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Pattekari P, Zheng Z, Zhang X, Levchenko T, Torchilin V, Lvov Y. Top-down and bottom-up approaches in production of aqueous nanocolloids of low solubility drug paclitaxel. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:9014-9. [PMID: 21442095 PMCID: PMC4378541 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02549f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nano-encapsulation of a poorly soluble anticancer drug was demonstrated with a sonication assisted layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte coating (SLbL). We changed the strategy of LbL-encapsulation from making microcapsules with many layers in the walls for encasing highly soluble materials to using a very thin polycation/polyanion coating on low solubility nanoparticles to provide them with good colloidal stability. SLbL encapsulation of paclitaxel resulted in stable 100-200 nm diameter colloids with a high electrical surface ξ-potential (of -45 mV) and drug content in the nanoparticles of 90 wt%. In the top-down approach, nanocolloids were prepared by rupturing a powder of paclitaxel using ultrasonication and simultaneous sequential adsorption of oppositely charged biocompatible polyelectrolytes. In the bottom-up approach paclitaxel was dissolved in organic solvent (ethanol or acetone), and drug nucleation was initiated by the addition of aqueous polyelectrolyte assisted by ultrasonication. Paclitaxel release rates from such nanocapsules were controlled by assembling multilayer shells with variable thicknesses and were in the range of 10-20 h.
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Skidan I, Grunwald J, Thekkedath R, Degterev A, Torchilin V. A HPLC method for the quantitative determination of N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenylcarbamothioyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzamide in biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1610-6. [PMID: 21514904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and simple HPLC method was developed for the determination of a novel compound, a potential anti-cancer drug, N-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenylcarbamothioyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzamide (DM-PIT-1), a member of the new structural class of non-phosphoinositide small molecule antagonist of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate-pleckstrin-homology domain interactions, in mouse plasma and tumor tissue homogenates. The chromatographic separation of DM-PIT-1 was achieved on C18 column using isocratic elution with acetonitrile-water (70:30) containing 0.1% formic acid (v/v). DM-PIT-1 was detected by UV absorbance at 320 nm and confirmed by LC-MS. The extraction of the DM-PIT-1 from the plasma and tumor tissue with methylene chloride resulted in its high recovery (70-80%). HPLC calibration curves for DM-PIT-1 based on the extracts from the mouse plasma and tumor tissue samples were linear over a broad concentration range of 0.25-20 μg/ml/g, with intra/inter-day accuracy of 95% and the precision of variation below 10%. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.1 ng and 0.2 ng, respectively. The described method was successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetics of the DM-PIT-1 following the parenteral injections of DM-PIT-1 entrapped in 1,2-disteratoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene-glycol)-2000] (PEG-PE) micelles.
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Torchilin V. Tumor delivery of macromolecular drugs based on the EPR effect. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:131-5. [PMID: 20304019 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1416] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is the physiology-based principal mechanism of tumor accumulation of large molecules and small particles. This specific issue of Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews is summing up multiple data on the EPR effect-based drug design and clinical outcome. In this commentary, the role of the EPR effect in the intratumoral delivery of protein and peptide drugs, macromolecular drugs and drug-loaded long-circulating pharmaceutical nanocarriers is briefly discussed together with some additional opportunities for drug delivery arising from the initial EPR effect-mediated accumulation of drug-containing macromolecular systems in tumors.
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Lvov YM, Pattekari P, Zhang X, Torchilin V. Converting poorly soluble materials into stable aqueous nanocolloids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:1212-7. [PMID: 21190345 PMCID: PMC3026875 DOI: 10.1021/la1041635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous nanocolloids of poorly soluble materials were produced via sonicated layer-by-layer (LbL) encapsulation with polycation / polyanion shells. Synergy of simultaneous breaking powder particles with ultrasonication and coating them with polycations allowed for the production of 150-200 nm diameter polyelectrolyte coated nanoparticles with sufficient surface electrical potential for colloidal stability. This technique increases water dispersibility of low soluble materials ranging from anticancer drugs to anticorrosion agents, dyes and inorganic salts.
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Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), in particular TATp, have been widely used for intracellular delivery of various cargoes, both in vitro and in vivo. Modifications of nanoparticles with CPPs require either covalent or noncovalent approach. Here we describe various methods to attach CPP, such as TATp to surface of nanocarriers (such as liposomes and micelles), loading with drug or DNA and characterization of same for in vitro and in vivo applications. Due to nonselectivity of CPPs and wide distribution in nontarget areas, method for preparation of "smart" nanocarrier with hidden TATp function is also described.
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Papagiannaros A, Upponi J, Hartner W, Mongayt D, Levchenko T, Torchilin V. Quantum dot loaded immunomicelles for tumor imaging. BMC Med Imaging 2010; 10:22. [PMID: 20955559 PMCID: PMC2975645 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2342-10-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Optical imaging is a promising method for the detection of tumors in animals, with speed and minimal invasiveness. We have previously developed a lipid coated quantum dot system that doubles the fluorescence of PEG-grafted quantum dots at half the dose. Here, we describe a tumor-targeted near infrared imaging agent composed of cancer-specific monoclonal anti-nucleosome antibody 2C5, coupled to quantum dot (QD)-containing polymeric micelles, prepared from a polyethylene glycol/phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE) conjugate. Its production is simple and involves no special equipment. Its imaging potential is great since the fluorescence intensity in the tumor is twofold that of non-targeted QD-loaded PEG-PE micelles at one hour after injection. Methods Para-nitrophenol-containing (5%) PEG-PE quantum dot micelles were produced by the thin layer method. Following hydration, 2C5 antibody was attached to the PEG-PE micelles and the QD-micelles were purified using dialysis. 4T1 breast tumors were inoculated subcutaneously in the flank of the animals. A lung pseudometastatic B16F10 melanoma model was developed using tail vein injection. The contrast agents were injected via the tail vein and mice were depilated, anesthetized and imaged on a Kodak Image Station. Images were taken at one, two, and four hours and analyzed using a methodology that produces normalized signal-to-noise data. This allowed for the comparison between different subjects and time points. For the pseudometastatic model, lungs were removed and imaged ex vivo at one and twenty four hours. Results The contrast agent signal intensity at the tumor was double that of the passively targeted QD-micelles with equally fast and sharply contrasted images. With the side views of the animals only tumor is visible, while in the dorsal view internal organs including liver and kidney are visible. Ex vivo results demonstrated that the agent detects melanoma nodes in a lung pseudometastatic model after a 24 hours wash-out period, while at one hour, only a uniform signal is detected. Conclusions The targeted agent produces ultrabright tumor images and double the fluorescence intensity, as rapidly and at the same low dose as the passively targeted agents. It represents a development that may potentially serve to enhance early detection for metastases.
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Solazzo SA, Ahmed M, Schor-Bardach R, Yang W, Girnun GD, Rahmanuddin S, Levchenko T, Signoretti S, Spitz DR, Torchilin V, Goldberg SN. Liposomal doxorubicin increases radiofrequency ablation-induced tumor destruction by increasing cellular oxidative and nitrative stress and accelerating apoptotic pathways. Radiology 2010; 255:62-74. [PMID: 20160000 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.09091196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if oxidative and nitrative stress and/or apoptosis contribute to increased coagulation when combining radiofrequency (RF) ablation with liposomal doxorubicin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animal care committee approval was obtained. R3230 mammary adenocarcinomas in Fischer rats were treated with either RF ablation (n = 43), 1 mg of intravenously injected liposomal doxorubicin (n = 26), or combined therapy (n = 30) and were compared with control subjects (n = 11). A subset of animals receiving combination therapy (n = 24) were treated in the presence or absence of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) administered 24 hours and 1 hour before RF ablation. Tumors were analyzed 2 minutes to 72 hours after treatment to determine the temporal range of response by using immunohistochemical staining of the apoptosis marker cleaved caspase-3, phosphorylated gammaH2AX, and HSP70 and of markers of oxidative and nitrative stress (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine [8-OHdG], 4-hydroxynonenal [4-HNE]-modified proteins, and nitrotyrosine [NT]). Statistical analyses, including t tests and analysis of variance for comparisons where appropriate, were performed. RESULTS By 4 hours after RF ablation alone, a 0.48-mm +/- 0.13 (standard deviation) peripheral band with 57.0% +/- 7.3 cleaved caspase-3 positive cells was noted at the ablation margin, whereas a 0.73-mm +/- 0.18 band with 77.7% +/- 6.3 positivity was seen for combination therapy (P < .03 for both comparisons). Combination therapy caused increased and earlier staining for 4-HNE-modified proteins, 8-OHdG, NT, and gammaH2AX with colocalization to cleaved caspase-3 staining. A rim of increased HSP70 was identified peripheral to the area of cleaved caspase-3. Parameters of oxidative and nitrative stress were significantly inhibited by NAC 1 hour following RF ablation, resulting in decreased cleaved caspase-3 positivity (0.28-mm +/- 0.09 band of 25.9% +/- 7.4 positivity vs 0.59-mm +/- 0.11 band of 62.9% +/- 6.0 positivity, P < .001 for both comparisons). CONCLUSION Combining RF ablation with liposomal doxorubicin increases cell injury and apoptosis in the zone of increased coagulation by using a mechanism that involves oxidative and nitrative stress that leads to accelerated apoptosis.
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Sawant R, Torchilin V. Intracellulartransduction using cell-penetrating peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 6:628-40. [DOI: 10.1039/b916297f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Skidan I, Miao B, Thekkedath RV, Dholakia P, Degterev A, Torchilin V. In vitro cytotoxicity of novel pro-apoptotic agent DM-PIT-1 in PEG-PE-based micelles alone and in combination with TRAIL. Drug Deliv 2009; 16:45-51. [PMID: 19555308 DOI: 10.1080/10717540802517951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develope and characterize a micellar formulations of N-{[(2-hydroxy-5- nitrophenyl)amino]carbonothioyl}-3,5-dimethylbenzamide (DM-PIT-1)-a new small molecule non-lipid antagonist of phopshotidylinositol-3.4.5-triphopshate and inhibitor of the PI3-kinase pathway. Micelle-forming PEG(2000)-PE was used to solubilize DM-PIT-1. To improve the specificity of the micellar DM-PIT-1, cancer-targeting anti-nucleosomal mAb2C5 antibodies as well as Tumor necrosis factor- Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) were attached to the surface of polymeric micelles. DM-PIT-1 was effectively incorporated (> 70%) into 14-16 nm micelles, which had a negative surface zeta potential of 4-5 mV. Micellar DM-PIT-1 demonstrated high in vitro cytotoxicity against various cancer cells. An improved potency of the dual-activity DM-PIT-1/TRAIL combination nanoparticles in inducing death of TRAIL-resistant cancer cells was shown. Efficacy of the TRAIL therapy was enhanced by combining it with the 2C5 antibody cancer-targeted micellar form of DM-PIT-1. In conclusion, DM-PIT-1 micellar preparations can be used for targeted combination therapy against TRAIL-resistant cancers.
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Papagiannaros A, Levchenko T, Hartner W, Mongayt D, Torchilin V. Quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles for imaging and quantification of tumors in the near-infrared region. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 5:216-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Papagiannaros A, Torchilin V, Dr Kale, Dr Hartner, Dr Mongayt. Near infrared planar tumor imaging and quantification using nanosized Alexa 750-labeled phospholipid micelles. Int J Nanomedicine 2009. [DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s5520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Veerabadran NG, Mongayt D, Torchilin V, Price RR, Lvov YM. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2/2009. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200990000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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63
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Veerabadran NG, Mongayt D, Torchilin V, Price RR, Lvov YM. Organized shells on clay nanotubes for controlled release of macromolecules. Macromol Rapid Commun 2008; 30:99-103. [PMID: 21706582 DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of tubular halloysite clay as a nanotemplate for layer-by-layer (LbL) shell assembly and its utilization for controlled release of drug macromolecules are studied. The LbL nanoshell allowed additional control for the sustained release of drug loaded halloysite tubes. The number of polymeric layers in the shell and molecular weight of the assembled polymers influences the drug release rate. Three bilayer shells of chitosan and gelatin of 15 nm thicknesses gave the best encapsulation and retardation in the release rate of dexamethasone. An encapsulation of the macromolecules inside the lumen of the biocompatible clay nanotubes coupled with the polyelectrolyte shell formation provides a novel formulation for the controlled release of bioactive agents.
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Torchilin V. Multifunctional and stimuli-sensitive pharmaceutical nanocarriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 71:431-44. [PMID: 18977297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Currently used pharmaceutical nanocarriers, such as liposomes, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, demonstrate a broad variety of useful properties, such as longevity in the body; specific targeting to certain disease sites; enhanced intracellular penetration; contrast properties allowing for direct carrier visualization in vivo; stimuli-sensitivity, and others. Some of those pharmaceutical carriers have already made their way into clinic, while others are still under preclinical development. In certain cases, the pharmaceutical nanocarriers combine several of the listed properties. Long-circulating immunoliposomes capable of prolonged residence in the blood and specific target recognition represent one of the examples of this kind. The engineering of multifunctional pharmaceutical nanocarriers combining several useful properties in one particle can significantly enhance the efficacy of many therapeutic and diagnostic protocols. This paper considers the current status and possible future directions in the emerging area of multifunctional nanocarriers with primary attention on the combination of such properties as longevity, targetability, intracellular penetration, contrast loading, and stimuli-sensitivity.
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Torchilin V. Specific targeting as a way to increase the phototoxicity of drugs for photodynamic cancer therapy. Toxicol Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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66
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Holmberg E, Maruyama K, Kennel S, Klibanov A, Torchilin V, Ryan U, Huang L. Target-Specific Binding of Immunoliposomes in Vivo. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982109009036003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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67
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Torchilin V, Babich J, Weissig V. Liposomes and Micelles to Target the Blood Pool for Imaging Purposes. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982100009031113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Skidan I, Dholakia P, Torchilin V. Photodynamic therapy of experimental B-16 melanoma in mice with tumor-targeted 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphin-loaded PEG-PE micelles. J Drug Target 2008; 16:486-93. [PMID: 18604661 DOI: 10.1080/10611860802102175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-diacyl lipid micelles have been prepared by loading with the hydrophobic meso-5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphine (TPP) and used for the photodynamic treatment of B-16 melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. The use of PEG-PE micelles allowed for a 150-fold increased the solubilization of TPP, compared with the native drug. The average size of the PEG-PE micelles was in the range of 10-12 nm with a narrow size distribution. At 50 microg/ml of TPP in micelles with an irradiation intensity of 4.5-21.5 mW/cm(2), the viability of B-16 melanoma cells in vitro decreased in a fluence-dependent manner. A highly effective outcome of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with TPP-loaded PEG-PE micelles can be further increased by modifying such micelles with cancer-specific monoclonal antibody 2C5 to TPP-loaded micelles to tumor cells. TPP-containing 2C5-modified micelles provided the strongest phototoxic effect against B-16 cells in vitro compared with TPP-loaded plain micelles at the same TPP concentration. The association of TPP-loaded immuno-targeted micelles with melanoma cells was also studied by flow cytometry. An increase in cell association was found for 2C5-targeted micelles compared with non-targeted micelles. In vivo, the PDT treatment of subcutaneous melanoma-bearing C57BL/6 mice with 100 mW/cm(2) of 630 nm laser light 9 h after the administration of the micellar TPP (1 mg/kg of TPP) resulted in a significant inhibition of tumor growth. Compared with controls, the weight of postmortem tumors was approx. 3.5- and 7.5-fold smaller with TPP-loaded PEG-PE micelles and TPP-loaded PEG-PE 2C5-immunomicelles, respectively.
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Hendee W, Cleary K, Ehman R, Fullerton G, Grundfest W, Haller J, Kelley C, Meyer A, Murphy RF, Phillips W, Torchilin V. Bioengineering and Imaging Research Opportunities Workshop V: A white paper on imaging and characterizing structure and function in native and engineered tissues. Med Phys 2008; 35:3428-35. [DOI: 10.1118/1.2948317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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71
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Agarwal A, Lvov Y, Sawant R, Torchilin V. Stable nanocolloids of poorly soluble drugs with high drug content prepared using the combination of sonication and layer-by-layer technology. J Control Release 2008; 128:255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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72
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Matthäus C, Kale A, Chernenko T, Torchilin V, Diem M. New ways of imaging uptake and intracellular fate of liposomal drug carrier systems inside individual cells, based on Raman microscopy. Mol Pharm 2008. [PMID: 18197626 DOI: 10.1021/mp7001158.new] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments, combining Raman spectroscopy with optical microscopy, provide a new noninvasive technique to assess and image cellular processes. Of particular interest are the uptake mechanisms of various cytologically active compounds. In order to distinguish the species of interest from their cellular environment spectroscopically, compounds may be labeled with deuterium. Here, we apply Raman microspectroscopy to follow the uptake of liposomal drug carrier systems that have been introduced to deliver biologically active compounds to their site of action within human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. The distribution patterns of liposomes and liposomes surface-modified with a cell-penetrating peptide (TAT-peptide, TATp) have been imaged over time. The spectroscopic information obtained provides a clear evidence for variable rates, as well as different efficiencies of liposome uptake depending on their surface properties. Depending on the experimental setup, the technique may be applied to fixed or living cell organisms.
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Matthäus C, Kale A, Chernenko T, Torchilin V, Diem M. New ways of imaging uptake and intracellular fate of liposomal drug carrier systems inside individual cells, based on Raman microscopy. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:287-93. [PMID: 18197626 PMCID: PMC2715828 DOI: 10.1021/mp7001158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments, combining Raman spectroscopy with optical microscopy, provide a new noninvasive technique to assess and image cellular processes. Of particular interest are the uptake mechanisms of various cytologically active compounds. In order to distinguish the species of interest from their cellular environment spectroscopically, compounds may be labeled with deuterium. Here, we apply Raman microspectroscopy to follow the uptake of liposomal drug carrier systems that have been introduced to deliver biologically active compounds to their site of action within human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. The distribution patterns of liposomes and liposomes surface-modified with a cell-penetrating peptide (TAT-peptide, TATp) have been imaged over time. The spectroscopic information obtained provides a clear evidence for variable rates, as well as different efficiencies of liposome uptake depending on their surface properties. Depending on the experimental setup, the technique may be applied to fixed or living cell organisms.
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Torchilin V. Intracellular delivery of protein and peptide therapeutics. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2008; 5:e95-e103. [PMID: 24981097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many proteins and peptides are used as highly specific and effective therapeutic agents. Their use is, however, complicated by their instability and side effects. Because many protein and peptide drugs have their therapeutic targets inside cells, there is also an important task to bring these drugs into target cells without subjecting them to the lysosomal degradation. This review describes current approaches to the intracellular delivery of protein and peptide drugs. Various drug delivery systems and methods are considered allowing for safe and effective transport of protein and peptide drugs into the cell cytoplasm.:
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Verma D, Hartner W, Levchenko T, Torchilin V. Coenzyme Q10-loaded liposomes effectively protect the myocardium in rabbits with an acute experimental myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.03.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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76
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Liang W, Levchenko T, Khaw BA, Torchilin V. ATP-containing immunoliposomes specific for cardiac myosin. Curr Drug Deliv 2006; 1:1-7. [PMID: 16305365 DOI: 10.2174/1567201043480063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The application of ATP-loaded liposomes has been shown effective against ischemic damage in several tissues. In this study, we have prepared ATP-containing liposomes capable of specific recognition of component (myosin) specific for ischemic myocardium. ATP-containing immunoliposomes specific towards cardiac myosin were obtained by the attachment of the monoclonal anti-cardiac myosin 2G4 antibody to the surface of ATP-containing PEGylated liposomes prepared by the freezing-thawing method. Since intracellular myosin is exposed only in the areas containing ischemically compromised cells with damaged plasmic membranes, such liposomes are expected to target these areas both in vitro and in vivo. The attachment of the antibody did not provoke their ATP release from the liposomes and only minimally influenced liposome size and size distribution. Liposome-attached anti-myosin 2G4 antibody preserved its specific activity; and anti-myosin antibody-bearing, ATP-loaded liposomes bound efficiently to the monolayer of myosin in ELISA. The preparation of myosin-specific ATP-loaded immunoliposomes represented an important step in the development of targeted delivery systems capable of providing energy support to ischemic myocardium in vivo.
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Ahmed M, Lukyanov AN, Torchilin V, Tournier H, Schneider AN, Goldberg SN. Combined Radiofrequency Ablation and Adjuvant Liposomal Chemotherapy: Effect of Chemotherapeutic Agent, Nanoparticle Size, and Circulation Time. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005; 16:1365-71. [PMID: 16221908 DOI: 10.1097/01.rvi.0000175324.63304.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of liposomal chemotherapeutic agent, nanoparticle size, and liposome circulation time on tissue coagulation and intratumoral drug uptake when radiofrequency (RF) ablation is combined with adjuvant intravenous liposomal chemotherapy in an animal breast tumor model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-one R3230 mammary adenocarcinoma nodules were implanted in 48 Fischer rats. First, standardized RF ablation was combined with intravenous liposomal doxorubicin, cisplatin, or 5-fluorouracil (35 tumors each). Second, three different-sized doxorubicin-containing nanoparticle preparations were combined with standardized RF ablation. Last, two doxorubicin-containing liposome preparations with different blood elimination half-lives were combined with RF ablation. Coagulation diameter and interstitial doxorubicin concentration were measured 48 hours after treatment and compared with use of statistical analysis. RESULTS All combinations of RF with liposomal chemotherapy caused significantly greater tumor necrosis than RF alone (P<.05). Significantly increased necrosis was observed with intravenous liposomal RF/doxorubicin and RF/cisplatin compared with intravenous liposomal RF/5-fluorouracil (P<.01). Greater coagulation was observed with RF combined with 100-nm nanoparticles compared with 20-nm or 250-nm nanoparticles (P=.01 and P=.04, respectively). Additionally, greater intratumoral doxorubicin uptake was observed in the group treated with 20-nm nanoparticles compared with those treated with other sizes of nanoparticles (P<.05). RF plus liposomal doxorubicin produced greater coagulation and intratumoral doxorubicin uptake than RF plus 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidic acid (P<.05). CONCLUSION When combined with RF ablation, modification of adjuvant intravenous liposomal chemotherapy, including nanoparticle size, circulation time, and chemotherapeutic agent, can influence intratumoral drug accumulation and tissue coagulation.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/therapy
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/blood
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacokinetics
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/blood
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacokinetics
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/blood
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Catheter Ablation
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant
- Cisplatin/blood
- Cisplatin/pharmacokinetics
- Cisplatin/therapeutic use
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Doxorubicin/blood
- Doxorubicin/pharmacokinetics
- Doxorubicin/therapeutic use
- Fluorouracil/blood
- Fluorouracil/pharmacokinetics
- Fluorouracil/therapeutic use
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Nanostructures
- Necrosis
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
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78
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Leevy WM, Gammon ST, Levchenko T, Daranciang DD, Murillo O, Torchilin V, Piwnica-Worms D, Huettner JE, Gokel GW. Structure-activity relationships, kinetics, selectivity, and mechanistic studies of synthetic hydraphile channels in bacterial and mammalian cells. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:3544-50. [PMID: 16172693 PMCID: PMC2617747 DOI: 10.1039/b508157b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydraphile compounds are shown to be cytotoxic to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells. Their cellular toxicity compares favorably with other synthetic ionophores and rivals that potency of natural antibiotics. The effects of structural variations on toxicity are described. The effects of these variations correlate well with previous studies of ion transport in liposomes. Whole cell patch clamping with mammalian cells confirms a channel mechanism in living cells suggesting that this family may comprise novel and flexible pharmacological agents.
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79
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Gref R, Minamitake Y, Peracchia MT, Domb A, Trubetskoy V, Torchilin V, Langer R. Poly(ethylene glycol)-coated nanospheres: potential carriers for intravenous drug administration. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1997; 10:167-98. [PMID: 9160372 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46803-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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80
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Chen H, Torchilin V, Langer R. Polymerized liposomes as potential oral vaccine carriers: Stability and bioavailability. J Control Release 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-3659(96)01459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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81
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Chen H, Torchilin V, Langer R. Lectin-bearing polymerized liposomes as potential oral vaccine carriers. Pharm Res 1996; 13:1378-83. [PMID: 8893278 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016030202104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The potential of using lectin-modified polymerized liposomes as Peyer's patch targeted oral delivery vehicles was examined. METHODS Two types of lectins, Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin I (UEA I) and Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA), were modified with a hydrophobic anchor N-glutaryl-phosphotidylethanolamine (NGPE). The modified lectins were incorporated into liposome bilayers and the liposomes were subsequently stabilized through polymerization. The presence of the lectins on the liposome surfaces was first confirmed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface-immobilized lectins were then shown to retain their carbohydrate binding activities as well as specificities based on an in vitro aggregation assay. Finally, delivery efficiencies of lectin-bearing liposomes were determined in mice. RESULTS About 10.5% UEA I liposomes and 5.8% WGA liposomes were taken up from the gastrointestinal tract. These numbers are significantly higher than the 3.2% observed in the case of lectin-free liposomes. At the same time, UEA I liposomes exhibited the most effective Peyer's patch targeting among the three, which directly correlated with the highest delivery efficiency observed. CONCLUSIONS This establishes that lectin modification of liposomes can promote binding to Peyer's patches, which will give improved efficiency for Peyer's patch targeted delivery. All these point to the potential for these lectin-modified liposomes as novel vehicles for oral vaccination.
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82
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Iakoubov L, Rokhlin O, Torchilin V. Anti-nuclear autoantibodies of the aged reactive against the surface of tumor but not normal cells. Immunol Lett 1995; 47:147-9. [PMID: 8537094 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(95)00066-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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83
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Gref R, Minamitake Y, Peracchia MT, Trubetskoy V, Torchilin V, Langer R. Biodegradable long-circulating polymeric nanospheres. Science 1994; 263:1600-3. [PMID: 8128245 DOI: 10.1126/science.8128245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1967] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Injectable nanoparticulate carriers have important potential applications such as site-specific drug delivery or medical imaging. Conventional carriers, however, cannot generally be used because they are eliminated by the reticulo-endothelial system within seconds or minutes after intravenous injection. To address these limitations, monodisperse biodegradable nanospheres were developed from amphiphilic copolymers composed of two biocompatible blocks. The nanospheres exhibited dramatically increased blood circulation times and reduced liver accumulation in mice. Furthermore, they entrapped up to 45 percent by weight of the drug in the dense core in a one-step procedure and could be freeze-dried and easily redispersed without additives in aqueous solutions.
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84
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Hiemisch H, Gavrilyuk V, Atochina E, Slinkin M, Torchilin V, Muzykantov V, Danilov S. Purification of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies to angiotensin-converting enzyme significantly improves specificity and efficacy of its targeting into the lung. Nucl Med Biol 1993; 20:435-41. [PMID: 8389221 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8051(93)90074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to improve the labeling/purification procedures for monoclonal antibody (MoAb) to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). MoAb 9B9 was very stable upon iodination at a wide range of iodogen concentrations and incubation times, and was also very stable upon storage, indicating the high technological potential of this MoAb. Radiolabeled MoAb 9B9 was purified by (i) adsorption chromatography on cellulose, (ii) HPLC (gel filtration) and (iii) affinity chromatography on ACE-Sepharose. The best result was obtained with cellulose: specificity of MoAb 9B9 accumulation in the lung increased 2-fold. We conclude that the phenomenon of specific lung accumulation of MoAb 9B9 may serve as an ideal (convenient, cheap and technological) assay system for evaluation of monoclonal antibody modification and labeling.
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