size, mass effect, and attenuation values of PMCs were assessed. A total of 866 CT scans were reviewed, and 49 PMCs were identified. The prevalence of PMCs in dogs was 5.66%. English Bulldog and mixed-breed dogs were subjectively overrepresented; however, the possibility of population bias could not be excluded. PMCs were subjectively more frequently observed in male dogs. The PMCs were predominantly round, small, solitary fluid-filled findings localized in the cranioventral mediastinum, with well-defined margins, homogeneous attenuation, and no contrast enhancement. The median attenuation value was 6.32 HU (range: -20.16 to 23.45 HU) precontrast and 7.58 HU (range: -2.45 to 20.79 HU) postcontrast, and the median volume was 1.19 cm3 (range: 0.02-45.32 cm3). Although the prevalence of PMCs was low in our sample population, findings supported prioritizing a differential diagnosis of incidental PMC for dogs with the above imaging characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Nanni
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, AniCura Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi", Bologna, Italy
- Antech Imaging Services, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Manuela Quinci
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, AniCura Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi", Bologna, Italy
- Antech Imaging Services, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Noemi Frondizi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, AniCura Clinica Veterinaria Apuana, Massa-Carrara, Italy
| | - Isabella Guarnera
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, AniCura Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi", Bologna, Italy
- Antech Imaging Services, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Roberto Marazzi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, AniCura Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi", Bologna, Italy
- Antech Imaging Services, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Swan Specchi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, AniCura Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi", Bologna, Italy
- Antech Imaging Services, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Simona Morabito
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, AniCura Ospedale Veterinario "I Portoni Rossi", Bologna, Italy
- Antech Imaging Services, Irvine, California, USA
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Borhani M, Mohammadi MA, Entezami M, Baneshi MR, Nasibi S, Prada JM, Fasihi Harandi M. Reinfection of farm dogs following praziquantel treatment in an endemic region of cystic echinococcosis in southeastern Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011939. [PMID: 38536863 PMCID: PMC11020379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) as a prevalent tapeworm infection of human and herbivorous animals worldwide, is caused by accidental ingestion of Echinococcus granulosus eggs excreted from infected dogs. CE is endemic in the Middle East and North Africa, and is considered as an important parasitic zoonosis in Iran. It is transmitted between dogs as the primary definitive host and different livestock species as the intermediate hosts. One of the most important measures for CE control is dog deworming with praziquantel. Due to the frequent reinfection of dogs, intensive deworming campaigns are critical for breaking CE transmission. Dog reinfection rate could be used as an indicator of the intensity of local CE transmission in endemic areas. However, our knowledge on the extent of reinfection in the endemic regions is poor. The purpose of the present study was to determine E. granulosus reinfection rate after praziquantel administration in a population of owned dogs in Kerman, Iran. A cohort of 150 owned dogs was recruited, with stool samples collected before praziquantel administration as a single oral dose of 5 mg/kg. The re-samplings of the owned dogs were performed at 2, 5 and 12 months following initial praziquantel administration. Stool samples were examined microscopically using Willis flotation method. Genomic DNA was extracted, and E. granulosus sensu lato-specific primers were used to PCR-amplify a 133-bp fragment of a repeat unit of the parasite genome. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method to calculate cumulative survival rates, which is used here to capture reinfection dynamics, and monthly incidence of infection, capturing also the spatial distribution of disease risk. Results of survival analysis showed 8, 12 and 17% total reinfection rates in 2, 5 and 12 months following initial praziquantel administration, respectively, indicating that 92, 88 and 83% of the dogs had no detectable infection in that same time periods. The monthly incidence of reinfection in total owned dog population was estimated at 1.5% (95% CI 1.0-2.1). The results showed that the prevalence of echinococcosis in owned dogs, using copro-PCR assay was 42.6%. However, using conventional microscopy, 8% of fecal samples were positive for taeniid eggs. Our results suggest that regular treatment of the dog population with praziquantel every 60 days is ideal, however the frequency of dog dosing faces major logistics and cost challenges, threatening the sustainability of control programs. Understanding the nature and extent of dog reinfection in the endemic areas is essential for successful implementation of control programs and understanding patterns of CE transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Borhani
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammadi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahbod Entezami
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Reza Baneshi
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland Faculty of Medicine, Herston, Australia
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Nasibi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Joaquin M. Prada
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Manoj RRS, White H, Young R, Brown CE, Wilcox R, Otranto D, Lejeune M. Emergence of Thelaziosis Caused by Thelazia callipaeda in Dogs and Cats, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:591-594. [PMID: 38407227 PMCID: PMC10902549 DOI: 10.3201/eid3003.230700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We report 2 autochthonous feline thelaziosis cases caused by the eyeworm Thelazia callipaeda and discuss the spread among dogs in the northeastern United States. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the parasite was introduced from Europe. Adopting a One Health approach is needed to limit further spread of T. callipaeda eyeworms in North America.
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38
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Ghaoui H, Bitam I, Zaidi S, Achour N, Zenia S, Idres T, Fournier PE. Molecular detection and MST genotyping of Coxiella burnetii in ruminants and stray dogs and cats in Northern Algeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 106:102126. [PMID: 38325127 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Aiming at identifying the reservoir and contamination sources of Coxiella burnetii in Northern Algeria, we investigated the molecular presence of the bacterium in 599 samples (blood, placenta, liver, spleen, and uterus) collected from cattle, sheep, dogs and cats. Our qPCR results showed that 15/344 (4.36%) blood samples and six/255 (2.35%) organ specimens were positive for C. burnetii. In cattle, three (4%) blood and liver samples were positive. In sheep, one blood (1.19%) and 3 (8.57%) placenta samples were positive. At the Algiers dog pound, 8 (10%) and 3 (5%) blood samples were qPCR positivein dogs and cats, respectively. In addition, MST genotyping showed that MST 33 was present in cattle and sheep, MST 20 in cattle,andMST 21 in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ghaoui
- IRD, MEPHI, Aix-Marseille Université, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger, RABIE BOUCHAMA, Preclinical Departement Alger, Algeria; EHS des maladies infectieuses ELHADI FLICI, Laveran et Nicolle Departement Alger, Algeria; Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, VITROME, Marseille, France; Association Scientifique Algérienne de Recherche en Infectiologie (ASARI), Algeria.
| | - I Bitam
- Ecole Supérieure en Sciences de l'Aliment et des Industries Agroalimentaire d'Alger, Algeria; Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, VITROME, Marseille, France; Centre de Recherche en Agropastoralisme, Djelfa, Algeria.
| | - S Zaidi
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger, RABIE BOUCHAMA, Preclinical Departement Alger, Algeria
| | - N Achour
- EHS des maladies infectieuses ELHADI FLICI, Laveran et Nicolle Departement Alger, Algeria; Association Scientifique Algérienne de Recherche en Infectiologie (ASARI), Algeria; Faculté de médecine d'Alger Ziania-1, Université d'Alger 1 Benyoucef Benkhadda, Algeria
| | - S Zenia
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger, RABIE BOUCHAMA, Preclinical Departement Alger, Algeria
| | - T Idres
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger, RABIE BOUCHAMA, Preclinical Departement Alger, Algeria
| | - P E Fournier
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, VITROME, Marseille, France
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Schiavo L, Ribeiro ML, de Almeida MB, da Cunha GR, Espírito Santo GAN, Morikawa VM, Vicente AF, Ponsart C, de Santi CE, Kmetiuk LB, Megid J, Biondo AW. One Health approach for Brucella canis: Serological and molecular detection in animal-hoarding individuals and their dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011974. [PMID: 38470939 PMCID: PMC10959369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal hoarding disorder (AHD) is classified as a psychiatric obsessive-compulsive condition characterized by animal accumulation and often accompanied by unsanitary conditions and animal cruelty. Although AHD may increase pathogen transmission and spread, particularly for zoonotic diseases, human and dog exposure in such cases has yet to be fully established. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess Brucella canis in 19 individuals with AHD (11 households) and their 264 dogs (21 households) in Curitiba, the eighth largest city in Brazil, with approximately 1.8 million habitants. Anti-B. canis antibodies were detected by the 2-mercaptoethanol microplate agglutination test (2ME-MAT) and by a commercial lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), while molecular detection of previously positive seropositive samples was performed by conventional PCR. Although all the human samples were 2ME-MAT negative, 12/264 (4.5%, 95% Confidence Interval: 2.0-7.0%) dog samples were 2ME-MAT and LFIA positive, with 2ME-MAT titers ranging from 20 to 640. At least one dog in 4/21 (19.0%, 95% CI: 2.0-46.0%) households was seropositive. Despite the absence of seropositivity in individuals with AHD and the comparatively low seroprevalence in dogs, B. canis circulation and outbreaks should be considered in such human populations due to the high burden and recurrent character of B. canis exposure in high-density dog populations and the constant introduction of susceptible animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Schiavo
- Graduate College of Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Paraná State Technology Institute (Tecpar), Paraná State Government, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Matheus Lopes Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meila Bastos de Almeida
- Paraná State Technology Institute (Tecpar), Paraná State Government, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Acácia Ferreira Vicente
- WOAH/EU & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, Animal Health Laboratory, Paris-Est University/Anses, Paris, France
| | - Claire Ponsart
- WOAH/EU & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, Animal Health Laboratory, Paris-Est University/Anses, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Eduardo de Santi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Zoonosis Surveillance Unit, City Secretary of Health, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jane Megid
- Department of Animal Production and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Graduate College of Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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40
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McClosky M, Cole S, Seidel EJ, Hess RS. Clinical Differences in Dogs with Enterococcal Bacteriuria Compared with Other Bacteriuria: A Retrospective, Case-Control Study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2024; 60:53-59. [PMID: 38394693 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
A retrospective case-control study was performed to determine the clinical differences between dogs with enterococcal bacteriuria (n = 96 cases) and control dogs with any other bacteriuria (n = 288). More dogs with nonenterococcal bacteriuria demonstrated lower urinary tract clinical signs such as hematuria, pollakiuria, and stranguria (40% versus 27%, P = .02). Recessed vulva (odds ratio [OR] 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-4.2, P < .001), hyperadrenocorticism (OR 0.149, 95% CI 0.004-0.066, P = .03), chronic kidney disease (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.14-4.51, P = .01), and myelopathy (OR 5.77, 95% CI 3.07-10.82, P < .001) were more common in dogs with enterococcal bacteriuria. Enterococcus spp. cases were more likely to have polymicrobial growth than controls (OR 28.52; 95% CI 12.63-69.62, P ≤ .001). Pugs (OR 7.4, 95% CI 2.6-19.9, P < .001), bearded collies (OR 24.3, 95% CI 2.9-205.5, P = .003), and Saint Bernards (OR 17.3, CI 1.9-154.4, P = .01) had increased odds of enterococcal growth compared with mixed-breed dogs. In the control (but not the case) population, there was an association between resolution of clinical signs and administration of antimicrobials (P = .01). The signalment, clinical signs, comorbidities, and response to therapy in dogs with enterococcal bacteriuria are different from dogs with other bacteriuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan McClosky
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine (M.M., E.J.S., R.S.H.), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen Cole
- Department of Pathobiology (S.C.), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily J Seidel
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine (M.M., E.J.S., R.S.H.), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecka S Hess
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine (M.M., E.J.S., R.S.H.), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Ororbia A, Orts-Porcar M, Fina C, Anselmi C. Computed tomography features and prevalence of focal diaphragmatic mineralization in 300 dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024; 65:114-120. [PMID: 38279708 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A focal area of mineral attenuation is commonly observed in the diaphragmatic crura of canine patients undergoing a thoracic CT. There is no mention of this finding in either the human or veterinary medicine literature. This retrospective study evaluates 300 canine thoracic CT studies with the aim of describing the CT appearance of this finding and establishing a prevalence in a large cohort of dogs. The presence of the mineral focus and its CT characteristics, including length, attenuation, and appearance, were recorded and correlated with the patient's signalments and anamnesis. The focus was observed in 43 of 300 studies (14.3%). The most common appearance was a thin, millimetric, toothpick-like mineral attenuating structure in the confluence of the diaphragmatic crura, just ventral to the aorta. There was no association with adjacent potentially pathological changes. A significant correlation was found between the presence of the focus and the patient's body weight (P = .03), as well as with a brachycephalic conformation (P = .03). This focus of mineralization represents a relatively common incidental finding in the canine diaphragm and has no evident association with pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ororbia
- Scarsdale Vets Pride Veterinary Centre, Diagnostic Imaging, Derby, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Marc Orts-Porcar
- Scarsdale Vets Pride Veterinary Centre, Diagnostic Imaging, Derby, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Caroline Fina
- Scarsdale Vets Pride Veterinary Centre, Diagnostic Imaging, Derby, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Carlo Anselmi
- Scarsdale Vets Pride Veterinary Centre, Diagnostic Imaging, Derby, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Pound L, Farrow M, O'Neill D, Deane DJ, Packer RMA. 'All I do is fight fires': Qualitative exploration of UK veterinarians' attitudes towards and experiences of pre-purchase consultations regarding brachycephalic dogs. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3897. [PMID: 38379259 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demand for brachycephalic dogs has dramatically increased over the past decade, despite growing evidence of strong associations between brachycephaly and severe, chronic disease. Positive post-purchase attitudes of owners towards brachycephalic dogs are highly intractable, facilitated by normalisation of breed-related disease and strong dog-owner bonds. Veterinarian-led pre-purchase consultations (PPCs) have been promoted as an opportunity to influence acquisition decisions regarding brachycephalic dogs. METHODS Using reflexive thematic analysis, this qualitative study investigated veterinarians' attitudes towards, and experiences of, engaging in PPCs for brachycephalic dogs. RESULTS Veterinarians described significant structural barriers, such as lack of time and staff, and perceptual barriers, such as perceived futility, negative outcomes of PPCs and public distrust in the profession, that combine to inhibit many veterinarians from offering or delivering brachycephalic PPCs. Some of these barriers are intractable at an individual-veterinarian level and lead to moral distress due to conflicts between veterinarians' responsibilities to animal welfare versus clients' and business needs, with resultant censorship of authentic views on brachycephalic ownership compromising professional integrity and autonomy. LIMITATIONS Wider views and/or experiences may exist outside of the sampled population. CONCLUSION Stronger veterinary leadership, including from the RCVS, BVA and veterinary corporates, is now urgently required to build profession-wide solutions that overcome the barriers identified to create public-facing consensus and innovative solutions to the 'brachycephalic crisis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Pound
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Michelle Farrow
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Dan O'Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | | | - Rowena M A Packer
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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Wallis C, Ivanova A, Holcombe LJ. Persistent deciduous teeth: Association of prevalence with breed, breed size and body weight in pure-bred client-owned dogs in the United States. Res Vet Sci 2024; 169:105161. [PMID: 38309195 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Dogs use their teeth for a multitude of tasks and, as such, it is vital for their health and wellbeing that their oral health is maintained. Persistent deciduous teeth (PDT), those that fail to fall out at the appropriate time, are associated with malocclusion (misaligned bite), soft tissue trauma and increased risk of periodontal disease. The objective of the current study was to perform a retrospective analysis of veterinary medical data to understand the effect of dog breed size, dog breed and body weight on prevalence of PDT. Medical records collected from almost 3 million dogs visiting a chain of veterinary hospitals across the United States over a 5-year period showed an overall prevalence of 7% for PDT, the data represented 60 breeds with extra-small breeds (<6.5 kg) showing significantly higher prevalence (15%) than all other breed sizes (P < 0.001). Statistical modelling of extra-small, small and medium-small breed sizes showed that those on Wellness Plans or that had not received a dental prophylaxis for at least two years had significantly increased odds of PDT being detected (Odds ratio 2.72-3.2 and 2.17-3.36 respectively, P < 0.0001). Dogs with a below ideal body condition score had a decreased odds of PDT (Odds ratio 0.57-0.89, P < 0.0001) whereas those above ideal had an increased odds (Odds ratio 1.11-1.60, P < 0.0001). The findings from this extensive dataset highlight the importance of regular veterinarian examinations to identify and remove PDT, helping to avoid increasing the risk of associated issues such as periodontal disease and malocclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wallis
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK.
| | - A Ivanova
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Data Science Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - L J Holcombe
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, UK
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Abdous A, Rahnama M, Shams F, Jokar M, Rahmanian V, Farhoodi M, Abbassioun A, Kamjoo MS. Prevalence of Anaplasma, Ehrlichia and Rickettsia infections in dogs in Iran: A meta-analysis study. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1381. [PMID: 38379344 PMCID: PMC10879722 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study aims to assess the prevalence of different genera of Rickettsiales, intracellular bacteria, in dogs across various regions of Iran. Rickettsiales, as zoonotic pathogens, can have various manifestations in different species, including immunosuppression, anaemia and neuropathy. Due to their close interactions with people and livestock, dogs can serve as reservoirs and transmit these pathogens to humans and other animals. The data from this research can be valuable for managing and controlling related diseases and complications in Iran and possibly neighbouring countries. Pertinent data for this study was gathered without time limitations until 1 March 2022, from different databases. Of all the inspected studies, 26 were eligible based on the inclusion criteria. The Egger test result and asymmetry in the funnel plot revealed significant publication bias; therefore, the meta-analysis model was corrected with the trim-and-fill method. After correction, the prevalence of rickettsial infections among dogs varies by genus - 20.1% for Anaplasma spp. and 10% for Ehrlichia spp. - with an overall prevalence estimated at 18.3% by random-effects analysis. The highest and lowest estimated pooled prevalences were associated with the southwestern (38.5%) and southern (0.3%) provinces of Iran, respectively. The pooled prevalence of rickettsial infection was higher in female dogs (OR = 1.198; p < 0.978; 95% CI, 0.842-1.705) and in dogs ≤2 years (OR = 1.014; p < 0.312; 95% CI, 0.598-1.72), but the difference was not statistically significant. Ultimately, the pooled prevalence of rickettsial infections among dogs is relatively low compared to other countries like Qatar, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Turkey, which are nearby Iran. Given the significant clinical outcomes of this disease, necessary measures for prevention should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Abdous
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineKaraj BranchIslamic Azad UniversityKarajIran
| | - Mehdi Rahnama
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineScience and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Farzane Shams
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Mohammad Jokar
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineKaraj BranchIslamic Azad UniversityKarajIran
| | - Vahid Rahmanian
- Department of Public HealthTorbat Jam Faculty of Medical SciencesTorbat JamIran
| | - Mehran Farhoodi
- Department of Clinical SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineKaraj BranchIslamic Azad UniversityKarajIran
| | - Aryan Abbassioun
- Department of VirologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineTehran UniversityTehranIran
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Nieto-Cabrales JF, Salceda-Sánchez B, Zazueta-Islas HM, Solís-Cortés M, Landa-Flores MG, Del Mazo-López JC, Valtierra-Alzaga L, Soto-Gutiérrez JJ, Huerta-Jimenez H, Becker I, Rodríguez-Rojas JJ, Sánchez-Montes S. New records of Rhipicephalus linnaei infected by Rickettsia massiliae from Central Mexico. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:217-224. [PMID: 38050875 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND On the American continent, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. comprises two species: Rhipicephalus linnaei and R. sanguineus s.s. Each species has been identified as a potential vector of at least one of five species of pathogenic bacteria of the genus Rickettsia. In particular, Rickettsia massiliae is one of three species with the greatest importance in public health at the continental level. In Mexico, this species is reported exclusively in the Nearctic states of Baja California and Chihuahua. AIM For this reason, the aim of this work was to provide new records of R. massiliae for the centre of the country derived from active acarological surveillance. MATERIALS AND METHODS During the period of February-October 2019, 29 dogs from six municipalities in the state of Morelos were sampled. Hosts were visually inspected, and ticks were recovered and identified morphologically and molecularly by amplification of the 16S rDNA gene. Subsequently, five genes from members of the genus Rickettsia were amplified and sequenced. RESULTS A total of 229 (117♀, 98♂ and 14 N) ticks identified as R. linnaei were recovered, two of which were positive for R. massiliae strains related to those recovered from Argentina and the United States. CONCLUSIONS This work provides the second record of R. massiliae infecting R. linnaei in Mexico and the Americas, increasing the geographic distribution of this Rickettsia species in the Neotropical region, and providing information on the possible role of R. linnaei as a potential vector of this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Nieto-Cabrales
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Salceda-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Héctor M Zazueta-Islas
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marlene Solís-Cortés
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Magaly Guadalupe Landa-Flores
- Laboratorio de Genoma de Patógenos, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Del Mazo-López
- Laboratorio de Genoma de Patógenos, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Laura Valtierra-Alzaga
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública, Secretaría de Salud, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Juan J Soto-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Heron Huerta-Jimenez
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge J Rodríguez-Rojas
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Tuxpan de Rodríguez Cano, Veracruz, Mexico
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Loeffler A, Beever L, Chang YM, Klein B, Kostka V, Meyer C, Müller E, Weis J, Wildermuth B, Fishwick J, Lloyd DH. Intervention with impact: Reduced isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from dogs following the introduction of antimicrobial prescribing legislation in Germany. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3714. [PMID: 38100180 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legislation was introduced in Germany in 2018, requiring bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing before the prescription of fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins to dogs. We hypothesised that, following this intervention, the number of clinical samples testing positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) would reduce. METHODS Reports of S. pseudintermedius isolated from canine clinical samples by three German veterinary diagnostic microbiology laboratories during the 38 months before the introduction of the legislation and the 46 months after were compared. Bacterial identification was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing followed recognised recommendations but with changes during the study period. RESULTS Among a total of 120,571 S. pseudintermedius isolates, MRSP accounted for 7.1% overall. Following the legislative intervention, monthly submissions yielding S. pseudintermedius increased at all three laboratories. The MRSP percentage was lower in the period after the intervention in two of the three laboratories (p < 0.001); in the third laboratory, there was no change between periods, but a year-on-year reduction in MRSP percentages occurred after the intervention (p = 0.0004). LIMITATIONS Changing susceptibility testing methods limited the direct comparison of resistance patterns among laboratories. CONCLUSION The reduction in MRSP in canine clinical samples following the introduction of this legislation suggests a positive impact of compulsory laboratory testing on reducing antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Loeffler
- Department of Clinical Services and Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lee Beever
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Jessica Weis
- Biocontrol, Bioscientia Healthcare, Ingelheim, Germany
| | | | - John Fishwick
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - David H Lloyd
- Department of Clinical Services and Science, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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Charoenkul K, Thaw YN, Phyu EM, Jairak W, Nasamran C, Chamsai E, Chaiyawong S, Amonsin A. First detection and genetic characterization of canine bufavirus in domestic dogs, Thailand. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4773. [PMID: 38413640 PMCID: PMC10899236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54914-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine bufavirus (CBuV) was reported in domestic dogs worldwide. We conducted a survey of canine bufavirus in domestic dogs in Thailand from September 2016 to October 2022. Rectal swab samples (n = 531) were collected from asymptomatic dogs and dogs with gastroenteritis signs. The samples were tested for CBuV using PCR with specific primers to the VP1/VP2 gene, and 9.42% (50/531) was CBuV positive. Our findings showed that CBuVs could be detected in both symptomatic and healthy dogs. The Thai CBuVs were found in dogs from different age groups, with a significant presence in those under 1 year (12.60%) and dogs aged 1-5 years (7.34%) (p < 0.05), suggesting a high prevalence of Thai CBuVs in dogs under 5 years of age. We performed complete genome sequencing (n = 15) and partial VP1/VP2 sequencing (n = 5) of Thai CBuVs. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed that whole genomes of Thai CBuVs were closely related to Chinese and Italian CBuVs, suggesting the possible origin of Thai CBuVs. The analysis of VP1 and VP2 genes in Thai CBuVs showed that 18 of them were placed in subgroup A, while only 2 belonged to subgroup B. This study is the first to report the detection and genetic characterization of CBuVs in domestic dogs in Thailand. Additionally, surveillance and genetic characterization of CBuVs in domestic animals should be further investigated on a larger scale to elucidate the dynamic, evolution, and distribution of CBuVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonpan Charoenkul
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Yu Nandi Thaw
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Eaint Min Phyu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Waleemas Jairak
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanakarn Nasamran
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ekkapat Chamsai
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supassama Chaiyawong
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Santos NAF, Silva-Junior FF, Silva FBR, Tosta CD, Moura KD, Jeraldo VLS, Madi RR, Pinto MC, Melo CM. Spatial analysis of the risk for canine visceral leishmaniasis in an urban area in the State of Sergipe. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 83:e275439. [PMID: 38422263 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.275439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis is included among the neglected tropical diseases, being directly related to conditions of social vulnerability, in urban environments, dogs act as important reservoirs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the distribution of dogs, related risk factors and identify of volatile organic compounds from infected dogs. Peripheral blood samples from 72 dogs were collected for detection using the ELISA test, in addition to hair samples for analysis by GC-MS. Of the evaluated dogs, 13 (18.05%/72) were reactive for canine VL, seven in Aracaju and six in Propriá. Factors related to vegetation, age, place where the dog stays and free access to the street, were associated with a greater chance of the dog becoming infected. Fifty-three compounds were identified from ten canine hair samples, among which 2-butoxyethanol, benzaldehyde, decane, 2-phenylacetaldehyde, nonan-1-ol, 2-phenoxyethanol, nonanoic acid, 8-heptadecene and eicosane were found in seropositive dogs for leishmaniasis. The guardian's posture has been increasingly important, requiring more attention to the dog's health and actions aimed at environmental management in an attempt to reduce cases of canine VL in the state. Even though the identified VOCs have not been associated with leishmanial infection, it is of great use for understanding canine hair substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A F Santos
- Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Ambiente, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - F F Silva-Junior
- Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, Curso de Biomedicina, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - F B R Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia Aplicada a Farmácia, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - C D Tosta
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo - IFSP, Matão, SP, Brasil
| | - K D Moura
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Sergipe, Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Sergipe - LACEN, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - V L S Jeraldo
- Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Ambiente, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - R R Madi
- Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Ambiente, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
| | - M C Pinto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia Aplicada a Farmácia, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - C M Melo
- Universidade Tiradentes - UNIT, Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Ambiente, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa - ITP, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
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Nocerino M, Pepe P, Bosco A, Ciccone E, Maurelli MP, Boué F, Umhang G, Pellegrini J, Lahmar S, Said Y, Sotiraki S, Ligda P, Laatamna A, Saralli G, Paciello O, Alterisio MC, Rinaldi L. An innovative strategy for deworming dogs in Mediterranean areas highly endemic for cystic echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:86. [PMID: 38395867 PMCID: PMC10893745 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, is a zoonotic parasitic disease of economic and public health importance worldwide, especially in the Mediterranean area. Canids are the main definitive hosts of the adult cestode contaminating the environment with parasite eggs released with feces. In rural and peri-urban areas, the risk of transmission to livestock as well as humans is high because of the free-roaming behavior of owned/not owned dogs. Collecting data on animal movements and behavior using GPS dataloggers could be a milestone to contain the spread of this parasitosis. Thus, this study aims to develop a comprehensive control strategy, focused on deworming a dog population in a pilot area of southern Italy (Campania region) highly endemic for CE. METHODS Accordingly, five sheep farms, tested to be positive for CE, were selected. In each sheep farm, all shepherd dogs present were treated every 2 months with praziquantel. Furthermore, 15 GPS dataloggers were applied to sheep and dogs, and their movements were tracked for 1 month; the distances that they traveled and their respective home ranges were determined using minimum convex polygon (MCP) analysis with a convex hull geometry as output. RESULTS The results showed that the mean daily walking distances traveled by sheep and dogs did not significantly differ. Over 90% of the point locations collected by GPS fell within 1500 mt of the farm, and the longest distances were traveled between 10:00 and 17:00. In all the sheep farms monitored, the area traversed by the animals during their daily activities showed an extension of < 250 hectares. Based on the home range of the animals, the area with the highest risk of access from canids (minimum safe convex polygon) was estimated around the centroid of each farm, and a potential scheme for the delivery of praziquantel-laced baits for the treatment of not owned dogs gravitating around the grazing area was designed. CONCLUSIONS This study documents the usefulness of geospatial technology in supporting parasite control strategies to reduce disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Nocerino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Naples, Campania Region, Italy
| | - Elena Ciccone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Naples, Campania Region, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Naples, Campania Region, Italy
| | - Franck Boué
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife Diseases, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, BP 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife Diseases, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, BP 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Justine Pellegrini
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife Diseases, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, BP 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France
| | - Samia Lahmar
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Univ., Manouba, Tunisie
| | - Yousra Said
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Univ., Manouba, Tunisie
| | - Smaragda Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Ligda
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - AbdElkarim Laatamna
- Laboratory of Exploration and Valorization of Steppic Ecosystems, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara Road, BP 3117, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Giorgio Saralli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Rome, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Alterisio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, 80137, Naples, Italy
- Regional Reference Centre for Animal Health (CRESAN), Naples, Campania Region, Italy
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Pękacz M, Basałaj K, Miterpáková M, Rusiecki Z, Stopka D, Graczyk D, Zawistowska-Deniziak A. An unexpected case of a dog from Poland co-infected with Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria Immitis. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:66. [PMID: 38395823 PMCID: PMC10885393 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03921-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dirofilariasis is a vector-borne disease caused by parasitic nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria spp., considered an emerging concern in both veterinary and human medicine. Climate changes and human activities, such as pet travel, contribute to the spread of diseases to new non-endemic regions. Poland is dominated by subcutaneous dirofilariasis caused by D. repens infections. Cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis, also known as a heartworm disease is much more rare with only single autochthonous cases reported so far. Also, imported infections are observed sporadically in dogs traveling to endemic countries. In this study, we report the first case of a dog in Poland, never having traveled abroad, co-infected with Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis. CASE PRESENTATION A 14-year-old mixed breed, an intact male dog with fever, lightly pale mucosal membranes, moderate abdominal pain, and a mild cough was presented in a veterinary clinic in Warsaw, Poland. The examination of the blood sample collected for complete morphology and biochemistry revealed the presence of live microfilariae. Presence of the DNA of both microfilariae species was detected using Real-Time PCR with species-specific primers. CONCLUSIONS Since the remaining diagnostic methods like Knott's test, antigen test or echocardiography did not reveal the presence of D. immitis, we discussed the impact of microfilariae periodicity and low worm burden infections on the limited efficiency of these techniques. We strongly recommend using a mixed diagnostic approach for the most sensitive and specific diagnosis since the ideal diagnostic method does not exist, and several factors may contribute to misdiagnosis. Furthermore, we considered factors that contribute to the uncontrolled spread of dirofilariasis such as climate changes, introduction of new species of mosquitoes competent for the transmission of the disease, and wildlife animals as an important reservoir of this parasitosis. Given that Poland shares borders with countries classified as endemic and pre-endemic for D. immitis, such as Slovakia and Ukraine, it is reasonable to anticipate a rise in autochthonous heartworm infections and shifts in the epidemiological pattern of dirofilariasis in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Pękacz
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, Warsaw, 00-679, Poland
| | - Martina Miterpáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, Košice, 040 01, Slovakia
| | | | - Diana Stopka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
| | - Dominika Graczyk
- Centrum Zdrowia Zwierząt, Brata Alberta 34, Warsaw, 05-075, Poland
| | - Anna Zawistowska-Deniziak
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, Warsaw, 02-096, Poland
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