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Wu V, Cui J, Vazquez R, Schainfeld R, Irani Z. Abstract No. 455 The arteriovenous dialysis circuit: an underappreciated factor in ESRD patients with heart failure. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.01.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Wu V, Epelman M, Brock K, Feng M, Ten Haken R, Matuszak M. WE-AB-209-03: Adaptive SBRT Planning for Interfraction Motion. Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4957772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Brachmann AO, Garcie C, Wu V, Martin P, Ueoka R, Oswald E, Piel J. Colibactin biosynthesis and biological activity depend on the rare aminomalonyl polyketide precursor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:13138-41. [PMID: 26191546 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02718g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The as-yet unidentified E. coli metabolite colibactin induces DNA damage in eukaryotic cells and promotes tumorigenesis. Its wide distribution in pathogenic and probiotic strains has raised great interest in its structure and biosynthesis. Here we show that colibactin formation involves a rare aminomalonyl unit used as a building block.
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Wu V, Abo-Sido N, Espinola J, Tierney C, Sullivan A, Camargo C. 395 Predictors of Successful Age 12-Month Follow-Up in a Multicenter Study of Infants With Severe Bronchiolitis. Ann Emerg Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.07.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Murphy J, Varela NP, Elit L, Lytwyn A, Yudin M, Shier M, Wu V, El-Khatib S. The organization of colposcopy services in Ontario: recommended framework. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:287-96. [PMID: 26300667 DOI: 10.3747/co.22.2575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this guideline is to help ensure the provision of high-quality colposcopy practices in the province of Ontario, including those conducted as diagnostic procedures in follow-up to an abnormal cervical screening test. METHODS This document updates the recommendations published in the 2008 colposcopy guideline from Cancer Care Ontario, The Optimum Organization for the Delivery of Colposcopy Service in Ontario. A systematic review of guidelines was conducted to evaluate the existing evidence and recommendations concerning these key aspects of colposcopy: □ Training, qualification, accreditation, and maintenance of competence□ Practice setting requirements□ Operational practice□ Quality indicators and outcomes. RESULTS This guideline provides recommendations on training and maintenance of competence for colposcopists in the practice settings in which colposcopic evaluation and treatments are conducted. It also provides recommendations on operational issues and quality indicators for colposcopy. CONCLUSIONS This updated guideline is intended to support quality improvement for colposcopy for all indications, including the follow-up of an abnormal cervical screening test and work-up for lower genital tract lesions that are not clearly malignant. The recommendations contained in this document are intended for clinicians and institutions performing colposcopy in Ontario, and for policymakers and program planners involved in the delivery of colposcopy services.
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Wu V, Epelman M, Romeijn E, Feng M, Cao Y, Wang H, Ten Haken R, Matuszak M. TH-AB-BRB-08: Optimizing Global Liver Function in Liver SBRT Treatment Planning. Med Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4926139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Fukuyama A, Takeuchi M, Wu V, Nagata Y, Hayashi A, Otani K, Fukuda S, Yoshitani H, Lin F, Otsuji Y, Islas F, Olmos C, Almeria C, Rodrigo J, De Agustin A, Marcos-Alberca P, Clavero M, Saltijeral A, Perez De Isla L, Atout W, Maceira Gonzalez AM, Igual B, Cosin-Sales J, Diago J, Aguilar J, Ruvira J, Sotillo J, Bertella E, Baggiano A, Loguercio M, Mushtaq S, Petulla' M, Segurini C, Conte E, Andreini D, Pontone G, Tong L, Ramalli A, Tortoli P, Luo J, D'hooge J, Galanti G, Toncelli L, Stefani L, Pedri S, Pedrizzetti G, Kaminska-Kegel A, Jaroch J, Brzezinska B, Kruszynska E, Kusmierz M, Loboz-Grudzien K, Hagendorff A, Stoebe S, Tarr A, Pfeiffer D, Fazlinezhad A, Fazlinezhad A, Azimi S, Vejdan Parast M, Hashemi Doost A. MODERATED POSTER SESSION: New imaging techniques in classical scenarios: Saturday 6 December 2014, 08:30-12:30 * Location: Moderated Poster area. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Wu V, Ying M, Dora K. Radiation-Induced Changes on Temporomandibular Joint in Nasopharyngeal Cancer Patients After External Beam Radiation Therapy: A Preliminary Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.05.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wu V, Epelman M, Feng M, Cao Y, Wang H, Romeijn E, Matuszak M. TH-A-9A-04: Incorporating Liver Functionality in Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning. Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4889574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Cheng K, Wu V, Lee W, Yip H, Wong S. OC-0071: Inter-tester reproducibility of tumour-change in SCLC cancer patients undergoing chemo-radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(15)32377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Malhotra H, Wu V, Wang Z. SU-E-T-595: A Novel Method to Generate Treatment Plans for Vaginal Cylinder Patients in Oncentra: A Seamless Transition from No Imaging to 3D Brachytherapy. Med Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3612557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Cheng H, Wu V, Liu E, Kwong D. SU-E-I-58: Evaluation of Radiation Dose and Image Quality for TheVarian Cone Beam Computed Tomography System. Med Phys 2011. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3611631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Wu V, Tang F. Development of Tele-Localization System in Radiotherapy using Personal Data Assistant (PDA) Device via Wireless Communication. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.07.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Johnson J, Wu V, Edwards R, Copenhagen D. Vesicular Glutamate Release From Photoreceptors is Required for Maintenance of Synapses in the Outer Retina. J Vis 2010. [DOI: 10.1167/7.15.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Sawkey D, Lu M, Wu V, Faddegon B, Morin O, Cheung J, Aubin M, Gangadharan B, Bani-Hashemi A. MO-D-304A-07: Investigation of a Diamond X-Ray Target for Use with Megavoltage Cone-Beam CT. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3182236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Wu V, Wang Z, Podgorsak M. SU-FF-T-589: Effects of Imaging Artifacts From a Wide-Bore CT Scanner On Treatment Planning. Med Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1118/1.3182087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Atoui R, Essebag V, Wu V, Ge Y, Auclair MH, Hadjis T, Shum-Tim D. Biventricular pacing for end-stage heart failure: early experience in surgical vs. transvenous left ventricular lead placement. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2008; 7:839-44. [DOI: 10.1510/icvts.2008.178301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Wu V, Faddegon B, Bani-Hashemi A, Gangadharan B, Morin O, Pouliot J. Improved Image Quality and Beam Stability for a High Contrast Imaging Beam Line Used for Megavoltage Cone-beam CT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.07.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wen R, Wu V, Dmitrienko S, Yu A, Balshaw R, Keown PA. Biomarkers in transplantation: Prospective, blinded measurement of predictive value for the flow cytometry crossmatch after negative antiglobulin crossmatch in kidney transplantation. Kidney Int 2006; 70:1474-81. [PMID: 16941026 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This prospective, blinded observational study was conducted to measure the predictive value the of flow cytometric crossmatch for biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft loss, or death following kidney transplantation. Patients were selected for renal transplantation on the basis of a conventional antihuman globulin cytotoxic T-cell crossmatch. Flow crossmatch was performed simultaneously, but the results were not disclosed to the transplant team. A total of 257 kidney transplant recipients were enrolled in the study; 78 patients experienced biopsy-proven rejection in the first post-transplant year, and 41 patients lost their graft or died during the period of follow-up (mean: 2046 days). Kaplan-Meier estimates of rejection, graft loss, or patient death did not differ between subjects with a positive or negative flow crossmatch. Cox analyses showed no influence of the flow crossmatch on the risk of biopsy-proven acute rejection (P = 0.987). The sensitivity and specificity of the flow crossmatch for prediction of biopsy-proven rejection were 0.128 and 0.883, and the positive and negative post-test probabilities were 0.323 and 0.301, respectively. The magnitude of the channel shift did not influence the multivariate Cox regression model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the flow crossmatch was 0.483 (P = 0.71) and 0.572 (P = 0.38), respectively for the living and cadaver transplant recipients, indicating no discriminative value in this study population. Flow crossmatch appears to have no significant incremental value in predicting biopsy-proven acute rejection, graft loss, or death following kidney transplantation in patients who have a negative antihuman globulin cytotoxic T-cell crossmatch against their donor.
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Million M, Wang L, Wang Y, Adelson DW, Yuan PQ, Maillot C, Coutinho SV, Mcroberts JA, Bayati A, Mattsson H, Wu V, Wei JY, Rivier J, Vale W, Mayer EA, Taché Y. CRF2 receptor activation prevents colorectal distension induced visceral pain and spinal ERK1/2 phosphorylation in rats. Gut 2006; 55:172-81. [PMID: 15985561 PMCID: PMC1856510 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.051391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Activation of corticotropin releasing factor 1 (CRF1) receptors is involved in stress related responses and visceral pain, while activation of CRF2 receptors dampens the endocrine and some behavioural stress responses. We hypothesised that CRF2 receptor activation may influence visceral pain induced by colorectal distension (CRD) in conscious rats, and assessed the possible sites and mechanisms of action. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to CRDs (60 mm Hg, 10 minutes twice, with a 10 minute rest interval). Visceromotor responses (VMR) were measured by electromyography or visual observation. Spinal (L6-S1) extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) activation following in vivo CRD and CRF2 receptor gene expression in the T13-S1 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord were determined. Inferior splanchnic afferent (ISA) activity to CRD (0.4 ml, 20 seconds) was assessed by electrophysiological recording in an in vitro ISA nerve-inferior mesenteric artery (intra-arterial)-colorectal preparation. RESULTS In controls, VMR to the second CRD was mean 31 (SEM 4)% higher than that of the first (p<0.05). The selective CRF2 agonist, human urocortin 2 (hUcn 2, at 10 and 20 microg/kg), injected intravenous after the first distension, prevented sensitisation and reduced the second response by 8 (1)% and 30 (5)% (p<0.05) compared with the first response, respectively. RT-PCR detected CRF2 receptor gene expression in the DRG and spinal cord. CRD (60 mm Hg for 10 minutes) induced phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 in neurones of lumbosacral laminae I and IIo and the response was dampened by intravenous hUcn 2. CRD, in vitro, induced robust ISA spike activity that was dose dependently blunted by hUcn 2 (1-3 microg, intra-arterially). The CRF2 receptor antagonist, astressin2-B (200 microg/kg subcutaneously or 20 microg intra-arterially) blocked the hUcn 2 inhibitory effects in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral injection of hUcn 2 blunts CRD induced visceral pain, colonic afferent, and spinal L6-S1 ERK 1/2 activity through CRF2 receptor activation in rats.
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Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Rades T, Wu V, Saville D, Tucker IG. Determination of polymorphic forms of ranitidine–HCl by DRIFTS and XRPD. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 25:741-50. [PMID: 11377056 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The identification, characterization and quantification of crystal forms are becoming increasingly important within the pharmaceutical industry. A combination of different physical analytical techniques is usually necessary for this task. In this work solid-state techniques, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD) were combined to analyze polymorphic purity of crystalline ranitidine-HCl, an antiulcer drug, H2 receptor antagonists. A series of 12 different mixtures of Form 1 and 2 was prepared by geometric mixing and their DRIFT spectra and XRD powder patterns were obtained and analyzed, either alone or combined together, using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). A standard feed-forward network, with back-propagation rule and with multi layer perceptron architecture (MPL) was chosen. A working range of 1.0-100% (w/w) of crystal Form 2 in Form 1 was established with a minimum quantifiable level (MQL) of 5.2% and limit of detection of 1.5% (w/w). The results demonstrate that DRIFTS combined with XRPD may be successfully used to distinguish between the ranitidine-HCl polymorphs and to quantify the composition of binary mixtures of the two.
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Wu V. Beefing up replication of the hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 2001; 33:1550-1. [PMID: 11391547 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2001.0331550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Singer ST, Wu V, Mignacca R, Kuypers FA, Morel P, Vichinsky EP. Alloimmunization and erythrocyte autoimmunization in transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients of predominantly asian descent. Blood 2000; 96:3369-73. [PMID: 11071629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of hemolytic alloantibodies and erythrocyte autoantibodies complicates transfusion therapy in thalassemia patients. The frequency, causes, and prevention of this phenomena among 64 transfused thalassemia patients (75% Asian) were evaluated. The effect of red blood cell (RBC) phenotypic differences between donors (mostly white) and Asian recipients on the frequency of alloimmunization was determined. Additional transfusion and patient immune factors were examined. 14 (22%) of 64 patients (75% Asian) became alloimmunized. A mismatched RBC phenotype between the white population, comprising the majority of the donor pool, and that of the Asian recipients, was found for K, c, S, and Fyb antigens, which accounts for 38% of the alloantibodies among Asian patients. Patients who had a splenectomy had a higher rate of alloimmunization than patients who did not have a splenectomy (36% vs 12.8%; P =.06). Erythrocyte autoantibodies, as determined by a positive Coombs test, developed in 25% or 16 of the 64 patients, thereby causing severe hemolytic anemia in 3 of 16 patients. Of these 16, 11 antibodies were typed immunoglobulin G [IgG], and 5 were typed IgM. Autoimmunization was associated with alloimmunization and with the absence of spleen (44% and 56%, respectively). Transfused RBCs had abnormal deformability profiles, more prominent in the patients without a spleen, which possibly stimulated antibody production. Transfusion of phenotypically matched blood for the Rh and Kell (leukodepleted in 92%) systems compared to blood phenotypically matched for the standard ABO-D system (leukodepleted in 60%) proved to be effective in preventing alloimmunization (2.8% vs 33%; P =.0005). Alloimmunization and autoimmunization are common, serious complications in Asian thalassemia patients, who are affected by donor-recipient RBC antigen mismatch and immunological factors.
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Wu V, Rades T, Saville DJ. Stability of polymorphic forms of ranitidine hydrochloride. DIE PHARMAZIE 2000; 55:508-12. [PMID: 10944778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Ranitidine-HCl can exist in two different polymorphic forms: form I (m.p. 134-140 degrees C) and form II (m.p. 140-144 degrees C). In the present study the stability of form I of ranitidine-HCl to a selection of powder pretreatments, to reflect conditions which might occur in manufacturing procedures, and also to a limited range of storage conditions was investigated. The original samples of form I and form II used were characterised by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), hot stage microscopy (HSM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A quantitative XRPD method for determining the fraction of form II in the presence of form I was used. XRPD data were analysed using regression techniques and artificial neural networks (ANN). The quantitative XRPD technique was then used to monitor the relative proportion of form II in each treated sample. Pretreatments of form I included (i) mixing with form II or with common excipients (ii) compression and grinding (iii) contact with solvents (followed by drying) before storage. Storage conditions involved three temperatures (20 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 42 degrees C) and three relative humidities (45% RH; 55% RH; 75% RH). Samples were stored for a period of 6 months. A limited factorial design was used. No increase in the form II:form I ratio was observed in the following pretreatment processes: introduction of form II nuclei into form I; introduction of excipients to form I; compression of form I powder at 5 and 15 tons; normal mixing and grinding processes; addition of isopropanol (IPA) or water/IPA mix followed by drying. In the pretreatment process where water was added to form I powder (with most or all of the powder dissolving), drying of the liquefied mass led to a mix of form I and form II. On storage at room temperature (20-30 degrees C), low relative humidity (45-55% RH), and in an air-tight container there was no increase in the form II:form I ratio. Storage of form I/form II mixes, particularly at high humidity, resulted in a preferential loss of form II (compared to form I). Loss was greater at 30 degrees C/75% RH than at 20 degrees C/75% RH. Form II was also preferentially lost under low humidity conditions created by a saturated solution of potassium carbonate (45% RH) at the elevated temperature of 42 degrees C. This environment was shown to be acidic.
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Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Wu V, Rades T, Saville D, Tucker IG. Ranitidine hydrochloride X-ray assay using a neural network. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 22:985-92. [PMID: 10857567 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple X-ray powder diffractometric (XRD) method with artificial neural networks (ANNs) for data modelling was developed to recognize and quantify two crystal modifications of ranitidine HCl in mixtures and thus, provide information about the solid state of the bulk drug. The method was also used to quantify ranitidine HCl from tablets in the presence of other components. An ANN consisting of three layers of neurons was trained by using a back-propagation learning rule. A sigmoid output function was used in the hidden layer to facilitate non-linear fitting. Unlike other techniques the ANN method described here employed pattern recognition on the entire XRD pattern. Correct classification was mainly influenced by the XRD pattern resolution. It was shown that data transformations improved the quantitative performance when the XRD patterns were not contaminated by other components. Only smoothed X-ray diffractograms were required to distinguish between the two crystalline forms in a mixture. In the case of ranitidine-HCl quantification from tablets, where significant interference with tablet excipients was present, better results were obtained without data transformations. The trained ANN perfectly quantified ranitidine HCI polymorphic forms from mixtures (mean sum of squared error was less than 0.02%) and ranitidine HCl form 1 from tablets (recovery = 98.65). Excellent quantification performance of the ANN analysis. demonstrated in this study, serves as an indication of the broad potential of neural networks in pattern analysis. While the system described has been developed to interpret XRD patterns, peak detection has implications in every chemical application where the recognition of peak-shaped signals in analytical data is important.
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