Autophagy inhibition contributes to radiation sensitization of esophageal squamous carcinoma cells

Radiotherapy is a useful component of treatment strategies for esophageal cancer. The role of autophagy in response to ionizing radiation was investigated in human esophageal squamous carcinoma cells. Cell viability and clonogenic survival assay were used to evaluate the radiosensitivity of autophagy inhibitor (3-MA) on esophageal squamous carcinoma cells. The percentage of apoptotic cells and cell cycle analysis were assessed by flow cytometry; DAPI staining was used to detect apoptotic cells. The expression of beclin-1 and LC3 was measured using a Western blot. The ultrastructural analysis was under the electron microscope. 6 Gy irradiation induced a massive accumulation of autophagosomes accompanied by strong upregulation of beclin-1 and LC3-II expression in TE-1 cells. Compared with radiation alone, 3-MA combined with radiation significantly decreased cell viability, as well as autophagic ratio, beclin-1, and LC3-II protein level. Inhibition of autophagy increased radiation-induced apoptosis and the percentage of G2/M-phase cells. Blockade of autophagy with 3-MA enhanced cytotoxicity of radiotherapy in human esophageal squamous carcinoma cells. It suggests that inhibition of autophagy could be used as adjuvant therapy to treat esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

A phase Ib study of vosaroxin, an anticancer quinolone derivative, in patients with relapsed or refractory acute leukemia

This study of vosaroxin evaluated dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics (PK), clinical activity and pharmacodynamics in relapsed/refractory leukemia. Dosing was weekly (days 1, 8 and 15) or twice weekly (days 1, 4, 8 and 11). Seventy-three treated patients had a median age of 65 years, 85% had acute myeloid leukemia and 78% had refractory disease. Weekly schedule: 42 patients received 18-90 mg/m(2); MTD was 72 mg/m(2). Twice-weekly schedule: 31 patients received 9-50 mg/m(2); MTD was 40 mg/m(2). DLT was stomatitis; primary non-hematologic toxicity was reversible gastrointestinal symptoms and febrile neutropenia. Thirty-day all-cause mortality was 11%. Five patients had complete or incomplete remissions; median duration was 3.1 months. A morphologic leukemia-free state (bone marrow blast reduction to <5%) occurred in 11 additional patients. Antileukemic activity was associated with total dose or weekly time above 1 μmol/l plasma vosaroxin concentration (P<0.05). Vosaroxin exposure was dose proportional over 9-90 mg/m(2). The average terminal half-life was ~25 h and clearance was non-renal. No induction or inhibition of vosaroxin metabolism was evident. Vosaroxin-induced DNA damage was detected as increased intracellular γH2AX. Vosaroxin had an acceptable safety profile, linear PK and encouraging clinical activity in relapsed/refractory leukemia.

Tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), an important mediator of endothelial inflammation, is associated with the pathogenesis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura

Tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), a member of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family, has been implicated as a proinflammatory cytokine in many types of autoimmune and infectious diseases. However, information about TWEAK in dermatological diseases is limited. Herein, we investigated the role of TWEAK in patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) and the ability of TWEAK on chemokine production in the human dermal microvascular endothelial cell line (HMEC-1). Serum TWEAK levels in patients with HSP, together with patients with psoriasis vulgaris (PV) and atopic dermatitis (AD), were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HMEC-1 cells were treated with TWEAK at concentrations ranging from 1 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml. Serum levels of TWEAK were elevated in patients with HSP in the acute stage but not in patients with PV or AD. Moreover, TWEAK levels were correlated with the severity of HSP. TWEAK markedly induced CCL5 and CXCL8 production at both mRNA and protein levels in HMEC-1 cells. In addition, TWEAK-stimulated HMEC-1 supernatant enhanced HL-60 or human acute monocytic leukaemia cell line (THP-1) cell migration. Finally, Western blot data revealed that TWEAK can induce rapid phosphorylation of inhibitor of κB-α (IκBα) in HMEC-1 cells. In conclusion, we show that serum levels of TWEAK were elevated in patients with acute stage HSP. TWEAK may act as a regulator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and chemokine production in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells, thus promoting leucocyte migration in cutaneous vasculitis.

Umbilical cord plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and immune function at birth: the Urban Environment and Childhood Asthma study

BACKGROUND

Recent studies have reported conflicting data on the association between maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and asthma.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the influence of prenatal vitamin D status on immune function at birth.

METHODS

In an inner-city birth cohort of 568 newborns, 520 of whom had at least one atopic parent, we measured the umbilical cord (UC) plasma concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and the cytokine responses of UC blood mononuclear cells (UCMCs) to stimuli including phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and peptidoglycan. In a subset, the UCMC expression of regulatory T cell markers and the suppressive activity of CD4(+) CD25(+) UCMCs were measured. Results The 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of UC plasma 25(OH)D level were 15.0, 20.2, and 25.6 ng/mL, respectively. Most cytokine responses of UCMC were not correlated with UC 25(OH)D concentration; however, IFN-γ release after LPS stimulation was weakly positively correlated with UC 25(OH)D concentration (r=0.11, P=0.01). PHA responses were not significantly correlated with 25(OH)D concentration. The UC plasma 25(OH)D concentration was inversely related to the number of CD25(+) (r=-0.20, P=0.06), CD25(Bright) (r=-0.21, P=0.05), and CD25(+) FoxP3 (r=-0.29, P=0.06) cells as a proportion of CD4(+) T cells in UC blood (r=-0.26, P=0.04) but not to the suppressive activity of CD4(+) CD25(+) cells (r=0.17, P=0.22).

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

UC 25(OH)D concentration was not correlated with most UCMC cytokine responses to multiple stimuli. There was a suggestion of a weakly positive correlation with IFN-γ release after LPS stimulation. The proportions of CD25(+) , CD25(Bright) , and CD25(+) FoxP3 cells to total CD4(+) T cells were inversely correlated with UC 25(OH)D concentration. Our findings suggest that higher vitamin D levels at birth may be associated with a lower number of T-regulatory cells. Vitamin D status in utero may influence immune regulation in early life.

Modelling of The Intramolecular Structure Of Monolayer C60 Molecules Observed with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Images of monolayer coverages of C60 on gold substrates, using scanning tunneling microscopy, reveal intermolecular arrangement and intramolecular features. In this paper we concentrate on the interpretation of these internal features, present a model showing that they arise from local charge density variations of high-lying π orbitals on approximately every other carbon atom, and discuss also other possible mechanisms for this effect.

Corrosion Protection of Metals by Conductive Polymers III. Improved Performance and Inhibition in NaCl

The use of conducting polymers for corrosion prevention is an area which has gained increasing attention during the last decade [1]. This study explores the use of polyaniline based polymer coatings for corrosion prevention on mild steel. Data on coating degradation and passivation on electrochemically polarized painted metal specimens exposed to acid chloride solutions and artificial seawater at an ambient temperature are presented. A Systematic comparison between controls and designated coated sample sets has been made to demonstrate good corrosion protection efficiency with synergistic effects between conductive polymers and metals by classical DC monitoring techniques. Brief comparisons are made with data from simulated marine exposure. Meanwhile, in separate experiments, electrochemical data were obtained for conductive polymer primer coatings with epoxy top-coat under fully immersed conditions by using electrochemical noise (ECN) monitoring and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) techniques to discover the initial localized corrosion phenomena in order to achieve further understanding of the protection mechanism. Additionally, electrochemical impedance (EIS) spectra were utilized for the assessment of anti-corrosion performance provided by conducting polymers to mild steel.

Multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with a national fast-food chain, 2006: a study incorporating epidemiological and food source traceback results

A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections occurred in the USA in November-December 2006 in patrons of restaurant chain A. We identified 77 cases with chain A exposure in four states - Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. Fifty-one (66%) patients were hospitalized, and seven (9%) developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome; none died. In a matched analysis controlling for age in 31 cases and 55 controls, illness was associated with consumption of shredded iceberg lettuce [matched odds ratio (mOR) 8·0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·1-348·1] and shredded cheddar cheese (mOR 6·2, CI 1·7-33·7). Lettuce, an uncooked ingredient, was more commonly consumed (97% of patients) than cheddar cheese (84%) and a single source supplied all affected restaurants. A single source of cheese could not explain the regional distribution of outbreak cases. The outbreak highlights challenges in conducting rapid multistate investigations and the importance of incorporating epidemiological study results with other investigative findings.

Pioglitazone modulates the balance of effector and regulatory T cells in apolipoprotein E deficient mice

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Pioglitazone (PIO) affects T cell-mediated immunity through actions of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Effector and regulatory T cells control the development of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the arterial blood vessels. The aim of this study was to examine whether PIO ameliorates atherosclerosis by altering the balance of effector and regulatory T cells.

METHODS AND RESULTS

To explore the effect of PIO on early and advanced atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE-/-) mice were fed western diet and received PIO (20 mg/kg/day) by gastric gavage at 6 or 14 weeks of age, respectively for 8 weeks. Data showed PIO markedly inhibited early fatty streak formation. Further, although the advanced fibrofatty plaque sizes were not significantly reduced, the numbers of smooth muscle cells within lesions were increased and higher collagen concentrations were produced. In general, macrophage expression in lesions was decreased. Additionally, the expression of Foxp3(+) cells was increased in lesions and spleens in mice at all PIO treatment stages, whereas the CD4(+)IFN-γ(+)/CD4(+)IL-4(+) cell ratios were reduced.

CONCLUSION

PIO inhibited early atherosclerotic lesion formation and increased the stability of advanced atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE-/- mice, which was associated with altering the balance of effector and regulatory T cells.

Percutaneous permeation comparison of repellents picaridin and DEET in concurrent use with sunscreen oxybenzone from commercially available preparations

Concurrent application of insect repellent picaridin or DEET with sunscreens has become prevalent due to concerns on West Nile virus and skin cancer. The objectives of this study were to characterize the percutaneous permeation of picaridin and sunscreen oxybenzone from commercially available preparations and to compare the differences in permeability between picaridin and DEET in association with oxybenzone. In vitro diffusion studies were carried out to measure transdermal permeation of picaridin and oxybenzone from four different products, using various application concentrations and sequences. Results were then compared to those of repellent DEET and sunscreen oxybenzone under identical conditions. Transdermal permeation of picaridin across human epidermis was significantly lower than that of DEET, both alone and in combination with oxybenzone. Concurrent use resulted in either no changes or suppression of transdermal permeation of picaridin and oxybenzone. This finding was different from concurrent use of DEET and oxybenzone in which a synergistic permeation enhancement was observed. In addition, permeation of picaridin, DEET and oxybenzone across human epidermis was dependent on application concentration, use sequence, and preparation type. It was concluded from this comparative study that picaridin would be a better candidate for concurrent use with sunscreen preparations in terms of minimizing percutaneous permeation of the chemicals.

Extraction and STM Imaging of Spherical Giant Fullerenes

High-temperature, high-pressure extracts of soot produced by the Krätschmer-Huffman technique (KH carbon) were characterized by mass spectrometry and imaging with scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs). The mass spectra of these samples are similar to those of ambient-pressure, high-boiling-point solvent extractions, supporting the idea that solvent temperature and possibly pressure are key parameters in extraction of the giant fuilerenes. The STM images show that the giant fullerenes in these samples are roughly spherical in shape and range in diameter from approximately 1 to 2 nanometers, corresponding to fullerenes containing 60 to 330 atoms. No evidence of bucky tubes was found.

The role of dopamine receptors in ventrolateral orbital cortex-evoked anti-nociception in a rat model of neuropathic pain

The present study examined the role of dopamine and D(1)-and D(2)-like dopamine receptors in ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO)-evoked anti-hypersensitivity in a rat model of neuropathic pain, as well as the possible underlying mechanisms. Results showed that microinjection of apomorphine [(R(-)-apomorphine hydrochloride)], a non-selective dopamine receptor agonist, into the VLO attenuated spared nerve injury (SNI)-induced mechanical allodynia in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was completely blocked by the D(2)-like dopamine receptor antagonist S(-)-raclopride(+)-tartrate salt (1.5 microg), but was enhanced by the D(1)-like dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 (R(+)-SCH-23390 hydrochloride, 5.0 microg). The attenuating effect of apomorphine on mechanical allodynia was mimicked by application of the D(2)-like dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole [((-)-quinpirole hydrochloride, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 microg)]. In addition, microinjection of larger doses (10 and 20 microg) of SCH23390 into the VLO significantly attenuated allodynia. Furthermore, microinjections of GABA(A) receptor antagonists, bicuculline [(+)-bicuculline,(S), 9(R)] and picrotoxin (200 and 300 ng for both drugs), into the VLO attenuated mechanical allodynia. A small dose of bicuculline or picrotoxin (100 ng) resulted in increased quinpirole (0.5 microg)-induced anti-allodynia. In contrast, GABA(A) receptor agonists, muscimol hydrochloride (250 ng) or THIP [(2,5,6,7-retrahydroisoxazolo(5,4-c)pyridine-3-ol hydrochloride, 1.0 microg)], blocked quinpirole (2.0 microg)-induced attenuation. These results suggest that the dopaminergic system is involved in mediating VLO-induced anti-hypersensitivity, activation of D(2)-like dopamine receptors, and inhibition of D(1)-like receptors resulting in anti-hypersensitivity. In addition, the mechanisms of GABAergic disinhibition might be involved in D(2)-like receptor mediating effects in neuropathic pain.