Pharmaceutical evaluation of hollow type suppositories. V. Preparation of valproic acid suppository and rectal absorption of valproic acid in rabbits

Seven kinds of suppositories were constructed with oleaginous base materials (Witepsol H-15 (H-15) and E-85 (E-85]: a conventional type suppository containing valproic acid (VPA) mixed with E-85 (I), a conventional type suppository containing sodium salt of VPA (sodium valproate) (S-VPA) mixed with H-15 (II), hollow type suppositories containing VPA in the forms of oily liquid (free acid) (III), macrogol 1000 or 6000 mixture (IV or V), powder (S-VPA) (VI) and aqueous solution (S-VPA was dissolved in 0.9% NaCl solution) (VII) in each cavity. The content of VPA in type I was decreased considerably by volatility and type II was found to be hygroscopic. Therefore conventional type suppositories containing VPA or S-VPA were not of practical use, whereas III and VI prevented volatility of VPA and minimized the hygroscopic property of S-VPA. Plasma concentration of VPA was measured in rabbits after rectal administrations of III, IV, VI and VII. By using VI, the highest values of the mean of the peak plasma VPA concentration (Cmax) (49.8 +/- 2.6 micrograms/ml) and the mean of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) (90.0 +/- 3.7 h X micrograms/ml) were obtained. The Cmax and the AUC estimated after administration of VII were not significantly different from those of VI. The Cmax and the AUC were lower with III than with IV, VI or VII but the extent of bioavailability (EBA) of III was about 80%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adjuvant activity of chitin derivatives in mice and guinea-pigs

Adjuvant activity of chitin derivatives was examined in guinea-pigs and mice. Among derivatives of chitin tested, 30 and 70% deacetylated chitin (DAC-30 and DAC-70), were active as adjuvants for the circulating-antibody formation to bacterial alpha-amylase and for the induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to azobenzenearsonate-N-acetyl-L-tyrosine. DAC-70 enhanced the helper T cell function, the generation of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and the activity of natural killer cells in mice, however, it was inactive as mitogen. Other derivatives of chitin showed weaker or no adjuvant activity compared with DAC-70. Carboxymethyl-, hydroxyethyl and dihydroxypropyl-chitin showed weak mitogenic activities on normal spleen cells.

[The therapeutic effects of aspoxicillin on various infectious diseases in children]

Clinical application to ascertain the effects of aspoxicillin (ASPC), a new semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic, upon several infectious diseases of children was performed in 7 cases with pneumonia, 5 cases with acute bronchitis, each case with tonsillitis, enterocolitis, urinary tract infection and suspected sepsis. ASPC was injected by drip infusion and the dosage was 63-117 mg/kg/day in 3 and 4 times a day. Clinical efficacy obtained as "excellent" was in 7 cases, "good" in 8 cases "poor" in 1 case, and efficacy rate was 93.8%. From the bacteriological point of view, eliminated in each of H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, group A beta-Streptococcus and unchanged in a case of E. coli. There were transient thrombocytopenia in 2 cases and eosinophilia in 3 cases.

[Therapeutic effects of cefminox in the treatment of various infections of infants and children]

The therapeutic effects of cefminox (CMNX, MT-141), a new synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic, were examined in the treatment of various pediatric infections. Patients treated were infants and children ranging from 12 days after birth to 12 years old suffering from bronchopneumonia in 10 cases, urinary tract infection in 6 cases, pharyngitis in 2 cases, cervical lymphadenitis in 2 cases, suppurative meningitis, cervical abscess, mastoiditis, peritonitis, bronchitis in 1 case each, total of 25 cases. As regards method of administration, CMNX from a vial was dissolved in physiological saline or distilled water for injection, and the solution was administered by 3 to 5 minutes one shot intravenous injection (15 cases), or CMNX was diluted with large volume parenteral product and administered by 30 to 60 minutes drip infusion (10 cases). The dosage of the drug was 21.3 to 165.5 mg/kg/day. The administration was continued for 3 to 13 days except 1 case. As regards clinical efficacy, good or excellent results were obtained in all cases except 3 cases, 1 case was urinary tract infection with cerebral palsy and vesicoureteral reflux, and 1 case was bronchopneumonia with Down syndrome and endocardial cushion defect, the other was suppurative meningitis. Total effective rate was 88%. No clinical side effects nor abnormal laboratory findings obviously attributable to CMNX were observed.

[Therapeutic effects of an ampicillin suppository KS-R1) on infections in children]

Clinical and bacteriological effects of ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) were determined in 9 cases with urinary tract infection and 13 cases with upper respiratory tract infection in children. Clinical effects were excellent in 1 case, good in 18 cases, fair in 2 cases and poor in 1 case. Bacteriological effects were eradication in 6 cases, decrease in 1 case, persistance in 3 cases and replacement in 1 case among 11 cases which were measured the pathogens before and after treatment. As to the side effects, one patient showed watery diarrhea, and another one showed the elevation of GOT. KS-R1 is considered to be a useful drug for the treatment of infection in children both clinically and bacteriologically.

[Clinical efficacy of T-1982 (cefbuperazone) for infections of children]

T-1982 (cefbuperazone) was given at a daily dose of 42-80 mg/kg to 7 children with bacterial infections; 3 with bacterial intestinitis, 1 with bronchitis, 1 with tonsillitis and 2 with urinary tract infections. Clinical effectiveness was obtained in 6 cases, and the rate was 85.7%. Bacteriological responses were "disappeared" in 4 cases, "decreased" in 1 case and "unknown" in 2 cases. No noticeable side effects were observed except elevation of eosinophil in 1 case.