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Liang J, Zhang R, Chang J, Chen L, Nabi M, Zhang H, Zhang G, Zhang P. Rumen microbes, enzymes, metabolisms, and application in lignocellulosic waste conversion - A comprehensive review. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108308. [PMID: 38211664 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The rumen of ruminants is a natural anaerobic fermentation system that efficiently degrades lignocellulosic biomass and mainly depends on synergistic interactions between multiple microbes and their secreted enzymes. Ruminal microbes have been employed as biomass waste converters and are receiving increasing attention because of their degradation performance. To explore the application of ruminal microbes and their secreted enzymes in biomass waste, a comprehensive understanding of these processes is required. Based on the degradation capacity and mechanism of ruminal microbes and their secreted lignocellulose enzymes, this review concentrates on elucidating the main enzymatic strategies that ruminal microbes use for lignocellulose degradation, focusing mainly on polysaccharide metabolism-related gene loci and cellulosomes. Hydrolysis, acidification, methanogenesis, interspecific H2 transfer, and urea cycling in ruminal metabolism are also discussed. Finally, we review the research progress on the conversion of biomass waste into biofuels (bioethanol, biohydrogen, and biomethane) and value-added chemicals (organic acids) by ruminal microbes. This review aims to provide new ideas and methods for ruminal microbe and enzyme applications, biomass waste conversion, and global energy shortage alleviation.
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Luo L, Wei H, Kong D, Wan L, Jiang Y, Qin S, Suo Y. Efficient production of butyric acid from lignocellulosic biomass by revealing the mechanisms of Clostridium tyrobutyricum tolerance to phenolic inhibitors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 396:130427. [PMID: 38336212 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds (PCs) generated during pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass severely hinder the biorefinery by Clostridia. As a hyperbutyrate-producing strain, Clostridium tyrobutyricum has excellent tolerance to PCs, but its tolerance mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, a comprehensive transcriptome analysis was applied to elucidate the response of C. tyrobutyricum to four typical PCs. The findings revealed that the expression levels of genes associated with PC reduction, HSPs, and membrane transport were significantly altered under PC stress. Due to PCs being reduced to low-toxicity alcohols/acids by C. tyrobutyricum, enhancing the reduction of PCs by overexpressing reductase genes could enhance the strain's tolerance to PCs. Under 1.0 g/L p-coumaric acid stress, compared with the wild-type strain, ATCC 25755/sdr1 exhibited a 31.2 % increase in butyrate production and a 38.5 % increase in productivity. These insights contribute to the construction of PC-tolerant Clostridia, which holds promise for improving biofuel and chemical production from lignocellulosic biomass.
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Liang J, Zhang P, Chen L, Chang J, Zhang R, Zhang G, Tian Y. Effect of high corn straw loads on short-chain fatty acid production in semi-continuous rumen reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130396. [PMID: 38301941 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Ruminal microorganisms can efficiently hydrolyze biomass waste for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. However, the continuous SCFA production by ruminal microorganisms at high loads is unclear. In this study, the effectiveness of a rumen semi-continuous reactor at high load for SCFA production was explored. Results showed that SCFA concentration reached 13.3 g/L at 8 % (w/v) corn straw load. The higher the corn straw load, the lower the volatile solid removal. Rumen microbial community composition changed significantly with increasing corn straw load. A significant decrease in bacterial diversity and abundance was observed at 8 % corn straw load. Some core genera such as Prevotella, Saccharofermentans, and Ruminococcus significantly increased. As corn straw loads increased, the expression of functional genes related to hydrolysis and acidogenesis gradually increased. Thus, the 8.0 % load is suitable for SCFA production. These findings provide new insights into high load fermentation of ruminal microorganisms.
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Chon K, Mo Kim Y, Bae S. Advances in Fe-modified lignocellulosic biochar: Impact of iron species and characteristics on wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130332. [PMID: 38224787 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive feedstock for biochar production owing to its high abundance and renewability. Various modified biochars have been extensively studied for wastewater treatment to improve the physical and chemical properties of lignocellulosic biochar (L-BC). Particularly, Fe-modified L-BCs have garnered attention owing to the abundance and eco-friendliness of Fe and the outstanding ability to remove various organic and inorganic contaminants via adsorption, oxidation, reduction, and catalytic reactions. Different iron species (e.g., Fe(0), Fe (hydr)oxide, Fe sulfide, and Fe-Metal) are formed during the preparation of Fe-L-BCs, which can completely differentiate the physical and chemical properties of BCs. This review discusses the advances in the synthesis of different Fe-L-BCs, specific changes in the physical and chemical properties of Fe-L-BCs upon Fe addition, and their impacts on wastewater treatment. The results of this review can demonstrate the unique advantages and drawbacks of Fe-L-BCs for the removal of different types of pollutants.
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Liu Y, Zhou W, Zhao M, Ma Q, Zhang J, Zhou W, Gong Z. Combination of alkaline biodiesel-derived crude glycerol pretreated corn stover with dilute acid pretreated water hyacinth for highly-efficient single cell oil production by oleaginous yeast Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130366. [PMID: 38266783 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Single cell oil (SCO) prepared from biodiesel-derived crude glycerol (BCG) and lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) via oleaginous yeasts is an intriguing alternative precursor of biodiesel. Here, a novel strategy combining alkaline BCG pretreated corn stover and dilute acid pretreated water hyacinth for SCO overproduction was developed. The mixed pretreatment liquors (MPLs) were naturally neutralized and adjusted to a proper carbon-to-nitrogen ratio beneficial for SCO overproduction by Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosum. The toxicity of inhibitors was relieved by dilution detoxification. The enzymatic hydrolysate of solid fractions was suitable for SCO production either separately or simultaneously with MPLs. Fed-batch fermentation of the MPLs resulted in high cell mass, SCO content, and SCO titer of 80.7 g/L, 75.7 %, and 61.1 g/L, respectively. The fatty acid profiles of SCOs implied high-quality biodiesel characteristics. This study offers a novel BCG&LCB-to-SCO route integrating BCG-based pretreatment and BCG/LCB hydrolysates co-utilization, which provides a cost-effective technical route for micro-biodiesel production.
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Yan Sim X, He N, Mohamed Abdul P, Keong Yeap S, Woh Hui Y, Foong Tiang M, Amru Indera Luthfi A, Fairuz Abdul Manaf S, Adela Bukhari N, Silvamany H, Ping Tan J. Fermentable sugar recovery from durian peel by using ultrasound-assisted chemical pretreatment. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 104:106811. [PMID: 38394823 PMCID: PMC10906534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Durian peel, an abundant waste in Malaysia could be a potential substrate for fermentable sugar recovery for value-added biochemical production. Common pretreatment such as acid or alkaline pretreatment resulted in the need for extensive solid washing which generated wastewater. Herein, this study aims to introduce sonication on top of chemical pretreatment to destruct lignin and reduce the chemical usage during the durian peel pretreatment process. In this study, the morphology and the chemical composition of the pretreated durian peels were studied. The sugar yield produced from the chemical pretreatment and the combined ultrasound and chemical pretreatment were compared. The morphology and chemical structure of durian peels were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The SEM images showed that the structural change became more significant when sonication was introduced. Second, XRD profile indicated a relatively higher crystallinity index and FTIR spectra displayed a lower intensity of lignin and hemicellulose for ultrasound plus alkaline (UB) pretreatment as compared to acid, alkaline and ultrasound plus acid (UA) pretreatment. UB and UA pretreatment portrayed higher yield (376.60 ± 12.14 and 237.38 ± 3.96 mg reducing sugar/g dry biomass, respectively) than their controls without the application of ultrasound. Therefore, it could be concluded that ultrasound was able to intensify the fermentable sugar recovery from durian peel by inducing physical and chemical effect of cavitation to alter the morphology of durian peel. Fermentation of UB treated durian peel resulted in 2.68 mol hydrogen/mol consumed sugar and 131.56 mL/Lmedium/h of hydrogen productivity. This study is important because it will shed light on a way to handle durian waste disposal problems and generate fermentable sugars for the production of high value-added products.
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Dong CD, Huang CP, Chen CW, Lam SS, Sonne C, Kang CK, Hung CM. Facile heteroatoms modification biochar production from mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) pericarps for enhanced the suppression of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123173. [PMID: 38110049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are critical environmental concerns due to their intrinsic toxic aromatic nature and concomitant circumstances that potentially harm the ecological and human health. In this study, converting mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) pericarps to value-added biochar by pyrolysis for evaluating the potential formation/destruction of biochar-bound PAHs was studied for the first time. This study designed and optimized the thermal processing conditions at 300-900 °C in the CO2 or N2 atmosphere, and heteroatoms (N, O, B, NB, and NS) were modified for mahogany pericarps biochar (MPBC) production. The MPBC500 exhibited significantly higher pyrolysis products of PAHs (2780 ± 38 ng g-1) than that of MPBC900 (78 ± 6 ng g-1) under N2 without introducing modified elements. Specifically, the inhibition capacity of MPBC500 for PAHs under CO2 was improved most efficiently by the active nitrogen species of the pyridinic N and pyrrolic N groups. The pyrolysis conditions and heteroatom modification of MPBC altered its physicochemical properties, that is, aromaticity and hydrophobicity, affecting the PAH concentration and composition in the pyrolysis products. This study reveals sustainable approaches to reduce the environmental footprint of biochar by focusing on increases in PAHs pollution in sustainable biochar produced from a low-carbon bioeconomy perspective.
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Liang J, Zhang P, Zhang R, Chang J, Chen L, Wang G, Tian Y, Zhang G. Response of rumen microorganisms to pH during anaerobic hydrolysis and acidogenesis of lignocellulose biomass. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 174:476-486. [PMID: 38128366 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Rumen microorganisms can efficiently degrade lignocellulosic wastes to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs). pH is a key factor in controlling the type and yield of VFAs by affecting the microorganisms involved in rumen fermentation. However, the effects of different pH on rumen microbial diversity, communities, and mechanisms are unclear. In this study, the hydrolysis and acidogenesis of corn straw and diversity, communities, and mechanisms of rumen microorganisms were explored at different initial pHs. Results showed that the highest hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin degradation efficiency of corn straw was 55.2 %, 38.3 %, and 7.01 %, respectively, and VFA concentration was 10.2 g/L at pH 7.0. Low pH decreased the bacterial diversity and increased the fungal diversity. Rumen bacteria and fungi had different responses to initial pHs, and the community structure of bacteria and fungi had obviously differences at the genus level. The core genera Succiniclasticum, Treponema, and Neocallimastix relative abundance at initial pH 7.0 samples were significantly higher than that at lower initial pHs, reaching 6.01 %, 1.61 %, and 5.35 %, respectively. The bacterial network was more complex than that of fungi. pH, acetic acid, and propionic acid were the main factors influencing the bacterial and fungal community structure. Low pH inhibited the expression of functional genes related to hydrolysis and acidogenesis, explaining the lower hydrolysis and acidogenesis efficiency. These findings will provide a better understanding for rumen fermentation to produce VFAs.
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Zhong Y, Zhou T, Wei S, Tang Z, Li C, Ding Y. Kinetic reaction mechanism of lignocellulosic biomass oxidative pyrolysis based on combined kinetics. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 352:120055. [PMID: 38184868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The kinetics knowledge of lignocellulosic biomass decomposition is essential to develop efficient thermochemical conversion technology. However, the simplification of reaction mechanisms in existing oxidative pyrolysis studies largely compromises the application of kinetic models. To explore more exact kinetic parameters and reaction mechanism of lignocellulosic biomass oxidative pyrolysis, an updated oxidative pyrolysis kinetic model (seven-step reaction combined kinetics model) coupled with an optimization algorithm is proposed. Based on a series of thermogravimetric experiments in an air atmosphere, the extra oxidative pyrolysis kinetic parameters are obtained by the Shuffled Complex Evolution method. The proposed kinetic model is validated based on the degradation process of each component (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin). Furthermore, the obtained kinetic parameters are applied to predict the oxidative pyrolysis behavior, and the predicted mass loss rate is in good agreement with the experimental data. Eventually, according to the key combined kinetics parameters, it is found that the oxidative pyrolysis mechanisms of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin correspond to the power law, nucleation & growth, and chemical reaction order, respectively, while the combustion of char corresponds to the reaction order mechanism.
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O'Boyle M, Mohamed BA, Li LY. Co-pyrolysis of sewage sludge and biomass waste into biofuels and biochar: A comprehensive feasibility study using a circular economy approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141074. [PMID: 38160959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Enormous annual sewage sludge (SS) volumes pose global environmental challenges owing to contamination and significant greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we investigated the economic viability of co-pyrolyzing SS and biomass waste to produce biofuels (bio-oil and gas) and biochar. Net present worth (NPW) analysis, the sale product break-even price, and sludge handling price (SHP) were used to determine the profitability of co-pyrolysis compared with SS pyrolysis alone and conventional treatment methods. In this study, the sale prices of biochar based on quality (i.e., stability, carbon sequestration effectiveness, and heavy metal content) were estimated to be 2.24, 1.44, and 0.98 CAD/kg for high-, medium-, and low-grade biochar. The bio-oil prices, estimated based on the higher heating values of bio-oil and diesel, ranged from 0.80 to 1.22 CAD/kg. Sawdust (SD) and wheat straw (WS) were the chosen co-pyrolysis feedstocks, with four mixing ratios (20, 40, 60, and 80 wt%). Economically, SD (40 wt% mixing ratio) co-pyrolysis achieved the best performance, with a maximum NPW of 8.71 million CAD. SD single and co-pyrolysis were the only profitable scenarios. Moreover, SS single pyrolysis and WS co-pyrolysis exhibited higher profitability than conventional SS treatment methods, with SHPs of 65 and 40 CAD/1000 kg dry sludge, respectively. Sensitivity analysis highlighted the dependence of economic performance on biochar and bio-oil market value. This study offers the first economic analysis of this approach and enhances our understanding of the potential of co-pyrolysis for biofuel and biochar production, providing innovative solutions for the environmental challenges of SS disposal.
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Rai R, Samanta D, Goh KM, Chadha BS, Sani RK. Biochemical unravelling of the endoxylanase activity in a bifunctional GH39 enzyme cloned and expressed from thermophilic Geobacillus sp. WSUCF1. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128679. [PMID: 38072346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The glycoside hydrolase family 39 (GH39) proteins are renowned for their extremophilic and multifunctional enzymatic properties, yet the molecular mechanisms underpinning these unique characteristics continue to be an active subject of research. In this study, we introduce WsuXyn, a GH39 protein with a molecular weight of 58 kDa, originating from the thermophilic Geobacillus sp. WSUCF1. Previously reported for its exceptional thermostable β-xylosidase activity, WsuXyn has recently demonstrated a significant endoxylanase activity (3752 U·mg-1) against beechwood xylan, indicating towards its bifunctional nature. Physicochemical characterization revealed that WsuXyn exhibits optimal endoxylanase activity at 70 °C and pH 7.0. Thermal stability assessments revealed that the enzyme is resilient to elevated temperatures, with a half-life of 168 h. Key kinetic parameters highlight the exceptional catalytic efficiency and strong affinity of the protein for xylan substrate. Moreover, WsuXyn-mediated hydrolysis of beechwood xylan has achieved 77 % xylan conversion, with xylose as the primary product. Structural analysis, amalgamated with docking simulations, has revealed strong binding forces between xylotetraose and the protein, with key amino acid residues, including Glu278, Tyr230, Glu160, Gly202, Cys201, Glu324, and Tyr283, playing pivotal roles in these interactions. Therefore, WsuXyn holds a strong promise for biodegradation and value-added product generation through lignocellulosic biomass conversion.
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Liu X, Gao F, Wang Y, Zhang J, Bai Y, Zhang W, Luo H, Yao B, Wang Y, Tu T. Characterization of a novel thermostable α-l-arabinofuranosidase for improved synergistic effect with xylanase on lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis without prior pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 394:130177. [PMID: 38072076 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Utilizing thermostable enzymes in biomass conversion processes presents a promising approach to bypass pretreatment, garnering significant attention from the biorefinery industry. A novel discovered α-l-arabinofuranosidase, Abf4980, exhibits exceptional thermostability by maintaining full activity after 24 h of incubation at 70 °C. It effectively acts on polyarabinosides, cleaving α-1,2- and α-1,3-linked arabinofuranose side chains from water-soluble wheat arabinoxylan while releasing xylose. When synergistically combined with the thermostable bifunctional xylanase/β-glucanase CbXyn10C from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii at an enzyme-activity ratio of 6:1, Abf4980 achieves the highest degradation efficiency for wheat arabinoxylan. Furthermore, Abf4980 and CbXyn10C demonstrated remarkable efficacy in hydrolyzing unmodified wheat bran and corn cob to generate arabinose and xylooligosaccharides. This discovery holds promising opportunities for improving the efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass conversion into fermentable sugars.
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Chen X, Liu Q, Li B, Wang N, Liu C, Shi J, Liu L. Unveiling the potential of novel recyclable deep eutectic solvent pretreatment: Effective separation of lignin from poplar hydrolyzed residue. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129354. [PMID: 38218303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
To effectively convert the fermentable sugars present in lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and additional value-added products, it is crucial to remove lignin from the biomass. With the intention of expeditiously remove lignin from poplar wood and improve cellulose saccharification, an innovative ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride-ethylene glycol-FeCl3 (T-EG-F) was studied for the pretreatment of poplar hydrolyzed residue (PHR). The results revealed that following T-EG-F DES pretreatment at 130 °C for 4 h, the lignin removal rate reached 91.88 %. The effect of DES on PHR and regenerated lignin was comprehensively investigated using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Thermogravimetric (TG) and other characterization methods, providing valuable insights into the mechanism of this innovative biomass pretreatment. Moreover, there was a significant improvement in the enzyme digestibility of the DES pretreatment residue. At 48 h, the enzyme load of 30 FPU/g cellulose achieved a remarkable enzyme digestibility of 97.31 %, and this value exhibited a notable increase of 6.56 times compared to the untreated poplar sample. In addition, the T-EG-F could be recycled and reused. This study demonstrates that the potential of T-EG-F DES pretreatment as a green and efficient method for lignin dissociation from lignocellulosic biomass, offering a promising approach for biomass component separation.
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Song C, Cai F, Yang S, Wang L, Liu G, Chen C. Machine learning-based prediction of methane production from lignocellulosic wastes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:129953. [PMID: 37914053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical methane potential test is a standard method to determine the biodegradability of lignocellulosic wastes (LWs) during anaerobic digestion (AD) with disadvantages of long experiment duration and high operating expense. This paper developed a machine learning model to predict the cumulative methane yield (CMY) using the data of 157 LWs regarding physicochemical characteristics, digestion condition and methane yield, with the coefficient of determination equal to 0.869. Model interpretability analyses underscored lignin content, organic loading, and nitrogen content as pivotal attributes for CMY prediction. For the feedstocks with a cellulose content exceeding about 50%, the CMY in the early AD stage would be relatively lower than those with low cellulose content, but prolonging digestion time could promote methane production. Besides, lignin content in feedstock surpassing 15% would significantly inhibit methane production. This work contributes to valuable guidance for feedstock selection and operation optimization for AD plants.
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Zhang D, Loomer M, Gamez G. Quantitative analysis of biopolymers in lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks via laser-assisted micro-pyrolysis flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow high-resolution ambient mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 268:125333. [PMID: 37931586 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a diode laser-assisted micro-pyrolysis (LAMP) technique coupled with FAPA high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is demonstrated for fast chemical characterization of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks. The solid lignocellulosic biomass can be analyzed directly with minimal sample preparation. The mass spectra of the pyrolysis products are interpreted with the aid of data visualization tools such as Kendrick mass defect (KMD) plots and van Krevelen plots. Furthermore, quantitation of lignin/cellulose/hemicellulose, sugar contents of glucan/xylan/galactan/arabinan and lignin monomeric unit S/G is achieved with good accuracy and precision, through multivariate analysis methods, including partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector regression (SVR).
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Dudek K, Guzmán CLÁ, Valdez-Vazquez I. Microbial activity of lactic acid bacteria and hydrogen producers mediated by pH and total solids during the consolidated bioprocessing of agave bagasse. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:70. [PMID: 38225443 PMCID: PMC10789659 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03888-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) coexist with Clostridium spp. in hydrogen production processes from complex substrates; however, the role of LAB is still unclear. This study analyzed the fermentation products in a wide range of initial pH (pHi, 5.5-6.9) and total solids (TS%, 8-22%) to determine the activity of these two microbial groups over time (from 24 to 120 h). Agave bagasse served as the feedstock for hydrogen production via consolidated bioprocess (CBP), while the inoculum source was the indigenous mature microbiota. In the early stage of the CBP, hydrogen production from lactic acid occurred only at pHi ≥ 6.0 (ρ = 0.0004) with no effect of TS%; lactic acid accumulated below this pHi value. In this stage, lactic acid production positively correlated with a first cluster of LAB represented by Paucilactobacillus (r = 0.64) and Bacillus (r = 0.81). After 72 h, hydrogen production positively correlated with a second group of LAB led by Enterococcus (r = 0.71) together with the hydrogen producer Clostridium sensu stricto 1 (r = 0.8) and the acetogen Syntrophococcus (r = 0.52) with the influence of TS% (ρ < 0.0001). A further experiment showed that buffering the pH to 6.5 increased and lengthened the lactic acid production, doubling the hydrogen production from 20 to 41 mL H2/gTSadded. This study confirmed the prevalence of distinct groups of LAB over time, whose microbial activity promoted different routes of hydrogen production.
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Ma C, Cheng M, Liu QY, Yuan YJ, Zhang FG, Li N, Guan J, Shen ZK, Yu ZT, Zou Z. Regulating Lewis Acidic Sites of 1T-2H MoS 2 Catalysts for Solar-Driven Photothermal Catalytic H 2 Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:331-338. [PMID: 38108571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven photothermal catalytic H2 production from lignocellulosic biomass was achieved by using 1T-2H MoS2 with tunable Lewis acidic sites as catalysts in an alkaline aqueous solution, in which the number of Lewis acidic sites derived from the exposed Mo edges of MoS2 was successfully regulated by both the formation of an edge-terminated 1T-2H phase structure and tunable layer number. Owing to the abundant Lewis acidic sites for the oxygenolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, the 1T-2H MoS2 catalyst shows high photothermal catalytic lignocellulosic biomass-to-H2 transformation performance in polar wood chips, bamboo, rice straw corncobs, and rice hull aqueous solutions, and the highest H2 generation rate and solar-to-H2 (STH) efficiency respectively achieves 3661 μmol·h-1·g-1 and 0.18% in the polar wood chip system under 300 W Xe lamp illumination. This study provides a sustainable and cost-effective method for the direct transformation of renewable lignocellulosic biomass to H2 fuel driven by solar energy.
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Norfarhana AS, Ilyas RA, Ngadi N, Othman MHD, Misenan MSM, Norrrahim MNF. Revolutionizing lignocellulosic biomass: A review of harnessing the power of ionic liquids for sustainable utilization and extraction. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128256. [PMID: 38000585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The potential for the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable commodities is rapidly growing through an environmentally sustainable approach to harness its abundance, cost-effectiveness, biodegradability, and environmentally friendly nature. Ionic liquids (ILs) have received considerable and widespread attention as a promising solution for efficiently dissolving lignocellulosic biomass. The fact that ILs can act as solvents and reagents contributes to their widespread recognition. In particular, ILs are desirable because they are inert, non-toxic, non-flammable, miscible in water, recyclable, thermally and chemically stable, and have low melting points and outstanding ionic conductivity. With these characteristics, ILs can serve as a reliable replacement for traditional biomass conversion methods in various applications. Thus, this comprehensive analysis explores the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass using ILs, focusing on main components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. In addition, the effect of multiple parameters on the separation of lignocellulosic biomass using ILs is discussed to emphasize their potential to produce high-value products from this abundant and renewable resource. This work contributes to the advancement of green technologies, offering a promising avenue for the future of biomass conversion and sustainable resource management.
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Zhao ZM, Liu ZH, Zhang T, Meng R, Gong Z, Li Y, Hu J, Ragauskas AJ, Li BZ, Yuan YJ. Unleashing the capacity of Rhodococcus for converting lignin into lipids. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108274. [PMID: 37913947 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioconversion of bioresources/wastes (e.g., lignin, chemical pulping byproducts) represents a promising approach for developing a bioeconomy to help address growing energy and materials demands. Rhodococcus, a promising microbial strain, utilizes numerous carbon sources to produce lipids, which are precursors for synthesizing biodiesel and aviation fuels. However, compared to chemical conversion, bioconversion involves living cells, which is a more complex system that needs further understanding and upgrading. Various wastes amenable to bioconversion are reviewed herein to highlight the potential of Rhodococci for producing lipid-derived bioproducts. In light of the abundant availability of these substrates, Rhodococcus' metabolic pathways converting them to lipids are analyzed from a "beginning-to-end" view. Based on an in-depth understanding of microbial metabolic routes, genetic modifications of Rhodococcus by employing emerging tools (e.g., multiplex genome editing, biosensors, and genome-scale metabolic models) are presented for promoting the bioconversion. Co-solvent enhanced lignocellulose fractionation (CELF) strategy facilitates the generation of a lignin-derived aromatic stream suitable for the Rhodococcus' utilization. Novel alkali sterilization (AS) and elimination of thermal sterilization (ETS) approaches can significantly enhance the bioaccessibility of lignin and its derived aromatics in aqueous fermentation media, which promotes lipid titer significantly. In order to achieve value-added utilization of lignin, biodiesel and aviation fuel synthesis from lignin and lipids are further discussed. The possible directions for unleashing the capacity of Rhodococcus through synergistically modifying microbial strains, substrates, and fermentation processes are proposed toward a sustainable biological lignin valorization.
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Wang J, Ma D, Lou Y, Ma J, Xing D. Optimization of biogas production from straw wastes by different pretreatments: Progress, challenges, and prospects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166992. [PMID: 37717772 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) presents a promising feedstock for carbon management due to enormous potential for achieving carbon neutrality and delivering substantial environmental and economic benefit. Bioenergy derived from LCB accounts for about 10.3 % of the global total energy supply. The generation of bioenergy through anaerobic digestion (AD) in combination with carbon capture and storage, particularly for methane production, provides a cost-effective solution to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, while concurrently facilitating bioenergy production and the recovery of high-value products during LCB conversion. However, the inherent recalcitrant polymer crystal structure of lignocellulose impedes the accessibility of anaerobic bacteria, necessitating lignocellulosic residue pretreatment before AD or microbial chain elongation. This paper seeks to explore recent advances in pretreatment methods for LCB biogas production, including pulsed electric field (PEF), electron beam irradiation (EBI), freezing-thawing pretreatment, microaerobic pretreatment, and nanomaterials-based pretreatment, and provide a comprehensive overview of the performance, benefits, and drawbacks of the traditional and improved treatment methods. In particular, physical-chemical pretreatment emerges as a flexible and effective option for methane production from straw wastes. The burgeoning field of nanomaterials has provoked progress in the development of artificial enzyme mimetics and enzyme immobilization techniques, compensating for the intrinsic defect of natural enzyme. However, various complex factors, such as economic effectiveness, environmental impact, and operational feasibility, influence the implementation of LCB pretreatment processes. Techno-economic analysis (TEA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and artificial intelligence technologies provide efficient means for evaluating and selecting pretreatment methods. This paper addresses current issues and development priorities for the achievement of the appropriate and sustainable utilization of LCB in light of evolving economic and environmentally friendly social development demands, thereby providing theoretical basis and technical guidance for improving LCB biogas production of AD systems.
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Camargo FP, Lourenço V, Rodrigues CV, Sabatini CA, Adorno MAT, Silva EL, Varesche MBA. Bio-CH 4 yield of swine manure and food waste optimized by co-substrate proportions diluted in domestic sewage and pH interactions using the response surface approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119308. [PMID: 37883832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed at evaluating optimal conditions to obtain value-added metabolites, such as bio-CH4, by co-digesting swine manure and food waste diluted in domestic sewage. The assays were carried out in batches using the statistical methods of Rotational Central Composite Design (RCCD) and Surface Response to evaluate the ranges of food waste (1.30-9.70 gTS.L-1), pH (6.16-7.84) and granular Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket sludge as inoculum (2.32-5.68 gTS.L-1), besides about 250 mL of swine manure in 500 mL Duran flasks. According to the RCCD matrix, bio-CH4 yields among 600.6 ± 60.1 and 2790.0 ± 112.0 mL CH4 gTS.L-1 were observed, besides the maximum CH4 production rate between 0.4 ± 0.5 and 49.7 ± 2.0 mL CH4 h-1 and λ between ≤0.0 and 299.3 ± 4.5 h. In the validation assay, the optimal conditions of 9.98 gTS.L-1 of food waste, pH adjusted to 8.0 and 2.20 gTS.L-1 of inoculum were considered, and the bio-CH4 yield obtained (5640.79 ± 242.98 mL CH4 gTS.L-1 or also 5201.83 ± 224.07 mL CH4 gTVS.L-1) was 11.3 times higher than in assays before optimization (499.3 ± 16.0 mL CH4 gTS.L-1) with 5 gTS.L-1 of food waste, 3 gTS.L-1 of inoculum and pH 7.0. Besides, the results observed about the energetic balance of the control and validation assays highlight the importance of process optimization, as this condition was the only one with energy supply higher than the energy required for its operation, exceeding max consumption sevenfold. Based on the most dominant microorganisms (Methanosaeta, 31.06%) and the metabolic inference of the validation assay, it could be inferred that the acetoclastic methanogenesis was the predominant pathway to CH4 production.
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Flores AC, Kimiko Kadowaki M, da Conceição Silva JL, de Andrade Bianchini I, de Almeida Felipe MDG, Sene L. Enzymatic potential of endophytic fungi: xylanase production by Colletotrichum boninense from sugarcane biomass. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2705-2718. [PMID: 37735300 PMCID: PMC10689674 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi constitute a major part of the still unexplored fungal diversity and have gained interest as new biological sources of natural active compounds, including enzymes. Endophytic fungi were isolated from soybean leaves and initially screened on agar plates for the production of CMCase (carboxymethylcellulase), xylanase, amylase and protease. The highest Enzymatic Indexes (IE) were verified for xylanase (2.14 and 1.31) with the fungi M6-A6P5F2 and M12-A5P3F1.2 and CMCase (1.92 and 1.62) with the fungi M13-A9P2F1 and M12-A5P3F1.2, respectively. The production of xylanase and CMCase by the selected fungi was evaluated in submerged cultivation using beechwood xylan and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), as well as sugarcane straw and bagasse in different ratios as carbon sources. Both types of lignocellulosic biomass proved to be good inducers of enzymatic activity. The best xylanase producer among the isolates was identified as Colletotrichum boninense. With this fungus, the highest xylanase activity was obtained with a sugarcane straw-bagasse mixture in a 50:50 ratio (383.63 U mL-1), a result superior to that obtained with the use of beechwood xylan (296.65 U mL-1). Regardingthe kinetic behavior of the crude xylanase, there was found optimal pH of 5.0 and optimal temperatures of 50°C and 60°C. At 40°C and 50°C, xylanase retained 87% and 76% of its initial catalytic activity, respectively. These results bring new perspectives on bioprospecting endophytic fungi for the production of enzymes, mainly xylanase, as well as the exploitation of agro-industrial by-products, such as sugarcane straw and bagasse.
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Jayakumar M, Hamda AS, Abo LD, Daba BJ, Venkatesa Prabhu S, Rangaraju M, Jabesa A, Periyasamy S, Suresh S, Baskar G. Comprehensive review on lignocellulosic biomass derived biochar production, characterization, utilization and applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140515. [PMID: 37871877 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is an ample source of organic carbon prepared by the thermal breakdown of biomass. Lignocellulosic biomass is a promising precursor for biochar production, and has several applications in various industries. In addition, biochar can be applied for environmental revitalization by reducing the negative impacts through intrinsic mechanisms. In addition to its environmentally friendly nature, biochar has several recyclable and inexpensive benefits. Nourishing and detoxification of the environment can be undertaken using biochar by different investigators on account of its excellent contaminant removal capacity. Studies have shown that biochar can be improved by activation to remove toxic pollutants. In general, biochar is produced by closed-loop systems; however, decentralized methods have been proven to be more efficient for increasing resource efficiency in view of circular bio-economy and lignocellulosic waste management. In the last decade, several studies have been conducted to reveal the unexplored potential and to understand the knowledge gaps in different biochar-based applications. However, there is still a crucial need for research to acquire sufficient data regarding biochar modification and management, the utilization of lignocellulosic biomass, and achieving a sustainable paradigm. The present review has been articulated to provide a summary of information on different aspects of biochar, such as production, characterization, modification for improvisation, issues, and remediation have been addressed.
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Xu C, Tong S, Sun L, Gu X. Cellulase immobilization to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: An all-inclusive review. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121319. [PMID: 37739542 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellulase-mediated lignocellulosic biorefinery plays a crucial role in the production of high-value biofuels and chemicals, with enzymatic hydrolysis being an essential component. The advent of cellulase immobilization has revolutionized this process, significantly enhancing the efficiency, stability, and reusability of cellulase enzymes. This review offers a thorough analysis of the fundamental principles underlying immobilization, encompassing various immobilization approaches such as physical adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment, and cross-linking. Furthermore, it explores a diverse range of carrier materials, including inorganic, organic, and hybrid/composite materials. The review also focuses on emerging approaches like multi-enzyme co-immobilization, oriented immobilization, immobilized enzyme microreactors, and enzyme engineering for immobilization. Additionally, it delves into novel carrier technologies like 3D printing carriers, stimuli-responsive carriers, artificial cellulosomes, and biomimetic carriers. Moreover, the review addresses recent obstacles in cellulase immobilization, including molecular-level immobilization mechanism, diffusion limitations, loss of cellulase activity, cellulase leaching, and considerations of cost-effectiveness and scalability. The knowledge derived from this review is anticipated to catalyze the evolution of more efficient and sustainable biocatalytic systems for lignocellulosic biomass conversion, representing the current state-of-the-art in cellulase immobilization techniques.
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Plaza-Rojas CA, Amaya-Orozco NA, Rivera-Hoyos CM, Montaña-Lara JS, Páez-Morales A, Salcedo-Reyes JC, Castillo-Carvajal LC, Martínez-Urrútia W, Díaz-Ariza LA, Pedroza-Rodríguez AM. Use of biochar and a post-coagulation effluent as an adsorbent of malachite green, beneficial bacteria carrier, and seedling substrate for plants belonging to the poaceae family. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:386. [PMID: 37928437 PMCID: PMC10624780 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03766-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants produce solid and semi-solid sludge, which treatment minimises secondary environmental pollution because of wastewater treatment and obtaining new bioproducts. For this reason, in this paper, the co-pyrolysis of biogenic biomasses recovered from a biological reactor with immobilised fungal and bacterial biomass and a tertiary reactor with Chlorella sp. used for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment was carried out. Biogenic biomasses mixed with pine bark allowed the production and characterisation of two types of biochar. The raw material and biochar were on the "in vitro" germination of Lolium sp. seeds, followed by adsorption studies for malachite green (MG) dye using the raw material and the biochar. Results showed that using 60 mg L-1 of a cationic coagulant at pH 6.5 allowed for the recovery of more than 90% of the microalgae after 50 min of processing. Two biochar resulted: BC300, at pH 5.08 ± 0.08 and BC500, at pH 6.78 ± 0.01. The raw material and both biochars were co-inoculated with growth-promoting bacteria; their viabilities ranged from 1.7 × 106 ± 1.0 × 101 to 7.5 × 108 ± 6.0 × 102 CFU g-1 for total heterotrophic, nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilising bacteria. Re-use tests on Lolium sp. seed germination showed that with the post-coagulation effluent, the germination was 100%, while with the biochar, with and without beneficial bacteria, the germination was 98 and 99%, respectively. Finally, BC500 adsorbed the highest percentage of malachite green at pH 4.0, obtaining qecal values of 0.5249 mg g-1 (R2: 0.9875) with the pseudo-second-order model. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03766-x.
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