51
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Danew P, Friedrich E, Iwig M, Hanson H. [Studies of the peptidase activity in pathogenic fungi of the skin. Aminopeptidase activity in the fungal mycelium and the culture media of Microsporum gypseum depending on the phases of growth]. MYKOSEN 1974; 17:179-89. [PMID: 4427618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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52
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Page WJ, Stock JJ. Changes in Microsporum gypseum mycelial wall and spore coat glycoproteins during sporulation and spore germination. J Bacteriol 1974; 119:44-9. [PMID: 4407013 PMCID: PMC245570 DOI: 10.1128/jb.119.1.44-49.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylenediamine-soluble glycoproteins were extracted from isolated Microsporum gypseum hyphal walls during sporulation and from spore coats before and after germination. This study was carried out to identify a sporulation-specific cell wall protein that possibly served as a substrate for the alkaline protease which initiated the macroconidial germination of this fungus. Analyses revealed that water-insoluble glycoprotein accounted for 10% of the ungerminated spore coat but only for 4 to 5% of the mycelial wall dry weight. This fraction was modified in its amino acid composition during sporulation, and it decreased in protein content during spore germination. Water-soluble glycoprotein, which accounted for approximately 3 to 3.5% of either the spore coat or mycelial wall dry weight, was of similar amino acid composition from both sources and did not decrease in protein content upon spore germination. The water-insoluble glycoprotein was found to be rich in leucine, aspartic acid, glycine, glutamic acid, and phenylalanine residues. The water-soluble glycoprotein was rich in proline, threonine, glycine, serine, glutamic acid, and alanine.
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53
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Page WJ, Stock JJ. Sequential action of cell wall hydrolases in the germination and outgrowth of Microsporum gypseum macroconidia. Can J Microbiol 1974; 20:483-9. [PMID: 4364140 DOI: 10.1139/m74-075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The spore coats of mature macroconidia of Microsporum gypseum contained greater carbohydrate–protein ester, disulfide, acid-soluble phosphate, and acid-insoluble phosphate content than mycelial walls. Phosphate was a major constituent of the spore coat, accounting for 6.8% of the dry weight. Spore coat phosphates were located internally as acid-insoluble phosphate, or externally on the spore surface as acid-soluble phosphate. Upon spore germination, the carbohydrate–protein ester, acid-insoluble phosphate, and acid-soluble phosphate content of the spore coats decreased, resulting in considerable alteration of spore coat internal and external properties. Germination was initiated by early alkaline protease and β-1,3-glucanase action, followed by ethyl-esterase, phosphodiesterase, and chitinase activities. These hydrolases were compartmentalized in lysosomal vesicles, which appeared to be delivered to the germinating spore in a coordinated manner.
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54
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Page WJ, Stock JJ. Phosphate-mediated alteration of the Microsporum gypseum germination protease specificity for substrate: enhanced keratinase activity. J Bacteriol 1974; 117:422-31. [PMID: 4855780 PMCID: PMC285529 DOI: 10.1128/jb.117.2.422-431.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate was found to decrease the caseinolytic and ethyl-esterase activities of the Microsporum gypseum germination protease. The germination protease possessed exokeratinase (beta-keratinase) activity immediately after release from the fungal spore. After phosphate treatment of the enzyme, the germination protease also possessed endo-keratinase (alpha-keratinase) activity. Phosphate altered the protease's pH optimum from 9.0 to 7.0 and decreased the molecular weight from 33,000 to 16,000. These values were identical to those found for the keratinase. Alpha- and beta-keratinase activities were stimulated in excess of 200-fold by disulfide reducing agents. Natural and suspected keratin degradation products also enhanced keratinase activity. Cell fractionation and in vitro conversion of the alkaline germination protease into a functional keratinase suggested that the subunits comprising the germination protease and the keratinase were of a common origin.
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55
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56
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Takiuchi I, Morioka S, Ogawa H, Miyazaki H. [Studies on productive activity of a keratinase in Microsporum gypseum (author's transl)]. NIHON HIFUKA GAKKAI ZASSHI. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY 1973; 83:377-8. [PMID: 4545485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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57
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Danew P, Friedrich E, Mannsfeldt HG, Iwig M. [Peptidase activity of dermatopathogenic fungi. (II. Aminopeptidase activity of microsporon gypseum and trichophyton rubrum after growth in keratin-containing medium)]. DERMATOLOGISCHE MONATSCHRIFT 1972; 158:878-83. [PMID: 4663732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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58
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Page WJ, Stock JJ. Isolation and characterization of Microsporum gypseum lysosomes: role of lysosomes in macroconidia germination. J Bacteriol 1972; 110:354-62. [PMID: 4336109 PMCID: PMC247418 DOI: 10.1128/jb.110.1.354-362.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Three types of lysosomes containing either acid protease, alkaline protease, or phosphodiesterase were isolated from a Microsporum gypseum macroconidial homogenate on Ficoll gradients. The acid protease was contained in an assimilative lysosome since its activity was affected by the complexity of the exogenous nitrogen source. Ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy revealed that the alkaline protease-containing vesicles were associated with the spore coat material prior to macroconidial germination. During macroconidial germination, zones of spore coat hydrolysis were seen surrounding these vesicles. Other larger vesicles, believed to contain the phosphodiesterase, were also observed in the spore coat during macroconidial germination.
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59
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Böhme H. [Metabolism of the genus Microsporum Gruby 1943. IV. Comparative studies of the degradation of triglycerides and waxes by 5 species of the genus Microsporum]. MYCOPATHOLOGIA ET MYCOLOGIA APPLICATA 1972; 46:221-32. [PMID: 4335059 DOI: 10.1007/bf02053409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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60
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Rippon JW, Weitzman I, Gordon MA, Rosenthal SA. Letters to the editor: determination of the perfect state, mating type and elastase activity in clinical isolates of the Microsporum gypseum complex. J Invest Dermatol 1972; 58:160. [PMID: 5013608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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61
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Böhme H. [Variability of physiological properties in the genus Microsporum Gruby. I. Utilization of Oleum pedum tauri by M. audouinii and M. gypseum]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ALLGEMEINE MIKROBIOLOGIE 1972; 12:443-50. [PMID: 4346781 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3630120602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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62
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O'Sullivan J, Mathison GE. The localization and secretion of a propteolytic enzyme complex by the dermatophytic fungus Microsporum canis. JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 1971; 68:319-26. [PMID: 5136555 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-68-3-319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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63
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Page WJ, Stock JJ. Regulation and self-inhibition of Microsporum gypseum Macroconidia germination. J Bacteriol 1971; 108:276-81. [PMID: 5122806 PMCID: PMC247062 DOI: 10.1128/jb.108.1.276-281.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Germination of Microsporum gypseum macroconidia was accompanied by the release of alkaline protease, calcium ions, and inorganic phosphate into the germination fluid. The rate of germination was greatest during the first 2 hr, decreasing thereafter. This decrease in rate was accompanied by a decrease in protease activity, which was caused by an interaction of the enzyme with the inorganic phosphate released from the spores and accumulated in the germination medium after 2 hr. Germination of high spore densities was regulated by the ratio of released phosphate to protease protein, resulting in a constant percentage of germination at both high and low spore densities. A germination-defective mutant strain failed to germinate normally and released excessively high concentrations of phosphate into the germination medium during the initial 2 hr of incubation. Addition of calcium ions to germination mutant macroconidia stabilized spore morphology, prevented protease inactivation, and allowed normal germ-tube outgrowth. The germination of macroconidia appears to be regulated by the release of phosphate ions, which then inhibit the alkaline protease.
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64
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Weitzman I, Gordon MA, Rosenthal SA. Determination of the perfect state, mating type and elastase activity in clinical isolates of the Microsporum gypseum complex. J Invest Dermatol 1971; 57:278-82. [PMID: 5117215 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12261598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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65
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Wong DT, Horng JS, Gordee RS. Respiratory chain of a pathogenic fungus, Microsporum gypseum: effect of the antifungal agent pyrrolnitrin. J Bacteriol 1971; 106:168-73. [PMID: 4323963 PMCID: PMC248658 DOI: 10.1128/jb.106.1.168-173.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolnitrin has been reported to inhibit Bacillus megaterium primarily by forming complexes with phospholipids and to block electron transfer of Saccharomyces cerevisiae between succinate or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and coenzyme Q. We found that pyrrolnitrin inhibited respiration of conidia of Microsporum gypseum. In mitochondrial preparations, pyrrolnitrin strongly inhibited respiration and the rotenone-sensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase. The rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase, the succinate-cytochrome c reductase, and the reduction of dichlorophenolindophenol by either NADH or succinate were inhibited to a lesser extent. However, the activity of cytochrome oxidase was not affected by pyrrolnitrin. The extent of reduction of flavoproteins by NADH and succinate, measured at 465 - 510 nm, was unaltered; however, the reduction of cytochrome b, measured at 560 - 575 nm, was partially inhibited by pyrrolnitrin. The level of totally reduced cytochrome b was restored with antimycin A. We, therefore, concluded that the primary site of action of this antifungal antibiotic is to block electron transfer between the flavoprotein of the NADH-dehydrogenase and cytochrome b segment of the respiratory chain of M. gypseum.
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66
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Leighton TJ, Stock JJ. Isolation and preliminary characterization of developmental mutants from Microsporum gypseum. J Bacteriol 1970; 104:834-8. [PMID: 4992372 PMCID: PMC285066 DOI: 10.1128/jb.104.2.834-838.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental mutants affected in either sporulation or spore germination have been isolated from Microsporum gypseum with the aid of nitrosoguanidine or as spontaneously occurring mutants. The time course levels of several proteins temporally associated with conidial development have been assayed in the wild-type and mutant strains. The spore germination characteristics of two of the mutants are described. The relationship of alkaline protease accumulation to tyrosinase accumulation and spore germination is discussed.
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Abstract
Biochemical events which occur during macroconidial germination have been studied in the dermatophyte Microsporum gypseum. The specific activity levels of various metabolic enzymes have been assayed during germination time periods. The accumulated levels of several of these enzymes, as a function of exogenous carbohydrate source, have been investigated. M. gypseum was found to possess a constitutive glyoxalate shunt, a constitutive glucokinase, a fructose phosphoenolpyruvate transferase, and a mannitol phosphoenolpyruvate transferase. The integration of endogenous reserve utilization during germination is discussed. The purification and properties of an alkaline phosphatase and its possible relationship to sporulation and spore germination also are described.
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68
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O'Sullivan J, Mathison GE. The proteolytic system of Microsporum canis. JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 1969; 59:v-vi. [PMID: 5374026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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69
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Rippon JW, Garber ED. Dermatophyte pathogenicity as a function of mating type and associated enzymes. J Invest Dermatol 1969; 53:445-8. [PMID: 5361577 DOI: 10.1038/jid.1969.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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70
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Böhme H. [On the utilization of lipids and the excretion of lipolytic enzymes by Microsporum gypseum (Bodin) Guiart et Grigoraki]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HAUT- UND GESCHLECHTSKRANKHEITEN 1968; 43:1017-23. [PMID: 5710005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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71
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Mathison GE, Sargent MG. The proteolytic enzymes of Microsporum fulvum. JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 1968; 53:Suppl:3. [PMID: 5677984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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72
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Male O, Holubar K. Comparative studies on the enzyme-histochemical behaviour of some dermatophytes. I. In vitro investigations (saprophytic biophase). MYCOPATHOLOGIA ET MYCOLOGIA APPLICATA 1968; 35:150-60. [PMID: 4234245 DOI: 10.1007/bf02049579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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73
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Male O, Holubar K. Comparative studies on the enzyme histochemical behaviour of some dermatophytes. II. In vivo investigations (parasitic biophase). MYCOPATHOLOGIA ET MYCOLOGIA APPLICATA 1968; 35:161-74. [PMID: 5678534 DOI: 10.1007/bf02049580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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74
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Kunert J. [Topochemical studies of hair decomposition by dermatophytes in vitro. I. Decomposition of various hair components]. MYKOSEN 1968; 11:11-8. [PMID: 4920268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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75
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Roberts FF, Doetsch RN. Purification of a highly active protease from a Microsporum species. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1967; 33:145-52. [PMID: 4961929 DOI: 10.1007/bf02045544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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76
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Abstract
Isolants of nine species of Trichophyton, one of Epidermophyton, and four of Microsporum were assayed for elastase activity. The species or isolants with elastase activity were obtained from patients with inflammatory ring-worm infection. In Nannizzia fulva (M. fulvum), plus-mating-type strains were elastase-positive and minus-mating-type strains elastase-negative. A genetic study of mating type and elastase activity indicated a monogenic basis for both mating type and elastase activity.
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77
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Jung HD. [Demonstration of reducing enzymes in dermatophytes and saprophytes by redox indicatiors and their inhibition by enzyme antagonists]. MYKOSEN 1967; 10:91-102. [PMID: 5627999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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78
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79
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Meinhof W, Braun-Falco O, Thianprasit M. [On histochemical enzyme demonstration in skin pathogenic fungi. II. Dermatophytes]. ARCHIV FUR KLINISCHE UND EXPERIMENTELLE DERMATOLOGIE 1966; 226:48-63. [PMID: 4296906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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