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Junaid M, Lu H, Li Y, Liu Y, Din AU, Qi Z, Xiong Y, Yan J. Novel Synergistic Probiotic Intervention: Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Ameliorative Effects on Immunity, Gut Barrier, and Metabolism of Mice during Salmonella typhimurium Infection. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:435. [PMID: 38674370 PMCID: PMC11050207 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), a prevalent cause of foodborne infection, induces significant changes in the host transcriptome and metabolome. The lack of therapeutics with minimal or no side effects prompts the scientific community to explore alternative therapies. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a probiotic mixture comprising Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus 1.3251) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum 9513) against S. typhimurium, utilizing transcriptome and metabolomic analyses, a novel approach that has not been previously documented. Twenty-four SPF-BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: control negative group (CNG); positive control group (CPG); probiotic-supplemented non-challenged group (LAPG); and probiotic-supplemented Salmonella-challenged group (LAPST). An RNA-sequencing analysis of small intestinal (ileum) tissue revealed 2907 upregulated and 394 downregulated DEGs in the LAPST vs. CPG group. A functional analysis of DEGs highlighted their significantly altered gene ontology (GO) terms related to metabolism, gut integrity, cellular development, and immunity (p ≤ 0.05). The KEGG analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the LAPST group were primarily involved in pathways related to gut integrity, immunity, and metabolism, such as MAPK, PI3K-Akt, AMPK, the tryptophan metabolism, the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, ECM-receptor interaction, and others. Additionally, the fecal metabolic analysis identified 1215 upregulated and 305 downregulated metabolites in the LAPST vs. CPG group, implying their involvement in KEGG pathways including bile secretion, propanoate metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and protein digestion and absorption, which are vital for maintaining barrier integrity, immunity, and metabolism. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the administration of a probiotic mixture improves immunity, maintains gut homeostasis and barrier integrity, and enhances metabolism in Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Junaid
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.J.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Hongyu Lu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.J.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Yixiang Li
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.J.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Yu Liu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.J.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Ahmad Ud Din
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Zhongquan Qi
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.J.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.Q.)
| | - Yi Xiong
- Guangxi Center for Animals Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.J.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.Q.)
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Wang Q, Thiam M, Barreto Sánchez AL, Wang Z, Zhang J, Li Q, Wen J, Zhao G. Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Reveals the Hub Genes and Key Pathways Associated with Resistance to Salmonella Enteritidis Colonization in Chicken. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054824. [PMID: 36902251 PMCID: PMC10003191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella negatively impacts the poultry industry and threatens animals' and humans' health. The gastrointestinal microbiota and its metabolites can modulate the host's physiology and immune system. Recent research demonstrated the role of commensal bacteria and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in developing resistance to Salmonella infection and colonization. However, the complex interactions among chicken, Salmonella, host-microbiome, and microbial metabolites remain unelucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to explore these complex interactions by identifying the driver and hub genes highly correlated with factors that confer resistance to Salmonella. Differential gene expression (DEGs) and dynamic developmental genes (DDGs) analyses and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were performed using transcriptome data from the cecum of Salmonella Enteritidis-infected chicken at 7 and 21 days after infection. Furthermore, we identified the driver and hub genes associated with important traits such as the heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, body weight post-infection, bacterial load, propionate and valerate cecal contents, and Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria cecal relative abundance. Among the multiple genes detected in this study, EXFABP, S100A9/12, CEMIP, FKBP5, MAVS, FAM168B, HESX1, EMC6, and others were found as potential candidate gene and transcript (co-) factors for resistance to Salmonella infection. In addition, we found that the PPAR and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) metabolic pathways were also involved in the host's immune response/defense against Salmonella colonization at the earlier and later stage post-infection, respectively. This study provides a valuable resource of transcriptome profiles from chicken cecum at the earlier and later stage post-infection and mechanistic understanding of the complex interactions among chicken, Salmonella, host-microbiome, and associated metabolites.
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Kaiser MG, Hsieh J, Kaiser P, Lamont SJ. Differential immunological response detected in mRNA expression profiles among diverse chicken lines in response to Salmonella challenge. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101605. [PMID: 34936953 PMCID: PMC8703071 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a bacterial pathogen that contributes to poultry production losses and human foodborne illness. The bacterium elicits a broad immune response involving both the innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Coordination of the immune response is largely directed by cytokines. The objective of the current study was to characterize the expression of a select set of cytokines and regulatory immune genes in three genetically diverse chicken lines after infection with S. Enteritidis. Leghorn, Fayoumi and broiler day-old chicks were orally infected with pathogenic S. Enteritidis or culture medium. At 2 and 18 h postinfection, spleens and ceca were collected and mRNA expression levels for 7 genes (GM-CSF, IL2, IL15, TGF-β1, SOCS3, P20K, and MHC class IIβ) were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. Genetic line had a significant effect on mRNA expression levels of IL15, TGF-β1, SOCS3 and P20K in the spleen and on P20K and MHC class IIβ in the cecum. Comparing challenged vs. unchallenged birds, the expression of SOCS3 and P20K mRNA were significantly higher in the spleen and cecum, while MHC class IIβ mRNA was significantly lower in spleen. Combining the current RNA expression results with those of previously reported studies on the same samples reveals distinct RNA expression profiles among the three genetic chicken lines and the 2 tissues. This study illustrates that these diverse genetic lines have distinctively different immune response to S. Enteritidis challenge within the spleen and the cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kaiser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3150, USA
| | - John Hsieh
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3150, USA
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J Lamont
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3150, USA.
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Cazals A, Estellé J, Bruneau N, Coville JL, Menanteau P, Rossignol MN, Jardet D, Bevilacqua C, Rau A, Bed’Hom B, Velge P, Calenge F. Differences in caecal microbiota composition and Salmonella carriage between experimentally infected inbred lines of chickens. Genet Sel Evol 2022; 54:7. [PMID: 35093028 PMCID: PMC8801081 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-022-00699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is one of the major causes of human foodborne intoxication resulting from consumption of contaminated poultry products. Genetic selection of animals that are more resistant to Salmonella carriage and modulation of the gut microbiota are two promising ways to decrease individual Salmonella carriage. The aims of this study were to identify the main genetic and microbial factors that control the level of Salmonella carriage in chickens (Gallus gallus) under controlled experimental conditions. Two-hundred and forty animals from the White Leghorn inbred lines N and 61 were infected by SE at 7 days of age. After infection, animals were kept in isolators to reduce recontamination of birds by Salmonella. Caecal contents were sampled at 12 days post-infection and used for DNA extraction. Microbiota DNA was used to measure individual counts of SE by digital PCR and to determine the bacterial taxonomic composition, using a 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing approach. RESULTS Our results confirmed that the N line is more resistant to Salmonella carriage than the 61 line, and that intra-line variability is higher for the 61 line. Furthermore, the 16S analysis showed strong significant differences in microbiota taxonomic composition between the two lines. Among the 617 operational taxonomic units (OTU) observed, more than 390 were differentially abundant between the two lines. Furthermore, within the 61 line, we found a difference in the microbiota taxonomic composition between the high and low Salmonella carriers, with 39 differentially abundant OTU. Using metagenome functional prediction based on 16S data, several metabolic pathways that are potentially associated to microbiota taxonomic differences (e.g. short chain fatty acids pathways) were identified between high and low carriers. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings demonstrate that the caecal microbiota composition differs between genetic lines of chickens. This could be one of the reasons why the investigated lines differed in Salmonella carriage levels under experimental infection conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Cazals
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jordi Estellé
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Bruneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Luc Coville
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierrette Menanteau
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, INRAE, UMR ISP, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Deborah Jardet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claudia Bevilacqua
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Andrea Rau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bertrand Bed’Hom
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Velge
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, INRAE, UMR ISP, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Fanny Calenge
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Vaid RK, Thakur Z, Anand T, Kumar S, Tripathi BN. Comparative genome analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum decodes strain specific genes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255612. [PMID: 34411120 PMCID: PMC8375982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (bvP) and biovar Gallinarum (bvG) are the etiological agents of pullorum disease (PD) and fowl typhoid (FT) respectively, which cause huge economic losses to poultry industry especially in developing countries including India. Vaccination and biosecurity measures are currently being employed to control and reduce the S. Gallinarum infections. High endemicity, poor implementation of hygiene and lack of effective vaccines pose challenges in prevention and control of disease in intensively maintained poultry flocks. Comparative genome analysis unravels similarities and dissimilarities thus facilitating identification of genomic features that aids in pathogenesis, niche adaptation and in tracing of evolutionary history. The present investigation was carried out to assess the genotypic differences amongst S.enterica serovar Gallinarum strains including Indian strain S. Gallinarum Sal40 VTCCBAA614. The comparative genome analysis revealed an open pan-genome consisting of 5091 coding sequence (CDS) with 3270 CDS belonging to core-genome, 1254 CDS to dispensable genome and strain specific genes i.e. singletons ranging from 3 to 102 amongst the analyzed strains. Moreover, the investigated strains exhibited diversity in genomic features such as virulence factors, genomic islands, prophage regions, toxin-antitoxin cassettes, and acquired antimicrobial resistance genes. Core genome identified in the study can give important leads in the direction of design of rapid and reliable diagnostics, and vaccine design for effective infection control as well as eradication. Additionally, the identified genetic differences among the S. enterica serovar Gallinarum strains could be used for bacterial typing, structure based inhibitor development by future experimental investigations on the data generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Vaid
- Bacteriology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Zoozeal Thakur
- Bacteriology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Taruna Anand
- Bacteriology Laboratory, National Centre for Veterinary Type Cultures, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Bacteriology Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Gupta A, Bansal M, Liyanage R, Upadhyay A, Rath N, Donoghue A, Sun X. Sodium butyrate modulates chicken macrophage proteins essential for Salmonella Enteritidis invasion. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250296. [PMID: 33909627 PMCID: PMC8081216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis is an intracellular foodborne pathogen that has developed multiple mechanisms to alter poultry intestinal physiology and infect the gut. Short chain fatty acid butyrate is derived from microbiota metabolic activities, and it maintains gut homeostasis. There is limited understanding on the interaction between S. Enteritidis infection, butyrate, and host intestinal response. To fill this knowledge gap, chicken macrophages (also known as HTC cells) were infected with S. Enteritidis, treated with sodium butyrate, and proteomic analysis was performed. A growth curve assay was conducted to determine sub-inhibitory concentration (SIC, concentration that do not affect bacterial growth compared to control) of sodium butyrate against S. Enteritidis. HTC cells were infected with S. Enteritidis in the presence and absence of SIC of sodium butyrate. The proteins were extracted and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. Our results showed that the SIC was 45 mM. Notably, S. Enteritidis-infected HTC cells upregulated macrophage proteins involved in ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation such as ATP synthase subunit alpha (ATP5A1), ATP synthase subunit d, mitochondrial (ATP5PD) and cellular apoptosis such as Cytochrome-c (CYC). Furthermore, sodium butyrate influenced S. Enteritidis-infected HTC cells by reducing the expression of macrophage proteins mediating actin cytoskeletal rearrangements such as WD repeat-containing protein-1 (WDR1), Alpha actinin-1 (ACTN1), Vinculin (VCL) and Protein disulfide isomerase (P4HB) and intracellular S. Enteritidis growth and replication such as V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A (ATPV1A). Interestingly, sodium butyrate increased the expression of infected HTC cell protein involving in bacterial killing such as Vimentin (VIM). In conclusion, sodium butyrate modulates the expression of HTC cell proteins essential for S. Enteritidis invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Gupta
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Mohit Bansal
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Rohana Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Abhinav Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Narayan Rath
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Station, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Annie Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Station, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Xiaolun Sun
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
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Cohen E, Azriel S, Auster O, Gal A, Zitronblat C, Mikhlin S, Scharte F, Hensel M, Rahav G, Gal-Mor O. Pathoadaptation of the passerine-associated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium lineage to the avian host. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009451. [PMID: 33739988 PMCID: PMC8011750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a diverse bacterial pathogen and a primary cause of human and animal infections. While many S. enterica serovars present a broad host-specificity, several specialized pathotypes have been adapted to colonize and cause disease in one or limited numbers of host species. The underlying mechanisms defining Salmonella host-specificity are far from understood. Here, we present genetic analysis, phenotypic characterization and virulence profiling of a monophasic S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain that was isolated from several wild sparrows in Israel. Whole genome sequencing and complete assembly of its genome demonstrate a unique genetic signature that includes the integration of the BTP1 prophage, loss of the virulence plasmid, pSLT and pseudogene accumulation in multiple T3SS-2 effectors (sseJ, steC, gogB, sseK2, and sseK3), catalase (katE), tetrathionate respiration (ttrB) and several adhesion/ colonization factors (lpfD, fimH, bigA, ratB, siiC and siiE) encoded genes. Correspondingly, this strain demonstrates impaired biofilm formation, intolerance to oxidative stress and compromised intracellular replication within non-phagocytic host cells. Moreover, while this strain showed attenuated pathogenicity in the mouse, it was highly virulent and caused an inflammatory disease in an avian host. Overall, our findings demonstrate a unique phenotypic profile and genetic makeup of an overlooked S. Typhimurium sparrow-associated lineage and present distinct genetic signatures that are likely to contribute to its pathoadaptation to passerine birds. During Salmonella enterica evolution, many different ecological niches have been effectively occupied by this highly diverse bacterial pathogen. While many S. enterica serovars successfully maintained their ability to infect and colonize in a wide-array of host species, a few biotypes have evolved to colonize and cause a disease in only one or a small group of hosts. The evolutionary dynamic and the mechanisms shaping the host-specificity of Salmonella adapted strains are important to better understand Salmonella pathogenicity and its ecology, but still not fully understood. Here, we report genetic and phenotypic characterization of a S. Typhimurium strain that was isolated from several wild sparrows in Israel. This strain presented unique phenotypic profile that included impaired biofilm formation, high sensitivity to oxidative stress and reduced intracellular replication in non-phagocytic cells. In addition, while this strain was able to cause high inflammatory disease in an avian host, it was highly attenuated in the mouse model. Genome analysis identified that specific genetic signatures found in the sparrow strain are more frequently associated with poultry isolates than clinical isolates of S. Typhimurium. These genetic features are expected to accumulatively contribute toward the adaptation of this strain to birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cohen
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Shalevet Azriel
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Oren Auster
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adiv Gal
- Faculty of Sciences, Kibbutzim College, Tel-Aviv Israel
| | | | | | - Felix Scharte
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Galia Rahav
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ohad Gal-Mor
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Wang Y, Liu L, Li M, Lin L, Su P, Tang H, Fan X, Li X. Chicken cecal DNA methylome alteration in the response to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis inoculation. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:814. [PMID: 33225883 PMCID: PMC7681971 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07174-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) is one of the pathogenic bacteria, which affects poultry production and poses a severe threat to public health. Chicken meat and eggs are the main sources of human salmonellosis. DNA methylation is involved in regulatory processes including gene expression, chromatin structure and genomic imprinting. To understand the methylation regulation in the response to SE inoculation in chicken, the genome-wide DNA methylation profile following SE inoculation was analyzed through whole-genome bisulfite sequencing in the current study. RESULTS There were 185,362,463 clean reads and 126,098,724 unique reads in the control group, and 180,530,750 clean reads and 126,782,896 unique reads in the inoculated group. The methylation density in the gene body was higher than that in the upstream and downstream regions of the gene. There were 8946 differentially methylated genes (3639 hypo-methylated genes, 5307 hyper-methylated genes) obtained between inoculated and control groups. Methylated genes were mainly enriched in immune-related Gene Ontology (GO) terms and metabolic process terms. Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, TGF-beta signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway and several metabolism-related pathways were significantly enriched. The density of differentially methylated cytosines in miRNAs was the highest. HOX genes were widely methylated. CONCLUSIONS The genome-wide DNA methylation profile in the response to SE inoculation in chicken was analyzed. SE inoculation promoted the DNA methylation in the chicken cecum and caused methylation alteration in immune- and metabolic- related genes. Wnt signal pathway, miRNAs and HOX gene family may play crucial roles in the methylation regulation of SE inoculation in chicken. The findings herein will deepen the understanding of epigenetic regulation in the response to SE inoculation in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Liying Liu
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Min Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Lili Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Pengcheng Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Hui Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Xinzhong Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Xianyao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
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Schut CH, Farzan A, Fraser RS, Ainslie-Garcia MH, Friendship RM, Lillie BN. Identification of single-nucleotide variants associated with susceptibility to Salmonella in pigs using a genome-wide association approach. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:138. [PMID: 32414370 PMCID: PMC7227190 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02344-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella enterica serovars are a major cause of foodborne illness and have a substantial impact on global human health. In Canada, Salmonella is commonly found on swine farms and the increasing concern about drug use and antimicrobial resistance associated with Salmonella has promoted research into alternative control methods, including selecting for pig genotypes associated with resistance to Salmonella. The objective of this study was to identify single-nucleotide variants in the pig genome associated with Salmonella susceptibility using a genome-wide association approach. Repeated blood and fecal samples were collected from 809 pigs in 14 groups on farms and tonsils and lymph nodes were collected at slaughter. Sera were analyzed for Salmonella IgG antibodies by ELISA and feces and tissues were cultured for Salmonella. Pig DNA was genotyped using a custom 54 K single-nucleotide variant oligo array and logistic mixed-models used to identify SNVs associated with IgG seropositivity, shedding, and tissue colonization. RESULTS Variants in/near PTPRJ (p = 0.0000066), ST6GALNAC3 (p = 0.0000099), and DCDC2C (n = 3, p < 0.0000086) were associated with susceptibility to Salmonella, while variants near AKAP12 (n = 3, p < 0.0000358) and in RALGAPA2 (p = 0.0000760) may be associated with susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS Further study of the variants and genes identified may improve our understanding of neutrophil recruitment, intracellular killing of bacteria, and/or susceptibility to Salmonella and may help future efforts to reduce Salmonella on-farm through genetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne H Schut
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Abdolvahab Farzan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell S Fraser
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Present address: Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of PEI, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | | | - Robert M Friendship
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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10
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Bloomfield S, Vaughan T, Benschop J, Marshall J, Hayman D, Biggs P, Carter P, French N. Investigation of the validity of two Bayesian ancestral state reconstruction models for estimating Salmonella transmission during outbreaks. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214169. [PMID: 31329588 PMCID: PMC6645465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ancestral state reconstruction models use genetic data to characterize a group of organisms’ common ancestor. These models have been applied to salmonellosis outbreaks to estimate the number of transmissions between different animal species that share similar geographical locations, with animal host as the state. However, as far as we are aware, no studies have validated these models for outbreak analysis. In this study, salmonellosis outbreaks were simulated using a stochastic Susceptible-Infected-Recovered model, and the host population and transmission parameters of these simulated outbreaks were estimated using Bayesian ancestral state reconstruction models (discrete trait analysis (DTA) and structured coalescent (SC)). These models were unable to accurately estimate the number of transmissions between the host populations or the amount of time spent in each host population. The DTA model was inaccurate because it assumed the number of isolates sampled from each host population was proportional to the number of individuals infected within each host population. The SC model was inaccurate possibly because it assumed that each host population's effective population size was constant over the course of the simulated outbreaks. This study highlights the need for phylodynamic models that can take into consideration factors that influence the characteristics and behavior of outbreaks, e.g. changing effective population sizes, variation in infectious periods, intra-population transmissions, and disproportionate sampling of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bloomfield
- Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Timothy Vaughan
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jackie Benschop
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Marshall
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Biggs
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Philip Carter
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Keneperu, New Zealand
| | - Nigel French
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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11
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Masud S, Prajsnar TK, Torraca V, Lamers GE, Benning M, Van Der Vaart M, Meijer AH. Macrophages target Salmonella by Lc3-associated phagocytosis in a systemic infection model. Autophagy 2019; 15:796-812. [PMID: 30676840 PMCID: PMC6526873 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1569297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune defense against intracellular pathogens, like Salmonella, relies heavily on the autophagy machinery of the host. This response is studied intensively in epithelial cells, the target of Salmonella during gastrointestinal infections. However, little is known of the role that autophagy plays in macrophages, the predominant carriers of this pathogen during systemic disease. Here we utilize a zebrafish embryo model to study the interaction of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium with the macroautophagy/autophagy machinery of macrophages in vivo. We show that phagocytosis of live but not heat-killed Salmonella triggers recruitment of the autophagy marker GFP-Lc3 in a variety of patterns labeling tight or spacious bacteria-containing compartments, also revealed by electron microscopy. Neutrophils display similar GFP-Lc3 associations, but genetic modulation of the neutrophil/macrophage balance and ablation experiments show that macrophages are critical for the defense response. Deficiency of atg5 reduces GFP-Lc3 recruitment and impairs host resistance, in contrast to atg13 deficiency, indicating that Lc3-Salmonella association at this stage is independent of the autophagy preinitiation complex and that macrophages target Salmonella by Lc3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). In agreement, GFP-Lc3 recruitment and host resistance are impaired by deficiency of Rubcn/Rubicon, known as a negative regulator of canonical autophagy and an inducer of LAP. We also found strict dependency on NADPH oxidase, another essential factor for LAP. Both Rubcn and NADPH oxidase are required to activate a Salmonella biosensor for reactive oxygen species inside infected macrophages. These results identify LAP as the major host protective autophagy-related pathway responsible for macrophage defense against Salmonella during systemic infection. Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related gene; BECN1: Beclin 1; CFU: colony forming units; CYBA/P22PHOX: cytochrome b-245, alpha chain; CYBB/NOX2: cytochrome b-245 beta chain; dpf: days post fertilization; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; hfp: hours post fertilization; hpi: hours post infection; IRF8: interferon regulatory factor 8; Lcp1/L-plastin: lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; mCherry: red fluorescent protein; mpeg1: macrophage expressed gene 1; mpx: myeloid specific peroxidase; NADPH oxidase: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; NCF4/P40PHOX: neutrophil cytosolic factor 4; NTR-mCherry: nitroreductase-mCherry fusion; PTU: phenylthiourea; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB-1 inducible coiled coin 1; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; RUBCN/RUBICON: RUN and cysteine rich domain containing BECN1-interacting protein; SCV: Salmonella-containing vacuole; S. Typhimurium/S.T: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; Tg: transgenic; TSA: tyramide signal amplification; ULK1/2: unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1/2; UVRAG: UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; wt: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrah Masud
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincenzo Torraca
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerda E.M. Lamers
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Benning
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Charehsaz M, Sipahi H, Giri AK, Aydin A. Antimutagenic and anticlastogenic effects of Turkish Black Tea on TA98 and TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium (in vitro) and mice (in vivo). Pharm Biol 2017; 55:1202-1206. [PMID: 28245735 PMCID: PMC6130691 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1282969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Black tea has been reported to have significant antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties associated with its polyphenols theaflavins (TF) and thearubigins (TR). Similarly, Turkish black tea (TBT) also contains a considerable amount of TF and TR. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the mutagenic, antimutagenic and anticlastogenic properties of TBT. MATERIALS AND METHODS The mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of TBT (10 to 40000 μg/plate) were investigated in vitro on Salmonella strains TA98 and TA100 with and without S9 fraction. Anticlastogenic effect was studied at concentrations of 300-1200 mg/kg TBT extract by chromosomal aberrations (CA) assay from bone marrow of mice. RESULTS The results of this study did not reveal any mutagenic properties of TBT. On the contrary, TBT extract exhibited antimutagenic activity at >1000 μg/plate concentrations in TA98 strain with and without S9 activation (40% inhibition with S9 and 27% without S9). In TA100 strain, the antimutagenic activity was observed at >20,000 μg/plate TBT extracts without S9 activation (28% inhibition) and at >1000 μg/plate with S9 activation (59% inhibition). A significant decrease in the percentage of aberrant cells (12.33% ± 1.27) was observed in dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) plus highest concentration (1200 mg/kg) of TBT extract-treated group when compared to only DMBA-treated group (17.00% ± 2.28). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Results indicated that TBT can be considered as genotoxically safe, because it did not exert any mutagenic and clastogenic effects. As a result, TBT exhibited antimutagenic effects more apparently after metabolic activation in bacterial test system and had an anticlastogenic effect in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Charehsaz
- Department of Toxicology-34755, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Sipahi
- Department of Toxicology-34755, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ashok Kumar Giri
- Department of Toxicology-34755, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Aydin
- Department of Toxicology-34755, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Li P, Fan W, Li Q, Wang J, Liu R, Everaert N, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zheng M, Cui H, Zhao G, Wen J. Splenic microRNA Expression Profiles and Integration Analyses Involved in Host Responses to Salmonella enteritidis Infection in Chickens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:377. [PMID: 28884089 PMCID: PMC5573731 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the role of miRNAs in regulating genes involved in the host response to Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection, next generation sequencing was applied to explore the altered splenic expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and deregulated genes in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Birds were either infected or not (controls, C) and those challenged with SE were evaluated 24 h later and separated into two groups on the basis of the severity of clinical symptoms and blood load of SE: resistant (R, SE challenged-slight clinical symptoms and <105 cfu / 10 μL), and susceptible (S, SE challenged-severe clinical symptoms and >107 cfu/10 μL). Thirty-two differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified in spleen, including 16 miRNAs between S and C, 13 between R and C, and 13 between S and R. Through integration analysis of DE miRNAs and mRNA, a total of 273 miRNA-target genes were identified. Functional annotation analysis showed that Apoptosis and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and adaptive immune response were significantly enriched (P < 0.05). Interestingly, apoptosis pathway was significantly enriched in S vs. C, while NOD-like receptor pathway was enriched in R vs. C (P < 0.05). Two miRNAs, gga-miR-101-3p and gga-miR-155, in the hub positions of the miRNA-mRNA regulatory network, were identified as candidates potentially associated with SE infection. These 2 miRNAs directly repressed luciferase reporter gene activity via binding to 3'-untranslated regions of immune-related genes IRF4 and LRRC59; over-expressed gga-miR-155 and interference gga-miR-101-3p in chicken HD11 macrophage cells significantly altered expression of their target genes and decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings facilitate better understanding of the mechanisms of host resistance and susceptibility to SE infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of LiègeGembloux, Belgium
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionBeijing, China
| | - Wenlei Fan
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Qinghe Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionBeijing, China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of LiègeGembloux, Belgium
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionBeijing, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Maiqing Zheng
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Huanxian Cui
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal NutritionBeijing, China
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14
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Oshota O, Conway M, Fookes M, Schreiber F, Chaudhuri RR, Yu L, Morgan FJE, Clare S, Choudhary J, Thomson NR, Lio P, Maskell DJ, Mastroeni P, Grant AJ. Transcriptome and proteome analysis of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium systemic infection of wild type and immune-deficient mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181365. [PMID: 28796780 PMCID: PMC5552096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica are a threat to public health. Current vaccines are not fully effective. The ability to grow in infected tissues within phagocytes is required for S. enterica virulence in systemic disease. As the infection progresses the bacteria are exposed to a complex host immune response. Consequently, in order to continue growing in the tissues, S. enterica requires the coordinated regulation of fitness genes. Bacterial gene regulation has so far been investigated largely using exposure to artificial environmental conditions or to in vitro cultured cells, and little information is available on how S. enterica adapts in vivo to sustain cell division and survival. We have studied the transcriptome, proteome and metabolic flux of Salmonella, and the transcriptome of the host during infection of wild type C57BL/6 and immune-deficient gp91-/-phox mice. Our analyses advance the understanding of how S. enterica and the host behaves during infection to a more sophisticated level than has previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun Oshota
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Max Conway
- Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Fookes
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Schreiber
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roy R. Chaudhuri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Yu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona J. E. Morgan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jyoti Choudhary
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Lio
- Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan J. Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Mastroeni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Grant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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15
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Haley BJ, Kim SW, Pettengill J, Luo Y, Karns JS, Van Kessel JAS. Genomic and Evolutionary Analysis of Two Salmonella enterica Serovar Kentucky Sequence Types Isolated from Bovine and Poultry Sources in North America. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161225. [PMID: 27695032 PMCID: PMC5047448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Kentucky is frequently isolated from healthy poultry and dairy cows and is occasionally isolated from people with clinical disease. A genomic analysis of 119 isolates collected in the United States from dairy cows, ground beef, poultry and poultry products, and human clinical cases was conducted. Results of the analysis demonstrated that the majority of poultry and bovine-associated S. Kentucky were sequence type (ST) 152. Several bovine-associated (n = 3) and food product isolates (n = 3) collected from the United States and the majority of human clinical isolates were ST198, a sequence type that is frequently isolated from poultry and occasionally from human clinical cases in Northern Africa, Europe and Southeast Asia. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that both STs are more closely related to other Salmonella serovars than they are to each other. Additionally, there was strong evidence of an evolutionary divergence between the poultry-associated and bovine-associated ST152 isolates that was due to polymorphisms in four core genome genes. The ST198 isolates recovered from dairy farms in the United States were phylogenetically distinct from those collected from human clinical cases with 66 core genome SNPs differentiating the two groups, but more isolates are needed to determine the significance of this distinction. Identification of S. Kentucky ST198 from dairy animals in the United States suggests that the presence of this pathogen should be monitored in food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradd J. Haley
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Seon Woo Kim
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - James Pettengill
- Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Yan Luo
- Office of Analytics and Outreach, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Karns
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Jo Ann S. Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Area Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Kogut MH, Swaggerty CL, Byrd JA, Selvaraj R, Arsenault RJ. Chicken-Specific Kinome Array Reveals that Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Modulates Host Immune Signaling Pathways in the Cecum to Establish a Persistence Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081207. [PMID: 27472318 PMCID: PMC5000605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica induces an early, short-lived pro-inflammatory response in chickens that is asymptomatic of clinical disease and results in a persistent colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that transmits infections to naïve hosts via fecal shedding of bacteria. The underlying mechanisms that control this persistent colonization of the ceca of chickens by Salmonella are only beginning to be elucidated. We hypothesize that alteration of host signaling pathways mediate the induction of a tolerance response. Using chicken-specific kinomic immune peptide arrays and quantitative RT-PCR of infected cecal tissue, we have previously evaluated the development of disease tolerance in chickens infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) in a persistent infection model (4-14 days post infection). Here, we have further outlined the induction of an tolerance defense strategy in the cecum of chickens infected with S. Enteritidis beginning around four days post-primary infection. The response is characterized by alterations in the activation of T cell signaling mediated by the dephosphorylation of phospholipase c-γ1 (PLCG1) that inhibits NF-κB signaling and activates nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) signaling and blockage of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production through the disruption of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway (dephosphorylation of JAK2, JAK3, and STAT4). Further, we measured a significant down-regulation reduction in IFN-γ mRNA expression. These studies, combined with our previous findings, describe global phenotypic changes in the avian cecum of Salmonella Enteritidis-infected chickens that decreases the host responsiveness resulting in the establishment of persistent colonization. The identified tissue protein kinases also represent potential targets for future antimicrobial compounds for decreasing Salmonella loads in the intestines of food animals before going to market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Resarch Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - Christina L Swaggerty
- Southern Plains Agricultural Resarch Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - James Allen Byrd
- Southern Plains Agricultural Resarch Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
| | - Ramesh Selvaraj
- Ohio Agricultural Research Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Ryan J Arsenault
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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17
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Silva-Valenzuela CA, Desai PT, Molina-Quiroz RC, Pezoa D, Zhang Y, Porwollik S, Zhao M, Hoffman RM, Contreras I, Santiviago CA, McClelland M. Solid tumors provide niche-specific conditions that lead to preferential growth of Salmonella. Oncotarget 2016; 7:35169-80. [PMID: 27145267 PMCID: PMC5085218 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic attenuated strains of Salmonella Typhimurium target and eradicate tumors in mouse models. However, the mechanism of S. Typhimurium for tumor targeting is still poorly understood. We performed a high-throughput screening of single-gene deletion mutants of S. Typhimurium in an orthotopic, syngeneic murine mammary model of breast cancer. The mutants under selection in this system were classified into functional categories to identify bacterial processes involved in Salmonella accumulation within tumors. Niche-specific genes involved in preferential tumor colonization were identified and exemplars were confirmed by competitive infection assays. Our results show that the chemotaxis gene cheY and the motility genes motAB confer an advantage for colonization of Salmonella within orthotopic syngeneic breast tumors. In addition, eutC, a gene belonging to the ethanolamine metabolic pathway, also confers an advantage for Salmonella within tumors, perhaps by exploiting either ethanolamine or an alternative nutrient in the inflamed tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia A. Silva-Valenzuela
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Current address: Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prerak T. Desai
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Roberto C. Molina-Quiroz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Current address: Center for Adaptation Genetics and Drug Resistance, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Pezoa
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Steffen Porwollik
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ming Zhao
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Inés Contreras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos A. Santiviago
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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18
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Stubbington MJT, Lönnberg T, Proserpio V, Clare S, Speak AO, Dougan G, Teichmann SA. T cell fate and clonality inference from single-cell transcriptomes. Nat Methods 2016; 13:329-332. [PMID: 26950746 PMCID: PMC4835021 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We developed TraCeR, a computational method to reconstruct full-length, paired T cell receptor (TCR) sequences from T lymphocyte single-cell RNA sequence data. TraCeR links T cell specificity with functional response by revealing clonal relationships between cells alongside their transcriptional profiles. We found that T cell clonotypes in a mouse Salmonella infection model span early activated CD4(+) T cells as well as mature effector and memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J T Stubbington
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK
| | - Tapio Lönnberg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK
| | - Valentina Proserpio
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah A Teichmann
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Lee CA, Yeh KS. The Non-Fimbriate Phenotype Is Predominant among Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis from Swine and Those Non-Fimbriate Strains Possess Distinct Amino Acid Variations in FimH. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151126. [PMID: 26974320 PMCID: PMC4790892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most Salmonella serovars are able to infect a range of animal hosts, some have acquired the ability to cause systemic infections of specific hosts. For example, Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis is primarily associated with systemic infection in swine. Adherence to host epithelial cells is considered a prerequisite for initial infection, and fimbrial appendages on the outer membrane of the bacteria are implicated in this process. Although type 1 fimbriae encoded by the fim gene cluster are commonly found in Salmonella serovars, it is not known whether S. Choleraesuis produces this fimbrial type and if and how fimbriae are involved in pathogenesis. In the present study, we demonstrated that only four out of 120 S. Choleraesuis isolates from pigs with salmonellosis produced type 1 fimbriae as assayed by the yeast agglutination test and electron microscopy. One of the 116 non-type 1 fimbria-producing isolates was transformed with plasmids carrying different fim genes from S. Typhimurium LB5010, a type 1 fimbria-producing strain. Our results indicate that non-type 1 fimbria-producing S. Choleraesuis required only an intact fimH to regain the ability to produce fimbrial appendages. Sequence comparison revealed six amino acid variations between the FimH of the non-type 1 fimbria-producing S. Choleraesuis isolates and those of the type 1 fimbria-producing S. Choleraesuis isolates. S. Choleraesuis that produced type 1 fimbriae contained FimH with an amino acid sequence identical to that of S. Typhimurium LB5010. Site-directed mutagenesis leading to the replacement of the non-conserved residues revealed that a change from glycine to valine at position of 63 (G63V) resulted in a non-type 1 fimbria-producing S. Choleraesuis being able to express type 1 fimbriae on its outer membrane. It is possible that this particular amino acid change prevents this polypeptide from proper interaction with other Fim subunits required for assembly of an intact type 1 fimbrial shaft in S. Choleraesuis; however, it remains to be determined if and how the absence of type 1 fimbriae production is related to the systemic infection of the swine host by S. Choleraesuis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-An Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Sheng Yeh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Franco A, Leekitcharoenphon P, Feltrin F, Alba P, Cordaro G, Iurescia M, Tolli R, D’Incau M, Staffolani M, Di Giannatale E, Hendriksen RS, Battisti A. Emergence of a Clonal Lineage of Multidrug-Resistant ESBL-Producing Salmonella Infantis Transmitted from Broilers and Broiler Meat to Humans in Italy between 2011 and 2014. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144802. [PMID: 26716443 PMCID: PMC4696813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the spread of a clone of multidrug-resistant (MDR), ESBL-producing (blaCTX-M-1) Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Infantis, in the Italian broiler chicken industry and along the food-chain. This was first detected in Italy in 2011 and led to human infection in Italy in 2013-2014.A set (n = 49) of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant (R) isolates of S. Infantis (2011-2014) from humans, food-producing animals and meat thereof, were studied along with a selected set of earlier and more recent ESC-susceptible (ESC-S) isolates (n = 42, 2001-2014). They were characterized by macrorestriction-PFGE analysis and genetic environment of ESC-resistance. Isolates representative of PFGE-patterns and origin were submitted to Whole Genome Sequencing. The emerging ESC-R clone, detected mainly from broiler chickens, broiler meat and humans, showed a minimum pattern of clinical resistance to cefotaxime, tetracycline, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim, beside ciprofloxacin microbiological resistance (MIC 0.25 mg/L). All isolates of this clone harbored a conjugative megaplasmid (~ 280-320 Kb), similar to that described in ESC-susceptible S. Infantis in Israel (pESI-like) in 2014. This megaplasmid carried the ESBL gene blaCTX-M-1, and additional genes [tet(A), sul1, dfrA1 and dfrA14] mediating cefotaxime, tetracycline, sulfonamide, and trimethoprim resistance. It also contained genes conferring enhanced colonization capability, virulence (fimbriae, yersiniabactin), resistance and fitness (qacE1, mer) in the intensive-farming environment. This emerging clone of S. Infantis has been causing infections in humans, most likely through the broiler industry. Since S. Infantis is among major serovars causing human infections in Europe and is an emerging non-typhoidal Salmonella globally, further spread of this lineage in primary productions deserves quick and thorough risk-management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Franco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Pimlapas Leekitcharoenphon
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Food borne Pathogens, and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fabiola Feltrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Patricia Alba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Gessica Cordaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Iurescia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Tolli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario D’Incau
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia–Romagna ‘‘Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Monica Staffolani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Macerata, Via dei Velini, 15, 62100, Macerata, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Giannatale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Via Campo Boario, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Rene S. Hendriksen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Food borne Pathogens, and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Antonio Battisti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178, Rome, Italy
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Liu L, Zhao XW, Song YM, Li QH, Li P, Liu RR, Zheng MQ, Wen J, Zhao GP. Difference in resistance to Salmonella enteritidis infection among allelic variants of TLR4 (903, 1832) in SPF chickens. J Appl Genet 2015; 57:389-96. [PMID: 26631064 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-015-0324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Resources and Utilization of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- Animal Genetic Resources Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, China
| | - X W Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Resources and Utilization of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Y M Song
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Resources and Utilization of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Q H Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Resources and Utilization of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - P Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Resources and Utilization of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - R R Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Resources and Utilization of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - M Q Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Resources and Utilization of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - J Wen
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Resources and Utilization of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - G P Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Resources and Utilization of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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de Barros Moreira Filho AL, de Oliveira CJB, de Oliveira HB, Campos DB, Guerra RR, Costa FGP, Givisiez PEN. High Incubation Temperature and Threonine Dietary Level Improve Ileum Response Against Post-Hatch Salmonella Enteritidis Inoculation in Broiler Chicks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131474. [PMID: 26131553 PMCID: PMC4488937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of both embryonic thermal manipulation and dietary threonine level on the response of broilers inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis, considering bacterial counts in the cecal contents, intestinal morphology, mucin and heat shock protein 70 gene expression, body weight and weight gain. Thermal manipulation was used from 11 days of incubation until hatch, defining three treatments: standard (37.7°C), continuous high temperature (38.7°C) and continuous low temperature (36.7°C). After hatch, chicks were distributed according to a 3x2+1 factorial arrangement (three temperatures and two threonine levels and one sham-inoculated control). At two days of age, all chicks were inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis, except for the sham-inoculated control group. There was no interaction between the factors on any analyses. High temperature during incubation was able to reduce colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis in the first days, reducing both Salmonella counts and the number of positive birds. It also increased mucin expression and decreased Hsp70 expression compared with other inoculated groups. High temperature during incubation and high threonine level act independently to reduce the negative effects associated to Salmonella Enteritidis infection on intestinal morphology and performance, with results similar to sham-inoculated birds. The findings open new perspectives for practical strategies towards the pre-harvest Salmonella control in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celso José Bruno de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Heraldo Bezerra de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Danila Barreiro Campos
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Romão Guerra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | | | - Patricia Emília Naves Givisiez
- Department of Animal Science, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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23
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Rausch P, Steck N, Suwandi A, Seidel JA, Künzel S, Bhullar K, Basic M, Bleich A, Johnsen JM, Vallance BA, Baines JF, Grassl GA. Expression of the Blood-Group-Related Gene B4galnt2 Alters Susceptibility to Salmonella Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005008. [PMID: 26133982 PMCID: PMC4489644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans play important roles in host-microbe interactions. Tissue-specific expression patterns of the blood group glycosyltransferase β-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (B4galnt2) are variable in wild mouse populations, and loss of B4galnt2 expression is associated with altered intestinal microbiota. We hypothesized that variation in B4galnt2 expression alters susceptibility to intestinal pathogens. To test this, we challenged mice genetically engineered to express different B4galnt2 tissue-specific patterns with a Salmonella Typhimurium infection model. We found B4galnt2 intestinal expression was strongly associated with bacterial community composition and increased Salmonella susceptibility as evidenced by increased intestinal inflammatory cytokines and infiltrating immune cells. Fecal transfer experiments demonstrated a crucial role of the B4galnt2-dependent microbiota in conferring susceptibility to intestinal inflammation, while epithelial B4galnt2 expression facilitated epithelial invasion of S. Typhimurium. These data support a critical role for B4galnt2 in gastrointestinal infections. We speculate that B4galnt2-specific differences in host susceptibility to intestinal pathogens underlie the strong signatures of balancing selection observed at the B4galnt2 locus in wild mouse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rausch
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Natalie Steck
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Models of Inflammation, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Janice A. Seidel
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sven Künzel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Kirandeep Bhullar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andre Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jill M. Johnsen
- Research Institute, Puget Sound Blood Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John F. Baines
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
| | - Guntram A. Grassl
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Models of Inflammation, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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Braukmann M, Methner U, Berndt A. Immune reaction and survivability of salmonella typhimurium and salmonella infantis after infection of primary avian macrophages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122540. [PMID: 25811871 PMCID: PMC4374797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella serovars are differentially able to infect chickens. The underlying causes are not yet fully understood. Aim of the present study was to elucidate the importance of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and -2) for the virulence of two non-host-specific, but in-vivo differently invasive, Salmonella serovars in conjunction with the immune reaction of the host. Primary avian splenic macrophages were inoculated with Salmonella enterica sub-species enterica serovar (S.) Typhimurium and S. Infantis. The number and viability of intracellular bacteria and transcription of SPI-1 and -2 genes by the pathogens, as well as transcription of immune-related proteins, surface antigen expression and nitric oxide production by the macrophages, were compared at different times post inoculation. After infection, both of the Salmonella serovars were found inside the primary macrophages. Invasion-associated SPI-1 genes were significantly higher transcribed in S. Infantis- than S. Typhimurium-infected macrophages. The macrophages counteracted the S. Infantis and S. Typhimurium infection with elevated mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-12, IL-18 and lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha factor (LITAF) as well as with an increased synthesis of nitric oxide. Despite these host cell attacks, S. Typhimurium was better able than S. Infantis to survive within the macrophages and transcribed higher rates of the SPI-2 genes spiC, ssaV, sifA, and sseA. The results showed similar immune reactions of primary macrophages after infection with both of the Salmonella strains. The more rapid and stronger transcription of SPI-2-related genes by intracellular S. Typhimurium compared to S. Infantis might be responsible for its better survival in avian primary macrophages.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Chickens/genetics
- Chickens/immunology
- Chickens/microbiology
- Colony Count, Microbial
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, Bacterial
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Immunity/genetics
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Microbial Viability
- Microscopy, Phase-Contrast
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Salmonella/genetics
- Salmonella/immunology
- Salmonella/pathogenicity
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/genetics
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology
- Salmonella typhimurium/genetics
- Salmonella typhimurium/immunology
- Salmonella typhimurium/pathogenicity
- Spleen/pathology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Virulence/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Braukmann
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Methner
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Angela Berndt
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Loomis WP, Johnson ML, Brasfield A, Blanc MP, Yi J, Miller SI, Cookson BT, Hajjar AM. Temporal and anatomical host resistance to chronic Salmonella infection is quantitatively dictated by Nramp1 and influenced by host genetic background. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111763. [PMID: 25350459 PMCID: PMC4211889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal membrane transporter, Nramp1, plays a key role in innate immunity and resistance to infection with intracellular pathogens such as non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). NTS-susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) mice, which express the mutant Nramp1D169 allele, are unable to control acute infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium following intraperitoneal or oral inoculation. Introducing functional Nramp1G169 into the B6 host background, either by constructing a congenic strain carrying Nramp1G169 from resistant A/J mice (Nramp-Cg) or overexpressing Nramp1G169 from a transgene (Nramp-Tg), conferred equivalent protection against acute Salmonella infection. In contrast, the contributions of Nramp1 for controlling chronic infection are more complex, involving temporal and anatomical differences in Nramp1-dependent host responses. Nramp-Cg, Nramp-Tg and NTS-resistant 129×1/SvJ mice survived oral Salmonella infection equally well for the first 2–3 weeks, providing evidence that Nramp1 contributes to the initial control of NTS bacteremia preceding establishment of chronic Salmonella infection. By day 30, increased host Nramp1 expression (Tg>Cg) provided greater protection as indicated by decreased splenic bacterial colonization (Tg<Cg). However, despite controlling bacterial growth within MLN as effectively as 129×1/SvJ mice, Nramp-Cg and Nramp-Tg mice eventually succumbed to infection. These data indicate: 1) discrete, anatomically localized host resistance is conferred by Nramp1 expression in NTS-susceptible mice, 2) restriction of systemic bacterial growth in the spleens of NTS-susceptible mice is enhanced by Nramp1 expression and dose-dependent, and 3) host genes other than Nramp1 also contribute to the ability of NTS-resistant 129×1/SvJ mice to control bacterial replication during chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy P. Loomis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Johnson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alicia Brasfield
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marie-Pierre Blanc
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jaehun Yi
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Samuel I. Miller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brad T. Cookson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Adeline M. Hajjar
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Frolov BA, Chaĭnikova IN, Filippova IV, Smoliagin AI, Panfilova TV, Zheleznova AD. [Mechanisms of realization of protective effect of miliacin during experimental Salmonella infection: effect of endotoxinemia and cytokine production]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2014:8-12. [PMID: 25536765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Evaluate the effect of miliacin on the intensity of endotoxinemia and features of cytokine production in experimental salmonella infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The studies were carried out in 128 male mice (CBAxC57Bl6)F1 divided into 4 groups: I--intact; II--infected; III--infected after administration of miliacin solvent: tween-21; IV--infected after administration of miliacin. Determination of the endotoxin in blood plasma was carried out by using chromogenic LAL-test. Cytokine production was studied in splenocyte culture by EIA method. RESULTS Miliacin reduced the intensity of endotoxinemia in mice of group IV. Salmonella infection increased spontaneous (IFNγ) and induced (IL-12, IFNγ, IL-17) cytokine production. Miliacin ensured the most significant increase of spontaneous IL-10, IL-12 and IFNγ production compared with groups II and III. At the same time it limited the increase of induced IL-17 production compared with groups II and III. CONCLUSION Protective effect of miliacin is determined by the reduction of endotoxinemia, mobilization of Th-1 response, stimulation of IL-10 production and limitation of IL-17 participation in the development of the inflammatory reaction.
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Ali MM, Newsom DL, González JF, Sabag-Daigle A, Stahl C, Steidley B, Dubena J, Dyszel JL, Smith JN, Dieye Y, Arsenescu R, Boyaka PN, Krakowka S, Romeo T, Behrman EJ, White P, Ahmer BMM. Fructose-asparagine is a primary nutrient during growth of Salmonella in the inflamed intestine. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004209. [PMID: 24967579 PMCID: PMC4072780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella) is one of the most significant food-borne pathogens affecting both humans and agriculture. We have determined that Salmonella encodes an uptake and utilization pathway specific for a novel nutrient, fructose-asparagine (F-Asn), which is essential for Salmonella fitness in the inflamed intestine (modeled using germ-free, streptomycin-treated, ex-germ-free with human microbiota, and IL10-/- mice). The locus encoding F-Asn utilization, fra, provides an advantage only if Salmonella can initiate inflammation and use tetrathionate as a terminal electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration (the fra phenotype is lost in Salmonella SPI1- SPI2- or ttrA mutants, respectively). The severe fitness defect of a Salmonella fra mutant suggests that F-Asn is the primary nutrient utilized by Salmonella in the inflamed intestine and that this system provides a valuable target for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Ali
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - David L. Newsom
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Juan F. González
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anice Sabag-Daigle
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christopher Stahl
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brandi Steidley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Judith Dubena
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Dyszel
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jenee N. Smith
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yakhya Dieye
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Razvan Arsenescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Prosper N. Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steven Krakowka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tony Romeo
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Behrman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter White
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brian M. M. Ahmer
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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García P, Hopkins KL, García V, Beutlich J, Mendoza MC, Threlfall J, Mevius D, Helmuth R, Rodicio MR, Guerra B. Diversity of plasmids encoding virulence and resistance functions in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- strains circulating in Europe. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89635. [PMID: 24586926 PMCID: PMC3935914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmids encoding resistance and virulence properties in multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica (S.) serovar Typhimurium monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- isolates recovered from pigs and humans (2006-2008) in Europe were characterised. The isolates were selected based on the detection by PCR-amplification of S. Typhimurium virulence plasmid pSLT genes and were analysed by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). The resistance genes present in the isolates and the association of these genes with integrons, transposons and insertion sequences were characterised by PCR-sequencing, and their plasmid location was determined by alkaline lysis and by S1-nuclease pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) Southern-blot hybridisation. Plasmids were further analysed by replicon typing, plasmid MLST and conjugation experiments. The 10 S. 4,[5],12,i:- selected isolates belonged to ST19. Each isolate carried a large plasmid in which MDR with pSLT-associated virulence genes were located. After analysis, eight different plasmids of three incompatibility groups (IncA/C, IncR and IncF) were detected. Two IncA/C plasmids represented novel variants within the plasmid family of the S. 4,[5],12:i:- Spanish clone, and carried an empty class 1 integron with a conventional qacEΔ1-sul1 3′ conserved segment or an In-sul3 type III with estX-psp-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1-qacH variable region linked to tnpA440-sul3, part of Tn2, Tn21 and Tn1721 transposons, and ISCR2. Four newly described IncR plasmids contained the resistance genes within In-sul3 type I (dfrA12-orfF-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1-qacH/tnpA440-sul3) and part of Tn10 [tet(B)]. Two pSLT-derivatives with FIIs-ST1+FIB-ST17 replicons carried cmlA1-[aadA1-aadA2]-sul3-dfrA12 and blaTEM-1 genes linked to an In-sul3 type I integron and to Tn2, respectively. In conclusion, three emerging European clones of S. 4,[5],12:i:- harboured MDR plasmids encoding additional virulence functions that could contribute significantly to their evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia García
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Katie L. Hopkins
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, Public Health England (PHE), London, United Kingdom
| | - Vanesa García
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Janine Beutlich
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Carmen Mendoza
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - John Threlfall
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, Public Health England (PHE), London, United Kingdom
| | - Dik Mevius
- Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Reiner Helmuth
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Rosario Rodicio
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Beatriz Guerra
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Khan RT, Yuki KE, Malo D. Fine-mapping and phenotypic analysis of the Ity3 Salmonella susceptibility locus identify a complex genetic structure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88009. [PMID: 24505352 PMCID: PMC3913713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental animal models of Salmonella infections have been widely used to identify genes important in the host immune response to infection. Using an F2 cross between the classical inbred strain C57BL/6J and the wild derived strain MOLF/Ei, we have previously identified Ity3 (Immunity to Typhimurium locus 3) as a locus contributing to the early susceptibility of MOLF/Ei mice to infection with Salmonella Typhimurium. We have also established a congenic strain (B6.MOLF-Ity/Ity3) with the MOLF/Ei Ity3 donor segment on a C57BL/6J background. The current study was designed to fine map and characterize functionally the Ity3 locus. We generated 12 recombinant sub-congenic strains that were characterized for susceptibility to infection, bacterial load in target organs, cytokine profile and anti-microbial mechanisms. These analyses showed that the impact of the Ity3 locus on survival and bacterial burden was stronger in male mice compared to female mice. Fine mapping of Ity3 indicated that two subloci contribute collectively to the susceptibility of B6.MOLF-Ity/Ity3 congenic mice to Salmonella infection. The Ity3.1 sublocus controls NADPH oxidase activity and is characterized by decreased ROS production, reduced inflammatory cytokine response and increased bacterial burden, thereby supporting a role for Ncf2 (neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 a subunit of NADPH oxidase) as the gene underlying this sublocus. The Ity3.2 sub-locus is characterized by a hyperresponsive inflammatory cytokine phenotype after exposure to Salmonella. Overall, this research provides support to the combined action of hormonal influences and complex genetic factors within the Ity3 locus in the innate immune response to Salmonella infection in wild-derived MOLF/Ei mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia T. Khan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kyoko E. Yuki
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Danielle Malo
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Martins RP, Aguilar C, Graham JE, Carvajal A, Bautista R, Claros MG, Garrido JJ. Pyroptosis and adaptive immunity mechanisms are promptly engendered in mesenteric lymph-nodes during pig infections with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Vet Res 2013; 44:120. [PMID: 24308825 PMCID: PMC4028780 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explored the transcriptional response and the morphological changes occurring in porcine mesenteric lymph-nodes (MLN) along a time course of 1, 2 and 6 days post infection (dpi) with Salmonella Typhimurium. Additionally, we analysed the expression of some Salmonella effectors in tissue to complete our view of the processes triggered in these organs upon infection. The results indicate that besides dampening apoptosis, swine take advantage of the flagellin and prgJ expression by Salmonella Typhimuriun to induce pyroptosis in MLN, preventing bacterial dissemination. Furthermore, cross-presentation of Salmonella antigens was inferred as a mechanism that results in a rapid clearance of pathogen by cytotoxic T cells. In summary, although the Salmonella Typhimurium strain employed in this study was able to express some of its major virulence effectors in porcine MLN, a combination of early innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms might overcome virulence strategies employed by the pathogen, enabling the host to protect itself against bacterial spread beyond gut-associated lymph-nodes. Interestingly, we deduced that clathrin-mediated endocytosis could contribute to mechanisms of pathogen virulence and/or host defence in MLN of Salmonella infected swine. Taken together, our results are useful for a better understanding of the critical protective mechanisms against Salmonella that occur in porcine MLN to prevent the spread of infection beyond the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Prado Martins
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Gregor Mendel C5, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Gregor Mendel C5, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - James E Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 40202, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Rocío Bautista
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Gonzalo Claros
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, 29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan J Garrido
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Gregor Mendel C5, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
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31
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Kaur G, STS C, Nimker C, Singh M, Saraswat D, Saxena S, Bansal A. Co-expression of S. Typhi GroEL and IL-22 gene augments immune responses against Salmonella infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:642-51. [PMID: 24145856 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant DNA vaccines represent a novel method for generating in situ expression of vaccine antigens. Intramuscular injections of naked DNA are able to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses but still numerous factors limit the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. Co-expression of cytokines with antigen encoding genes in DNA vectors can improve the immune responses and modify Th1/Th2 balance. In this study, the immunomodulatory effect of Interleukin 22 (IL-22) as an adjuvant was studied by DNA vaccination with S. Typhi Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60/GroEL) in mice. Further, DNA construct of IL-22 gene fused with GroEL was developed and immunization studies were carried out in mice. DNA vaccination with GroEL alone stimulated humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Co-immunization (IL-22+GroEL) further resulted in increase in T-cell proliferative responses, antibody titres (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a) and secretion of IFNγ (Th1), IL-1β and Th2 (IL-4, IL-6) cytokines. Co-expression (IL-22-GroEL DNA) also promoted antibody titres and cytokine levels were significantly higher as compared to co-immunized group. A reduction in bacterial load in spleen, liver and intestine was seen in all the immunized groups as compared to control, with least organ burden in fusion DNA construct group (co-expression). Improved protective efficacy (90%) against lethal challenge by Salmonella was observed with IL-22-GroEL co-expressing DNA vector as compared with plasmid encoding GroEL only (50-60%) or co-immunization group (75-80%). This study thus shows that co-expression of IL-22 and GroEL genes enhances the immune responses and protective efficacy, circumventing the need of any adjuvant.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Bacterial Load/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Chaperonin 60/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA, Recombinant/genetics
- DNA, Recombinant/therapeutic use
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Immunity/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Interleukins/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/drug therapy
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/genetics
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/prevention & control
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kaur
- Division of Experimental Biology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organization, Timarpur, Delhi, India
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Bearson SMD, Bearson BL, Lee IS, Kich JD. Polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) is required for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium colonization in swine. Microb Pathog 2013; 65:63-6. [PMID: 24126127 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pnp gene encodes polynucleotide phosphorylase, an exoribonuclease involved in RNA processing and degradation. A mutation in the pnp gene was previously identified by our group in a signature-tagged mutagenesis screen designed to search for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium genes required for survival in an ex vivo swine stomach content assay. In the current study, attenuation and colonization potential of a S. Typhimurium pnp mutant in the porcine host was evaluated. Following intranasal inoculation with 10(9) cfu of either the wild-type S. Typhimurium χ4232 strain or an isogenic derivative lacking the pnp gene (n = 5/group), a significant increase (p < 0.05) in rectal temperature (fever) was observed in the pigs inoculated with wild-type S. Typhimurium compared to the pigs inoculated with the pnp mutant. Fecal shedding of the pnp mutant was significantly reduced during the 7-day study compared to the wild-type strain (p < 0.001). Tissue colonization was also significantly reduced in the pigs inoculated with the pnp mutant compared to the parental strain, including the tonsils, ileocecal lymph nodes, Peyer's Patch region of the ileum, cecum and contents of the cecum (p < 0.05). The data indicate that the pnp gene is required for S. Typhimurium virulence and gastrointestinal colonization of the natural swine host.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M D Bearson
- USDA/ARS/National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.
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Martins RP, Lorenzi V, Arce C, Lucena C, Carvajal A, Garrido JJ. Innate and adaptive immune mechanisms are effectively induced in ileal Peyer's patches of Salmonella typhimurium infected pigs. Dev Comp Immunol 2013; 41:100-104. [PMID: 23644015 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this report we employed laser-capture microdissection (LCM) coupled to qPCR technology and bioinformatic analysis to characterize, for the first time, the response of Peyer's patches (PP) from orally infected animals to Salmonella typhimurium, in a model of non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Pathogen was highly found in the cytoplasm of phagocytes in PP and differential gene expression analysis indicated an up-regulation of proinflammatory molecules, establishment of a Th1 driven response and triggering of DC and T-cell activity. Furthermore, predictions by bioinformatic analysis pointed to an activation of processes regarding stimulation and maturation of DC, influx of leukocytes in tissue and T lymphocytes priming and differentiation. In short, the approach used in this study proved to be a promising strategy to explore infectious processes. Indeed, it revealed an effective induction of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in swine PP which appear to be distinct from those observed in mesenteric lymph nodes and closely related to response of gut mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Prado Martins
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Gregor Mendel C5, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Singh BR, Chandra M, Hansda D, Alam J, Babu N, Siddiqui MZ, Agrawal RK, Sharma G. Evaluation of vaccine candidate potential of deltaaroA, deltahtrA and deltaaroAdeltahtrA mutants of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Abortusequi in guinea pigs. Indian J Exp Biol 2013; 51:280-287. [PMID: 24195347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Abortusequi (S. Abortusequi), a host adapted Salmonella causes abortions, still births and foal mortality in equids. Though known since more than 100 years, it is still a problem in many of the developing countries including India. There is dearth of really good vaccine affording immunity lasting at least for one full gestation. In search of a potential vaccine candidate, three defined deletion mutants (deltaaroA, deltahtrA and deltaaroAdeltahtrA) of S. Abortusequi were tested in guinea pig model for attenuation, safety, immunogenicity, humoral immune response, protective efficacy and persistence in host. The deltahtrA and deltaaroAdeltahtrA mutants were found to be safe on oral inoculation in doses as high as 4.2 x 10(9) cfu/animal. Also through subcutaneous inoculation deltaaroAdeltahtrA mutant did not induce any abortion in pregnant guinea pigs. All the three mutants did not induce any illness or death in 1-2 week-old baby guinea pigs except deltahtrA mutant which caused mortality on intraperitoneal inoculation. Inoculation with mutants protected against challenge and increased breeding efficiency of guinea pigs. After >4.5 months of mutant inoculation, guinea pigs were protected against abortifacient dose of wild type S. Abortusequi and mother guinea pigs also conferred resistance to their babies to the similar challenge. Early humoral immune response of S. Abortusequi mutants was characteristic. Faecal excretion of deltaaroA and htrA mutants was detected up to 45 days of inoculation in guinea pigs while deltaaroAdeltahtrA mutant could not be detected after 21 days of inoculation. The results indicated that the double deletion mutant (deltaaroAdeltahtrA) was the most effective and safe candidate for vaccination against S. Abortusequi through mucosal route of inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoj Raj Singh
- National Salmonella Centre (Vet), Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243 122, India.
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35
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Gill N, Ferreira RBR, Antunes LCM, Willing BP, Sekirov I, Al-Zahrani F, Hartmann M, Finlay BB. Neutrophil elastase alters the murine gut microbiota resulting in enhanced Salmonella colonization. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49646. [PMID: 23155475 PMCID: PMC3498231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota has been found to play a central role in the colonization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we present a novel process through which Salmonella benefit from inflammatory induced changes in the microbiota in order to facilitate disease. We show that Salmonella infection in mice causes recruitment of neutrophils to the gut lumen, resulting in significant changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota. This occurs through the production of the enzyme elastase by neutrophils. Administration of recombinant neutrophil elastase to infected animals under conditions that do not elicit neutrophil recruitment caused shifts in microbiota composition that favored Salmonella colonization, while inhibition of neutrophil elastase reduced colonization. This study reveals a new relationship between the microbiota and the host during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navkiran Gill
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rosana B. R. Ferreira
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - L. Caetano M. Antunes
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin P. Willing
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Inna Sekirov
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fatimah Al-Zahrani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Molecular Ecology, Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Zurich, Switzerland
- Soil Sciences, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Namdari F, Hurtado-Escobar GA, Abed N, Trotereau J, Fardini Y, Giraud E, Velge P, Virlogeux-Payant I. Deciphering the roles of BamB and its interaction with BamA in outer membrane biogenesis, T3SS expression and virulence in Salmonella. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46050. [PMID: 23144780 PMCID: PMC3489874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The folding and insertion of β-barrel proteins in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is mediated by the BAM complex, which is composed of the outer membrane protein BamA and four lipoproteins BamB to BamE. In Escherichia coli and/or Salmonella, the BamB lipoprotein is involved in (i) β-barrel protein assembly in the outer membrane, (ii) outer membrane permeability to antibiotics, (iii) the control of the expression of T3SS which are major virulence factors and (iv) the virulence of Salmonella. In E. coli, this protein has been shown to interact directly with BamA. In this study, we investigated the structure-function relationship of BamB in order to assess whether the roles of BamB in these phenotypes were inter-related and whether they require the interaction of BamB with BamA. For this purpose, recombinant plasmids harbouring point mutations in bamB were introduced in a ΔSalmonella bamB mutant. We demonstrated that the residues L173, L175 and R176 are crucial for all the roles of BamB and for the interaction of BamB with BamA. Moreover, the results obtained with a D229A BamB variant, which is unable to immunoprecipitate BamA, suggest that the interaction of BamB with BamA is not absolutely necessary for BamB function in outer-membrane protein assembly, T3SS expression and virulence. Finally, we showed that the virulence defect of the ΔbamB mutant is not related to its increased susceptibility to antimicrobials, as the D227A BamB variant fully restored the virulence of the mutant while having a similar antibiotic susceptibility to the ΔbamB strain. Overall, this study demonstrates that the different roles of BamB are not all inter-related and that L173, L175 and R176 amino-acids are privileged sites for the design of BamB inhibitors that could be used as alternative therapeutics to antibiotics, at least against Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatémeh Namdari
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Genaro Alejandro Hurtado-Escobar
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Nadia Abed
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Jérôme Trotereau
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Yann Fardini
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Etienne Giraud
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Velge
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Isabelle Virlogeux-Payant
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
- * E-mail: *
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37
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Matulova M, Rajova J, Vlasatikova L, Volf J, Stepanova H, Havlickova H, Sisak F, Rychlik I. Characterization of chicken spleen transcriptome after infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48101. [PMID: 23094107 PMCID: PMC3477135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we were interested in identification of new markers of chicken response to Salmonella Enteritidis infection. To reach this aim, gene expression in the spleens of naive chickens and those intravenously infected with S. Enteritidis with or without previous oral vaccination was determined by 454 pyrosequencing of splenic mRNA/cDNA. Forty genes with increased expression at the level of transcription were identified. The most inducible genes encoded avidin (AVD), extracellular fatty acid binding protein (EXFABP), immune responsive gene 1 (IRG1), chemokine ah221 (AH221), trappin-6-like protein (TRAP6) and serum amyloid A (SAA). Using cDNA from sorted splenic B-lymphocytes, macrophages, CD4, CD8 and γδ T-lymphocytes, we found that the above mentioned genes were preferentially expressed in macrophages. AVD, EXFABP, IRG1, AH221, TRAP6 and SAA were induced also in the cecum of chickens orally infected with S. Enteritidis on day 1 of life or day 42 of life. Unusual results were obtained for the immunoglobulin encoding transcripts. Prior to the infection, transcripts coding for the constant parts of IgM, IgY, IgA and Ig light chain were detected in B-lymphocytes. However, after the infection, immunoglobulin encoding transcripts were expressed also by T-lymphocytes and macrophages. Expression of AVD, EXFABP, IRG1, AH221, TRAP6, SAA and all immunoglobulin genes can be therefore used for the characterization of the course of S. Enteritidis infection in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Rajova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiri Volf
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Rychlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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38
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Nesterenko LN, Kobets NV, Balunets DV. [Model of chronic salmonellosis: parameters of infection and immune response in inbred mice genetically variable in susceptibility to salmonellosis]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2012:9-14. [PMID: 22937698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM Study parameters of chronic infection and immune response in I/St and A/Sn line mice in the model of per oral infection of mice with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies were carried out in I/StSnEgYCit (I/St), A/JsnYCit (A/Sn) inbred line mice as well as their back crossing hybrids [I/StrxF1(I/StxA/Sn)]BC. Mice were infected per os by S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain IE147 at a dose of 2 x 10(5) PFU per mice. The number of salmonellae was determined at days 3, 5 and 7, weeks 3 and 4 after the infection in various organs, the number of antibody producers--by cell EIA. Pathomorphologic changes in mice spleens were studied histologically by using hematoxylin and eosin staining. In offspring of back crossing [I/St x F1(I/St x A/Sn)]BCl segregation genetic analysis of sensitivity to salmonella infection trait and mapping of loci taking part in salmonella infection were carried out. RESULTS The course of chronic salmonellosis in susceptible I/St line was characterized by the presence of more pronounced pathomorphologic changes in spleen and significantly higher microbial load in organs (approximately by 1000 times) when compared with A/Sn mice. Interlinear differences in susceptibility to infection correlated with differences in the type of early local and systemic immune response. In I/St mice a higher level of salmonella specific IgG2a-, IgG1- and IgA forming cells in spleen compared with A/Sn mice was detected which correlates with a pronounced splenomegaly and high concentration of salmonellae. On the contrary A/Sn mice demonstrated a higher level of salmonella specific IgA forming cells in Peyer patches that probably leads to protection of A/Sn line during per oral infection. Genetic analysis of susceptibility to salmonellosis trait inheritance showed the presence of its coupling with D9Mit89 locus of chromosome 9 on which previously Tbs2 locus was mapped that plays a role in the control of tuberculosis infection. CONCLUSION There is a probability of the presence of general mechanisms of genetic control of tuberculosis and salmonella infections in A/Sn and I/St mice.
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Lankau EW, Cruz Bedon L, Mackie RI. Salmonella strains isolated from Galápagos iguanas show spatial structuring of serovar and genomic diversity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37302. [PMID: 22615968 PMCID: PMC3353930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
It is thought that dispersal limitation primarily structures host-associated bacterial populations because host distributions inherently limit transmission opportunities. However, enteric bacteria may disperse great distances during food-borne outbreaks. It is unclear if such rapid long-distance dispersal events happen regularly in natural systems or if these events represent an anthropogenic exception. We characterized Salmonella enterica isolates from the feces of free-living Galápagos land and marine iguanas from five sites on four islands using serotyping and genomic fingerprinting. Each site hosted unique and nearly exclusive serovar assemblages. Genomic fingerprint analysis offered a more complex model of S. enterica biogeography, with evidence of both unique strain pools and of spatial population structuring along a geographic gradient. These findings suggest that even relatively generalist enteric bacteria may be strongly dispersal limited in a natural system with strong barriers, such as oceanic divides. Yet, these differing results seen on two typing methods also suggests that genomic variation is less dispersal limited, allowing for different ecological processes to shape biogeographical patterns of the core and flexible portions of this bacterial species' genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. Lankau
- Department of Animal Sciences and College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lenin Cruz Bedon
- Armador del Pirata, Puerto Ayora, Isla Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Roderick I. Mackie
- Department of Animal Sciences and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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40
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Gou Z, Liu R, Zhao G, Zheng M, Li P, Wang H, Zhu Y, Chen J, Wen J. Epigenetic modification of TLRs in leukocytes is associated with increased susceptibility to Salmonella enteritidis in chickens. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33627. [PMID: 22438967 PMCID: PMC3306431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling pathways are the first lines in defense against Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) infection but the molecular mechanism underlying susceptibility to S. enteritidis infection in chicken remains unclear. SPF chickens injected with S. enteritidis were partitioned into two groups, one consisted of those from Salmonella-susceptible chickens (died within 5 d after injection, n = 6), the other consisted of six Salmonella-resistant chickens that survived for 15 d after injection. The present study shows that the bacterial load in susceptible chickens was significantly higher than that in resistant chickens and TLR4, TLR2-1 and TLR21 expression was strongly diminished in the leukocytes of susceptible chickens compared with those of resistant chickens. The induction of expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, IL-6 and IFN-β, was greatly enhanced in the resistant but not in susceptible chickens. Contrasting with the reduced expression of TLR genes, those of the zinc finger protein 493 (ZNF493) gene and Toll-interacting protein (TOLLIP) gene were enhanced in the susceptible chickens. Finally, the expression of TLR4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) infected in vitro with S. enteritidis increased significantly as a result of treatment with 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dc) while either 5-Aza-dc or trichostatin A was effective in up-regulating the expression of TLR21 and TLR2-1. DNA methylation, in the predicted promoter region of TLR4 and TLR21 genes, and an exonic CpG island of the TLR2-1 gene was significantly higher in the susceptible chickens than in resistant chickens. Taken together, the results demonstrate that ZNF493-related epigenetic modification in leukocytes probably accounts for increased susceptibility to S. enteritidis in chickens by diminishing the expression and response of TLR4, TLR21 and TLR2-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jie Wen
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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41
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Huang TH, Uthe JJ, Bearson SMD, Demirkale CY, Nettleton D, Knetter S, Christian C, Ramer-Tait AE, Wannemuehler MJ, Tuggle CK. Distinct peripheral blood RNA responses to Salmonella in pigs differing in Salmonella shedding levels: intersection of IFNG, TLR and miRNA pathways. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28768. [PMID: 22174891 PMCID: PMC3236216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic analysis of the response to bacterial pathogens has been reported for several species, yet few studies have investigated the transcriptional differences in whole blood in subjects that differ in their disease response phenotypes. Salmonella species infect many vertebrate species, and pigs colonized with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) are usually asymptomatic, making detection of these Salmonella-carrier pigs difficult. The variable fecal shedding of Salmonella is an important cause of foodborne illness and zoonotic disease. To investigate gene pathways and biomarkers associated with the variance in Salmonella shedding following experimental inoculation, we initiated the first analysis of the whole blood transcriptional response induced by Salmonella. A population of pigs (n = 40) was inoculated with ST and peripheral blood and fecal Salmonella counts were collected between 2 and 20 days post-inoculation (dpi). Two groups of pigs with either low shedding (LS) or persistent shedding (PS) phenotypes were identified. Global transcriptional changes in response to ST inoculation were identified by Affymetrix Genechip® analysis of peripheral blood RNA at day 0 and 2 dpi. ST inoculation triggered substantial gene expression changes in the pigs and there was differential expression of many genes between LS and PS pigs. Analysis of the differential profiles of gene expression within and between PS and LS phenotypic classes identified distinct regulatory pathways mediated by IFN-γ, TNF, NF-κB, or one of several miRNAs. We confirmed the activation of two regulatory factors, SPI1 and CEBPB, and demonstrated that expression of miR-155 was decreased specifically in the PS animals. These data provide insight into specific pathways associated with extremes in Salmonella fecal shedding that can be targeted for further exploration on why some animals develop a carrier state. This knowledge can also be used to develop rational manipulations of genetics, pharmaceuticals, nutrition or husbandry methods to decrease Salmonella colonization, shedding and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hua Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jolita J. Uthe
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Shawn M. D. Bearson
- National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture- Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Dan Nettleton
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Susan Knetter
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Curtis Christian
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Amanda E. Ramer-Tait
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Christopher K. Tuggle
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Schikora A, Virlogeux-Payant I, Bueso E, Garcia AV, Nilau T, Charrier A, Pelletier S, Menanteau P, Baccarini M, Velge P, Hirt H. Conservation of Salmonella infection mechanisms in plants and animals. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24112. [PMID: 21915285 PMCID: PMC3167816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella virulence in animals depends on effectors injected by Type III Secretion Systems (T3SSs). In this report we demonstrate that Salmonella mutants that are unable to deliver effectors are also compromised in infection of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Transcriptome analysis revealed that in contrast to wild type bacteria, T3SS mutants of Salmonella are compromised in suppressing highly conserved Arabidopsis genes that play a prominent role during Salmonella infection of animals. We also found that Salmonella originating from infected plants are equally virulent for human cells and mice. These results indicate a high degree of conservation in the defense and infection mechanism of animal and plant hosts during Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Schikora
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA/University of Evry, Evry, France.
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43
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Van Parys A, Boyen F, Leyman B, Verbrugghe E, Haesebrouck F, Pasmans F. Tissue-specific Salmonella Typhimurium gene expression during persistence in pigs. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24120. [PMID: 21887378 PMCID: PMC3161100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Typhimurium is one of the most important bacterial zoonotic diseases. The bacterium persists in pigs resulting in asymptomatic 'carrier pigs', generating a major source for Salmonella contamination of pork. Until now, very little is known concerning the mechanisms used by Salmonella Typhimurium during persistence in pigs. Using in vivo expression technology (IVET), a promoter-trap method based on ΔpurA attenuation of the parent strain, we identified 37 Salmonella Typhimurium genes that were expressed 3 weeks post oral inoculation in the tonsils, ileum and ileocaecal lymph nodes of pigs. Several genes were expressed in all three analyzed organs, while other genes were only expressed in one or two organs. Subsequently, the identified IVET transformants were pooled and reintroduced in pigs to detect tissue-specific gene expression patterns. We found that efp and rpoZ were specifically expressed in the ileocaecal lymph nodes during Salmonella peristence in pigs. Furthermore, we compared the persistence ability of substitution mutants for the IVET-identified genes sifB and STM4067 to that of the wild type in a mixed infection model. The ΔSTM4067::kanR was significantly attenuated in the ileum contents, caecum and caecum contents and faeces of pigs 3 weeks post inoculation, while deletion of the SPI-2 effector gene sifB did not affect Salmonella Typhimurium persistence. Although our list of identified genes is not exhaustive, we found that efp and rpoZ were specifically expressed in the ileocaecal lymph nodes of pigs and we identified STM4067 as a factor involved in Salmonella persistence in pigs. To our knowledge, our study is the first to identify Salmonella Typhimurium genes expressed during persistence in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Van Parys
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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44
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Marsh EK, van den Berg MCW, May RC. A two-gene balance regulates Salmonella typhimurium tolerance in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16839. [PMID: 21399680 PMCID: PMC3047536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysozymes are antimicrobial enzymes that perform a critical role in resisting infection in a wide-range of eukaryotes. However, using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host we now demonstrate that deletion of the protist type lysozyme LYS-7 renders animals susceptible to killing by the fatal fungal human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, but, remarkably, enhances tolerance to the enteric bacteria Salmonella Typhimurium. This trade-off in immunological susceptibility in C. elegans is further mediated by the reciprocal activity of lys-7 and the tyrosine kinase abl-1. Together this implies a greater complexity in C. elegans innate immune function than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Marsh
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robin C. May
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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45
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Schikora A, Virlogeux-Payant I, Bueso E, Garcia AV, Nilau T, Charrier A, Pelletier S, Menanteau P, Baccarini M, Velge P, Hirt H. Conservation of Salmonella infection mechanisms in plants and animals. PLoS One 2011. [PMID: 21915285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella virulence in animals depends on effectors injected by Type III Secretion Systems (T3SSs). In this report we demonstrate that Salmonella mutants that are unable to deliver effectors are also compromised in infection of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Transcriptome analysis revealed that in contrast to wild type bacteria, T3SS mutants of Salmonella are compromised in suppressing highly conserved Arabidopsis genes that play a prominent role during Salmonella infection of animals. We also found that Salmonella originating from infected plants are equally virulent for human cells and mice. These results indicate a high degree of conservation in the defense and infection mechanism of animal and plant hosts during Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Schikora
- URGV Plant Genomics, INRA/University of Evry, Evry, France.
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46
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Tuggle CK, Bearson SMD, Uthe JJ, Huang TH, Couture OP, Wang YF, Kuhar D, Lunney JK, Honavar V. Methods for transcriptomic analyses of the porcine host immune response: application to Salmonella infection using microarrays. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 138:280-91. [PMID: 21036404 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Technological developments in both the collection and analysis of molecular genetic data over the past few years have provided new opportunities for an improved understanding of the global response to pathogen exposure. Such developments are particularly dramatic for scientists studying the pig, where tools to measure the expression of tens of thousands of transcripts, as well as unprecedented data on the porcine genome sequence, have combined to expand our abilities to elucidate the porcine immune system. In this review, we describe these recent developments in the context of our work using primarily microarrays to explore gene expression changes during infection of pigs by Salmonella. Thus while the focus is not a comprehensive review of all possible approaches, we provide links and information on both the tools we use as well as alternatives commonly available for transcriptomic data collection and analysis of porcine immune responses. Through this review, we expect readers will gain an appreciation for the necessary steps to plan, conduct, analyze and interpret the data from transcriptomic analyses directly applicable to their research interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Tuggle
- Department of Animal Science, and Center for Integrated Animal Genomics, 2255 Kildee Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, United States.
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Winter SE, Winter MG, Godinez I, Yang HJ, Rüssmann H, Andrews-Polymenis HL, Bäumler AJ. A rapid change in virulence gene expression during the transition from the intestinal lumen into tissue promotes systemic dissemination of Salmonella. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001060. [PMID: 20808848 PMCID: PMC2924370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens causing systemic disease commonly evolve from organisms associated with localized infections but differ from their close relatives in their ability to overcome mucosal barriers by mechanisms that remain incompletely understood. Here we investigated whether acquisition of a regulatory gene, tviA, contributed to the ability of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi to disseminate from the intestine to systemic sites of infection during typhoid fever. To study the consequences of acquiring a new regulator by horizontal gene transfer, tviA was introduced into the chromosome of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium, a closely related pathogen causing a localized gastrointestinal infection in immunocompetent individuals. TviA repressed expression of flagellin, a pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP), when bacteria were grown at osmotic conditions encountered in tissue, but not at higher osmolarity present in the intestinal lumen. TviA-mediated flagellin repression enabled bacteria to evade sentinel functions of human model epithelia and resulted in increased bacterial dissemination to the spleen in a chicken model. Collectively, our data point to PAMP repression as a novel pathogenic mechanism to overcome the mucosal barrier through innate immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian E. Winter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Maria G. Winter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ivan Godinez
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hee-Jeong Yang
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Holger Rüssmann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
- HELIOS Klinikum Emil von Behring, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helene L. Andrews-Polymenis
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andreas J. Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Lim S, Kim M, Choi J, Ryu S. A mutation in tdcA attenuates the virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Mol Cells 2010; 29:509-17. [PMID: 20396961 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Salmonella tdc operon encodes enzymes belonging to a metabolic pathway that degrades L-serine and L-threonine. The upregulation of the tdc operon and increased virulence of Salmonella grown under oxygen-limiting conditions prompted us to investigate the role of the tdc operon in the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium. A Salmonella strain carrying a null mutation in tdcA, which encodes the transcriptional activator of the tdc operon, was impaired in mice infected intraperitoneally with the bacterium. In addition, the Salmonella tdcA mutant showed reduced replication compared with the parental strain in cultured animal cells, although their growth rates were similar in various culture media. To understand the function of TdcA in pathogenesis, we performed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and found that flagellar and PhoP-regulated proteins were affected by the tdcA mutation. The results of beta-galactosidase assays and FACS analysis showed that, among the four PhoP-dependent genes tested, the expression of ssaG, which is located in Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2), was reduced in the tdcA mutant, especially in the intracellular environment of macrophages. Taken together, our data suggest that tdcA plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyong Lim
- Radiation Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 580-185, Korea
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Hauser E, Hühn S, Junker E, Jaber M, Schroeter A, Helmuth R, Rabsch W, Winterhoff N, Malorny B. [Characterisation of a phenotypic monophasic variant belonging to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium from wild birds and its possible transmission to cats and humans]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2009; 122:169-177. [PMID: 19517930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the last two years The National Salmonella Reference Laboratory (NRL-Salm) received an accumulating number of salmonellae with sero-formula 4,12:-:1,2 isolated from perished wild birds, particularly siskins. Within these strains flagellar antigen of the first phase was phenotypically not detectable. By PCR a fragment could be amplified coding specifically for the H:i-flagellar antigen. Consequently, this is a phenotypically monophasic variant of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium var. copenhagen with the sero-formula 4,12:-:1,2. Phage-typing showed most of the isolates belonged to phage type DT40. Some other strains harboured the same lysis pattern but could not assign to a definite phage type. Those strains are designated as RDNC (react with phages but does not conform with definite or provisorial types). Pulsed field gel-electrophoresis (PFGE) confirmed those two lineages of the monophasic variant. Phage type DT40 isolates from humans or cats, able to express both flagellar antigens, did not differ in genotypic properties from those not able to express the flagellar antigen of the first phase. Salmonella strains with identical genotypic characteristics have been isolated from wild birds, human cases particular infants and also cats. This refers to a direct or indirect transmission of the pathogen from wild bird to human. By eating or getting in contact with contaminated birds domestic cats could play an important role as vehicle between bird and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Hauser
- Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Nationales Referenzlabor für Salmonellen, Berlin
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50
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Kaiser P, Howell MMJ, Fife M, Sadeyen JR, Salmon N, Rothwell L, Young J, Poh TY, Stevens M, Smith J, Burt D, Swaggerty C, Kogut M. Towards the selection of chickens resistant to Salmonella and Campylobacter infections. Bull Mem Acad R Med Belg 2009; 164:17-26. [PMID: 19718951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to infection with enteric pathogens such as Salmonella and Campylobacter can be at many levels and include both non-immune and immune mechanisms. Immune resistance mechanisms can be specific, at the level of the adaptive immune response, or non-specific, at the level of the innate immune response. Whilst we can extrapolate to some degree in birds from what is known about immune responses to these pathogens in mammals, chickens are not "feathered mice", but have a different repertoire of genes, molecules, cells and organs involved in their immune response compared to mammals. Fundamental work on the chicken's immune response to enteric pathogens is therefore still required. Our studies focus particularly on the innate immune response, as responses of heterophils (the avian neutrophil equivalent) from commercial birds, and macrophages from inbred lines of chickens, correlate with resistance or susceptibility to Salmonella infection with a variety of Salmonella serovars and infection models. We work on two basic resistance mechanisms - resistance to colonization with Salmonella or Campylobacter, and resistance to systemic salmonellosis (or fowl typhoid). To map genes involved in resistance to colonization with Salmonella and Campylobacter, we are using a combination of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) from microarray studies, allied with whole genome SNP arrays (WGA), a candidate gene approach and analysis of copy number variation across the genome. For resistance to systemic salmonellosis, we have refined the location ofa novel resistance locus on Chromosome 5, designated SAL1, using high density SNP panels, combined with advanced back-crossing of resistant and susceptible lines. Using a 6th generation backcross mapping population we have confirmed and refined the SAL1 locus to 8-00 kb of Chromosome 5. This region spans 14 genes, including two very striking functional candidates; CD27-binding protein (Siva) and the RAC-alpha serine/threonine protein kinase homologue, AKT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kaiser
- Institute for Animal Health Compton, Berkshire, UK
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