Prolame produces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in middle-aged female rats with less uterotrophic effects than 17β-estradiol

Estrogen hormone replacement therapy (EHRT), improving women's life quality at menopause, reduces anxiety and depression symptoms associated with ovarian hormonal decline. However, its potential adverse effects, like thromboembolism and cancer risk, limit its use. Prolame is a synthetic 17β-amino estrogen with antithrombotic actions that exerts anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects on young adult ovariectomized female rats. It is unknown if prolame's effects may be observed in age and endocrine conditions emulating menopause. This study aimed to identify the antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects of prolame and E2 (used as a reference estrogen treatment) in middle-aged female rats coursing with irregular cycles, in two different conditions: ovariectomized or gonadally intact. Results were compared with those from young adult ovariectomized rats. Prolame (60 or 120 μg/kg), 17β-estradiol (E2, 40 or 80 μg/kg), or vehicle were chronically administered, and their effects were evaluated in the elevated plus-maze, defensive burying behavior test, open field test, and forced swimming test. Uterotrophic actions were estimated by uterine weight related to body weight. Prolame and E2 produced robust anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in young adult ovariectomized rats, but these effects were absent in gonadally intact middle-aged rats. Interestingly, only prolame induced anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in middle-aged ovariectomized rats. Uterotrophic effects of prolame were weaker than E2 effects, notably in middle-aged females. Altogether, present data support the notion that prolame has the potential to be considered an EHRT with relevant psychoactive actions and with apparently lower adverse-side effects, especially in middle-aged populations.

[Effects of periodontitis on bone and tryptophan metabolism of gut microbiota in estrogen-deficient mice]

Objective: To study the effects of periodontitis on bone and tryptophan metabolism of gut microbiota in the context of estrogen deficiency. Methods: Thirty-two female C57BL6/J mice were randomly divided into four groups based on table of random numbers (n=8 in each group): Sham group, in which mice were given sham surgery; Sham_Lig group, in which mice were given sham surgery and were induced to periodontitis by ligating the bilateral maxillary second molars with 5-0 silk threads at the fourth week; Ovx group, in which mice were given bilateral ovariectomy; Ovx_Lig group, in which mice were given bilateral ovariectomy and were induced to periodontitis at the fourth week. After 8 weeks of ligation, the mice of 4 groups were euthanized for collecting the samples of femur, tibia, mandible and skull. Those samples were scanned by micro-CT to measure the bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume versus total volume ratio (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp). The cecum contents of 4 groups of mice were collected for gut microbiota 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The tryptophan and its metabolites in intestinal tracts were detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyze the correlation between the abundance of gut microbiota and the content of tryptophan and its metabolites. Results: Femur BMD [(82.23±3.97) mg/cm3], BV/TV [(9.25±1.37)%] and Tb.Th [(70.95±5.70) μm] in Ovx_Lig group were significantly lower than Ovx group [(96.30±3.76) mg/cm3 (P=0.004); (14.45±1.55)% (P=0.022) and (87.58±8.02) μm (P<0.001), respectively]. The β-diversity analysis of gut microbiota based on Bray-Curtis distance showed that samples of Ovx_Lig group and Ovx group were obviously grouped. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) showed that Alistipes was the representative genus in Ovx_Lig group. The relative abundance of Alistipes in Ovx_Lig group [(0.42±0.14)%] were significantly higher than that in Ovx group [(0.17±0.05)%] (t=4.45, P<0.001). Tryptophan metabolism analysis showed that the content of kynurenic acid [(531.12±158.60) ng/g] in Ovx_Lig group were significantly higher than that in Ovx group [(400.42±57.96) ng/g] (t=2.19, P=0.046). And the content of indole-3-carbaldehyde [(383.37±144.06) ng/g] in Ovx_Lig group were significantly lower than Ovx group [(701.72±141.93) ng/g] (t=4.45, P<0.001). Correlation analysis showed that relative abundance of Alistipes was positively correlated with kynurenic acid (r=0.32, P=0.088), while negatively correlated with indole-3-carbaldehyde (r=-0.32, P=0.088). Conclusions: Periodontitis can induce bone destruction of femur in estrogen-deficient mice, the mechanism of which may be related to Alistipes in gut and the tryptophan metabolites kynurenic acid and indole-3-carbaldehyde.

Testosterone Supplementation Promotes Estrogen Synthesis of Buffalo Cumulus Cells Surrounding In Vitro-Matured Oocytes

Cumulus cells (CCs) synthesize estrogens that are essential for follicular development. However, the effects of androgen on estrogen production in buffalo CCs remain unknown. In the present study, the impacts of testosterone on estrogen synthesis of buffalo CCs surrounding in vitro-matured oocytes were investigated. The results showed that testosterone supplementation improved both the expression levels of estrogen synthesis-related genes (CYP11A1, CYP19A1, and 17β-HSD) and the secretion levels of estradiol in buffalo CCs surrounding in vitro-matured oocytes. Furthermore, testosterone treatment enhanced the sensitivity of buffalo CCs surrounding in vitro-matured oocytes to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This study indicated that testosterone supplementation promoted the estrogen synthesis of buffalo CCs surrounding in vitro-matured oocytes mainly through strengthening the responsiveness of CCs to FSH. The present study serves as a foundation of acquiring high-quality recipient oocytes for buffalo somatic cell nuclear transfer.

Estradiol-mediated modulation of memory and of the underlying dendritic spine plasticity through the life span

The morphophysiology of the nervous system changes and adapts in response to external environmental inputs and the experiences of individuals throughout their lives. Other changes in the organisms internal environment can also contribute to nervous system restructuring in the form of plastic changes that underlie its capacity to adapt to emerging psychophysiological conditions. These adaptive processes lead to subtle modifications of the organisms internal homeostasis which is closely related with the activity of chemical messengers, such as neurotransmitters and hormones. Hormones reach the brain through the bloodstream, where they activate specific receptors through which certain biochemical, physiological, and morphological changes take place in numerous regions. Fetal development, infancy, puberty, and adulthood are all periods of substantial hormone-mediated brain remodeling in both males and females. Adulthood, specifically, is associated with a broad range of life events, including reproductive cycles in both sexes, and pregnancy and menopause in women. Events of this kind occur concomitantly with eventual modifications in behavioral performance and, especially, in cognitive abilities like learning and memory that underlie, at least in part, plastic changes in the dendritic spines of the neuronal cells in cerebral areas involved in processing cognitive information. Estrogens form a family that consists of three molecules [17β-estradiol (E2), estrone, estriol] which are deeply involved in regulating numerous bodily functions in different stages of the life-cycle, including the modulation of cognitive performance. This review addresses the effects of E2 on the dendritic spine-mediated synaptic organization of cognitive performance throughout the life span.

Protective Effects of the Postbiotic Lactobacillus plantarum MD35 on Bone Loss in an Ovariectomized Mice Model

Postmenopausal osteoporosis is caused by estrogen deficiency, which impairs bone homeostasis, resulting in increased osteoclastic resorption without a corresponding increase in osteoblastic activity. Postbiotics have several therapeutic properties, including anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-osteoporotic effects. However, the beneficial effects of the postbiotic MD35 of Lactobacillus plantarum on bone have not been studied. In this study, we demonstrated that the postbiotic L. plantarum MD35, isolated from young radish water kimchi, influences osteoclast differentiation in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMM) culture. In addition, it was effective protecting against estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice, an animal model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. In BMM cells, postbiotic MD35 inhibited the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation by attenuating the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase, significantly suppressing the resorption activity and down-regulating the expression of RANKL-mediated osteoclast-related genes. In the animal model, the oral administration of postbiotic MD35 remarkably improved OVX-induced trabecular bone loss and alleviated the destruction of femoral plate growth. Therefore, postbiotic MD35 could be a potential therapeutic candidate for postmenopausal osteoporosis by suppressing osteoclastogenesis through the regulation of osteoclast-related molecular mechanisms.

Estrogen-mediated coupling via gap junctions in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

The circadian clock orchestrates many physiological and behavioural rhythms in mammals with 24-h periodicity, through a hierarchical organisation, with the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus. The circuits of the SCN generate circadian rhythms with precision, relying on intrinsic coupling mechanisms, for example, neurotransmitters like arginine vasopressin (AVP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuronal gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling and astrocytes connected by gap junctions composed of connexins (Cx). In female rodents, the presence of estrogen receptors (ERs) in the dorsal SCN suggests an influence of estrogen (E2) on the circuit timekeeping that could regulate circadian rhythm and coupling. To investigate this, we used SCN explants together with hypothalamic neurons and astrocytes. First, we showed that E2 stabilised the circadian amplitude in the SCN when rAVPs (receptor-associated vasopressin peptides) were inhibited. However, the phase delay induced by VIPAC2 (VIP receptors) inhibition remained unaffected by E2. We then showed that E2 exerted its effects in the SCN via ERβ (estrogen receptor beta), resulting in increased expression of Cx36 and Cx43. Notably, specific inhibition of both connexins resulted in a significant reduction in circadian amplitude within the SCN. Remarkably, E2 restored the period with inhibited Cx36 but not with Cx43 inhibition. This implies that the network between astrocytes and neurons, responsible for coupling in the SCN, can be reinforced through E2. In conclusion, these findings provide new insights into how E2 regulates circadian rhythms ex vivo in an ERβ-dependent manner, underscoring its crucial role in fortifying the SCN's rhythm.

Molecular insights into the potential effects of selective estrogen receptor β agonists in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative disorders. Pathologically, AD and PD are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins. Hence, they are also called as proteinopathy diseases. Gender is considered as one of the risk factors in both diseases. Estrogens are widely accepted to be neuroprotective in several neurodegenerative disorders. Estrogens can be produced in the central nervous system, where they are called as neurosteroids. Estrogens mediate their neuroprotective action mainly through their actions on estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ). However, ERα is mainly involved in the growth and development of the primary and secondary sexual organs in females. Hence, the activation of ERα is associated with undesired side effects such as gynecomastia and increase in the risk of breast cancer, thromboembolism, and feminization. Therefore, selective activation of ERβ is often considered to be safer. In this review, we explore the role of ERβ in regulating the expression and functions of AD- and PD-associated genes. Additionally, we discuss the association of these genes with the amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) and α-synuclein mediated toxicity. Ultimately, we established a correlation between the importance of ERβ activation and the process underlying ERβ's neuroprotective mechanisms in AD and PD.

Effects of a TAML catalyst on mice exposed during pregnancy and lactation

Tetra-amido macrocyclic ligands (TAMLs) are catalysts designed to mimic endogenous peroxidases that can degrade pollutants. Before TAMLs gain widespread use, it is first important to determine if they have endocrine disrupting properties. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the iron TAML, NT7, on hormone-sensitive outcomes in mice exposed during pregnancy and lactation, and on their litters prior to weaning. We administered NT7 at one of three doses to mice via drinking water prior to and then throughout pregnancy and lactation. Two hormonally active pharmaceuticals, ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and flutamide (FLUT), a known estrogen receptor agonist and androgen receptor antagonist, respectively, were also included. In the females, we measured pre- and post-parturition weight, length of pregnancy, organ weights at necropsy, and morphology of the mammary gland at the end of the lactational period. We also quantified maternal behaviors at three stages of lactation. For the offspring, we measured litter size, litter weights, and the achievement of other developmental milestones. We observed only one statistically significant effect of NT7, a decrease in the percentage of pups with ear opening at postnatal day 5. This contrasts with the numerous effects of EE2 on both the mother and the litter, as well as several modest effects of FLUT. The approach taken in this study could provide guidance for future studies that aim to evaluate novel compounds for endocrine disrupting properties.

Different effects of CO2 laser and estrogen treatment on vaginal mucosa microbiota and function in genitourinary syndrome of menopause patients

AIM

To characterize the effects of CO2 laser treatment and estrogen treatment on vaginal microbiota in patients with genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM).

METHODS

Sixty-four patients with genitourinary syndrome were divided into the estrogen group, the CO2 laser group, and the control group. The control group did not receive any treatment. Vaginal mucosa was collected after 3 and 12 months of treatment. The former was used for 16S rRNA sequencing, and the latter was used for pathological evaluation. Vaginal health and voiding function were assessed using the vaginal health index (VHI) scale and the UDI-6 scale at 3 and 12 months after treatment.

RESULTS

The results showed that both treatments reduced alpha diversity in the vaginal flora. Additionally, the abundance of 65 genera differed significantly between the treatment and control groups, with an increase in potentially beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, IheB3_7, Mycoplasma urealyticum, and Streptococcus. In addition, the VHI and UDI-6 scores improved in both treatment groups compared to the control group after 3 months. Whereas VHI and UDI-6 scores were close to baseline in the estrogen group, and remained significantly improved in the CO2 laser group after 12 months. Pathological results showed that both methods improved the vaginal health status of patients with GSM after 12 months of treatment. However, the CO2 group exhibited a more significant increase in type III collagen.

CONCLUSIONS

Both CO2 laser and estrogen therapies can regulate the vaginal flora imbalance of GSM and improve the corresponding symptoms. However, the long-term efficacy of CO2 laser therapy is superior compared to estrogen therapy.

Analysis of the cognitive and functional behavior of female rats in the periestropause after hormone therapy with estrogen

Perimenopause is a critical period, with severe cycle irregularity and lower estrogen secretion altering redox state biomarkers, leading to behavioral changes. The estrogen hormonal therapy (EHT) being commonly used to alleviate climacteric effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze anxiolytic profile, recognition memory (short and long term), ambulation, redox status, cell synaptic activity in locus coeruleus and hippocampus of Wistar rats in the periestropause after EHT. Forty rats participated in the study; 20 were treated with corn oil (group 21Mo/Veh; corn oil/0.2 mL/sc; 2x/week) and 20 were submitted to EHT (group 21Mo/E2; 17β-estradiol/15 μg/Kg/sc; 2x/week) for 120 days. Open field, elevated plus maze, object recognition (RO), and footprint tests were performed immediately before and at the end of the treatment period. From the decapitated brains, isolated hippocampus were destined for biochemical analysis, in turn, perfused brains were destined for histological analysis. The 21Mo/E2 group had a significantly greater total time in the central region and a significantly greater number of entries into the open arms compared to the 21Mo/Veh group, as in crossing, rearing and grooming behaviors, evidencing an anxiolytic profile. In the RO test, the 21Mo/Veh group decreased long-term memory, and the 21Mo/E2 group maintained the same index as at 17 months of age, in addition to a better balance of the hippocampal redox state, prevention of neuronal cell loss and better gait. Based on the results, it appears that exogenous E2 supplementation during periestropause may help preserve neurological functions and potentially prevent neuropsychological and neurodegenerative disorders.

Estrogen-receptor status determines differential regulation of α1- and α2-adrenoceptor-mediated cell survival, angiogenesis, and intracellular signaling responses in breast cancer cell lines

Psychosocial stress promotes cancer pathogenesis involving angiogenesis through alterations in neuroendocrine-immune functions that may involve adrenoceptor (AR)-dependent signaling mechanisms in the brain, lymphoid organs, and cancerous cells. Various concentrations of α1- and α2- AR-specific agonists and antagonists were incubated in vitro with estrogen receptor-positive (ER +) MCF-7, and ER (-) MDA MB-231 cells to examine the secretions of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and nitric oxide (NO), and expression of signaling molecules- p-ERK, p-CREB, and p-Akt on the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines. Cellular proliferation, VEGF-A and NO secretion, expression of p-ERK, p-CREB, and p-Akt were enhanced in MCF-7 cells treated with α1-AR agonist while VEGF-C secretion alone was enhanced in MDA MB-231 cells. Treatment of MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells with α2- AR agonist similarly enhanced proliferation and decreased NO production and p-CREB expression while VEGF-C secretion was decreased in MCF-7 cells and p-Akt expression was decreased in MDA MB-231 cells. α1-AR inhibition reversed cellular proliferation and VEGF-A secretion by MCF-7 cells while α2-AR inhibition reversed the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells and VEGF-C secretion by MCF-7 cells. Taken together, breast cancer pathogenesis may be influenced by distinct α-AR-mediated signaling mechanisms on angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis that are dependent on estrogen receptor status.

Anticancer mechanism of coumarin-based derivatives

The structural motif of coumarins is related with various biological activities and pharmacological properties. Both natural coumarin extracted from various plants or a new coumarin derivative synthesized by modification of the basic structure of coumarin, in vitro experiments showed that coumarins are a promising class of anti-tumor agents with high selectivity. Cancer is a complex and multifaceted group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled and abnormal growth of cells in the body. This review focuses on the anticancer mechanism of various coumarins synthesized and isolated in more than a decade. Isopentenyloxycoumarins inhibit angiogenesis by reducing CCl2 chemokine levels. Ferulin C is a potent colchicine-binding agent that destabilizes microtubules, exhibiting antiproliferative and anti-metastatic effects in breast cancer cells through PAK1 and PAK2-mediated signaling. Trimers of triphenylethylene-coumarin hybrids demonstrated significant proliferation inhibition in HeLa, A549, K562, and MCF-7 cell lines. Platinum(IV) complexes with 4-hydroxycoumarin have the potential for high genotoxicity against tumor cells, inducing apoptosis in SKOV-3 cells by up-regulating caspase 3 and caspase 9 expression. Derivatives of 3-benzyl coumarin seco-B-ring induce apoptosis, mediated through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Sesquiterpene coumarins inhibit the efflux pump of multidrug resistance-associated protein. Coumarin imidazolyl derivatives inhibit the aromatase enzyme, a major contributor to estrogen overproduction in estrogen-dependent breast cancer.

Progesterone treatment reduces food intake and body weight in ovariectomized female rats

While the effects of progesterone on body weight and appetite in pre-menopausal conditions have been well elucidated, its effects in post-menopausal conditions have not been clarified. On the contrary, the effects of estrogen on body weight and appetite in post-menopausal conditions have been well established. In this study, the effects of progesterone treatment on body weight, appetite, and fat mass in ovariectomized rats were evaluated. In addition, the central and/or peripheral levels of oxytocin (OT), leptin, and their receptors, which are potent anorectic factors, were examined. Female rats were ovariectomized and divided into control, progesterone-treated, and estrogen-treated groups. Body weight, food intake, and subcutaneous fat mass were lower in both the progesterone and estrogen groups than in the control group. The estrogen group exhibited higher serum OT levels than the control group, whereas the OT levels of the progesterone and control groups did not differ. The serum leptin levels of both the progesterone and estrogen groups were lower than those of the control group. Gene expression analysis of OT, leptin, and their receptors in the hypothalamus and adipose tissue found few significant differences among the groups. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA levels involved in appetite regulation were slightly altered in the progesterone and estrogen groups. These findings suggest that progesterone treatment may have favorable effects on body weight, appetite, and fat mass regulation in post-menopausal conditions and that the mechanisms underlying these effects of progesterone differ from those underlying the effects of estrogen.

Advantage of ostarine over raloxifene and their combined treatments for muscle of estrogen-deficient rats

PURPOSE

Selective androgen (ostarine, OST) and estrogen (raloxifene, RAL) receptor modulators with improved tissue selectivity have been developed as alternatives to hormone replacement therapy. We investigated the combined effects of OST and RAL on muscle tissue in an estrogen-deficient rat model of postmenopausal conditions.

METHODS

Three-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into groups: (1) untreated non-ovariectomized rats (Non-OVX), (2) untreated ovariectomized rats (OVX), (3) OVX rats treated with OST, (4) OVX rats treated with RAL, (5) OVX rats treated with OST and RAL. Both compounds were administered in the diet. The average dose received was 0.6 ± 0.1 mg for OST and 11.1 ± 1.2 mg for RAL per kg body weight/day. After thirteen weeks, rat activity, muscle weight, structure, gene expression, and serum markers were analyzed.

RESULTS

OST increased muscle weight, capillary ratio, insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf-1) expression, serum phosphorus, uterine weight. RAL decreased muscle weight, capillary ratio, food intake, serum calcium and increased Igf-1 and Myostatin expression, serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). OST + RAL increased muscle nucleus ratio, uterine weight, serum phosphorus, FSH and luteinizing hormone and decreased body and muscle weight, serum calcium. Neither treatment changed muscle fiber size. OVX increased body and muscle weight, decreased uterine weight, serum calcium and magnesium.

CONCLUSION

OST had beneficial effects on muscle in OVX rats. Side effects of OST on the uterus and serum electrolytes should be considered before using it for therapeutic purposes. RAL and RAL + OST had less effect on muscle and showed endocrinological side effects on pituitary-gonadal axis.

Inhibitory effects of naringenin on estrogen deficiency-induced obesity via regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and AMPK activation associated with white adipose tissue browning

AIMS

Post-ovariectomy (OVX) changes in hormones induce obesity and white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation. Increased energy expenditure via WAT browning is a novel therapeutic strategy for treating obesity. Naringenin (NAR) reduces inflammation and lipogenesis in obesity and attenuates estrogen deficiency-associated metabolic disorders; however, its role in WAT browning remains unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We investigated NAR ability to inhibit estrogen deficiency-associated obesity in vivo using a rat model and in vitro using 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

KEY FINDINGS

NAR significantly decreased the body weight and WAT mass of rats. O2 consumption, CO2 production, and energy expenditure were significantly lower in the OVX group than in the sham group, but NAR treatment reversed these effects of OVX. NAR treatment markedly improved glucose intolerance and lipid profiles as well as leptin, adiponectin, and irisin levels. NAR upregulated markers of browning and mitochondrial biogenesis in inguinal WAT. Moreover, it enhanced markers of mitochondrial fusion and inhibited fission via activating the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. Similar results were observed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, NAR-induced mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion were suppressed by dorsomorphin (an AMP-activated protein kinase inhibitor).

SIGNIFICANCE

NAR alleviates obesity and metabolic dysfunction through the induction of WAT browning achieved via the modulation of AMP-activated protein kinase-regulated mitochondrial dynamics in WATs. NAR supplementation may therefore represent a potential intervention for preventing postmenopausal adipose tissue dysregulation.

Estrogen-induced glial IL-1β mediates extrinsic retinal ganglion cell vulnerability in murine Nf1 optic glioma

Optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) arising in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) can cause retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction and vision loss, which occurs more frequently in girls. While our previous studies demonstrated that estrogen was partly responsible for this sexually dimorphic visual impairment, herein we elucidate the underlying mechanism. In contrast to their male counterparts, female Nf1OPG mice have increased expression of glial interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which is neurotoxic to RGCs in vitro. Importantly, both IL-1β neutralization and leuprolide-mediated estrogen suppression decrease IL-1β expression and ameliorate RGC dysfunction, providing preclinical proof-of-concept evidence supporting novel neuroprotective strategies for NF1-OPG-induced vision loss.

3-Methylcatechol mediates anti-fecundity effect by inhibiting estrogen-related receptor-induced glycolytic gene expression in Myzus persicae

Aphids are a major problem in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry by feeding on leaves and stems, causing discoloration, leaf curling, yellowing, and stunted growth. Although urushiol, a phenolic compound containing a catechol structure, is known for its antioxidant and anticancer properties, using small molecules to control aphids via catechol-mediated mechanisms is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of 3-methylcatechol (3-MC) on Myzus persicae fecundity. Our results showed that treatment with 3-MC significantly reduced the intrinsic transcriptional activity of the aphid estrogen-related receptor (MpERR), which regulates the expression of glycolytic genes. Additionally, 3-MC treatment suppressed the promoter activity of MpERR-induced rate-limiting enzymes in glycolysis, such as phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase, by inhibiting MpERR binding. Finally, 3-MC also suppressed MpERR-induced glycolytic gene expression and reduced the number of offspring produced by viviparous female aphids. Overall, our findings suggest that 3-MC has the potential to be used as a new strategy for managing aphid populations by controlling their offspring production.

Estrogen-mediated individual differences in female rat voluntary running behavior

Regular exercise has numerous health benefits, but the human population displays significant variability in exercise participation. Rodent models, such as voluntary wheel running (VWR) in rats, can provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of exercise behavior and its regulation. In this study, we focused on the role of estrogen on VWR in female rats. Female rats run more than males, and we aimed to determine to what extent running levels in females were regulated by estrogen signaling. The running behavior of rats (duration, speed, and total distance run) was measured under normal physiological conditions, ovariectomy (OVX), and estrogen replacement in an OVX background. Results show cyclic variations in running linked to the estrous cycle. Ovariectomy markedly reduced running and eliminated the cyclic pattern. Estrogen replacement through estradiol benzoate (EB) injections and osmotic minipumps reinstated running activity to pre-OVX levels and restored the cyclic pattern. Importantly, individual differences and ranking are preserved such that high versus low runners before OVX remain high and low runners after treatment. Further analysis revealed that individual variation in running distance was primarily caused by rats running different speeds, but rats also varied in running duration. However, it is noteworthy that this model also displays features distinct from estrogen-driven running behavior under physiological conditions, notably a delayed onset and a broader duration of running activity. Collectively, this estrogen causality VWR model presents a unique opportunity to investigate sex-specific mechanisms that control voluntary physical activity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study investigates estrogen's role in voluntary wheel running (VWR) behavior in female rats. Female rats exhibit greater running than males, with estrogen signaling regulating this activity. The estrous cycle influences running, whereas ovariectomy reduces it, and estrogen replacement restores it, maintaining individual differences under all conditions. Both running speed and duration contribute to VWR variations. These findings emphasize individual estrogen regulation in female exercise and provide an estrogen replacement animal model for investigating neurobiological underpinnings that drive voluntary exercise behavior.

The nongenomic neuroprotective effects of estrogen, E2-BSA, and G1 following traumatic brain injury: PI3K/Akt and histopathological study

OBJECTIVES

Studies suggest that both genomic and nongenomic pathways are involved in mediating the salutary effects of steroids following traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study investigated the nongenomic effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) mediated by the PI3K/p-Akt pathway after TBI.

METHODS

Ovariectomized rats were apportioned to E2, E2-BSA (E2 conjugated to bovine serum albumin), G1 [G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor agonist (GPER)] or their vehicle was injected following TBI, whereas ICI (classical estrogen receptor antagonist), G15 (GPER antagonist), ICI + G15, and their vehicles were injected before the induction of TBI and injection of drugs. Diffuse TBI was induced by the Marmarou model. Evans blue (EBC, 5 h), brain water contents (BWC), histopathological changes, and brain PI3K and p-Akt protein expressions were measured 24 h after TBI. The veterinary comma scale (VCS) was assessed before and at different times after TBI.

RESULTS

The results showed a reduction in BWC and EBC and increased VCS in the E2, E2-BSA, and G1 groups. Also, E2, E2-BSA, and G1 reduced brain edema, inflammation, and apoptosis. The ICI and G15 inhibited the beneficial effects of E2, E2-BSA, and G1 on these parameters. All drugs, following TBI, prevented the reduction of brain PI3K/p-Akt expression. The individual or combined use of ICI and G15 eliminated the beneficial effects of E2, E2-BSA, and G1 on PI3K/p-Akt expressions.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicated that PI3K/p-Akt pathway plays a critical role in mediating the salutary effects of estradiol on histopathological changes and neurological outcomes following TBI, suggesting that GPER and classic ERs are involved in regulating the expression of PI3K/p-Akt.

Hippocampal estrogens rescued the decline of synaptic plasticity after surgery and anesthesia by inhibiting microglia overactivation

BACKGROUND

Elderly patients experience postoperative cognitive impairment frequently; therefore, effective interventions are urgently needed. Central nervous inflammation characterized by microglia may promote the progression of POCD by reducing synaptic plasticity. Notably, clinical studies revealed that the incidence of female patients was significantly lower than that of male patients. Besides, the brain estrogens have an anti-inflammatory effect and regulate the microglia at the same times. This study aimed to determine whether suppressing microglia overactivation by hippocampal estrogens can rescue the decrease of synaptic plasticity after surgery and anesthesia.

METHODS

Exploratory laparotomy was used to establish the POCD model in 15-month-old male or female C57BL/6 J mice and animal behavioral tests were performed to test hippocampal-dependent memory capacity. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the microglial activation and plasticity related protein expressions. Elisa was used to detect the content of estrogens in the hippocampus. Estrogens and estrogen receptor inhibitor were used to replenish the estrogens in the brain and inhibit the effect of estrogens.

RESULTS

Surgery and anesthesia did not cause POCD in female mice (P > 0.05), while the cognitive function decreased significantly after estrogen receptor inhibitor was given(P < 0.05). Male mice experienced cognitive dysfunction after surgery and anesthesia, and their cognitive function improved after estrogens supplementation (P < 0.05). Given estrogens and estrogen receptor inhibitors at the same time, the cognitive function of male mice could not be saved (P < 0.05). By correlation analysis, there was a negative correlation between the content of hippocampal estrogens and microglia (P < 0.05). The number or degree of activation of microglia affected the synaptic plasticity, which ultimately regulated the cognitive function of mice.

CONCLUSION

Hippocampal estrogens rescued the decline of synaptic plasticity after surgery and anesthesia by inhibiting microglia overactivation.

Inhibitory effects of estetrol on the invasion and migration of immortalized human endometrial stromal cells

Endometriosis, a common gynecological disorder characterized by the growth of endometrial gland and stroma outside the uterus, causes several symptoms such as dysmenorrhea, hypermenorrhea, and chronic abdominal pain. 17β estradiol (E2) stimulates the growth of endometriotic lesions. Although estetrol (E4), produced by human fetal liver, is also a natural estrogen, it may have the opposite effects on endometriotic cells. We investigated different effects of E4 and E2 on the invasion and migration of immortalized human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) and evaluated whether E4 affects the expression of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family member 1 (WASF-1). We measured the invasion of HESCs by a Matrigel chamber assay. Cell migration was measured by wound healing assay and cell tracking analysis. The expression of WASF-1 was confirmed by independent real-time PCR analysis. Transfection of cells with siRNAs was carried out to knock down the expression of WASF-1 in HESCs. E4 significantly inhibited E2-induced invasion and migration of HESCs. WASF-1 was found to be a potential mediator based on metastasis PCR array. WASF-1 was upregulated by E2 and downregulated by E4. Knockdown of WASF-1 inhibited migration. Our results suggest that E4 may inhibit E2-induced growth of endometriotic lesions. Downregulation of WASF-1 is involved in the inhibitory effects of E4 on migration. The use of E4 combined with progestins as combined oral contraceptives may cause endometriotic lesions to regress in women with endometriosis.

Estrogen signaling in the dorsal raphe regulates binge-like drinking in mice

Estrogens promote binge alcohol drinking and contribute to sex differences in alcohol use disorder. However, the mechanisms are largely unknown. This study aims to test if estrogens act on 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (5-HTDRN) to promote binge drinking. We found that female mice drank more alcohol than male mice in chronic drinking in the dark (DID) tests. This sex difference was associated with distinct alterations in mRNA expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and 5-HT-related genes in the DRN, suggesting a potential role of estrogen/ERs/5-HT signaling. In supporting this view, 5-HTDRN neurons from naïve male mice had lower baseline firing activity but higher sensitivity to alcohol-induced excitation compared to 5-HTDRN neurons from naïve female mice. Notably, this higher sensitivity was blunted by 17β-estradiol treatment in males, indicating an estrogen-dependent mechanism. We further showed that both ERα and ERβ are expressed in 5-HTDRN neurons, whereas ERα agonist depolarizes and ERβ agonist hyperpolarizes 5-HTDRN neurons. Notably, both treatments blocked the stimulatory effects of alcohol on 5-HTDRN neurons in males, even though they have antagonistic effects on the activity dynamics. These results suggest that ERs' inhibitory effects on ethanol-induced burst firing of 5-HTDRN neurons may contribute to higher levels of binge drinking in females. Consistently, chemogenetic activation of ERα- or ERβ-expressing neurons in the DRN reduced binge alcohol drinking. These results support a model in which estrogens act on ERα/β to prevent alcohol-induced activation of 5-HTDRN neurons, which in return leads to higher binge alcohol drinking.

The impact of VPS35 D620N mutation on alternative autophagy and its reversal by estrogen in Parkinson's disease

VPS35 plays a key role in neurodegenerative processes in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). Many genetic studies have shown a close relationship between autophagy and PD pathophysiology, and specifically, the PD-causing D620N mutation in VPS35 has been shown to impair autophagy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal cell death and impaired autophagy in PD are debated. Notably, increasing evidence suggests that Rab9-dependent "alternative" autophagy, which is driven by a different molecular mechanism that driving ATG5-dependent "conventional" autophagy, also contributes to neurodegenerative process. In this study, we investigated the relationship between alternative autophagy and VPS35 D620N mutant-related PD pathogenesis. We isolated iPSCs from the blood mononuclear cell population of two PD patients carrying the VPS35 D620N mutant. In addition, we used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate SH-SY5Y cells carrying the D620N variant of VPS35. We first revealed that the number of autophagic vacuoles was significantly decreased in ATG5-knockout Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast or ATG5-knockdown patient-derived dopaminergic neurons carrying the VPS35 D620N mutant compared with that of the wild type VPS35 control cells. Furthermore, estrogen, which activates alternative autophagy pathways, increased the number of autophagic vacuoles in ATG5-knockdown VPS35 D620N mutant dopaminergic neurons. Estrogen induces Rab9 phosphorylation, mediated through Ulk1 phosphorylation, ultimately regulating alternative autophagy. Moreover, estrogen reduced the apoptosis rate of VPS35 D620N neurons, and this effect of estrogen was diminished under alternative autophagy knockdown conditions. In conclusion, alternative autophagy might be important for maintaining neuronal homeostasis and may be associated with the neuroprotective effect of estrogen in PD with VPS35 D620N.

Transcriptome profiling reveals superovulation with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist trigger impaired embryo implantation in mice

Introduction

Superovulation is a critical step in assisted reproductive technology, but the use of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as a trigger for superovulation can result in ovarian hyperstimulation. Thus, the use of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) trigger has been increasingly adopted, although it has been associated with a higher rate of pregnancy failure compared to natural cycles. This study aimed to investigate the effect of GnRHa trigger on embryo implantation in a mouse model.

Methods

Mice in the superovulation (PG) group were administered 7.5 IU of PMSG, followed by the injection of 3.5 μg of GnRHa (Leuprorelin) 48 h later, while mice in the control group (CTR) mated naturally. We compared the number of oocytes, blastocysts, and corpus luteum between the two groups and the implantation sites after the transfer of natural blastocysts. Ovaries, uterus, and serum 2 and 4 days after mating were collected for qRT-PCR, transcriptome sequencing, and hormone assays.

Results

The PG group had more oocytes, blastocysts, and corpus luteum after superovulation than the CTR group. However, the mRNA expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (Lif) and the number of implantation sites were reduced in the PG group. The ELISA assay revealed that superovulation increased ovarian estrogen secretion. The transcriptome analysis showed that superphysiological estrogen led to a response of the uterus to a high estrogen signal, resulting in abnormal endometrium and extracellular matrix remodeling and up-regulation of ion transport and inflammation-related genes.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that a combination of PMSG and GnRHa trigger impaired embryo implantation in mice, as the excessive uterine response to superphysiological estrogen levels can lead to the change of gene expression related to endometrial remodeling, abnormal expression of uterine ion transport genes and excessive immune-related genes.

Nutraceuticals known to promote hair growth do not interfere with the inhibitory action of tamoxifen in MCF7, T47D and BT483 breast cancer cell lines

BACKGROUND

Hair loss/thinning is a common side effect of tamoxifen in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer therapy. Some nutraceuticals known to promote hair growth are avoided during breast cancer therapy for fear of phytoestrogenic activity. However, not all botanical ingredients have similarities to estrogens, and in fact, no information exists as to the true interaction of these ingredients with tamoxifen. Therefore, this study sought to ascertain the effect of nutraceuticals (+/- estrogen/tamoxifen), on proliferation of breast cancer cells and the relative expression of ERα/β.

METHODS

Kelp, Astaxanthin, Saw Palmetto, Tocotrienols, Maca, Horsetail, Resveratrol, Curcumin and Ashwagandha were assessed on proliferation of MCF7, T47D and BT483 breast cancer cell lines +/- 17β-estradiol and tamoxifen. Each extract was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) prior to use. Cellular ERα and ERβ expression was assessed by qRT-PCR and western blot. Changes in the cellular localisation of ERα:ERβ and their ratio following incubation with the nutraceuticals was confirmed by immunocytochemistry.

RESULTS

Estradiol stimulated DNA synthesis in three different breast cancer cell lines: MCF7, T47D and BT483, which was inhibited by tamoxifen; this was mirrored by a specific ERa agonist in T47D and BT483 cells. Overall, nutraceuticals did not interfere with tamoxifen inhibition of estrogen; some even induced further inhibition when combined with tamoxifen. The ERα:ERβ ratio was higher at mRNA and protein level in all cell lines. However, incubation with nutraceuticals induced a shift to higher ERβ expression and a localization of ERs around the nuclear periphery.

CONCLUSIONS

As ERα is the key driver of estrogen-dependent breast cancer, if nutraceuticals have a higher affinity for ERβ they may offer a protective effect, particularly if they synergize and augment the actions of tamoxifen. Since ERβ is the predominant ER in the hair follicle, further studies confirming whether nutraceuticals can shift the ratio towards ERβ in hair follicle cells would support a role for them in hair growth. Although more research is needed to assess safety and efficacy, this promising data suggests the potential of nutraceuticals as adjuvant therapy for hair loss in breast cancer patients receiving endocrine therapy.