Factors influencing the development of Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney (MCDK) following urinary tract obstruction in the fetal lamb

BACKGROUND

Creating obstructive uropathy (OU) during glomerulogenesis in the fetal lamb results in multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) at term. We explored this using immunohistochemical techniques.

METHOD

OU was created in fetal lambs at 60-day gestation, ligating the urethra and urachus. The kidneys of MCDK lambs, 60-day gestation fetal lambs, full-term lamb (145 days), term sham-operated lambs, and adult ewes were evaluated by HE staining, and immunohistochemistry with paired box genes 2 (PAX2) and CD10.

RESULTS

Multiple cysts were found in the MCDK model. CD10 was expressed in proximal tubular epithelial cells, glomerular epithelial cells, and medullary stromal cells in the kidneys of 60-day gestation fetal lambs and full-term lambs and adult ewes. PAX2 expression was found in ureteric buds, C- and S-shaped bodies, epithelial cells of collecting ducts, and Bowman's capsule of fetal kidneys at 60-day gestation, but only in the collecting ducts of full-term fetal lambs and adult ewes. Both CD10 and PAX2 were expressed in the cystic epithelial cells of the MCDK model.

DISCUSSION

PAX2 expression in cystic epithelial cells suggests that cyst formation is associated with disturbed down-regulation of PAX2 in the nephrogenic zone epithelial cells during the renal development in the OU model.

Cytological findings of metastatic poorly differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma to Virchow's node with immunohistochemical positivity for CD10 and negativity for PSA

Metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma (PAC) to the left supraclavicular lymph node is extremely rare. We report a case of metastasis of PAC to the left supraclavicular lymph node (known as Virchow's node), focusing on both cytological and immunohistochemical findings. The patient was a 72-year-old Japanese man who was referred to our hospital after initially noticing a lump in the left supraclavicular lymph node 3 months previously. CT revealed multiple swollen lymph nodes in the left supraclavicular fossa, left axilla, abdominal aorta and the bilateral internal and external iliac arteries, but the primary site was not identified. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was performed, revealing a large sheet of cohesive tumor cells with indistinct cell borders, a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, granular cytoplasm, eccentric oval to round nuclei, and enlarged prominent nucleoli. Immunohistochemical examination of cell block sections revealed that the tumor cells were positive for CK AE1/AE3 and CD10 and negative for PSA. Since additional immunohistochemistry revealed that tumor cells were diffusely positive for both NKX3.1 and PSMA, the cytological diagnosis was suspected metastatic PAC. PET CT and MRI suggested the high probability of PAC. Prostate core biopsy was performed and a histological diagnosis of poorly differentiated PAC was made (Gleason score 9 = 5 + 4). The patient started therapy for PAC and the tumors were observed to have shrunk at the 1-year follow-up evaluation. Familiarity with and recognition of the characteristic cytopathological findings of metastasis of PAC to Virchow's node are important for making a correct diagnosis.

Targeting CD10 on B-Cell Leukemia Using the Universal CAR T-Cell Platform (UniCAR)

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T-cells are without a doubt a breakthrough therapy for hematological malignancies. Despite their success, clinical experience has revealed several challenges, which include relapse after targeting single antigens such as CD19 in the case of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), and the occurrence of side effects that could be severe in some cases. Therefore, it became clear that improved safety approaches, and targeting multiple antigens, should be considered to further improve CAR T-cell therapy for B-ALL. In this paper, we address both issues by investigating the use of CD10 as a therapeutic target for B-ALL with our switchable UniCAR system. The UniCAR platform is a modular platform that depends on the presence of two elements to function. These include UniCAR T-cells and the target modules (TMs), which cross-link the T-cells to their respective targets on tumor cells. The TMs function as keys that control the switchability of UniCAR T-cells. Here, we demonstrate that UniCAR T-cells, armed with anti-CD10 TM, can efficiently kill B-ALL cell lines, as well as patient-derived B-ALL blasts, thereby highlighting the exciting possibility for using CD10 as an emerging therapeutic target for B-cell malignancies.

A Defucosylated Mouse Anti-CD10 Monoclonal Antibody (31-mG2a-f) Exerts Antitumor Activity in a Mouse Xenograft Model of CD10-Overexpressed Tumors

CD10 is a glycosylated transmembrane protein and is known as a membrane endopeptidase. It is expressed on predifferentiated lymphocyte progenitor, epithelial, stromal, and tumor cells. Therefore, antibodies against CD10 are used for diagnosing follicular lymphoma and solid tumors, including renal carcinomas. In this study, we developed an anti-human CD10 monoclonal antibody, clone C₁₀Mab-31 (IgG₁, kappa), which detects CD10 by flow cytometry and shows high affinity for CD10-overexpressed CHO-K1 (CHO/CD10) cells. Furthermore, the defucosylated mouse IgG_2a version of C₁₀Mab-31 (31-mG_2a-f) exhibits antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and antitumor activities in mouse xenografts of CHO/CD10 cells. These results indicate that 31-mG_2a-f exerts antitumor effects against CD10-expressing tumors and could be valuable as part of an antibody treatment regimen for them.

CD10 and Das1: a biomarker study using immunohistochemistry to subtype gastric intestinal metaplasia

Background

Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is considered a key pivot point in the Correa model of gastric cancer (GC). It is histologically subtyped into the complete and incomplete subtypes, the latter being associated with a greater risk of progression. However, the clinical utility of IM subtyping remains unclear, partially due to the absence of reliable defining biomarkers.

Methods

Based on gene expression data and existing literature, we selected CD10 and Das1 as candidate biomarkers to distinguish complete and incomplete IM glands in tissues from patients without GC (IM-GC) and patients with GC (IM + GC). Immunohistochemical staining of individually subtyped IM glands was scored after blinding by two researchers using tissue belonging to both IM-GC and IM + GC patients. Whole tissue Das1 staining was further assessed using digital image quantification (cellSens Dimension, Olympus).

Results

Across both cohorts CD10 stained the IM brush border and was shown to have a high sensitivity (87.5% and 94.9% in IM-GC and IM + GC patients respectively) and specificity (100.0% and 96.7% respectively) with an overall AUROC of 0.944 for complete IM glands. By contrast Das1 stained mainly goblet cells and the apical membrane of epithelial cells, mostly of incomplete IM glands with a low sensitivity (28.6% and 29.3% in IM-GC and IM + GC patients respectively) but high specificity (98.3% and 85.1% respectively) and an overall AUROC of 0.603 for incomplete IM glands. A combined logistic regression model showed a significant increase in AUROC for detecting complete IM glands (0.955 vs 0.970). Whole tissue digital quantification of Das1 staining showed a significant association with incomplete IM compared to complete IM, both in IM-GC and in IM + GC patients (p = 0.016 and p = 0.009 respectively, Mann–Whitney test and unpaired t test used). Additionally, complete IM in IM + GC patients exhibited significantly more Das1 staining than in IM-GC patients (p = 0.019, Mann–Whitney test).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that CD10 is an outstanding biomarker for complete IM and Das1 may be useful as a secondary biomarker for IM glands at greater risk of progression irrespective of IM subtype. Overall, the clinical use of these biomarkers could lead to improved patient stratification and targeted surveillance.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12876-022-02268-z.

Epitope Mapping of an Anti-CD10 Monoclonal Antibody (MME/1870) Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

CD10 is a glycosylated transmembrane protein and is known as a membrane endopeptidase. CD10 is expressed on predifferentiated lymphocyte progenitor, epithelial, stromal, and tumor cells. Antibodies against CD10 are used for the diagnosis of follicular lymphoma. Anti-human CD10 monoclonal antibody (clone MME/1870) can be used for Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses. This study examined the critical epitope of MME/1870 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with synthesized peptides. First, we performed ELISA with deletion mutants, and MME/1870 reacted to the 501-520 amino acid sequence of CD10. Next, we analyzed the reaction to 20 point mutants, and MME/1870 did not recognize the alanine-substituted peptides of Y507A, I511A, I512A, and L515A. These results indicate that the binding epitope of MME/1870 includes Tyr507, Ile511, Ile512, and Leu515 of CD10.

Two distinct subsets of LDGs (low density granulocytes) in ANCA-associated vasculitis

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is an autoimmune disorder that causes vasculitis in small blood vessels throughout the body. Low-density granulocytes (LDGs) in autoimmune diseases, such as SLE and AAV, might play a critical role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Here, we aimed to determine the characteristics of LDGs in patients with AAV. We assessed the number of whole white blood cells, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) productivity, proportion of cell surface markers (e.g. CD10), responses to immunosuppressants, and proteomics of LDGs in patients with AAV.

RESULTS

We found more LDGs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with AAV than PBMCs of healthy controls (HCs) and confirmed that these LDGs in AAV produced more NETs than normal density granulocytes (NDGs) in HCs. We identified CD10-positive LDGs with mature neutrophil features and CD10-negative LDGs with immature granulocyte properties; the proportion of the two LDG types decreased and increased, respectively, in the patients during treatment. Proteomic analysis revealed that the two LDG groups shared protein expression that differed from those of NDGs.

CONCLUSION

We identified distinct CD10-positive and CD10-negative LDGs in patients with AAV. The roles of these LDGs in AAV pathology will require further investigation.

Neutrophil Activation/Maturation Markers in Chronic Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

BACKGROUND

Neutrophils are critically involved in the immune response. Inflammatory stimuli alter the expression status of their surface molecule toolset, while inflammation-stimulated granulopoiesis might also influence their maturation status. Data on neutrophil status in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are scarce. The present study aims to evaluate the role of neutrophil CD11b, CD66b and CD64 expression in HFrEF.

METHODS

A total of 135 HFrEF patients and 43 controls were recruited. Mean fluorescence intensity of the activation/maturation markers CD11b, CD66b and CD64 was measured on neutrophils by flow cytometry. CD10 (neprilysin) expression was simultaneously determined.

RESULTS

Neutrophil CD64 expression was higher in HFrEF compared with controls, while CD11b/CD66b levels were similar. Neutrophil CD11b and CD66b showed a significant direct correlation to neutrophil CD10 expression (rs = 0.573, p < 0.001 and rs = 0.184, p = 0.033). Neutrophil CD11b and CD66b correlated inversely with heart failure severity reflected by NT-proBNP and NYHA class (NT-proBNP: rs = -0.243, p = 0.005 and rs = -0.250, p = 0.004; NYHA class: p = 0.032 and p = 0.055), whereas no association for CD64 could be found. Outcome analysis did not reveal a significant association between the expression of CD11b, CD66b and CD64 and all-cause mortality (p = ns).

CONCLUSIONS

The results underline the potential role of neutrophils in HFrEF disease pathophysiology and risk stratification and should stimulate further research, characterizing subpopulations of neutrophils and searching for key molecules involved in the downward spiral of inflammation and heart failure.

Clinical and biological features of mantle cell lymphoma patients with co-expression of CD10 and BCL-6: a retrospective study

Background

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) with co-expression of CD10 and BCL-6 was scarcely reported, and its biological features were largely remained unknown. Thus, this study aimed to describe the clinical and biological features, as well as outcome of MCL patients with co-expression of CD10 and BCL-6.

Methods

A total of 104 cases of MCL who were admitted to our hospital between January 2011 and October 2018 were recruited. Those patients were diagnosed according to the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification system for tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, in compliance with the results of cytomorphology and immunohistochemical analysis. Patients were followed up through telephone interviews, medical records. Differences in age, gender, leukocyte count, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, beta-2 microglobulin (β2-MG) level and results of immunohistochemistry were analyzed. Then the event-free survival (EFS) rate and overall survival (OS) rate were performed by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test.

Results

The results showed that, in total, 5 patients had superficial lymph node enlargement, 2 patients suffered from abdominal discomfort, and 1 patient’s red blood cell (RBC) count was abnormal at the time of diagnosis. All patients were in stage IV, 75% had bone marrow involvement, and 75% and 100% of patients had elevated levels of LDH and β2-MG, respectively. Three classic genes and five variants were involved in the 8 patients. MCL patients with the co-expression of CD10 and BCL-6 had higher Ki-67 index, white blood cell (WBC) count, LDH level, and β2-MG level than those of without co-expression of CD10 and BCL-6 (P=0.025, 0.038, 0.015, and 0.021, respectively). Besides, MCL patients with CD10 and BCL-6 co-expression had shorter OS and EFS (χ²=6.401 and 5.975; P=0.011 and 0.015, respectively), indicating patients’ susceptibility to get complex karyotype and TP53 abnormality.

Conclusions

MCL patients with co-expression of CD10 and BCL-6 were more likely to have bone marrow involvement, higher Ki-67 index, increased WBC count, and elevated levels of LDH and β2-MG at the time of diagnosis, then might has complex cytogenetic and poor prognosis.

Clinical utility of the CD10+/HLA-DR+ population in bone marrow mononuclear cells from adults with immune thrombocytopenia

Several patients with immune thrombocytopenia show good clinical courses without any major complications. However, severe bleeding complications, such as hemoptysis, gastrointestinal bleeding, and intracranial hemorrhages, are occasionally observed in some patients associated with marked thrombocytopenia; this results in 1.5-fold higher mortality for such patients compared with the general population. We report here the cases of two patients with immune thrombocytopenia whose bone marrow included a prominent cluster of differentiation (CD)10+/ human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR+ population and showed good response to steroid therapy. Conversely, two other patients without a CD10+/HLA-DR+ population were refractory to steroids, and one of them had a serious course. Retrospective examination of 30 patients with severe immune thrombocytopenia revealed that they had a higher percentage of CD10+/HLA-DR+ cells compared with patients with other benign hematological diseases. As differential diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia and aplastic anemia with severe thrombocytopenia is often difficult, it may be helpful to understand whether CD10+/HLA-DR+ cells are increased. We also show the possible correlation of resistance to steroid therapy and lower percentages of CD10+/HLA-DR+ cells. It has been reported that nonresponsiveness to steroid treatment was a high risk factor for intracranial hemorrhage. Lower percentages of CD10+/HLA-DR+ cells may be a useful tool to identify patients with immune thrombocytopenia at a high risk of serious bleeding complications.

Evaluation of CD10 expression as a diagnostic marker for colorectal cancer

Aim

We aimed to determine the potential of CD10 as a marker for the early diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the colon.

Background

Adenocarcinoma is diagnosed in one out of 20 individuals in the USA and western European countries. Its prognosis and treatment depend largely on the severity of the disease at the time of diagnosis. Additional new biological markers are being sought that can help diagnose colon cancer at an early stage. One such marker present in both serum and tumor tissue is CD10.

Methods

CD10 concentrations were tested by ELISA and immunohistochemistry in serum and tissue samples, respectively, from 113 patients diagnosed histopathologically and treated for adenocarcinoma of the colon. Additionally, the ROC curve with optimal cut-off point based on Youden's criterion was calculated for CD10.

Results

Serum concentrations of CD10 and its tissue expression in patients diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the colon correlate with cancer staging based on the Astler-Coller-Dukes classification. To ascertain the optimal cut-off point for CD10 as a predictor of belonging to the study group, ROC curve was prepared for CD10. Optimal cut-off point for CD10 was 0.57, with prediction of belonging to the study group for CD10 ≥ 0.57.

Conclusion

CD10 can be a useful marker in the early diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the colon.

Relationship between Immunophenotype and Clinicopathological Findings for Superficial Nonampullary Duodenal Epithelial Tumor

INTRODUCTION

The natural history and prognosis of superficial nonampullary duodenal epithelial tumors (SNADETs) remain uncertain. We elucidated the relationship between immunophenotype and clinicopathological features.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 98 SNADETs were divided into 3 groups according to immunohistochemical findings: gastric phenotype (G type), gastrointestinal phenotype (GI type), and intestinal phenotype (I type). Cellular dysplasia was divided into low-grade dysplasia and high-grade dysplasia/adenocarcinoma (≥HGD). White opaque substance (WOS) deposition was categorized into diffuse WOS, partial WOS, and no WOS, based on endoscopic findings.

RESULTS

Of the 98 SNADETs, 4 lesions (4.1%) were G type, 32 lesions (32.7%) were GI type, and 62 lesions (63.2%) were I type. All G-type SNADETs were located in the oral side of the papilla including the bulb, and the rate of bulbar lesions was significantly higher in the G type than in the GI and I types (p = 0.004). The most frequent type of WOS was no WOS (4/4, 100%) for G type, partial WOS (19/32, 59.4%) for GI type, and diffuse WOS (34/62, 54.8%) for I type (p < 0.001), and loss of intestinal character was significantly correlated with WOS deficiency. GI/I-type SNADETs with partial or no WOS and G-type SNADETs were associated with ≥HGD. Additionally, the frequency of ≥HGD lesion was significantly higher in the CD10-negative group than in the CD10-positive group (57.1 vs. 19.8%, p = 0.043).

CONCLUSION

Pathological intestinal character was correlated with the presence of WOS, and CD10 loss was associated with malignant potential of SNADETs.

Relevance of Neutrophil Neprilysin in Heart Failure

Significant expression of neprilysin (NEP) is found on neutrophils, which present the transmembrane integer form of the enzyme. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of neutrophil transmembrane neprilysin (mNEP) with disease severity, adverse remodeling, and outcome in HFrEF. In total, 228 HFrEF, 30 HFpEF patients, and 43 controls were enrolled. Neutrophil mNEP was measured by flow-cytometry. NEP activity in plasma and blood cells was determined for a subset of HFrEF patients using mass-spectrometry. Heart failure (HF) was characterized by reduced neutrophil mNEP compared to controls (p < 0.01). NEP activity on peripheral blood cells was almost 4-fold higher compared to plasma NEP activity (p = 0.031) and correlated with neutrophil mNEP (p = 0.006). Lower neutrophil mNEP was associated with increasing disease severity and markers of adverse remodeling. Higher neutrophil mNEP was associated with reduced risk for mortality, total cardiovascular hospitalizations, and the composite endpoint of both (p < 0.01 for all). This is the first report describing a significant role of neutrophil mNEP in HFrEF. The biological relevance of neutrophil mNEP and exact effects of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ARNi) at the neutrophil site have to be determined. However, the results may suggest early initiation of ARNi already in less severe HF disease, where effects of NEP inhibition may be more pronounced.

Superiority of sucrase-isomaltase to CD10 for immunohistochemical detection of intestinal absorptive cell phenotype in differentiated-type gastric adenocarcinoma

Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) can be divided immunophenotypically into gastric, intestinal, or mixed gastric and intestinal phenotypes. Cadherin 17 (CDH17) and CD10 have been used as comprehensive markers for intestinal epithelial cells and for small intestinal absorptive cells in GACs, respectively. Sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and CD10 are expressed in small intestinal absorptive cells and SI is more frequently expressed than CD10 in gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of SI as a marker for intestinal absorptive cells compared to CD10 in differentiated-type (DT) GACs. We compared the immunohistochemical expression of CDH17, SI, and CD10 in IMs and tissue microarrays of 40 samples of DTGACs. In IMs and DTGACs, CDH17 showed a diffuse lateral cytoplasmic membrane staining both in columnar and goblet cells. SI and CD10 were expressed on the luminal surfaces of the columnar cells. In IMs, SI was positive both in both complete-type IMs and in incomplete-type IMs. CD10 was positive only in complete-type IMs. In DTGACs, CDH17, SI, and CD 10 were positive in 37 (92.5%), 22 (55%), and 11 (27.5%) cases, respectively. In SI-positive cases, the degrees of expression of SI were equal to (7 cases) or less than (15 cases) those of CDH17; the degrees of expression of SI were equal to (5 cases), more than (16 cases), or less than (1 case) those of CD10. In conclusion, SI is a more sensitive immunohistochemical marker for intestinal absorptive cells than CD10 in DTGACs.

A CD10-OGP Membrane Peptolytic Signaling Axis in Fibroblasts Regulates Lipid Metabolism of Cancer Stem Cells via SCD1

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) consist of heterogeneous subpopulations that play a critical role in the dynamics of the tumor microenvironment. The extracellular signals of CAFs have been attributed to the extracellular matrix, cytokines, cell surface checkpoints, and exosomes. In the present study, it is demonstrated that the CD10 transmembrane hydrolase expressed on a subset of CAFs supports tumor stemness and induces chemoresistance. Mechanistically, CD10 degenerates an antitumoral peptide termed osteogenic growth peptide (OGP). OGP restrains the expression of rate-limiting desaturase SCD1 and inhibits lipid desaturation, which is required for cancer stem cells (CSCs). Targeting CD10 significantly improves the efficacy of chemotherapy in vivo. Clinically, CD10-OGP signals are associated with the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. The collective data suggest that a nexus between the niche and lipid metabolism in CSCs is a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer.

IFITM1, CD10, SMA, and h-caldesmon as a helpful combination in differential diagnosis between endometrial stromal tumor and cellular leiomyoma

Background

The differential diagnosis of endometrial stromal tumor (EST) and uterine cellular leiomyoma (CL) remains a challenge in clinical practice, especially low grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) and CL, suggesting the need for novel immunomarkers panels for differential diagnosis. Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) is a novel immunomarker for endometrial stromal cells, h-caldesmon is an immunomarker for smooth muscle cells and has a higher specificity than smooth muscle actin (SMA). So this study aimed to evaluate whether IFITM1, cluster of differentiation 10(CD10), SMA, and h-caldesmon are useful biomarker combinations for the differential diagnosis of EST and CL.

Methods

Tissue microarrays were used to detect IFITM1, CD10, SMA, and h-caldesmon immunohistochemical staining in 30 EST and 33 CL cases.

Results

The expressions of IFITM1 and CD10 were high in EST (86.7 and 63.3%, respectively) but low in CL (18.2 and 21.2%), whereas those of h-caldesmon and SMA were high in CL (87.9 and 100%) and low in EST (6.9 and 40%). In diagnosing EST, IFITM1 shows better sensitivity and specificity (86.7 and 81.8%, respectively) than CD10 (63.3 and 78.8%). The specificity of h-caldesmon in diagnosing CL was significantly higher (93.1%) than that of SMA (60%). When all four antibodies were combined for the differential diagnosis, the area-under-the-curve (AUC) predictive value was 0.995. The best combination for diagnosing EST was IFITM1 (+) or CD10 (+) and h-caldesmon (−) (sensitivity 86.7%, specificity 93.9%).

Conclusion

The best combination for diagnosing CL were h-caldesmon (+) and SMA (+) (sensitivity 87.9%, specificity 100%). IFITM1, CD10, SMA, and h-caldesmon are a good combination for the differential diagnosis of EST and CL.

Expression of CD10 in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and its correlation with histopathological grade, pathological stage, and survival of patients

Background

CD10 plays a role in signal transduction pathway and regulation of cell growth apoptosis, and therefore, it has been evaluated in different malignancies. The present study was conducted to study the immunoexpression of CD10 in urothelial carcinoma and to correlate it with histological grade, pathological stage, and survival of patients.

Materials and Methods

The study included 51 cases of urothelial carcinoma diagnosed on histopathology along with 50 controls having nonneoplastic urothelium. All the cases and controls were subjected to CD10 immunostaining. The CD10 expression was compared between the cases and controls and was also correlated with histological grade, pathological stage, histomorphological features, and 1-year survival.

Results

The study included 78.4% of high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) and 21.6% of low-grade urothelial carcinoma. The positive score of CD10 expression was observed in 68.6% of cases, while 96% of controls observed negative immunostaining. About 90.9% of low-grade carcinoma observed score 0, while 83.7% of high grade observed positive score of 1 and 2. Although there was statistical significant difference between CD 10 score and stage of tumor, its expression did not correlate with 1-year survival of cases.

Conclusion

CD10 expression increases with the grade of tumor and thus may be helpful in differentiating low grade from HGUC. Its expression also increases with stage and poor prognostic factors suggesting its possible role in pathogenesis and progression of urothelial carcinoma. CD 10 may be further analyzed for molecular targeted therapy against urothelial carcinoma.

A Novel Mutation of the Membrane Metallo-Endopeptidase Gene Related to Late-Onset Hereditary Polyneuropathy: Case Report and Review of the Literature

The advent of next generation sequencing has revolutionized diagnostic approaches to hereditary polyneuropathies. Recently, mutations on the membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME) gene, encoding neprilysin, have been related to the development of late-onset Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2). Here, we report the first Greek patient presenting with a slowly progressive late-onset axonal polyneuropathy and a novel, likely pathogenic, heterozygous variant in the MME gene. In addition, we have performed a systematic review of all published case reports of patients with MME mutations. The results of the studies show that MME variants can be inherited as both fully penetrant autosomal-recessive and incompletely penetrant autosomal-dominant traits. A number of heterozygous variants characterized as incompletely penetrant impose an increased risk of developing a CMT2-like phenotype late in life, identical to the case study described here. Greater mutation numbers in different populations and mutation-specific functional studies will be essential to identify the pathogenicity and inheritance of more MME variants.

Expression of CD10 and CD15 in colorectal mucinous and signet ring adenocarcinomas and its relation to clinicopathological features and prognosis

BACKGROUND

CD10 and CD15 expression has been reported in several tumors. Whether CD10 and CD15 have a role in colorectal mucinous and signet ring adenocarcinoma (MSA) tumorigenesis is not yet known.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the role of CD10 and CD15 expression in mucinous colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence (ACS) and determine if there is any clinical and prognostic significance associated with their expression.

METHODS

Seventy-five cases of colorectal MSA, and 9 cases of adenoma samples were collected. Manual TMA blocks were constructed and immunohistochemistry for CD10 and CD15 was done.

RESULTS

Compared to adenomas, CD15 expression was significantly higher in MSA (p= 0.002), in contrast to CD10 expression. CD15 positivity was significantly associated with microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors (p= 0.018). The association between CD10 positivity and fungating tumor growth showed marginal significance. Unlike CD10, CD15 positivity showed significant association with overall survival of colorectal MSA patients.

CONCLUSIONS

CD15 expression seems to have a role in mucinous colorectal ACS, with significant impact on the survival of MSA patients. Further studies are suggested to identify any genetic alterations that may underlie a potential association with disease progression.

Markers of Follicular Helper T Cells Are Occasionally Expressed in T-Cell or Histiocyte-Rich Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma, and Atypical Paracortical HyperplasiaA Diagnostic Pitfall For T-Cell Lymphomas of T Follicular Helper Origin

OBJECTIVES

Follicular helper T cell (TFH) markers are expressed in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma of the TFH phenotype (PTCL-TFH). However, differential expression and coexpression of these markers in benign and other malignant lymphoid proliferations have not been well studied.

METHODS

We performed programmed death-1 (PD-1), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13), inducible costimulator (ICOS), CD10, and B-cell lymphoma 6 protein (BCL-6) immunohistochemistry on AITL, PTCL not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), PTCL-TFH, T-cell or histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma (THRLBCL), classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL), atypical paracortical hyperplasia (PCH), progressive transformation of germinal centers (PTGC), and reactive follicular hyperplasia (RFH).

RESULTS

CXCL13 and ICOS were more sensitive but less specific for AITL than PD-1, CD10, and BCL-6. Moreover, 74% of AITL (none of PTCL-NOS or PTCL-TFH) coexpressed more than 2 TFH markers. In background T cells of THRLBCL, 70% of cases coexpressed more than 1 marker. The background T cells of CHL expressed all TFH markers except CD10 in all cases. In addition, 13% of PCH cases coexpressed more than 1 marker. In RFH and PTGC, all markers were expressed mainly in germinal centers with rare extrafollicular staining.

CONCLUSIONS

AITL, PTCL-NOS, and PTCL-TFH show differential expression of TFH markers. AITL frequently coexpresses more than 2 TFH markers. TFH markers can be expressed in PCH and in background T cells of THRLBCL and CHL. Consequently, caution should be used before a diagnosis of AITL is established, particularly with limited samples.

Bone-forming perivascular cells: Cellular heterogeneity and use for tissue repair

Mesenchymal progenitor cells are broadly distributed across perivascular niches-an observation conserved between species. One common histologic zone with a high frequency of mesenchymal progenitor cells within mammalian tissues is the tunica adventitia, the outer layer of blood vessel walls populated by cells with a fibroblastic morphology. The diversity and functions of (re)generative cells present in this outermost perivascular niche are under intense investigation; we have reviewed herein our current knowledge of adventitial cell potential with a somewhat narrow focus on bone formation. Antigens of interest to functionally segregate adventicytes are discussed, including CD10, CD107a, aldehyde dehydrogenase isoforms, and CD140a among others. Purified adventicytes (such as CD10⁺ , CD107a^low , and CD140a⁺ cells) have stronger osteogenic potential and promote bone formation in vivo. Recent bone tissue engineering applications of adventitial cells are also presented. A better understanding of perivascular progenitor cell subsets may represent a beneficial advance for future efforts in tissue repair and bioengineering.

Evolution of a melanoma in situ to a sarcomatoid dedifferentiated melanoma

Sarcomatoid dedifferentiated melanoma (SDDM) is a recently recognized subtype of melanoma that stains diffusely for CD10 and lacks the expression of the usual melanocytic markers including S100, SOX10, MITF, and Melan A. Advances in next-generation DNA sequencing technology have facilitated the increased recognition of this rare, aggressive spindle cell melanoma. Herein, a case of relatively early lesion of SDDM arising in association with melanoma in situ is highlighted. A 72-year-old man with a history of previously treated melanoma in situ on the face five years prior presented with a new rapidly growing lesion within the scar of the treated site. A shave biopsy of the lesion revealed a centrally located 1.8-mm deep, poorly differentiated spindle cell neoplasm in association with an adjacent recurrent melanoma in situ. The spindle cell component stained diffusely for CD10, but failed to stain for S100, SOX10, and Melan-A while the melanoma in situ expressed all three melanocytic markers. Next-generation DNA sequencing assay revealed mutations in NF1, CDKN2A, TP53, and TSC1. A diagnosis of stage 2B SDDM arising in association with melanoma in situ was established based on the clinical context and genomic assay results.

Follicular lymphoma of the ocular adnexa: Clinicopathological findings with flow cytometry analysis of eight cases

PURPOSE

Flow cytometry (FCM) is used to evaluate cell surface markers of various leukocyte populations quantitatively. However, little is known about the usefulness of FCM in follicular lymphoma (FL) of the ocular adnexa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological features and FCM results in ocular adnexal FL.

MATERIALS

This is a retrospective multicenter case study on clinical and immunohistochemical features. All tumors, surgically excised, were diagnosed based on histopathology, immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement, and FCM. The percentages (%) of B-cell markers, T-cell markers, a natural killer cell marker, and cell surface kappa/lambda measured by FCM analysis in tumor tissues were searched based on medical records.

RESULTS

This study enrolled nine tumors in eight FL patients (three men and five women). The median age at the time of initial presentation was 74 years. All the tumors surgically excised histologically exhibited cluster of differentiation (CD)10, CD20, and BCL2-positive cells. At the time of ophthalmic diagnosis, lymphomas were already disseminated throughout the body in five cases. FCM demonstrated high percentage of B-cell markers including CD10, CD19, CD20, and CD23 in all nine tumors. CD10 population was 73.5% ± 11.9% in seven out of nine tumors, while that in the other two tumors was particularly low being 11.7% ± 1.13%, which showed the relatively high T-cell lineages compared to the other seven tumors.

CONCLUSION

For ophthalmologists involving managements of ocular adnexal tumors, FCM can provide useful information for complementing the diagnosis and understanding pathophysiology of FL.

SR-B1 and CD10 combined immunoprofile for differential diagnosis of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma and clear cell carcinoma of the ovary

Both clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) and clear cell carcinoma of the ovary (CCOC) have a clear cytoplasmic morphological feature, hence it is difficult to identify metastatic ccRCC and CCOC by morphology alone. At present, there are no effective immunohistochemical markers to distinguish between these two tumors. Studies have shown that the clear cytoplasm of ccRCC is mainly caused by cholesterol-rich lipids in the cytoplasm, while that of CCOC is due to the accumulation of cytoplasmic glycogen.

OBJECTIVE

to hypothesize that the scavenger receptor class B-type 1 (SR-B1) protein responsible for HDL cholesterol uptake may be differentially expressed in ccRCC and CCOC, and high CD10 expression in the renal tubular epithelium may assist in distinguishing between ccRCC and CCOC.

METHODS

effective immunohistochemical markers were applied in 90 cases of renal clear cell carcinoma and 31 cases of ovarian cancer to distinguish between the two types of tumors.

RESULT

SR-B1 and CD10 expression is significantly higher in ccRCC than CCOC. Both SR-B1 and CD10 exhibited focal weak-medium intensity staining in CCOC, and their staining extent and intensity were significantly lower than ccRCC. The sensitivity and specificity of SR-B1 for identifying ccRCC were 74.4% and 83.9%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of CD10 for identifying CCOC were 93.3% and 80.6%, respectively. The combined SR-B1( +) CD10( +) immunoprofile supports the diagnosis of ccRCC with a specificity of 93.5%. The combined SR-B1(-) CD10(-) immunoprofile supports the diagnosis of CCOC with a specificity of 93.3%.

CONCLUSIONS

our findings demonstrate that the combination of SR-B1 and CD10 immunoprofiling is a valuable tool for differential diagnosis of ccRCC and CCOC.

Low-density neutrophils in chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) are primarily immature CD10- and enhance T cell activation

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a frequent complication of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Low density neutrophils (LDNs) in autoimmunity, which shares disease features with cGVHD, are proinflammatory, whereas those in cancer and sepsis suppress T cell immunity. Mature LDNs can be distinguished from immature LDNs on the basis of expression of CD10 and suppressive neutrophils can be identified using lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) expression. The functionality of LDNs in cGVHD has not been specifically investigated. Here, we have determined the relative contribution of immature and mature neutrophils to LDNs in cGVHD and assessed whether these were suppressive or potentially proinflammatory. Peripheral blood LDNs and normal density neutrophils (NDNs) from 30 cGVHD patients and NDNs from 10 healthy controls (HCs) were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry. The ability of LDNs and NDNs to influence T cell proliferation and cytokine production in co-cultures was quantified. To further characterize LDNs, their propensity to undergo constitutive apoptosis and differentiate ex vivo was assessed. LDNs were elevated in cGVHD versus HCs, heterogeneous in phenotype, with a predominance of immature CD10^- cells in most patients, but some mature CD10⁺ LOX-1⁺ LDNs were also detected. LDNs enhanced autologous T cell proliferation, interleukin (IL)-6 and interferon (IFN)-γ production. LDN, but not NDN, CD10 expression was inversely correlated with LOX-1, which correlated with IL-6 production. LDNs resisted apoptosis and differentiated into antigen-presenting/neutrophil-hybrid-like cells, which co-expressed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II HLA-DR and immuno-inhibitory programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), but did not suppress T cell proliferation. These data suggest LDNs in cGVHD are predominantly immature, proinflammatory and may have pathogenic potential.