Effect of Heat-Treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum nF1 on the Immune System Including Natural Killer Cell Activity: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study

Heat-treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum nF1 (HT-nF1) increases immune cell activation and the production of various immunomodulators (e.g., interleukin (IL)-12) as well as immunoglobulin (Ig) G, which plays an important role in humoral immunity, and IgA, which activates mucosal immunity. To determine the effect of HT-nF1 intake on improving immune function, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 100 subjects with normal white blood cell counts. The HT-nF1 group was administered capsules containing 5 × 1011 cells of HT-nF1 once a day for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of HT-nF1 intake, significant changes in IL-12 were observed in the HT-nF1 group (p = 0.045). In particular, the change in natural killer (NK) cell activity significantly increased in subjects with low secretory (s) IgA (≤49.61 μg/mL) and low NK activity (E:T = 10:1) (≤3.59%). These results suggest that HT-nF1 has no safety issues and improves the innate immune function by regulating T helper (Th)1-related immune factors. Therefore, we confirmed that HT-nF1 not only has a positive effect on regulating the body's immunity, but it is also a safe material for the human body, which confirms its potential as a functional health food ingredient.

Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum BFS1243 on a female frailty model induced by fecal microbiota transplantation in germ-free mice

Frailty, a complex geriatric syndrome, significantly impedes the goal of achieving 'healthy aging'. Increasing evidence suggests a connection between gut microbiota, systemic inflammation, and disease. However, it remains to be determined whether interventions targeting the intestinal flora can effectively ameliorate frailty. Our research involved fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments on germ-free (GF) mice, dividing these mice into three groups: a group receiving transplants from healthy elderly individuals (HF group), a group of frailty patients (FF group), and the FF group supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum BFS1243 (FFL group). Our findings indicated a significant shift in the gut microbiota of the FF group, in contrast to the HF group, characterized by decreased Akkermansia and increased Enterocloster, Parabacteroides, and Eisenbergiella. Concurrently, there was a reduction in amino acids and SCFAs, with BFS1243 partially mitigating these changes. The FF group exhibited an upregulation of inflammatory markers, including PGE2, CRP, and TNF-α, and a downregulation of irisin, all of which were moderated by BFS1243 treatment. Furthermore, BFS1243 improved intestinal barrier integrity and physical endurance in the FF mice. Correlation analysis revealed a negative association between SCFA-producing species and metabolites like lysine and butyric acid with pro-inflammatory factors. In conclusion, our study conclusively demonstrated that alterations in the gut microbiota of elderly individuals can lead to physical frailty, likely due to detrimental effects on the intestinal barrier and a pro-inflammatory state. These findings underscore the potential of gut microbiome modulation as a clinical strategy for treating frailty.

A 12-Week, Single-Centre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Design Clinical Trial for the Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SKO-001 in Reducing Body Fat

There is growing evidence linking gut microbiota to overall health, including obesity risk and associated diseases. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SKO-001, a probiotic strain isolated from Angelica gigas, has been reported to reduce obesity by controlling the gut microbiome. In this double-blind, randomised clinical trial, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SKO-001 in reducing body fat. We included 100 participants randomised into SKO-001 or placebo groups (1:1) for 12 weeks. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to objectively evaluate body fat reduction. Body fat percentage (p = 0.016), body fat mass (p = 0.02), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels (p = 0.025), and adiponectin levels (p = 0.023) were lower in the SKO-001 group than in the placebo group after 12 weeks of SKO-001 consumption. In the SKO-001 group, the subcutaneous fat area (p = 0.003), total cholesterol levels (p = 0.003), and leptin levels (p = 0.014) significantly decreased after 12 weeks of SKO-001 consumption compared with baseline values. Additionally, SKO-001 did not cause any severe adverse reactions. In conclusion, SKO-001 is safe and effective for reducing body fat and has the potential for further clinical testing in humans.

In vitro analysis on the adhesion potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum from infant faeces and its gastrointestinal localization, growth promotion, and immunomodulation in Wistar rats: a preliminary study

Lactic acid bacteria, found in heterogenous niches, are known for their health-endorsing properties and are in demand as prospective probiotics. Hence, the scientific community around the globe is in continuous search for novel and new potential strains with extensive applicability and minimum risk. In this context, the present study evaluated the efficiency of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (P2F2) of human origin, a highly autoaggregating and coaggregating (with pathogens) strain, for its colonization, growth promotion, and immunomodulation. Results indicated moderate hydrophobicity on adhesion to xylene and n-hexadecane and weak electron-donating properties with chloroform. The biofilm of P2F2 formed on polystyrene was strong and highly correlated to exopolysaccharide production. The autoaggregation was moderately correlated with hydrophobicity and biofilm production. It was noted that the P2F2 strain modulated the gut microbiota and increased intestinal villi length in Wistar rats. The lipid and glucose profiles remained intact. P2F2 treatment increased the activity of reactive oxygen species-generating cells in the peritoneal cavity, besides augmenting the mitogen-induced splenocyte proliferation and maintained the immunoglobulins at the normal level. Results from this study conclusively suggest that the strain P2F2 adheres to the intestine and modulates the gut ecosystem besides enhancing cell-mediated immunity without altering the serological parameters tested.

The Lactobacillus plantarum P-8 Probiotic Microcapsule Prevents DSS-Induced Colitis through Improving Intestinal Integrity and Reducing Colonic Inflammation in Mice

Probiotics, recognized as beneficial and active microorganisms, often face challenges in maintaining their functionality under harsh conditions such as exposure to stomach acid and bile salts. In this investigation, we developed probiotic microcapsules and assessed their protective effects and underlying mechanisms in a murine model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis using male C57BL/6J mice. The administration of the probiotic microcapsules significantly mitigated body weight loss, prevented colon length shortening, decreased the disease activity index scores, and reduced histopathological scores in mice with DSS-induced colitis. Concurrently, the microencapsulated probiotics preserved intestinal barrier integrity by upregulating the expressions of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin, as well as the mucus layer component MUC-2. Moreover, the treatment with probiotic microcapsules suppressed the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway in the context of DSS-induced colitis. In conclusion, these findings support the utilization of probiotic microcapsules as a potential functional food ingredient to maintain the permeability of the intestinal barrier and alleviate colonic inflammation in UC.

Lactobacillus plantarum 45 activates SHP2 through inhibition of oxidative stress to regulate osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study is to observe LP45 (Lactobacillus plantarum 45) to investigate the mechanism by which LP45 attenuates oxidative stress-induced damage and regulates the osteoblast-osteoclast balance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The oxidative stress level and osteoblast- and osteoclast-related proteins were detected by immunofluorescence staining, Western blotting, ROS fluorescent probe and ELISA. Osteoblast cell proliferation capacity was determined by the CCK-8 assay. X-ray observation and HE staining were used to detect the effect of LP45 on osteoporosis.

RESULTS

The expression level of SHP2 and Src was significantly increased, and the expression levels of NOX4, P22, P47, IL-1β, NLRP3, IRF3, RANK, β-catenin and INF-β were inhibited in LP45 group and LPS + LP45 group as compared to those in LPS group. Compared with that in LPS group, the concentration of SOD was increased and the concentration of MDA was decreased in LPS + LP45 group. The protein expressions of OPG, RANKL, RUNX3, RANK and β-catenin in LP45 group and LPS + LP45 group increased. The protein expressions of NF-κB, CREB and AP-1 in LP45 group and LPS + LP45 group decreased significantly. The results were also confirmed by immunofluorescence staining and ROS fluorescent probe. X-ray observation and HE staining showed that LP45 could inhibit the progression of osteoporosis.

CONCLUSION

LP45 can exert its antioxidant effect by inhibiting the production of oxidative stress to activate the SHP2 signaling pathway, thus promoting osteoblast differentiation and repressing osteoclast formation to maintain bone homeostasis and improve bone metabolism.

Impact of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and casein fortification on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptides in yogurt: identification and in silico analysis

In this study, the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum M11 (Lb. plantarum M11) in conjunction with sodium caseinate on the characteristics and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of yogurt were investigated. ACE inhibitory peptides (ACEIPs) in yogurt were identified by nano-LC-MS/MS and potential ACEIPs were predicted by in silico and molecular docking methods. The results showed that the ACE-inhibitory activity of yogurt was significantly enhanced (p < 0.05), while maintaining the quality characteristics of the yogurt. Thirteen ACEIPs in the improved yogurt (883 + M11-CS group) were identified, which were more abundant than the other yogurt groups (control 883 group, 883 + M11 group and 883-CS group). Two novel peptides with potential ACE inhibitory activity, YPFPGPIH and NILRFF, were screened. The two peptides showed PeptideRanker scores above 0.8, small molecular weight and strong hydrophobicity, and were non-toxic after prediction. Molecular docking results showed that binding energies with ACE were -9.4 kcal mol-1 and -10.7 kcal mol-1, respectively, and could bind to the active site of ACE. These results indicated that yogurt with Lb. plantarum M11 and sodium caseinate has the potential to be utilized as a functional food with antihypertensive properties. The combination of ACEIP-producing strains and casein fortification could be an effective method to promote the release of ACEIPs from yogurt.

Exopolysaccharide production by Lactobacillus plantarum T10 is responsible for the probiotic activity in enhancing intestinal barrier function in vitro and in vivo

Lactobacillus probiotics exert their effects in a strain-specific and metabolite-specific manner. This study aims to identify lactobacilli that can effectively enhance the intestinal barrier function both in vitro and in vivo and to investigate the underlying metabolite and molecular mechanisms involved. Nine Lactobacillus isolates were evaluated for their ability to enhance the IPEC-J2 cellular barrier function and for their anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in IPEC-J2 cells after an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge. Of the nine isolates, L. plantarum T10 demonstrated significant advantages in enhancing the cellular barrier function and displayed anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities in vitro. The bioactivities of L. plantarum T10 were primarily attributed to the production of exopolysaccharides, which exerted their effects through the TLR-mediated p38 MAPK pathway in ETEC-challenged IPEC-J2 cells. Furthermore, the production of EPS by L. plantarum T10 led to the alleviation of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by reducing intestinal damage and enhancing the intestinal barrier function in mice. The EPS is classified as a heteropolysaccharide with an average molecular weight of 23.0 kDa. It is primarily composed of mannose, glucose, and ribose. These findings have practical implications for the targeted screening of lactobacilli used in the production of probiotics and postbiotics with strain-specific features of exopolysaccharides.

Optimizing the Production of Probiotic Yogurt as a New Functional Food for Diabetics with Favorable Sensory Properties Using the Response Surface Methodology

This study aimed to optimize the processing of probiotic yogurt supplemented with cumin essential oil (CEO), vitamin C, D3 (Vit D), and reduction of fermentation time using response surface methodology as a new functional food for diabetics with desirable sensory properties. The central composite design (CCD) was used to analyze the effect of these independent variables on the growth of the Lactobacillus plantarum A7 (LA7), starter culture, and overall acceptability. Differences between treatments were analyzed. The data were evaluated by analysis of variance at the significance level of 0.05. The effective concentration of CEO and fermentation time had the significant effect on the Lactobacillus plantarum A7 (LA7) number. Variance analysis and three-dimensional graphs show that almost the only effective factor on the overall acceptability of probiotic yogurt containing essential oil and vitamin D3 was CEO. According to the obtained data from the analysis, the optimal amount of independent variables for probiotic yogurt formulation such as CEO, D3, and fermentation time was 0.02% (v/v), 400 IU, and 9 h, respectively. This functional product can be considered an efficient food to reduce or eliminate the complications of diabetes.

Stability and programmed sequential release of Lactobacillus plantarum and curcumin encapsulated in bilayer-stabilized W1/O/W2 double emulsion: Effect of pectin as protective shell

In order to overcome the problem that traditional W1/O/W2 double emulsions do not have targeted release performance, thereby better meeting the health needs of consumers, ovalbumin fibrils/pectin-based bilayer-stabilized double emulsion (OP-BDE) co-encapsulated with Lactobacillus plantarum and curcumin was constructed with pectin as the outer protective shell, which was expected to be used in the development of novel functional foods. The effects of pectin coating on the viability of Lactobacillus plantarum under conditions including storage, pasteurization, freeze-thaw cycles and in vitro simulated digestion were investigated. Results showed that pectin as protective shell could significantly enhance the tolerance of Lactobacillus plantarum to various environmental factors. Besides, the adsorption of pectin endowed OP-BDE with higher lipolysis and stronger protective effect on curcumin, remarkably improving the photostability and bioaccessibility of curcumin. In addition, in vitro simulated gastrointestinal release study indicated that OP-BDE possessed programmed sequential release property, allowing curcumin and Lactobacillus plantarum to be released in small intestine and colon, respectively. OP-BDE is the first reported co-delivery emulsion system with programmed release characteristic. This study provides new insights into OP-BDE in constructing co-delivery systems and programmed sequential release of active substances, and has potential reference and application value in actual food production.

Efficacy of Lactobacillus taiwanensis S29 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S27 against tapeworm infection in Swiss Albino rats

Hymenolepis diminuta a zoonotic tapeworm infection in human remains an important cestode model for anthelmintic study as it display common clinical symptoms like other adult human tapeworms during heavy infestation. The use of Lactobacillus as a probiotic is an alternative to drugs which have increased in research and usage considerably during the last decade. The present study aims to determine the anthelmintic efficacy of two probiotics, L. taiwanensis strain S29 and L. plantarum strain S27 against H. diminuta in infected rat. Four groups of animals, each with six numbers were randomly chosen as the negative control (Group I), positive control (infected) (Group II) and the infected treated with two probiotics Group III and Group IV respectively. Another four groups (Group V-VIII) were selected and further subdivided into four sub-groups to investigate the development of larvae to adult during probiotics treatment. Worm burden, egg per gram were determined after treatment with these two probiotics. Furthermore, hematological assays and levels of biochemical markers were estimated, tissue damage was assayed through histological study and intestinal mitochondria detection was done. Worm sustainability reduced about 70-90% and EPG count decreased by 81-94% in probiotics treated groups. A significant level of unsuccessful establishment of larvae was observed in the developmental phase. Improvement in hematological parameter along with some biochemical parameters in the host were significantly observed after treatment with probiotics. The architecture damaged caused in the intestine and mitochondria density due to parasite infection improved significantly as that of control after probiotics treatment.

Investigating the efficacy of an exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L75 on oat silage fermentation at different temperatures

This study investigates the effectiveness of an exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing strain (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L75) alone or in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the fermentation characteristics, antioxidant capacities and microbial community successions of oat silage stored at various temperatures. A rapid decrease in pH and lactic acid accumulation was observed in silages treated with L. plantarum and S. cerevisiae (LS) as early as 3 days of ensiling (p < 0.05). Over the ensiling period of 7-60 days, L. plantarum (L)-inoculated groups showed the lowest pH, lowest ammonia nitrogen and the highest amount of lactic acid regardless of the storage temperatures. When the oat silage was stored at 15°C, LS-inoculated group exhibited a higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity than control and L-inoculated group. Furthermore, the proportion of Lactiplantibacillus in the combined inoculation group increased by 65.42% compared to the L-inoculated group (33.26%). Fungal community data revealed abundant Penicillium carneum in the control and L-inoculated groups stored at 15°C. Conclusively, these results showed that combined inoculation of L. plantarum L75 and S. cerevisiae improved the fermentation quality of oat silage at 15°C, thus proposing a technique for enhancing the fermentation quality of silage in regions with low temperatures during harvest season.

Lactobacillus plantarum L168 improves hyperoxia-induced pulmonary inflammation and hypoalveolarization in a rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Alteration of gut microbiota can affect chronic lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, through abnormal immune and inflammatory responses. Previous studies have shown a feasible connection between gut microbiota and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. However, whether BPD can be ameliorated by restoring the gut microbiota remains unclear. In preterm infants with BPD, we found variance in the diversity and structure of gut microbiota. Similarly, BPD rats showed gut dysbiosis, characterized by a deficiency of Lactobacillus, which was abundant in normal rats. We therefore explored the effect and potential mechanism of action of a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus plantarum L168, in improving BPD. The BPD rats were treated with L. plantarum L168 by gavage for 2 weeks, and the effect was evaluated by lung histopathology, lung function, and serum inflammatory markers. Subsequently, we observed reduced lung injury and improved lung development in BPD rats exposed to L. plantarum L168. Further evaluation revealed that L. plantarum L168 improved intestinal permeability in BPD rats. Serum metabolomics showed altered inflammation-associated metabolites following L. plantarum L168 intervention, notably a marked increase in anti-inflammatory metabolites. In agreement with the metabolites analysis, RNA-seq analysis of the intestine and lung showed that inflammation and immune-related genes were down-regulated. Based on the information from RNA-seq, we validated that L. plantarum L168 might improve BPD relating to down-regulation of TLR4 /NF-κB /CCL4 pathway. Together, our findings suggest the potential of L. plantarum L168 to provide probiotic-based therapeutic strategies for BPD.

Novel Synergistic Probiotic Intervention: Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Ameliorative Effects on Immunity, Gut Barrier, and Metabolism of Mice during Salmonella typhimurium Infection

Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), a prevalent cause of foodborne infection, induces significant changes in the host transcriptome and metabolome. The lack of therapeutics with minimal or no side effects prompts the scientific community to explore alternative therapies. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a probiotic mixture comprising Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus 1.3251) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum 9513) against S. typhimurium, utilizing transcriptome and metabolomic analyses, a novel approach that has not been previously documented. Twenty-four SPF-BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: control negative group (CNG); positive control group (CPG); probiotic-supplemented non-challenged group (LAPG); and probiotic-supplemented Salmonella-challenged group (LAPST). An RNA-sequencing analysis of small intestinal (ileum) tissue revealed 2907 upregulated and 394 downregulated DEGs in the LAPST vs. CPG group. A functional analysis of DEGs highlighted their significantly altered gene ontology (GO) terms related to metabolism, gut integrity, cellular development, and immunity (p ≤ 0.05). The KEGG analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the LAPST group were primarily involved in pathways related to gut integrity, immunity, and metabolism, such as MAPK, PI3K-Akt, AMPK, the tryptophan metabolism, the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, ECM-receptor interaction, and others. Additionally, the fecal metabolic analysis identified 1215 upregulated and 305 downregulated metabolites in the LAPST vs. CPG group, implying their involvement in KEGG pathways including bile secretion, propanoate metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and protein digestion and absorption, which are vital for maintaining barrier integrity, immunity, and metabolism. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the administration of a probiotic mixture improves immunity, maintains gut homeostasis and barrier integrity, and enhances metabolism in Salmonella infection.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ZDY2013 Inhibits the Development of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating the Intestinal Microbiota and Modulating the PI3K/Akt Pathway

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic hepatic condition whose impact on human health is increasingly significant. The imbalance of the gut microbiome, linked to insulin resistance, heightened intestinal permeability, and pro-inflammatory reactions, may be the linchpin in the development of NAFLD. In our research, the impact of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ZDY2013 administration for 12 weeks on gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by a high-fat, high-fructose, high-cholesterol (FHHC) diet in male C57BL/6n mice was investigated. Research results presented that the intervention of L. plantarum ZDY2013 in mice fed with the FHHC diet could restore their liver function and regulate oxidative stress. Compared to mice in the model group, the intervention of L. plantarum ZDY2013 significantly regulated the gut microbiota, inhibited the LPS/NF-κB pathway, and led to a lower level of colonic inflammation in the mice administered with L. plantarum ZDY2013. It also improved insulin resistance to regulate the PI3K/Akt pathway and lipid metabolism, thereby resulting in reduced fat accumulation in the liver. The above results suggest that the intervention of L. plantarum ZDY2013 can hinder the progression of diet-induced NAFLD by reducing inflammation to regulate the PI3K/Akt pathway and regulating gut microbiota disturbance.

Protective effect of synbiotic combination of Lactobacillus plantarum SC-5 and olive oil extract tyrosol in a murine model of ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitisis (UC) classified as a form of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) characterized by chronic, nonspecific, and recurrent symptoms with a poor prognosis. Common clinical manifestations of UC include diarrhea, fecal bleeding, and abdominal pain. Even though anti-inflammatory drugs can help alleviate symptoms of IBD, their long-term use is limited due to potential side effects. Therefore, alternative approaches for the treatment and prevention of inflammation in UC are crucial.

METHODS

This study investigated the synergistic mechanism of Lactobacillus plantarum SC-5 (SC-5) and tyrosol (TY) combination (TS) in murine colitis, specifically exploring their regulatory activity on the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory pathways (NF-κB and MAPK) and key molecular targets (tight junction protein). The effectiveness of 1 week of treatment with SC-5, TY, or TS was evaluated in a DSS-induced colitis mice model by assessing colitis morbidity and colonic mucosal injury (n = 9). To validate these findings, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed by inoculating DSS-treated mice with the microbiota of TS-administered mice (n = 9).

RESULTS

The results demonstrated that all three treatments effectively reduced colitis morbidity and protected against DSS-induced UC. The combination treatment, TS, exhibited inhibitory effects on the DSS-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and negatively regulated NF-κB. Furthermore, TS maintained the integrity of the tight junction (TJ) structure by regulating the expression of zona-occludin-1 (ZO-1), Occludin, and Claudin-3 (p < 0.05). Analysis of the intestinal microbiota revealed significant differences, including a decrease in Proteus and an increase in Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia, which supported the protective effect of TS (p < 0.05). An increase in the number of Aspergillus bacteria can cause inflammation in the intestines and lead to the formation of ulcers. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus can regulate the micro-ecological balance of the intestinal tract, replenish normal physiological bacteria and inhibit harmful intestinal bacteria, which can alleviate the symptoms of UC. The relative abundance of Akkermansia has been shown to be negatively associated with IBD. The FMT group exhibited alleviated colitis, excellent anti-inflammatory effects, improved colonic barrier integrity, and enrichment of bacteria such as Akkermansia (p < 0.05). These results further supported the gut microbiota-dependent mechanism of TS in ameliorating colonic inflammation.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the TS demonstrated a remission of colitis and amelioration of colonic inflammation in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. The findings suggest that TS could be a potential natural medicine for the protection of UC health. The above results suggest that TS can be used as a potential therapeutic agent for the clinical regulation of UC.

In-vitro selection of lactic acid bacteria to combat Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens

Campylobacter and Salmonella are the two most prominent foodborne zoonotic pathogens reported in the European Union. As poultry is one of the major sources of these pathogens, it is imperative to mitigate the colonization of these pathogens in poultry. Many strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have demonstrated anti-Salmonella and anti-Campylobacter characteristics to varying degrees and spectrums which are attributed to the production of various metabolites. However, the production of these compounds and consequent antimicrobial properties are highly strain dependent. Therefore, the current study was performed to select a potent LAB and determine its causal attribute in inhibiting Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter jejuni, in-vitro. Six LAB (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP), Lacticaseibacillus casei (LC), Limosilactobacillus reuteri (LR), Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (LRh), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (LM) and Pediococcus pentosaceus (PP)) and three serovars of Salmonella enterica (Typhimurium, Enterica and Braenderup) and Campylobacter jejuni were used in the current study. Spot overlays, well diffusion, co-culture and co-aggregation assays against Salmonella and well diffusion assays against Campylobacter jejuni were performed. Organic acid profiling of culture supernatants was performed using HPLC. The results indicated that LRh, LM and PP had the most significant anti-Salmonella effects while LP, LC, LM and PP displayed the most significant anti-Campylobacter effects. Lactic acid and formic acid detected in the culture supernatants seem the most likely source of the anti-Salmonella and anti-Campylobacter effects exhibited by these LAB. In conclusion, Leuconostoc mesenteroides displayed the most significant overall anti-pathogenic effects when compared to the other LAB strains studied, indicating its potential application in-vivo.

Exploration of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P101 ameliorated the alcohol-induced testicular dysfunction based on metabolome analysis

The decline in male sperm quality caused by multiple factors has become a widespread concern. Alcohol excessive consumption is one of the factors that induce testicular dysfunction. Testicular dysfunction caused by alcohol abuse is related to oxidative stress and inflammation. Probiotics can ameliorate alcohol-induced testicular dysfunction. However, the specific mechanism is not explicit. This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanism by which Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P101 ameliorates the alcohol-induced testicular dysfunction. The model of alcohol-induced testicular dysfunction in C57B/6 male mice was established according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P101 supplementation was orally administered to mice during the experiment. The results showed that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P101 promoted androgen production, reduced testis inflammation, and improved testis antioxidant capacity, thereby improving sperm quality and sperm motility and ultimately ameliorating alcohol-induced testicular disorder. Three key metabolite pathways and six key metabolites were identified by metabolome analysis.

Improving the survival of Lactobacillus plantarum FZU3013 by phase separated caseinate/alginate gel beads

The phase separation behavior of mixed solution of caseinate (Cas) and alginate (Alg) was investigated. Lactobacillus plantarum FZU3013 was encapsulated using 4 % Cas/1 % Alg gel beads with a phase-separated structure. The bacteria were predominantly distributed in the Alg-rich continuous phase. The use of 4 % Cas/1 % Alg beads resulted in higher encapsulation efficiency for L. plantarum FZU3013 compared to 1 % Alg beads. After 5 weeks of storage at 4 °C, the viable count in 4 % Cas/1 % Alg beads was 8.3 log CFU/g, which was 1.1 log CFU/g higher than that of the 1 % Alg beads. When 1 % Alg beads of the smallest size were subjected to in vitro digestion, no viable bacteria could be detected at the end of the digestion, whereas the 4 % Cas/1 % Alg beads of the smallest size had a viable count of 3.9 log CFU/g. When the size of the 4 % Cas/1 % Alg beads was increased to 1000 μm, the viable count was 7.0 log CFU/g after digestion. The results of infrared spectroscopy and zeta potential indicated that hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between caseinate and alginate reinforced the structure of the gel beads and improved the protection for L. plantarum FZU 3013.

Insights into the mechanisms driving microbial community succession during pepper fermentation: Roles of microbial interactions and endogenous environmental changes

Elucidating the driving mechanism of microbial community succession during pepper fermentation contributes to establishing efficient fermentation regulation strategies. This study utilized three-generation high-throughput sequencing technology, microbial co-occurrence network analysis, and random forest analysis to reveal microbial community succession processes and driving mechanisms during pepper fermentation. The results showed that more positive correlations than negative correlations were observed among microorganisms, with positive correlation proportions of 60 %, 51.03 %, and 71.43 % between bacteria and bacteria, fungi and fungi, and bacteria and fungi in sipingtou peppers, and 69.23 %, 54.93 %, and 79.44 % in zhudachang peppers, respectively. Microbial interactions, mainly among Weissella hellenica, Lactobacillus plantarum, Hanseniaspora opuntiae, and Kazachstania humillis, could drive bacterial and fungal community succession. Notably, the bacterial community successions during the fermentation of two peppers were similar, showing the transition from Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis, Weissella ghanensis to Weissella hellenica and Lactobacillus plantarum. However, the fungal community successions in the two fermented peppers differed significantly, and the differential biomarkers were Dipodascus geotrichum and Kazachstania humillis. Differences in autochthonous microbial composition and inherent constituents brought by pepper varieties resulted in different endogenous environmental changes, mainly in fructose, malic acid, and citric acid. Furthermore, endogenous environmental factors could also drive microbial community succession, with succinic acid, lactic acid, and malic acid being the main potential drivers of bacterial community succession, whereas fructose, glucose, and succinic acid were the main drivers of fungal community succession. These results will provide insights into controlling fermentation processes by raw material combinations, optimization of environmental parameters, and microbial interactions.

Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCFM8661 on serum metabolites and gut microbiota in a lead-exposed population

In this study, we investigated the impact of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) CCFM8661 on the gut microbiota, and the serum and fecal metabolomes in lead (Pb)-exposed individuals. The volunteers recruited for this study were divided into two treatment groups, (i) the placebo (control) and (ii) the L. plantarum CCFM8661 treatment groups. The analysis revealed that probiotic intervention reversed some of the changes in Pb exposure-induced intestinal bacterial abundance, including the abundance of Parabacteroides, Bacteroides, Clostridiaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae. An analysis of the fecal metabolome identified 26 differential metabolites involved in purine metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid metabolism, and other pathways. Serum metabolite analysis showed that L. plantarum CCFM8661 treatment altered the serum metabolite levels of various metabolic pathways, such as the glycerophospholipid, amino acid, and glutathione metabolism pathways. These results suggest that L. plantarum CCFM8661 may have beneficial effects on Pb-exposed populations by modulating the gut microbiota, host serum metabolism, and the metabolism of the gut microbiota.

Utilizing chitosan and pullulan for the encapsulation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ZJ316 to enhance its vitality in the gastrointestinal tract

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ZJ316 has demonstrated effective alleviation of gastritis and colitis, making it crucial to improve its viability within the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, Chitosan (CS) and pullulan (PUL) encapsulated nanofibers of ZJ316 were prepared using electrospinning, considering both the synergistic effects of prebiotics and probiotics and their protective effects. We found that increasing the CS ratio resulted in elevated conductivity of the polymer solution, while decreasing viscosity and pH. Scanning electron microscopy showed that at a CS: PUL ratio of 1:135, polymer filaments were difficult to form, and nanofiber diameter decreased with higher CS content. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the miscibility of CS and PUL, while ATR-FTIR demonstrated the presence of hydrogen bonding interactions between the two materials. Thermal analysis indicated that an increased CS concentration improved the thermal stability of the nanofibers. Based on these findings, the optimal CS:PUL ratio for electrospinning was determined to be 1:60. Encapsulation of ZJ316 in the nanofibers significantly enhanced its survival rate in simulated gastrointestinal fluid compared to free bacteria, with survival rates of 87.24 % (gastric) and 79.71 % (intestinal), respectively. This study provides valuable insights for the development of probiotic functional foods.

Utilization of coffee waste as a sustainable feedstock for high-yield lactic acid production through microbial fermentation

Lactic acid is an important industrial precursor; however, high substrate costs are a major challenge in microbial fermentation-based lactic acid production. Coffee waste is a sustainable feedstock alternative for lactic acid production via microbial fermentation. Herein, the feasibility of coffee waste as a feedstock was explored by employing appropriate pretreatment methods and optimizing enzyme combinations. Coffee waste pretreatment with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid along with a combination of Viscozyme L, Celluclast 1.5 L, and Pectinex Ultra SP-L achieved the 78.9 % sugar conversion rate at a substrate concentration of 4 % (w/v). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WiKim0126-induced fermentation with a 4 % solid loading yielded a lactic acid concentration of 22.8 g/L (99.6 % of the theoretical maximum yield) and productivity of 0.95 g/L/h within 24 h. These findings highlight the viability of coffee waste as an eco-friendly resource for sustainable lactic acid production.

Lactobacillus plantarum 24-7 improves postoperative bloating and hard stools by modulating intestinal microbiota in patients with congenital heart disease: a randomized controlled trial

Gastrointestinal symptoms are a common postoperative complication in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), affecting their postoperative recovery. Probiotic intervention may be a promising therapeutic approach to alleviate postoperative gastrointestinal symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Lactobacillus plantarum 24-7 (L. plantarum 24-7) in mitigating postoperative gastrointestinal symptoms and promoting patient recovery. Adult CHD patients scheduled for surgical intervention were recruited. One hundred and twenty patients were randomized and received L. plantarum or placebo intervention twice daily for ten days. Gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed utilizing the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS). Various postoperative variables were analyzed across both groups. Alterations in gut microbiota were evaluated through 16S rRNA sequencing. 112 patients completed the study, with 55 in the probiotic group and 57 in the placebo group. While the disparity in overall postoperative GSRS scores between the two groups did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.067), marked differences were observed in bloating (P = 0.004) and hard stool (P = 0.030) scores. Furthermore, individuals within the probiotic group exhibited lower postoperative neutrophil counts (P = 0.007) and concurrently higher lymphocyte counts (P = 0.001). Variations in the diversity and composition of postoperative gut microbiota were discerned between the probiotic and placebo groups. Remarkably, no probiotic-related adverse events were documented. Supplementation with L. plantarum was well-tolerated and demonstrated partial efficacy in ameliorating gastrointestinal symptoms in postoperative CHD patients. Modulating the gut microbiota may be a potential mechanism by which L. plantarum exerts clinical benefits.

Bioactive Potential of Carrot-Based Products Enriched with Lactobacillus plantarum

The primary goal of this study was to generate different kinds of functional products based on carrots that were supplemented with lactic acid bacteria. The fact that carrots (Daucus carota sp.) rank among the most popular vegetables in our country led to the convergence of the research aim. Their abundance of bioactive compounds, primarily polyphenols, flavonoids, and carotenoids, offers numerous health benefits. Among the obtained products, the freeze-dried carrot powder (FDCP) variation presented the highest concentrations of total carotenoids (TCs) and β-carotene (BC) of 26.977 ± 0.13 mg/g DW and 22.075 ± 0.14 mg/g DW, respectively. The amount of total carotenoids and β-carotene significantly increased with the addition of the selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for most of the samples. In addition, a slight increase in the antioxidant activity compared with the control sample for the FDCP variant, with the highest value of 91.74%, was observed in these functional food products. The content of polyphenolic compounds varied from 0.044 to 0.091 mg/g DW, while the content of total flavonoids varied from 0.03 to 0.66 mg/g DW. The processing method had an impact on the population of L. plantarum that survived, as indicated by the viability of bacterial cells in all the analyzed products. The chromatographic analysis through UHPLC-MS/MS further confirmed the abundance of the bioactive compounds and their corresponding derivatives by revealing 19 different compounds. The digestibility study indicated that carotenoid compounds from carrots followed a rather controlled release. The carrot-based products enriched with Lactobacillus plantarum can be considered newly functional developed products based on their high content of biologically active compounds with beneficial effects upon the human body. Furthermore, these types of products could represent innovative products for every related industry such as the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical industries, thus converging a new strategy to improve the health of consumers or patients.