526
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Keith L, Berger GS. The relationship between congenital defects and the use of exogenous progestional "contraceptive" hormones during pregnancy: a 20-year review. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1977; 15:115-24. [PMID: 342297 DOI: 10.1002/j.1879-3479.1977.tb00659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review of 20 years of medical literature on the occurrence of congenital defects among offspring of women who ingested "progestational" or contraceptive hormones during pregnancy emphasizes the need for additional studies with carefully selected control groups. Other problems encountered in interpreting the existing literature, including the use of imprecise definitions, confusing nomenclature and inadequate clinical information, are also discussed.
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527
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528
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Corcoran R, Rizk MW. Low-dose progestogens and ectopic pregnancy. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1977; 1:378-9. [PMID: 837112 PMCID: PMC1604480 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.6057.378-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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529
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Evans JM, Jemmett JE. Progestogens in pregnant bitches. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1977; 170:247, 250. [PMID: 833028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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530
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531
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Heinonen OP, Slone D, Monson RR, Hook EB, Shapiro S. Cardiovascular birth defects and antenatal exposure to female sex hormones. N Engl J Med 1977; 296:67-70. [PMID: 830309 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197701132960202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In a cohort of 50,282 pregnancies 19 children with cardiovascular defects were born to 1042 women who received female hormones during early pregnancy (18.2 per 1000). Among 49,240 children not exposed in utero to these agents there were 385 with cardiovascular malformations (7.8 per 1000). Six children with cardiovascular defects were born to a sub-group of 278 women who used oral contraceptives during early pregnancy (21.5 per 1000). After the data were controlled for a wide variety of potentially confounding factors by multivariate methods, the association between in utero exposure to female hormones and cardiovascular birth defects was statistically significant.
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532
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Nissen ED, Kent DR, Nissen SE. Etiologic factors in the pathogenesis of liver tumors associated with oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977; 127:61-6. [PMID: 188339 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(77)90315-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Within the last several years, previously rare liver tumors have been seen in young women using oral contraceptive steroids. The Registry for Liver Tumors Associated with Oral Contraceptives at the University of California, Irvine, has clearly identified 27 cases. The recent literature contains 44 case reports. Common to these 71 cases has been a histopathologic diagnosis of focal nodular hyperplasia, adenoma, hamartoma, and hepatoma. Significant statistical etiologic factors include prolonged uninterrupted usage of oral contraceptive steroids. Eight deaths and liver rupture in 18 patients attest to the seriousness of this new potentially lethal adverse phenomenon.
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533
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534
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Roopnarinesingh S, Matadial L. The oral--hormone pregnancy test: possible association with anencephaly. W INDIAN MED J 1976; 25:153-4. [PMID: 973352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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535
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Mauvais-Jarvis P, Kuttenn F. [Contraceptives and breast cancer (author's transl)]. CONTRACEPTION, FERTILITE, SEXUALITE 1976; 4:343-8. [PMID: 992191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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536
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Abstract
An integrative survey is given of three disease processes, in which recent progress of a fundamental nature has been made, primarily affecting the liver, either coincident with or caused by the gravid state. The three conditions considered include (1) recurrent cholestasis of pregnancy (RCP), (2) viral hepatitis coincident with pregnancy, and (3) acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP). In addition to an assessment of our present knowledge with respect to RCP and AFLP, new genetic hypotheses are proposed. In the latter, the proposal of an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, similar to that seen in Reye's syndrome, has potential therapeutic implications that are explored. In light of the currently available information on the interaction between maternal viral hepatitis and the variant forms of vertical maternal-fetal transmission, tentative recommendations regarding management of the newborn are suggested.
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537
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Ambrus JL, Mink IB, Courey NG, Niswander K, Moore RH, Ambrus CM, Lillie MA. Progestational agents and blood coagulation. VII. Thromboembolic and other complications of oral contraceptive therapy in relationship to pretreatment levels of blood coagulation factors: summary report of a ten-year study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976; 125:1057-62. [PMID: 133615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During a ten-year period, 348 women were studied for a total of 5,877 patient months in four separate studies relating oral contraceptives to changes in hematologic parameters. Significant increases in certain factors of the blood coagulation and fibrinolysin systems (factors I,II,VII,VIII,IX, and X and plasminogen) were observed in the treated groups. Severe complications developed in four patients. All four had an abnormal blood coagulation profile, suggesting "hypercoagulability" before initiation of therapy. Some of these findings represented the most extreme abnormalities seen in the entire group of patients; some increased further during therapy. One of these patients developed a myocardial infarction before receiving any medication, shortly after the base-line values were obtained. One patient developed retinopathy 19 months after she began therapy, and another developed thrombophlebitis after 27 months of therapy. The fourth patient developed thrombophlebitis 14 days after initiation of contraceptive therapy. All four patients were of the A or AB blood group. Previous studies suggested the possiblility of increased propensity for thromboembolic episodes in patients possessing the A antigen. It appears from these data that hematologic work-ups may be useful in women who are about to start long-term oral contraceptive therapy.
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538
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Abstract
Oral contraceptives are combinations of estrogens and progestogens or, in the case of the mini-pills, progestogens alone. With specific test procedures in laboratory animals or human subjects, it is possible to assign potency evaluations to the components relative to the progestational, estrogenic, or antiestrogenic activities of the progestogen or to the estrogenic potencies of the estrogenic component. It might even be possible to quantify the synergistic effects of the estrogen on the progestational agent. Unfortunately, however, it is impossible now to amalgamate such assay results into single estimates of the potencies of the combinations (either the combination products per se or the combination tablets of sequential products). For example, an over-all estrogenic potency of a combination preparation would involve the integration of contributions form the estrogen itself plus the estrogenic products of metabolism of the progestogen minus the antagonistic effect of the progestational agent, if any. These factors cannot now be quantified independently, much less merged into a single figure of clinical significance. Further, even if it were possible to produce such an estimate, it is unlikely that the evaluation would be meaningful in relation to any putative side effect or adverse reaction, i.e., the alleged thrombogenic effects of oral contraceptives cannot currently be related directly to any measure of potency that will allow prediction of these clinical conditions from laboratory models. Any evaluation of the potential of a given contraceptive to produce a specific side effect will depend upon data generated with specific regard to that adverse reaction and the individual product in question.
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539
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Letter: Prenatal sex-hormone exposure and congenital limb-reduction defects. Lancet 1976; 2:372-3. [PMID: 60606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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540
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Bolt HM. [Problems in the toxicology of sex hormones]. FORTSCHRITTE DER MEDIZIN 1976; 94:731-4. [PMID: 821836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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541
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Evans JH. A current appraisal of side effects of oral contraceptives. AUSTRALIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN 1976; 5:415-28. [PMID: 952628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oral contraception, although offering almost 100 per cent protection against pregnancy, is associated with many side effects which have resulted in much unnecessary adverse publicity. Such side effects, the majority of which are of annoying nature only, are due to the synthetic hormones used, and have resulted in many changes in formulation and in the withdrawal of several preparations. The types of preparations available are discussed and the side effects appraised from both the patient's and the physician's viewpoint.
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542
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Basdevant A, de Lignieres B, Mauvais-Jarvis P. [Lipid metabolism disorders and increased vascular risk due to contraceptive steroids]. LA NOUVELLE PRESSE MEDICALE 1976; 6:1469-72. [PMID: 1025526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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543
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Dovy D, Vasseur MC, Balvay M, Bergeron P. [The doctor, the pill and lipaemic disorders. Reflections following an investigation (author's transl)]. REVUE FRANCAISE DE GYNECOLOGIE ET D'OBSTETRIQUE 1976; 71:289-92. [PMID: 959709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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544
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Braendle W, Leidenberger F. [Differentiated application of oral contraceptives basing on the different side effects of synthetic progestins (author's transl)]. THERAPEUTISCHE UMSCHAU. REVUE THERAPEUTIQUE 1976; 33:231-3. [PMID: 137547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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545
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Gambini G, Farina G, Arbosti G. [Syndrome due to estrogen-progestogens in a worker engaged in the production of contraceptive agents]. LA MEDICINA DEL LAVORO 1976; 67:152-7. [PMID: 1021708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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546
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Stern MP, Brown BW, Haskell WL, Farquhar JW, Wehrle CL, Wood PD. Cardiovascular risk and use of estrogens or estrogen-progestagen combinations. Stanford three-community study. JAMA 1976; 235:811-5. [PMID: 946307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular risk factors were assess in 986 women residing in three northern California communities. Women who reported current use of oral contraceptives had higher plasma triglyceride levels and systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared with women not using these agents, after adjusting for age and for the greater relative leannes of oral contraceptive users. Similar increases, albeit of lesser magnitude, were observed in women who used pure estrogens. Mexican-American women appeared to be more susceptible to the effects of estrogens, perhaps as a consequence of their greater degree of obesity.
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547
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Nora JJ, Nora AH, Perinchief AG, Ingram JW, Fountain AK, Peterson MJ. Letter: Congenital abnormalities and first-trimester exposure to progestagen/oestrogen. Lancet 1976; 1:313-4. [PMID: 55633 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)91455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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548
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Dry J. [Migraine and estrogen-progestin endocrine treatment]. SEMAINE DES HOPITAUX. THERAPEUTIQUE 1976; 52:45-7. [PMID: 1257802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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549
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Behary CM, Dollberg L, Czernobilsky B. Endolymphatic stromal myosis in two patients on progestagen therapy. Contraception 1976; 13:1-6. [PMID: 1245113 DOI: 10.1016/0010-7824(76)90069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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550
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Croxatto HD, Díaz S, Rosati S, Croxatto HB. Adnexal complications in women under treatment with progestogen implants. Contraception 1975; 12:629-37. [PMID: 1204350 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-7824(75)80046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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