Molecular cloning of a soybean class III beta-1,3-glucanase gene that is regulated both developmentally and in response to pathogen infection

We isolated and characterized a soybean gene (SGN1) encoding a basic beta-1,3-glucanase that is a plant class III isoform of beta-1,3-glucanase. The deduced amino acid sequence of the SGN1 gene is similar to that of the PR-Q'b gene, the basic class III beta-1,3-glucanase of tomato. Based on RNA blot hybridization, SGN1 gene expression was detected in all tissues of 4-day old seedlings, but it was present only in root tissue of 30-day old plants. GUS expression analysis carried out in transgenic tobacco plants harboring a SGN1::GUS reporter gene revealed the same expression pattern. Furthermore, the expression of SGN1 was strongly induced by a variety of defense-related signals, such as treatment with H(2)O(2), wounding, or treatment with fungal elicitor prepared from Phytophthora spp as well as inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae. However, the expression level of SGN1 was hardly induced with jasmonate, ethephon and salicylate. Overall the results suggest that the SGN1 may play a role in both plant development and plant defense against pathogen attack.

B2-1, a Sec7- and pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein, localizes to the Golgi complex

B2-1 is a human protein that contains both a Sec7 and a pleckstrin homology domain. The yeast Sec7 protein was previously shown to be involved in vesicle formation in the Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum. Recently, several groups have shown that B2-1 and highly similar proteins (e.g., ARNO, ARNO3) have varied cellular functions and subcellular locations. One of these is an association of the B2-1 Sec7 domain with the plasma membrane, binding to the cytoplasmic portion of the integrin beta2 chain (CD18) and is postulated to be involved in inside-out signaling. Other groups have shown that B2-1 and these related proteins are guanine nucleotide-exchange factors that act upon ADP ribosylation factors (ARFs) and are localized to the Golgi or plasma membrane. Here we report the subcellular localization of B2-1 protein. Interestingly, B2-1 does not localize to the plasma membrane but rather associates with a distinct Golgi complex compartment. B2-1's distribution can be disrupted by brefeldin A, a drug that rapidly disrupts the Golgi apparatus by inhibiting ARF activity. Furthermore, transient transfection of GFP-tagged B2-1 shows Golgi complex targeting. Excessive overexpression of transfected B2-1 causes partial Golgi dispersion.

Finite element analysis of brain contusion: an indirect impact study

The mechanism of brain contusion has been investigated using a series of three-dimensional (3D) finite element analyses. A head injury model was used to simulate forward and backward rotation around the upper cervical vertebra. Intracranial pressure and shear stress responses were calculated and compared. The results obtained with this model support the predictions of cavitation theory that a pressure gradient develops in the brain during indirect impact. Contrecoup pressure-time histories in the parasagittal plane demonstrated that an indirect impact induced a smaller intracranial pressure (-53.7 kPa for backward rotation, and -65.5 kPa for forward rotation) than that caused by a direct impact. In addition, negative pressures induced by indirect impact to the head were not high enough to form cavitation bubbles, which can damage the brain tissue. Simulations predicted that a decrease in skull deformation had a large effect in reducing the intracranial pressure. However, the areas of high shear stress concentration were consistent with those of clinical observations. The findings of this study suggest that shear strain theory appears to better account for the clinical findings in head injury when the head is subjected to an indirect impact.

Monitoring CD8 T cell responses to NY-ESO-1: correlation of humoral and cellular immune responses

NY-ESO-1, a member of the cancer-testis family of antigens, is expressed in a subset of a broad range of different human tumor types. Patients with advanced NY-ESO-1-expressing tumors frequently develop humoral immunity to NY-ESO-1, and three HLA A2-restricted peptides were defined previously as targets for cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells in a melanoma patient with NY-ESO-1 antibody. The objectives of the present study were (i) to develop enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and tetramer assays to measure CD8(+) T cell responses to NY-ESO-1, (ii) to determine the frequency of CD8(+) T cell responses to NY-ESO-1 in a series of HLA-A2 patients with NY-ESO-1 expressing tumors, (iii) to determine the relation between CD8(+) T cell and humoral immune responses to NY-ESO-1, and (iv) to compare results of NY-ESO-1 ELISPOT assays performed independently in two laboratories with T cells from the same patients. NY-ESO-1 ELISPOT and tetramer assays with excellent sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility have been developed and found to correlate with cytotoxicity assays. CD8(+) T cell responses to HLA-A2-restricted NY-ESO-1 peptides were detected in 10 of 11 patients with NY-ESO-1 antibody, but not in patients lacking antibody or in patients with NY-ESO-1-negative tumors. The results of ELISPOT assays were concordant in the two laboratories, providing the basis for standardized monitoring of T cell responses in patients receiving NY-ESO-1 vaccines.

The whole is not the simple sum of its parts in calmodulin from S. cerevisiae

Calmodulin is an essential Ca(2+)-binding protein involved in a multitude of cellular processes. The calmodulin sequence is highly conserved among all eukaryotic species; calmodulin from the yeast S. cerevisiae (yCaM) is the most divergent form, while still sharing 60% sequence identity with vertebrate calmodulin (vCaM). Although yCaM can be functionally substituted by vCaM in vivo, the two calmodulin proteins possess significantly different Ca(2+)-binding properties as well as abilities to activate vertebrate target enzymes in vitro. In addition, it has been observed that certain properties of the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of Ca(2+)-yCaM differ depending on whether they are in the context of the whole protein or isolated as half-molecule fragments. To investigate the structural basis for these differing properties, we have undertaken nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies on yCaM and the two half-molecule fragments representing its two individual domains, yTr1(residues 1-76) and yTr2 (residues 75-146). We present direct evidence that the two domains of Ca(2+)-yCaM interact via their exposed hydrophobic surfaces. Thus, the Ca(2+)-bound form of yCaM exists in a novel compact structure in direct contrast to the well-established structure of Ca(2+)-vCaM comprised of two independent globular domains.

Gene expression of flap endonuclease-1 during cell proliferation and differentiation

It has been shown that flap endonuclease-1 (FEN-1), a structure-specific nuclease, acts on the removal of RNA primers during Okazaki fragment maturation in DNA synthesis. To study whether the gene expression of FEN-1 is inducible during cell proliferation, we analyzed the FEN-1 mRNA levels in actively growing cells and non-growing cells. The gene expression of FEN-1 was higher in mitotic cells than in resting cells, and was markedly decreased, especially, when terminal differentiation was induced in promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60 cells). The decline correlated substantially with the ceasing of DNA synthesis. In the examination of tissue-specific gene expression, the human testis, spleen, thymus and mucosal lining of colon tissues expressed this gene actively, whereas the prostate, ovary, small intestine and peripheral blood leukocyte hardly expressed it. In addition, FEN-1 was co-localized with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in young rat kidney according to immunohistochemistry. These findings suggest that FEN-1 gene expression is inducible during cell proliferation for DNA synthesis, and is down-regulated during cell differentiation.

Membrane perturbation by mastoparan 7 elicits a broad alteration in lipid composition of L1210 cells

Mastoparan 7 (Mas-7), an amphiphilic peptide possessing membrane perturbing activity, has been known to selectively stimulate some lipases. To examine changes in the lipid composition induced by Mas-7, we carried out systemic lipid analysis of L1210 cells after Mas-7 treatment. The total lipid was determined by HPLC, gas-liquid chromatography, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in conjunction with differential radiolabelling with [(32)P]orthophosphate, [(3)H]myristic acid, and [(3)H]arachidonic acid. The lipid analysis revealed multiple changes in more than 10 lipid classes. Free fatty acids (FFAs) and phosphatidylethanol (PEt), the phospholipase D product in the presence of ethanol, were increased significantly and phosphatidylcholine (PC) was decreased. Digitonin, a membrane permeabilizing reagent, similarly affected the lipid composition of L1210. The FFA released showed a very broad distribution of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, implying that phospholipase A(2) alone could not account for all of the FFAs released. By comparing the molecular species of PEt with those of endogenous PC, we showed that phospholipase D in L1210 cells appeared to act selectively on diacyl-PC. The perturbation-induced alterations in the lipid composition brought about by Mas-7 might play a crucial role in the physiology of the affected cells.

A cell adhesion protein from the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, a serine proteinase homologue similar to Drosophila masquerade

A cDNA encoding a protein resembling masquerade, a serine proteinase homologue expressed during embryogenesis, larval, and pupal development in Drosophila melanogaster, was identified in hemocytes of the adult freshwater crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus. The crayfish protein is similar to Drosophila masquerade in the following aspects: (a) overall sequence of the serine proteinase domain, such as the position of three putative disulfide bridges, glycine in the place of the catalytic serine residue, and the presence of a substrate-lining pocket typical for trypsins; (b) the presence of several copies of a disulfide-knotted motif in the putative propeptide. This masquerade-like protein is cleaved into a 27-kDa fragment, which could be detected by immunoblot analysis using an affinity-purified antibody against a synthetic peptide in the C-terminal domain of the protein. The 27-kDa protein could be immunoaffinity-purified from hemocyte lysate supernatant and exhibited cell adhesion activity in vitro, indicating that the C-terminal domain of the crayfish masquerade-like protein mediates cell adhesion.

In vivo and in vitro natural frequency analysis of periodontal conditions: an innovative method

BACKGROUND

When measuring periodontal disease, various types of equipment for making objective measurements of tooth mobility have been proposed. However, these devices and methodology are insufficient in terms of reliability. An innovative method using vibrational theories to assess the periodontal attachment level of natural teeth is presented in this study.

METHODS

Modal testing technique, a non-destructive and time-saving method, was used for non-invasive and quantitative measurement of the natural frequencies of the upper central incisor in vivo and in vitro. A finite element model was established, and modal testing experiments were simulated to assess the relationship between bone level and teeth.

RESULTS

The first dominant natural frequency of healthy human upper central incisors ranges from 710 Hz to 3,360 Hz, with an average of 1,701+/-679 Hz. Both in vitro experiment and finite element simulation showed that lowering of the attachment level causes a significant decrease in the natural frequencies, and a strong relationship (r = -0.99, P <0.01) was observed between the frequency and the bone level height.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggested that natural frequency is an important parameter for assessing the periodontal condition and that the modal testing technique is a useful supplemental method for assessing the attachment conditions of the periodontium.

Synthesis and characterization of stereospecific 1-propargyl-2-(dimethoxymethyl)-1-cyclohexanols

Stereochemical isomers with hydroxy groups were synthesized by reacting 2-(dimethoxymethyl)cyclohexanone with propargylmagnesium bromide. The stereo chemical structures were identified by NMR spectral interpretation and the geometry optimization. To assist the NMR interpretation, geometry optimization based on semi-empirical AM1 and PM3 methods was applied. Throughout this study, the structures of the two isomers were all determined and 1H and 13C NMR spectra were fully assigned. It was proven that the less polar isomer is an axial alcohol and the more polar one is an equatorial alcohol.

Osseous metaplasia with functioning bone marrow in hydroxyapatite orbital implants

BACKGROUND

Bone formation within the hydroxyapatite implant has been reported in explanted spheres in humans. Bone-specific differentiation was observed to occur earlier in the pores of spherical hydroxyapatite implants enhanced with osteogenin within the rabbit socket. We observed previously unreported bone marrow formation in a coralline hydroxyapatite implant placed into the rabbit orbit after evisceration.

METHODS

One eye of each of 10 New Zealand white rabbits weighing between 2 and 3 kg was eviscerated and implanted with hydroxyapatite spheres. The explanted hydroxyapatite spheres 20 weeks after surgery were examined under the microscope.

RESULTS

Histopathologic examination of the excised implants showed the presence of trabeculae of mature bone with fatty marrow and hematopoietic elements. Scattered throughout the fatty tissue were bone marrow elements consisting of precursors of the granulocytic and erythroid series and also megakaryocytes.

CONCLUSION

The osseous metaplasia with functioning bone marrow was incidentally observed in the coralline hydroxyapatite implant without the addition of any osteogenesis-inducing agents.

Identification of rice blast fungal elicitor-responsive genes by differential display analysis

In order to study molecular interactions that occur between rice and rice blast fungus upon infection, we isolated fungal elicitor-responsive genes from rice (Oryza sativa cv. Milyang 117) suspension-cultured cells treated with fungal elicitor prepared from the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea) employing a method that combined mRNA differential display and cDNA library screening. Data base searches with the isolated cDNA clones revealed that the OsERG1 and OsERG2 cDNAs share significant similarities with the mammalian Ca2+-dependent lipid binding (C2) domains. The OsCPX1 cDNA is highly homologous to peroxidases. The OsHin1 cDNA exhibits homology to the tobacco hin1 gene, whose expression is induced by avirulent pathogens. The OsLPL1 and OsMEK1 cDNAs share homologies with lysophospholipases and serine/threonine mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinases, respectively. The OsWRKY1 and OsEREBP1 cDNAs are homologous to transcription factors, such as the WRKY protein family and the AP2/EREBP family, respectively. Transcripts of the OsERG1, OsHin1, and OsMEK1 genes were specifically elevated only in response to the avirulent race KJ301 of the rice blast fungus. Our study yielded a number of elicitor-responsive genes that will not only provide molecular probes, but also contribute to our understanding of host defense mechanisms against the rice blast fungus.

NMR structure of activated CheY

The CheY protein is the response regulator in bacterial chemotaxis. Phosphorylation of a conserved aspartyl residue induces structural changes that convert the protein from an inactive to an active state. The short half-life of the aspartyl-phosphate has precluded detailed structural analysis of the active protein. Persistent activation of Escherichia coli CheY was achieved by complexation with beryllofluoride (BeF(3)(-)) and the structure determined by NMR spectroscopy to a backbone r.m.s.d. of 0.58(+/-0.08) A. Formation of a hydrogen bond between the Thr87 OH group and an active site acceptor, presumably Asp57.BeF(3)(-), stabilizes a coupled rearrangement of highly conserved residues, Thr87 and Tyr106, along with displacement of beta4 and H4, to yield the active state. The coupled rearrangement may be a more general mechanism for activation of receiver domains.

Application of a mid-infrared fiber bundle in remote measurement of gas concentrations in a chemical vapor deposition chamber

A fiber bundle has been designed for measurement of gas concentrations in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) chamber. The bundle is broadband, covering the spectrum range from 500 to 6000 cm(-1). Using this bundle, we have designed Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) sampling configurations with reduced beam divergence (from 0.4 to 0.1 rad) and focal spot diameters (from 12 to 4 mm). The FTIR spectrum of tetraethoxysilane vapors in a CVD chamber was determined with the bundle and modified SAM connectors. An ellipsoid reflector was designed that yielded improved signal-to-noise ratios (SNR's) in the fiber-based spectra by a factor of 2. The incorporation of this reflector in spectrometers by use of the fiber bundle has the potential to reduce the sampling times for spectra while retaining acceptable SNR's.

Degradation of repaired denture base materials in simulated oral fluid

This in vitro study evaluates the degradation of repaired denture bases upon immersion in a simulated oral fluid. Denture base materials (Luciton 199), after being repaired by Repair Material and Triad, using three different joint surface designs (butt, round and 45 degrees bevel), were immersed onto 99.5 vol.% ethanol/water solution (with similar solubility parameter) for various amounts of time (0-72 h). The flexural loads of the six combination of groups were measured by the three-point bending tests using a universal testing machine. Acoustic emission (AE) during sample fracturing were processed using the MISTRA 2001 system. The fracture pattern and surface details of the interface were examined with a scanning electronic microscope (SEM). Data were analysed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey LSD tests. SEM micrographs of the fracture interface were used to differentiate the fracture mode. The flexural loads (2.72 +/- 0.51 Kgf) of the round joint specimens were significantly higher (P< 0.05) than those (butt: 1.66 +/- 0.38 Kgf, 45 degrees bevel: 1.93 +/- 0.41 Kgf) of the other two designs. This corresponds to the microscopic examination in which more cohesive failure mode was found for the round joint group after storage. The flexural loads (2.54 +/- 0.39 Kgf) of the specimens repaired with Triad were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those (1.59 +/- 0.40 Kgf) of specimens repaired with Repair Material. Significant progressive reduction of the flexural load and/or AE signals of the specimens was noted in proportion to the length of time of the immersion in the simulated oral fluid. Mechanical strength of a denture base repaired with a round joint design and light-cured material is significantly higher after immersion in simulated oral fluid.

Cloning, overexpression and purification of Bacillus subtilis elongation factor Tu in Escherichia coli

To establish the overexpression and one-step purification system of Bacillus subtilis elongation factor-Tu (EF-Tu), the EF-Tu gene was amplified with or without own ribosome binding site (rbs) by PCR and the only PCR product without rbs was subcloned successfully. For the expression of the EF-Tu gene cloned after PCR amplification, a constitutive expression system and inducible expression system with His6 tag at N-terminus or C-terminus, or glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion system were examined in E. coli and B. subtilis. Except GST fusion system in E. coli, however, all other trials were unsuccessful at the step of plasmid construction for the EF-Tu expression. The GST/EF-Tu fusion proteins were highly expressed by IPTG induction and obtained as both soluble and insoluble form. From the soluble GST/EF-Tu fusion protein, EF-Tu was obtained to near homogeneity by one-step purification with glutathione-sepharose affinity column chromatography followed by factor Xa treatment. The purified EF-Tu showed high GDP binding activity. These results indicate that the GST/EF-Tu fusion system is favorable to overexpression and purification of B. subtilis EF-Tu.

Transfer RNA identity change in anticodon variants of E. coli tRNA(Phe) in vivo

The anticodon sequence is a major recognition element for most aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. We investigated the in vivo effects of changing the anticodon on the aminoacylation specificity in the example of E. coli tRNA(Phe). Constructing different anticodon mutants of E. coli tRNA(Phe) by site-directed mutagenesis, we isolated 22 anticodon mutant tRNA(Phe); the anticodons corresponded to 16 amino acids and an opal stop codon. To examine whether the mutant tRNAs had changed their amino acid acceptor specificity in vivo, we tested the viability of E. coli strains containing these tRNA(Phe) genes in a medium which permitted tRNA induction. Fourteen mutant tRNA genes did not affect host viability. However, eight mutant tRNA genes were toxic to the host and prevented growth, presumably because the anticodon mutants led to translational errors. Many mutant tRNAs which did not affect host viability were not aminoacylated in vivo. Three mutant tRNAs containing anticodon sequences corresponding to lysine (UUU), methionine (CAU) and threonine (UGU) were charged with the amino acid corresponding to their anticodon, but not with phenylalanine. These three tRNAs and tRNA(Phe) are located in the same cluster in a sequence similarity dendrogram of total E. coli tRNAs. The results support the idea that such tRNAs arising from in vivo evolution are derived by anticodon change from the same ancestor tRNA.

Secretory production of human leptin in Escherichia coli

Human leptin is a 16 kDa (146 amino acids) protein secreted from adipocytes and influences body weight homeostasis. In this study, human leptin was produced and secreted efficiently in Escherichia coli using a novel Bacillus sp. endoxylanase signal peptide. The endoxylanase signal sequence consisted of 28 amino acids (84 bp) was fused to the leptin structural gene. The fused gene was expressed using an inducible promoter (T7 or Trc) by adding 1 mM IPTG. Using T7 promoter in E. coli BL21(DE3), most of protein produced was in a premature form. Using the Trc promoter, which is weaker than T7, leptin was efficiently produced and secreted as a mature form (40% of total proteins) at 37 degrees C. However, most of leptin (about 90%) formed the inclusion bodies in the periplasmic space of E. coli. At 30 degrees C, ca. 90% of leptin was produced in a soluble form, but the total amount of leptin produced was 40% less than that obtained at 37 degrees C. When the periplasmic oxidoreductase of E. coli, DsbA, was co-expressed, 69% of the secreted leptin (26% of total proteins) was produced as soluble form at 37 degrees C without the decrease of the amount of leptin produced.

Observation of a hybrid spin resonance

A new type of spin depolarization resonance has been observed at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS). This spin resonance is identified as a strong closed-orbit sideband around the dominant intrinsic spin resonance. The strength of the resonance was proportional to the 9th harmonic component of the horizontal closed orbit and proportional to the vertical betatron oscillation amplitude. This "hybrid" spin resonance cannot be overcome by the partial snake at the AGS, but it can be corrected by the harmonic orbit correctors.

Serogroups of the beer spoilage bacterium Megasphaera cerevisiae correlate with the molecular weight of the major EDTA-extractable surface protein

Megasphaera cerevisiae is a Gram-negative obligate anaerobe that causes turbidity and off-flavour and aroma in beer. Seven isolates of M. cerevisiae were obtained worldwide, and their extractable surface antigens were focused upon to determine if there is more than one serogroup of this bacterium. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) bacterial extracts revealed a predominant protein with apparent molecular weights of 46,000, 45,000, and 43,000 for three, two, and two isolates, respectively. When mouse anti-serum generated against any of the EDTA extracts was reacted with denatured bacterial proteins in immunoblots, all bacterial isolates exhibited extensive cross-reactivity involving three antigens, one being the major EDTA-extractable protein. In contrast, when the sera were tested for surface reactivity with intact bacteria, three cross-reactivity groups were observed, with the groups individually comprised of bacteria having the same size major EDTA-extractable surface protein. When BALB/c mice immunized with a bacterium from each of the three serogroups were used for monoclonal antibody (Mab) hybridoma production, bacterial surface-reactive Mabs were obtained whose reactivities parallel the three polyclonal antibody-defined serogroups. Through combining these surface-reactive Mabs, it will be possible to rapidly detect and identify beer contamination by M. cerevisiae belonging to any serogroup.

Correction of axillary burn scar contracture with the thoracodorsal perforator-based cutaneous island flap

Axillary scar contracture is observed frequently after severe burn insult and is usually accompanied by injuries to the adjacent area. Although many therapeutic methods, including skin grafting, Z-plasties, local flaps, island flaps, and free flaps, have been established, each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages in specific situations. The decision regarding which technique to use can only be made after consideration is given to the merits of the individual case. We applied thoracodorsal perforator-based cutaneous flaps to 5 patients with axillary burn scar contractures and damaged adjacent tissues. In 1 patient both axillae were involved. Elevated flaps as large as 11 x 27 cm in size were used. All flaps survived completely even when raised in scar tissue. The donor sites were closed primarily except one, which needed a skin graft. Three patients obtained satisfactory release with more than 160 deg shoulder abduction. In 2 patients, release was incomplete with only 110 deg shoulder abduction, but neither one required a second release. The range of motion in terms of shoulder abduction was improved preoperatively (30-90 deg) to postoperatively (110-170 deg). The thoracodorsal perforator-based cutaneous flap presents a very useful reconstructive method for the treatment of axillary defects.

Mucociliary transport pathway on laryngotracheal tract and stented glottis in guinea pigs

We investigated the laryngotracheal mucociliary transport pathway of guinea pigs in vivo and immediately postmortem. Only intraperitoneal anesthesia was used during the procedure to avoid the disturbance of mucociliary function. Resin particles were used as the marking substance. A microcolpohysteroscope was placed at different levels in the laryngotracheal region for observing the marking particles and recording the transport pattern. The tracheal mucociliary transport flow primarily moved along the posterior wall and both lateral walls in a zigzag trace. Upon reaching the subglottis, the resin particles stayed underneath the vocal cords, and a whirlpool phenomenon developed. The majority of the particles were shifted and directed onto the posterior glottic area. With a short delay, some resin particles crossed over the free edge of the vocal cords and turned posteriorly along the medial upper cordal margin. No mucociliary transport could be observed on the entire upper surface of the true vocal cords, which is covered by squamous epithelium. Occasionally, a few resin particles in the vicinity of the epiglottic root traveled along the aryepiglottic folds toward the posterior commissure. All streams of mucociliary transport finally joined together in the interarytenoid area. After leaving the glottis, the resin particles traveled to the hypopharynx and entered the esophagus through the motion of deglutition. The pattern of mucociliary clearance in the laryngotracheal region was not delayed by stenting.

Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) by high-cell-density cultivation of Aeromonas hydrophila

The newly screened Aeromonas hydrophila produces copolymer consisting of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 3-hydroxyhexanoate (3HHx). The characteristics of cell growth and polymer accumulation were examined using various carbon sources. P(3HB-co-3HHx) was produced from lauric acid and oleic acid only. P(3HB-co-3HHx) content can be increased by limitation of phosphorus. A maximal P(3HB-co-3HHx) content of 28.8 wt% could be obtained in flask culture. By applying the optimally designed nutrient feeding strategy, cell dry weight, P(3HB-co-3HHx) content, and 3HHx fraction obtained over the course of 43 h were 95.7 g/L, 45.2 wt%, and 17 mol%, respectively, resulting in a productivity of 1.01 g polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)/L. h.

A lipopolysaccharide- and beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein from hemocytes of the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning

A lipopolysaccharide- and beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein (LGBP) was isolated and characterized from blood cells (hemocytes) of the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. The LGBP was purified by chromatography on Blue-Sepharose and phenyl-Sepharose, followed by Sephacryl S-200. The LGBP has a molecular mass of 36 kDa and 40 kDa on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing and nonreducing conditions, respectively. The calculated mass of LGBP is 39,492 Da, which corresponds to the native size of LGBP; the estimated pI of the mature LGBP is 5.80. LGBP has binding activity to lipopolysaccharides as well as to beta-1,3-glucans such as laminarin and curdlan, but peptidoglycan could not bind to LGBP. Cloning and sequencing of LGBP showed significant homology with several putative Gram-negative bacteria-binding proteins and beta-1, 3-glucanases. Interestingly, LGBP also has a structure and functions similar to those of the coelomic cytolytic factor-1, a lipopolysaccharide- and glucan-binding protein from the earthworm Eisenia foetida. To evaluate the involvement of LGBP in the prophenoloxidase (proPO) activating system, a polyclonal antibody against LGBP was made and used for the inhibition of phenoloxidase (PO) activity triggered by the beta-1,3-glucan laminarin in the hemocyte lysate of crayfish. The PO activity was blocked completely by the anti-LGBP antibody. Moreover, the PO activity could be recovered by the addition of purified LGBP. These results suggest that the 36-kDa LGBP plays a role in the activation of the proPO activating system in crayfish and thus seems to play an important role in the innate immune system of crayfish.

Variations in geographical distribution of foreign and domestically trained physicians in the United States: 'safety nets' or 'surplus exacerbation'?

In the United States, a debate has existed for decades about whether foreign-trained physicians (known in the US as 'international medical graduates' or 'IMGs') and US medical graduates (USMGs) have been differentially distributed such that IMGs were more likely to be found in locales characterized as high in need or medical underservice. This 'safety net' hypothesis has been countered by the IMG 'surplus exacerbation' argument that IMGs have simply swelled an already abundant supply of physicians without any disproportionate service to areas in need. Through an analysis of the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile and the Area Resource File, we classified post-resident IMGs and USMGs into low and high need counties in each of the US states, compared the percentage distributions, and determined whether IMGs were found disproportionately in high need or underserved counties. Using four measures (infant mortality rate, socio-economic status, proportion non-white population, and rural county designation), we show that there were consistently more states having IMG disproportions than USMG disproportions. The magnitude of the differences was greater for IMGs than for USMGs, and there was a correlation between IMG disproportions and low doctor/100,000 population ratios. These findings are shown to exist simultaneously with two empirical facts: first, not all IMGs were located in high new or underserved counties; second, IMGs were more likely than USMGs to be located in states with a large number of physicians. The juxtaposition of an IMG presence in 'safety net' locales and of IMGs' contribution to a physician abundance is discussed within the context of the current debate about a US physician 'surplus' and initiatives to reduce the number of IMGs in residency training.