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Zhang W, Taylor WJ. Outcome Measures in Gout. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020; 72 Suppl 10:72-81. [PMID: 33091276 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Garcia-Guillen A, Stewart S, Su I, Taylor WJ, Gaffo AL, Gott M, Slark J, Horne A, Dalbeth N. Gout flare severity from the patient perspective: a qualitative interview study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020; 74:317-323. [PMID: 33026692 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The patient experience of a gout flare is multi-dimensional. To establish the most appropriate methods of flare measurement, there is a need to understand the complete experience of a flare. This qualitative study aimed to examine what factors contribute to the severity of a flare from the patient perspective. METHODS Face-to-face interviews were conducted with people with gout. Participants were asked to share their experience with their worst gout flare and contrast it to their experience of a less severe or mild flare. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data was analysed using a reflexive thematic approach. RESULTS Twenty-two participants with gout (17 males, mean age 66.5 years) were interviewed at an academic centre in Auckland, New Zealand. Four key themes were identified as contributing to the severity of a flare: flare characteristics (pain intensity, joint swelling, redness and warmth, duration, and location), impact on function (including walking, activities of daily living, wearing footwear, and sleep), impact on family and social life (dependency on others, social connection, and work) and psychological impact (depression, anxiety, irritability, and sense of control). CONCLUSION A wide range of interconnecting factors contribute to the severity of a gout flare from the patient perspective. Capturing these domains in long-term gout studies would provide more meaningful and accurate representation of cumulative flare burden.
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Cairns I, Lindsay K, Dalbeth N, Díaz-Torné C, Antònia Pou M, Rodríguez Diez B, Pujol-Ribera E, Panter C, Arbuckle R, Tatlock S, Taylor WJ. The impact of gout as described by patients, using the lens of The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF): a qualitative study. BMC Rheumatol 2020; 4:50. [PMID: 32832854 PMCID: PMC7422533 DOI: 10.1186/s41927-020-00147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) aims to comprehensively describe the ways in which a person’s health condition affects their life. This study aimed to contribute to the development of an ICF core set for gout through patient opinion derived from focus groups and interviews. Methods We conducted a secondary qualitative analysis of data from three studies investigating the patient experience of gout. In total there were 30 individual interviews and 2 focus groups (N = 17) comprising 47 participants. We conducted thematic analysis of the textual data to extract meaning units, which were then linked to the ICF. Results A large number of ICF categories were relevant to patients with gout. Participants mentioned 93 third level categories, 17 of which were mentioned by more than 50% of patients. The most references for a single category was for b280, Sensation of pain, followed by personal factors (not yet categorised by the ICF). The most participants mentioned the environmental factor e355, Health professional support, followed by b280, Sensation of pain. Conclusion The categories identified in this study as relevant to patients with gout highlight the severe pain associated with this disease, the impact on mobility and corresponding life areas. The roles of health professional support, medication, and personal attitudes to disease management are also reflected in the data. These results will contribute to the development of the ICF core set for gout.
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Stewart S, Guillen AG, Taylor WJ, Gaffo A, Slark J, Gott M, Dalbeth N. The experience of a gout flare: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2020; 50:805-811. [PMID: 32554059 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Gout flares are an important concern for people with gout and an understanding of patients' experiences with gout flares is central in developing meaningful outcome measures for clinical trials. This study aimed to systematically review and thematically synthesize the qualitative literature reporting the patient experience of gout flares, to inform the development of flare-specific outcome measures. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus and PsycINFO electronic databases were searched in October 2019 to identify original qualitative research articles reporting on the patient experience of gout flares. Methodological quality of all included papers was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) tool. Following data extraction, coding and synthesis was undertaken using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS Sixteen papers reporting the patient experience of gout flares were included. The majority of CASP criteria were met by most studies, indicating good methodological quality. Four predominant and overlapping themes were identified from the thematic analysis: gout flare characteristics (pain, swelling, location, duration and frequency); impact on function and activities of daily living (walking, housework and yard work, self-care, exercise and sports, driving, sleep); effects on social and family life (social participation, inability to plan, employment, dependency, relationships, intimacy); and psychological impact (boredom, irritability, fear, shame and embarrassment, isolation, financial worry, depression and anxiety). CONCLUSIONS Gout flares impact many aspects of patients' lives, including physical and psychological and social and family life. The patient experience of gout flares goes beyond what is routinely measured in research settings. Measurement and reporting methods that capture these aspects of patients' experiences with gout flares would provide more meaningful outcome measures in clinical trials of flare prevention.
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Oude Voshaar MAH, Das Gupta Z, Bijlsma JWJ, Boonen A, Chau J, Courvoisier DS, Curtis JR, Ellis B, Ernestam S, Gossec L, Hale C, Hornjeff J, Leung KYY, Lidar M, Mease P, Michaud K, Mody GM, Ndosi M, Opava CH, Pinheiro GRC, Salt M, Soriano ER, Taylor WJ, Voshaar MJH, Weel AEAM, de Wit M, Wulffraat N, van de Laar MAFJ, Vonkeman HE. International Consortium for Health Outcome Measurement Set of Outcomes That Matter to People Living With Inflammatory Arthritis: Consensus From an International Working Group. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020; 71:1556-1565. [PMID: 30358135 PMCID: PMC6900179 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective The implementation of value‐based health care in inflammatory arthritis requires a standardized set of modifiable outcomes and risk‐adjustment variables that is feasible to implement worldwide. Methods The International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) assembled a multidisciplinary working group that consisted of 24 experts from 6 continents, including 6 patient representatives, to develop a standard set of outcomes for inflammatory arthritis. The process followed a structured approach, using a modified Delphi process to reach consensus on the following decision areas: conditions covered by the set, outcome domains, outcome measures, and risk‐adjustment variables. Consensus in areas 2 to 4 were supported by systematic literature reviews and consultation of experts. Results The ICHOM Inflammatory Arthritis Standard Set covers patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), axial spondyloarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). We recommend that outcomes regarding pain, fatigue, activity limitations, overall physical and mental health impact, work/school/housework ability and productivity, disease activity, and serious adverse events be collected at least annually. Validated measures for patient‐reported outcomes were endorsed and linked to common reporting metrics. Age, sex at birth, education level, smoking status, comorbidities, time since diagnosis, and rheumatoid factor and anti‐citrullinated protein antibody lab testing for RA and JIA should be collected as risk‐adjustment variables. Conclusion We present the ICHOM inflammatory arthritis Standard Set of outcomes, which enables health care providers to implement the value‐based health care framework and compare outcomes that are important to patients with inflammatory arthritis.
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Tehan PE, Taylor WJ, Carroll M, Dalbeth N, Rome K. Important features of retail shoes for women with rheumatoid arthritis: A Delphi consensus survey. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226906. [PMID: 31881047 PMCID: PMC6934318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Footwear management aims to preserve foot function, reduce the burden of foot pain and maintain joint mobility in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Whilst retail footwear is commonly recommended by health professionals, there is no current consensus on recommended features of retail footwear for women with RA. This study aimed to determine consensus from health professionals about the important features of retail footwear for women with RA. Methods An international Delphi exercise using online survey software was conducted with 39 participants from health care backgrounds. Three iterative rounds were conducted. In the first round, participants listed features of retail footwear that would be important for women with RA. Responses of the first round, combined with results of a scoping review of patient-reported outcome measures used in assessing footwear in arthritis and a qualitative analysis of female patients’ perspectives of retail footwear in RA were used to create items for the second round. Items were scored by a 9-point rating scale with consensus defined by the RAND/UCLA disagreement index. The third round consisted of items which did not reach consensus or scored >1 on the RAND/UCLA disagreement index from round two. Results Fifty-eight items (n = 58) were generated for rating and at the end of three iterative rounds, there was agreement that thirty-eight items were important, that two were not important, and there was no agreement for a further eighteen items. Item themes reaching consensus included footwear characteristics and acceptability and psychosocial aspects of footwear. Footwear characteristics related to heel height, shape, cushioning, toe box size, adjustable fastening, removable insoles, mid-foot support and soft accommodative uppers. Acceptability and psychosocial aspects included affordability, comfort, aesthetic, style, colour and impact on femininity. Conclusion This consensus exercise has identified the important features of retail footwear for women with RA.
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Harrison AA, Tugnet N, Taylor WJ. A survey of the New Zealand rheumatology workforce. THE NEW ZEALAND MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019; 132:70-76. [PMID: 31830019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM To characterise the demographics, size and distribution of the New Zealand rheumatology workforce. METHOD An online survey was sent to New Zealand rheumatologists in February 2018. RESULTS The survey was completed by 63 of 64 practising New Zealand rheumatologists (response rate 98%). In public practice, the number of half-day clinics per FTE was five (R2 linear 0.87), so a half-day session in private practice was counted as 0.2 FTE. There were 28.71 FTE in the public sector, 14.97 in private and 43.68 total FTE. By district health board (DHB), public FTE per capita ranged from 0.20 FTE per 100,000 population in Nelson-Marlborough DHB to 0.96 in Whanganui DHB. None of the 20 DHBs met the Royal College of Physicians guideline of 1.16 FTE per 100,000 population in the public sector, and only four DHBs reached this level when private FTE were included. Rheumatologists under the age of 50 years were predominantly female (62% female), and older rheumatologists predominantly male (7.7% female, p<0.001). In the next five years 6.58 FTE public rheumatologists intended to retire, (94% male). 23/53 (43%) of public hospital rheumatologists offer appointments for non-inflammatory conditions, compared to 30/31 (97%) of private practice rheumatologists. Between 1999 and 2011, the FTE per 100,000 population increased by 35.4%, but the rate of improvement slowed in the interval between 2011 and 2018, increasing by 3.0%. CONCLUSION The New Zealand rheumatologist workforce is becoming more gender-balanced but is below recommended FTE levels, is unevenly distributed, and previously documented improvements in overall FTE have now reached a plateau.
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Jatuworapruk K, Grainger R, Dalbeth N, Taylor WJ. Development of a prediction model for inpatient gout flares in people with comorbid gout. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 79:418-423. [PMID: 31811060 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hospitalisation is a risk factor for flares in people with gout. However, the predictors of inpatient gout flare are not well understood. The aim of this study was to develop a prediction model for inpatient gout flare among people with comorbid gout. METHODS We used data from a retrospective cohort of hospitalised patients with comorbid gout from Wellington, Aotearoa/New Zealand, in 2017 calendar year. For the development of a prediction model, we took three approaches: (A) a clinical knowledge-driven model, (B) a statistics-driven model and (C) a decision tree model. The final model was chosen based on practicality and performance, then validated using bootstrap procedure. RESULTS The cohort consisted of 625 hospitalised patients with comorbid gout, 87 of whom experienced inpatient gout flare. Model A yielded 9 predictors of inpatient gout flare, while model B and C produced 15 and 5, respectively. Model A was chosen for its simplicity and superior C-statistics (0.82) and calibration slope (0.93). The final nine-item set of predictors were pre-admission urate >0.36 mmol/L, tophus, no pre-admission urate-lowering therapy (ULT), no pre-admission gout prophylaxis, acute kidney injury, surgery, initiation or increase of gout prophylaxis, adjustment of ULT and diuretics prior to flare. Bootstrap validation of the final model showed adequate C-statistics and calibration slope (0.80 and 0.78, respectively). CONCLUSION We propose a set of nine predictors of inpatient flare for people with comorbid gout. The predictors are simple, practical and are supported by existing clinical knowledge.
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Bursill D, Taylor WJ, Terkeltaub R, Kuwabara M, Merriman TR, Grainger R, Pineda C, Louthrenoo W, Edwards NL, Andrés M, Vargas-Santos AB, Roddy E, Pascart T, Lin CT, Perez-Ruiz F, Tedeschi SK, Kim SC, Harrold LR, McCarthy G, Kumar N, Chapman PT, Tausche AK, Vazquez-Mellado J, Gutierrez M, da Rocha Castelar-Pinheiro G, Richette P, Pascual E, Fisher MC, Burgos-Vargas R, Robinson PC, Singh JA, Jansen TL, Saag KG, Slot O, Uhlig T, Solomon DH, Keenan RT, Scire CA, Biernat-Kaluza E, Dehlin M, Nuki G, Schlesinger N, Janssen M, Stamp LK, Sivera F, Reginato AM, Jacobsson L, Lioté F, Ea HK, Rosenthal A, Bardin T, Choi HK, Hershfield MS, Czegley C, Choi SJ, Dalbeth N. Gout, Hyperuricemia, and Crystal-Associated Disease Network Consensus Statement Regarding Labels and Definitions for Disease Elements in Gout. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2019; 71:427-434. [PMID: 29799677 DOI: 10.1002/acr.23607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The language currently used to describe gout lacks standardization. The aim of this project was to develop a consensus statement on the labels and definitions used to describe the basic disease elements of gout. METHODS Experts in gout (n = 130) were invited to participate in a Delphi exercise and face-to-face consensus meeting to reach consensus on the labeling and definitions for the basic disease elements of gout. Disease elements and labels in current use were derived from a content analysis of the contemporary medical literature, and the results of this analysis were used for item selection in the Delphi exercise and face-to-face consensus meeting. RESULTS There were 51 respondents to the Delphi exercise and 30 attendees at the face-to-face meeting. Consensus agreement (≥80%) was achieved for the labels of 8 disease elements through the Delphi exercise; the remaining 3 labels reached consensus agreement through the face-to-face consensus meeting. The agreed labels were monosodium urate crystals, urate, hyperuric(a)emia, tophus, subcutaneous tophus, gout flare, intercritical gout, chronic gouty arthritis, imaging evidence of monosodium urate crystal deposition, gouty bone erosion, and podagra. Participants at the face-to-face meeting achieved consensus agreement for the definitions of all 11 elements and a recommendation that the label "chronic gout" should not be used. CONCLUSION Consensus agreement was achieved for the labels and definitions of 11 elements representing the fundamental components of gout etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation. The Gout, Hyperuricemia, and Crystal-Associated Disease Network recommends the use of these labels when describing the basic disease elements of gout.
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Bursill D, Taylor WJ, Terkeltaub R, Abhishek A, So AK, Vargas-Santos AB, Gaffo AL, Rosenthal A, Tausche AK, Reginato A, Manger B, Sciré C, Pineda C, van Durme C, Lin CT, Yin C, Albert DA, Biernat-Kaluza E, Roddy E, Pascual E, Becce F, Perez-Ruiz F, Sivera F, Lioté F, Schett G, Nuki G, Filippou G, McCarthy G, da Rocha Castelar Pinheiro G, Ea HK, Tupinambá HDA, Yamanaka H, Choi HK, Mackay J, ODell JR, Vázquez Mellado J, Singh JA, Fitzgerald JD, Jacobsson LTH, Joosten L, Harrold LR, Stamp L, Andrés M, Gutierrez M, Kuwabara M, Dehlin M, Janssen M, Doherty M, Hershfield MS, Pillinger M, Edwards NL, Schlesinger N, Kumar N, Slot O, Ottaviani S, Richette P, MacMullan PA, Chapman PT, Lipsky PE, Robinson P, Khanna PP, Gancheva RN, Grainger R, Johnson RJ, Te Kampe R, Keenan RT, Tedeschi SK, Kim S, Choi SJ, Fields TR, Bardin T, Uhlig T, Jansen T, Merriman T, Pascart T, Neogi T, Klück V, Louthrenoo W, Dalbeth N. Gout, Hyperuricaemia and Crystal-Associated Disease Network (G-CAN) consensus statement regarding labels and definitions of disease states of gout. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:1592-1600. [PMID: 31501138 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a lack of standardisation in the terminology used to describe gout. The aim of this project was to develop a consensus statement describing the recommended nomenclature for disease states of gout. METHODS A content analysis of gout-related articles from rheumatology and general internal medicine journals published over a 5-year period identified potential disease states and the labels commonly assigned to them. Based on these findings, experts in gout were invited to participate in a Delphi exercise and face-to-face consensus meeting to reach agreement on disease state labels and definitions. RESULTS The content analysis identified 13 unique disease states and a total of 63 unique labels. The Delphi exercise (n=76 respondents) and face-to-face meeting (n=35 attendees) established consensus agreement for eight disease state labels and definitions. The agreed labels were as follows: 'asymptomatic hyperuricaemia', 'asymptomatic monosodium urate crystal deposition', 'asymptomatic hyperuricaemia with monosodium urate crystal deposition', 'gout', 'tophaceous gout', 'erosive gout', 'first gout flare' and 'recurrent gout flares'. There was consensus agreement that the label 'gout' should be restricted to current or prior clinically evident disease caused by monosodium urate crystal deposition (gout flare, chronic gouty arthritis or subcutaneous tophus). CONCLUSION Consensus agreement has been established for the labels and definitions of eight gout disease states, including 'gout' itself. The Gout, Hyperuricaemia and Crystal-Associated Disease Network recommends the use of these labels when describing disease states of gout in research and clinical practice.
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Martin RA, Graham FP, Levack WMM, Taylor WJ, Surgenor LJ. Exploring how therapeutic horse riding improves health outcomes using a realist framework. Br J Occup Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0308022619865496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Evaluating how therapeutic horse riding improves health for children experiencing disability is made complex by a lack of clarity around mechanisms of treatment effect. This research develops an explanatory theory outlining how health outcomes may be optimised, by exploring what works for which riders, under what conditions and how. Method Within a realist research framework, we undertook three phases of study using a mix of qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis approaches. Findings were then integrated into an overall evaluative account. Results Riders with a range of impairments ( n = 32; aged 5 to 17 years), caregivers ( n = 29) and therapeutic horse riding providers ( n = 16) participated. Three key mechanisms of intervention effect are proposed: (1) therapeutic horse riding facilitates development of a rider’s self-concept through opportunities for accessible, meaningful participation; (2) the context in which therapeutic horse riding is provided promotes a focus on riders’ capacities and strengths and (3) therapeutic horse riding provides opportunities for a broad range of learning experiences. Conclusion Therapeutic horse riding provides opportunities for meaningful occupational participation for children experiencing disability. Ensuring that the physical and ideological context in which therapeutic horse riding is provided focuses on a rider’s capacities and strengths will enhance self-concept development and participation outcomes.
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Teoh N, Gamble GD, Horne A, Taylor WJ, Palmano K, Dalbeth N. The challenges of gout flare reporting: mapping flares during a randomized controlled trial. BMC Rheumatol 2019; 3:27. [PMID: 31334482 PMCID: PMC6615178 DOI: 10.1186/s41927-019-0075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods of gout flare reporting in research settings are inconsistent and poorly defined. The aim of this study was to describe patterns of gout flare and assess the concurrent validity of different methods of flare reporting in a gout clinical trial. Methods Daily flare diary entries including self-report of flare and pain scale from a randomised controlled trial of 120 patients with gout were analysed. Detailed pain-by-time plots for each participant were inspected and analysed for different methods of flare reporting for both self-report and the classification tree (CART)-defined flare developed by Gaffo in 2012. Concurrent validity for different methods of flare reporting were analysed. Results Although the single gout flare had a 'typical' average pattern (peak on day 1 and resolution over 14 days), individual pain-by-time plots showed wide variation in pain intensity, duration and frequency of flares. Over the four-month study period, there were 84/120 (70%) participants who experienced at least one self-reported flare that was not a 'typical' flare. The time to first self-reported flare correlated poorly with other measures of gout activity and other methods of flare reporting. The number of days with flare (either self-reported or Gaffo-defined) and the area under the pain-by-time curve correlated most strongly with other measures of disease severity. Conclusion There is wide variation in the patterns of flare over time in individuals with gout, leading to challenges for flare reporting in clinical trials. Time-dependent reporting strategies such as number of days with flare or area under the pain-by-time curve correlate well with other measures of gout disease severity and may provide a more accurate measure of flare burden. Trial registration Clinical trial number: ACTRN12609000479202, registered 17/06/2009.
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Martin RA, Taylor WJ, Surgenor LJ, Graham FP, Levack WMM, Blampied NM. Evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic horse riding for children and young people experiencing disability: a single-case experimental design study. Disabil Rehabil 2019; 42:3734-3743. [PMID: 31084288 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1610083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Therapeutic horse riding aims to improve the health of children and young people experiencing disability; however, its benefits across a range of health domains, particularly the impact on participation outcomes, are not well known. This research evaluated to what extent there was a change in riders balance, functional performance, social responsiveness, quality of life and participation outcomes as a result of therapeutic horse riding.Methods: A multiple-baseline across participants (n = 12) single-case experimental design, with randomly allocated baseline phase lengths, quantitatively evaluated how riders responded to a 20-week intervention.Results: Social participation outcomes measured using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure demonstrated the most consistent positive between-phase differences (performance ES = 1.20, 95% CI [0.82, 1.63]; satisfaction ES = 1.11, 95% CI [0.73, 1.55]). A causal relationship was seen in three riders, but improvements only reached clinical significance for two riders when accounting for phase data trends. No significant outcome patterns were found comparing riders with principally physical impairments to those with principally psychosocial impairments.Conclusions: Being involved in therapeutic horse riding may improve rider's social participation in home, school and community settings. We postulate that rider self-concept development may be a mechanism of treatment effect leading to participation-level changes.Implications for rehabilitationSocial participation was the health outcome demonstrating the most consistent change following therapeutic horse riding, regardless of rider impairment.Therapeutic horse riding can improve social participation in settings beyond the riding arena.Greater intervention tailoring based on rider responses may enhance therapeutic horse riding intervention effects.
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Taylor WJ, Green SE. Use of multi-attribute decision-making to inform prioritization of Cochrane review topics relevant to rehabilitation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2019; 55:322-330. [PMID: 30947492 DOI: 10.23736/s1973-9087.19.05787-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited resources imply the need for prioritization; this also applies to the conduct of Cochrane Reviews. Therefore, processes for identifying the most important topics for review should be determined. AIM The aim of this study was to describe some examples of prioritization approaches used within Cochrane; to introduce the concept of multi-criteria decision analysis, provide an example of how this is being used to determine the relative importance of research questions in musculoskeletal health by the Australasian Musculoskeletal Clinical Trials (ANZMUSC) network and how a similar approach could be used to inform Cochrane Rehabilitation priorities. METHODS A narrative overview of the Cochrane Methods Priority Setting Group and new guidance from Cochrane on priority setting; a description of the ANZMUSC prioritization project and the proposed outline of a prioritization process that could be undertaken by Review Groups related to rehabilitation. RESULTS There are no explicit processes for prioritization for Cochrane Reviews that involve multi-criteria decision making, even though such approaches appear to be potentially useful and may overcome some disadvantages of alternative approaches. DISCUSSION Although the ANZMUSC prioritization project is not yet complete nor shown to be successful, it may offer a useful road-map for developing a transparent method of prioritizing which research topics to pursue, in a way that could be easily implemented and updated.
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Stamp L, Morillon MB, Taylor WJ, Dalbeth N, Singh JA, Lassere M, Christensen R. Serum urate as surrogate endpoint for flares in people with gout: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2018; 48:293-301. [PMID: 29566967 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary efficacy outcome in trials of urate lowering therapy (ULT) for gout is serum urate (SU). The aim of this study was to examine the strength of the relationship between SU and patient-important outcomes to determine whether SU is an adequate surrogate endpoint for clinical trials. METHODS Multiple databases through October 2017 were searched. Randomized controlled trials comparing any ULT in people with gout with any control or placebo, ≥three months duration were included. Open label extension (OLE) trial data were included in secondary analyses. Standardized data elements were extracted independently by two reviewers. RESULTS Ten RCTs and 3 OLE studies were identified. From the RCTs (maximum duration 24 months) meta-regression did not reveal an association between the relative risk of a gout flare and the difference in proportions of individuals with SU < 6mg/dL (P = 0.47; R2 = 8%). In a post hoc analysis, the ratio of the time in months at which the proportion of individuals having a flare was reported/time in months at which the proportion of individuals with SU < 6mg/dL was reported was calculated and studies where the ratio was <2 were excluded. Using the remaining 6 studies there was an association between proportion of individuals achieving SU < 6mg/dL and gout flares (over patient years). Duration of ULT was inversely associated with the proportion of patients experiencing a flare. Study duration and variability in reporting of outcomes limited the analysis. Observational studies supported the trend of fewer flares in those with lower SU. CONCLUSIONS Based on aggregate clinical trial-level data an association between SU and gout flare could not be confirmed. However, based on observational ecological study design data-including longer duration extension studies-SU < 6mg/dL was associated with reduced gout flares.
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Cauli A, Gladman DD, Mathieu A, Olivieri I, Porru G, Tak PP, Sardu C, Scarpa R, Marchesoni A, Taylor WJ, Salvarani C, Kalden J, Lubrano E, Carneiro S, Piga M, Floris A, Desiati F, Flynn JA, D’Angelo S, van Kuijk AW, Catanoso MG, Caso F, Contu P, Ujfalussy I, Helliwell PS, Mease PJ. Physician’s Global Assessment in Psoriatic Arthritis: A Multicenter GRAPPA Study. J Rheumatol 2018; 45:1256-1262. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.171183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Physician’s global assessment (PGA) of disease activity is a major determinant of therapeutic decision making. This study assesses the reliability of the PGA, measured by means of 0–100 mm visual analog scale (VAS), and the additional use of separate VAS scales for musculoskeletal (PhysMSK) and dermatologic (PhysSk) manifestations in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA).Methods.Sixteen centers from 8 countries enrolled 319 consecutive patients with PsA. PGA, PhysMSK, and PhysSk evaluation forms were administered at enrollment (W0) and after 1 week (W1). Detailed clinical data regarding musculoskeletal (MSK) manifestations, as well as dermatological assessment, were recorded.Results.Comparison of W0 and W1 scores showed no significant variation (intraclass correlation coefficients were PGA 0.87, PhysMSK 0.86, PhysSk 0.78), demonstrating the reliability of the instrument. PGA scores were dependent on PhysMSK and PhysSk (p < 0.0001) with a major effect of the MSK component (B = 0.69) compared to skin (B = 0.32). PhysMSK was correlated with the number of swollen joints, tender joints, and presence of dactylitis (p < 0.0001). PhysSk scores were correlated with the extent of skin psoriasis and by face, buttocks or intergluteal, and feet involvement (p < 0.0001). Finally, physician and patient assessments were compared showing frequent mismatch and a scattered dot plot: PGA versus patient’s global assessment (r = 0.36), PhysMSK versus patient MSK (r = 0.39), and PhysSk versus patient skin (r = 0.49).Conclusion.PGA assessed by means of VAS is a reliable tool to assess MSK and dermatological disease activity. PGA may diverge from patient self-evaluation. Because MSK and skin/nail disease activity may diverge, it is suggested that both PhysMSK and PhysSk are assessed.
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Taylor WJ, Parekh K. Rasch analysis suggests that health assessment questionnaire II is a generic measure of physical functioning for rheumatic diseases: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2018; 16:108. [PMID: 29848340 PMCID: PMC5977461 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-018-0939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Versions of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) are commonly used to measure physical functioning across multiple rheumatic diseases but there has been no clear demonstration that any HAQ version is actually generic. This study aimed to show that the HAQ-II instrument is invariant across different rheumatic disease categories using the Rasch measurement model, which would confirm that the instrument is generic. Methods HAQ-II responses from 882 consecutive rheumatology clinic attendees were fitted to a Rasch model. Invariance across disease was assessed by analysis of variance of residuals implemented in RUMM2030. Rasch modeled HAQ-II scores across disease categories were compared and the mathematical relationship between raw HAQ-II scores and Rasch modeled scores was also determined. Results The HAQ-II responses fitted the Rasch model. There was no substantive evidence for lack of invariance by disease category except for a single item (“opening car doors”). Rasch modeled scores could be accurately obtained from raw scores with a cubic formula (R2 0.99). Patients with rheumatoid arthritis had more disability than patients with other kinds of inflammatory arthritis or autoimmune connective tissue disease. Conclusions The HAQ-II can be used across different rheumatic diseases and scores can be similarly interpreted from patients with different diseases. Transforming raw scores to Rasch modeled scores enable a strictly linear, interval scale to be used. It remains to be seen how that would affect interpretation of change scores. Trial registration ANZCTR ACTRN12617001500347. Registered 24th October 2017 (retrospectively registered).
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Bursill D, Taylor WJ, Terkeltaub R, Dalbeth N. The nomenclature of the basic disease elements of gout: A content analysis of contemporary medical journals. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2018; 48:456-461. [PMID: 29706241 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is currently no standardised nomenclature for the basic disease elements of gout. This study aimed to identify these elements and examine how they are labelled in contemporary medical literature. METHODS We analysed articles from the ten highest ranked general rheumatology journals, and five highest ranked general internal medicine journals (by Impact Factor, according to 2015 Thomson-Reuters Journal Citation Reports), published between 1 January 2012 and 31 January 2017. For each journal, articles relevant to gout and hyperuricaemia were identified by the search terms 'gout' and/or 'urate' and/or 'uric acid' using MEDLINE. Basic disease elements were identified and their labels extracted. Labels designated 'unique' used different words or phrases to describe an element. RESULTS A total of 549 articles were analysed. Eleven basic disease elements and 343 unique labels were identified. Labelling was imprecise for most elements. 'An episode of acute inflammation triggered by the presence of pathogenic crystals' was represented by a total of 162 unique labels; 33.6% of articles referring to this element used at least four unique labels. For articles referencing 'the circulating form of the final enzymatic product generated by xanthine oxidase in purine metabolism in humans', the labels 'uric acid' and 'urate' were used with similar frequency (63.0% and 62.5%, respectively), and both labels were used in 25.9% of articles. CONCLUSION Labelling of the basic disease elements of gout is characterised by imprecision, inaccuracy and lack of clarity. Consensus regarding the nomenclature of these elements is required.
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Dalbeth N, Phipps-Green A, Frampton C, Neogi T, Taylor WJ, Merriman TR. Response to: 'The reference levels of serum urate for clinically evident incident gout' by Chen and Ding. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 78:e42. [PMID: 29563107 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Grainger R, Taylor WJ. Allopurinol and peripheral vascular disease: enough observational data to warrant interventional studies: Allopurinol and the prevention of vascular disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 57:408-409. [PMID: 28968915 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Dalbeth N, Phipps-Green A, Frampton C, Neogi T, Taylor WJ, Merriman TR. Relationship between serum urate concentration and clinically evident incident gout: an individual participant data analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:1048-1052. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesTo provide estimates of the cumulative incidence of gout according to baseline serum urate.MethodsUsing individual participant data from four publicly available cohorts (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study, and both the Original and Offspring cohorts of the Framingham Heart Study), the cumulative incidence of clinically evident gout was calculated according to baseline serum urate category. Cox proportional hazards modelling was used to evaluate the relation of baseline urate categories to risk of incident gout.ResultsThis analysis included 18 889 participants who were gout-free at baseline, with mean (SD) 11.2 (4.2) years and 212 363 total patient-years of follow-up. The cumulative incidence at each time point varied according to baseline serum urate concentrations, with 15-year cumulative incidence (95% CI) ranging from 1.1% (0.9 to 1.4) for <6 mg/dL to 49% (31 to 67) for ≥10 mg/dL. Compared with baseline serum urate <6 mg/dL, the adjusted HR for baseline serum urate 6.0–6.9 mg/dL was 2.7, for 7.0–7.9 mg/dL was 6.6, for 8.0–8.9 mg/dL was 15, for 9.0–9.9 mg/dL was 30, and for ≥10 mg/dL was 64.ConclusionsSerum urate level is a strong non-linear concentration-dependent predictor of incident gout. Nonetheless, only about half of those with serum urate concentrations ≥10mg/dL develop clinically evident gout over 15 years, implying a role for prolonged hyperuricaemia and additional factors in the pathogenesis of gout.
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Martin RA, Graham FP, Taylor WJ, Levack WMM. Mechanisms of Change for Children Participating in Therapeutic Horse Riding: A Grounded Theory. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2018; 38:510-526. [PMID: 29236556 DOI: 10.1080/01942638.2017.1400492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop a model for understanding mechanisms of change in health outcomes for riders with disabilities participating in therapeutic horse riding (THR). METHODS Using grounded theory methods we collected and analyzed data from interviews with 16 child riders and 18 caregivers, teachers and primary therapists, and from participant-observation during THR sessions. RESULTS The central concept underpinning the model illustrating mechanisms of change was "gaining the tools to go on." Riders' experiences suggested the THR landscape (i.e., "where the tools are gathered") allowed for an expanded range of experiences in which riders could participate. Riders experienced an expansion of self-concept by learning to move, succeed, connect, and adapt (i.e., "the tools gathered") within the THR landscape. Riders then iteratively translated an expanded view of self into other environments, reflecting "how and where the tools are used." CONCLUSION Findings suggest that positive changes in health arise from riders' experiences of learning and agency within the THR therapeutic landscape, and from the influence of these experiences on a child's developing self-concept. This article considers the wider impact of THR on children's health, beyond a focus on changes in physical outcomes.
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Stamp LK, Morillon MB, Taylor WJ, Dalbeth N, Singh JA, Lassere M, Christensen R. Variability in the Reporting of Serum Urate and Flares in Gout Clinical Trials: Need for Minimum Reporting Requirements. J Rheumatol 2017; 45:419-424. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.170911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective.To describe the ways in which serum urate (SU) and gout flares are reported in clinical trials, and to propose minimum reporting requirements.Methods.This analysis was done as part of a systematic review aiming to validate SU as a biomarker for gout. The ways in which SU and flares were reported were extracted from each study by 2 reviewers.Results.A total of 22 studies (10 randomized controlled trials, 3 open-label extension studies, and 9 observational studies) were identified. There were 3 broad categories of SU reporting: percentage at target SU, mean SU, and change in SU. A median of 2 (range 1–3) categories were reported across all studies. The most common method of reporting SU was percentage at target in 17/22 (77.3%) studies, with all studies reporting a target of SU < 6 mg/dl. There were 12/22 (54.5%) studies reporting mean SU at some time after study entry, with 7 (58.3%) of these reporting at more than just the final study visit. Two ways of reporting gout flares were identified: mean flare rate and percentage of participants with flares. There was variability in time periods over which flares rates were reported.Conclusion.There is inconsistent reporting of SU and flares in gout studies. Reporting the percentage of participants who achieve a target SU reflects international treatment guidelines. SU should also be reported as a continuous variable with a relevant central and dispersion estimate. Gout flares should be reported as both percentage of participants and mean flare rates at each timepoint.
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Tatlock S, Rüdell K, Panter C, Arbuckle R, Harrold LR, Taylor WJ, Symonds T. What Outcomes are Important for Gout Patients? In-Depth Qualitative Research into the Gout Patient Experience to Determine Optimal Endpoints for Evaluating Therapeutic Interventions. PATIENT-PATIENT CENTERED OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2017; 10:65-79. [PMID: 27384670 PMCID: PMC5250642 DOI: 10.1007/s40271-016-0184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Characterized by sudden onset of severe joint pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness to touch, gout ‘flare ups’ have a substantial impact on quality of life (QoL). This research employed a patient-centered approach to explore the symptoms and impacts of gout, and assess the content validity of existing patient-reported outcomes (PROs). Methods Qualitative interviews were conducted with 30 US gout patients (non-tophaceous: n = 20, tophaceous: n = 10) and five expert rheumatologists. Each interview included both concept elicitation (CE) questioning to learn about the patient experience and cognitive debriefing to assess the content validity of three PRO instruments (HAQ-DI, GAQ, and TIQ-20). Nine of the patients provided further real-time qualitative data through a smart phone application. All qualitative data were subject to thematic analysis using Atlas.ti. Two patient advisors and three expert clinicians were engaged as advisors at key stages throughout the research. Results Interview and real-time data identified the same core symptoms and proximal impact concepts. Severe pain (typically in joints of extremities) was described as the cardinal symptom, often accompanied by swelling, redness, heat, sensitivity to touch, and stiffness. Domains of QoL impacted included physical functioning, sleep, daily activities, and work. The PRO instruments were generally well-understood by patients, but each included items with questionable relevance to at least some of the sample, dependent on the specific joints affected. Conclusions Gout patients experience severe pain in affected joints, resulting in substantial limitations in physical functioning. Both the HAQ-DI and the TIQ-20 are useful for specific research purposes in the gout population, although modifications are recommended. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40271-016-0184-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Nielsen SM, Bartels EM, Henriksen M, Wæhrens EE, Gudbergsen H, Bliddal H, Astrup A, Knop FK, Carmona L, Taylor WJ, Singh JA, Perez-Ruiz F, Kristensen LE, Christensen R. Weight loss for overweight and obese individuals with gout: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76:1870-1882. [PMID: 28866649 PMCID: PMC5705854 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Weight loss is commonly recommended for gout, but the magnitude of the effect has not been evaluated in a systematic review. The aim of this systematic review was to determine benefits and harms associated with weight loss in overweight and obese patients with gout. METHODS We searched six databases for longitudinal studies, reporting the effect of weight loss in overweight/obese gout patients. Risk of bias was assessed using the tool Risk of Bias in Non-Randomised Studies of Interventions. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. RESULTS From 3991 potentially eligible studies, 10 were included (including one randomised trial). Interventions included diet with/without physical activity, bariatric surgery, diuretics, metformin or no intervention. Mean weight losses ranged from 3 kg to 34 kg. Clinical heterogeneity in study characteristics precluded meta-analysis. The effect on serum uric acid (sUA) ranged from -168 to 30 μmol/L, and 0%-60% patients achieving sUA target (<360 μmol/L). Six out of eight studies (75%) showed beneficial effects on gout attacks. Two studies indicated dose-response relationship for sUA, achieving sUA target and gout attacks. At short term, temporary increased sUA and gout attacks tended to occur after bariatric surgery. CONCLUSIONS The available evidence is in favour of weight loss for overweight/obese gout patients, with low, moderate and low quality of evidence for effects on sUA, achieving sUA target and gout attacks, respectively. At short term, unfavourable effects may occur. Since the current evidence consists of a few studies (mostly observational) of low methodological quality, there is an urgent need to initiate rigorous prospective studies (preferably randomised controlled trials). SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO, CRD42016037937.
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