The C terminus of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein is involved in early steps of the virus life cycle

Deletion mutations at the C terminus of the matrix (MA) protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. The resultant mutant viruses had a severe defect in virus infectivity. This defect did not involve late steps of the virus life cycle, as the synthesis and processing of the Gag polyprotein and the assembly and release of mutant virions were not greatly affected. The incorporation of viral proteins and the viral RNA genome was similar for mutant and wild-type virions. In contrast, the early steps of the virus life cycle were severely affected, as the synthesis of viral DNA postinfection was dramatically reduced in mutant-virus-infected cells. One stretch of amino acids that was deleted in one of the mutants has significant homology with a region in VP1 of the picornavirus family. This region of VP1 is presumably involved in poliovirus penetration into cells. These results suggest that in addition to its functional role in virus assembly, the MA protein of HIV-1, and possibly of other retroviruses, plays an important role in virus entry.

Elevated expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 by vascular smooth muscle cells in hypercholesterolemic primates

Atherosclerosis is marked by an overt inflammatory infiltrate, with enhanced recruitment of monocytes/macrophages observed in both human and experimental atherosclerosis. We previously determined that monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) accounts for virtually all of the chemotactic activity produced by vascular (aortic) smooth muscle cells in culture. We now report that arteries from a primate model of atherosclerosis with dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia exhibit increased levels of MCP-1 mRNA expression in vivo, whereas their normal counterparts demonstrate minimal MCP-1 expression. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization clearly indicate that the expression of MCP-1 protein and mRNA is in the smooth muscle cells of the medial layer of the artery and in monocyte-like and smooth muscle-like cells found in the overlying intimal lesion. These studies indicate that one of the responses to dietary hypercholesterolemia is the expression of MCP-1 by vascular smooth muscle cells. This expression, when augmented with other cellular and molecular factors, could significantly contribute to the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to the vessel wall.

The matrix protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is required for incorporation of viral envelope protein into mature virions

Accumulating evidence suggests that the matrix (MA) protein of retroviruses plays a key role in virus assembly by directing the intracellular transport and membrane association of the Gag polyprotein. In this report, we show that the MA protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is also critical for the incorporation of viral Env proteins into mature virions. Several deletions introduced in the MA domain (p17) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag polyprotein did not greatly affect the synthesis and processing of the Gag polyprotein or the formation of virions. Analysis of the viral proteins revealed normal levels of Gag and Pol proteins in these mutant virions, but the Env proteins, gp120 and gp41, were hardly detectable in the mutant virions. Our data suggest that an interaction between the viral Env protein and the MA domain of the Gag polyprotein is required for the selective incorporation of Env proteins during virus assembly. Such an interaction appears to be very sensitive to conformational changes in the MA domain, as five small deletions in two separate regions of p17 equally inhibited viral Env protein incorporation. Mutant viruses were not infectious in T cells. When mutant and wild-type DNAs were cotransfected into T cells, the replication of wild-type virus was also hindered. These results suggest that the incorporation of viral Env protein is a critical step for replication of retroviruses and can be a target for the design of antiviral strategies.

Inhibition of GABA-gated chloride channel function by arachidonic acid

The effects of arachidonic acid and its metabolites on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor function were determined in rat cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes. Incubation of synaptoneurosomes with phospholipase A2 decreased muscimol-induced 36Cl- uptake. Arachidonic acid, the major unsaturated fatty acid released by phospholipase A2, also inhibited muscimol-induced 36Cl uptake. Similar inhibition was obtained with other unsaturated fatty acids (docosahexaenoic, oleic) but not with saturated fatty acids (stearic, palmitic). The effect of arachidonic acid on muscimol responses was inhibited by bovine serum albumin (BSA), and BSA enhanced muscimol responses directly, indicating the generation of endogenous arachidonic acid in the synaptoneurosome preparation. The generation of endogenous arachidonic acid was also indicated by the ability of 2 inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism, indomethacin and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), to inhibit muscimol-induced 36Cl uptake. We conclude that arachidonic acid probably has both direct and indirect actions on muscimol responses since both enzyme inhibitors inhibited muscimol responses but did not prevent the effect of exogenously added arachidonic acid. In additional experiments, arachidonic acid metabolites generated by cyclooxygenase, prostaglandins D2, E2 and F2 alpha, each decreased muscimol responses; prostaglandins F2 alpha was the most potent inhibitor. Since the unsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites are most susceptible to peroxidation, a generating system of superoxide radicals was tested on muscimol responses. A combination of xanthine and xanthine oxidase inhibited muscimol-induced 36Cl uptake in a concentration-dependent manner. We propose that the inhibition of GABAA neurotransmission by arachidonic acid and its metabolites can lead to increased neuronal excitability. This mechanism may play an important role in the development of neuronal damage following seizures or cerebral ischemia.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, HIV infection and cervical cancer in Tanzania, east Africa

The presence of HPV-DNA was determined in tumor biopsies of cervical-cancer patients and in cervical swabs of non-cancer patients from Tanzania, East Africa, by Southern blot hybridization and/or PCR. HPV types 16 and 18 were detected in 38% and 32%, respectively, of 50 cervical-carcinoma biopsies. A consensus primer PCR capable of detecting a broad spectrum of HPV types revealed the presence of HPV-DNA in 59% of 359 cervical swabs of non-cancer patients. Type-specific PCR showed that types 16 and 18 accounted for 13.2% and 17.5%, respectively, of all HPV infections. Therefore we concluded that HPV 18 is more prevalent in Tanzania than in any other geographical location so far reported. The strongest risk factors for the presence of any HPV-DNA in the 359 female non-cancer patients were young age and HIV infection. The epidemiology of HPV types 16 and 18 was found to differ from that of other HPV types, being associated in univariate analysis with trichomonas vaginalis infection, martial status (single/divorced), age at first intercourse, and young age at menarche. However, young age at menarche accounted for most of the effects of all other, variables in multivariate analysis. Of the non-cancer patients, 12.8% had antibodies against HIV I (no patient being severely symptomatic), and HIV infection was highly correlated with the presence of HPV-DNA, especially types 16 and 18. While HPV-DNA of any type was detectable 1.4-fold more often in HIV-positive patients than in HIV-negative patients, evidence of an infection with HPV types 16 or 18 was found 2.2-fold more often in the HIV-positive patients. The HIV-positive women did not show an increased rate of cervical cytological abnormalities as assessed by PAP staining of a single cervical smear, the overall rate of abnormalities being 2.8%. Furthermore, the age-adjusted prevalence of HIV antibodies was found to be considerably lower in 270 cervical-carcinoma patients (3% HIV-positive) in comparison with non-cancer patients. Thus there was no association observable between the prevalence of HIV infections and the frequency of cervical cytological abnormalities or cervical cancer in the setting of this cross-sectional study.

[Identification of seven snake-drugs by iso-electric point]

This paper deals with the identification of seven snake-drugs by means of iso-electric point of protein. The experimental results show that different species of snake-drugs have different iso-electric points. The experimental data are accurate and easily reproducible (CV less than 0.5%). The difference of the averages of iso-electric points of the seven snake-drugs (P less than 0.01%) is extremely significant and thus provides a scientific criterion for the identification of peeled or powdered snake-drugs.

Direct visualization of dynamics and co-operative conformational changes within RecA filaments that appear to be associated with the hydrolysis of adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)

Highly co-operative structural transitions and conformational changes can be directly observed in bundles of filaments formed by the RecA protein of Escherichia coli. These filaments have been formed with RecA protein, DNA and the ATP analog adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATP-gamma-S). We show that while ATP-gamma-S has frequently been called non-hydrolyzable in the RecA literature, it is hydrolyzed by RecA with a kcat of about 0.01 to 0.005 min-1. This rate of ATP-gamma-S hydrolysis is significant to structural studies conducted on a time scale of hours. It has been shown that RecA subunits may be seen in different conformations within one particular form of RecA bundle. We now show that additional structural transitions take place within these bundles when they are allowed to incubate at 37 degrees C for several hours. This is the same time scale on which ATP-gamma-S is being hydrolyzed, and the suggestion that the observed structural transitions arise from the hydrolysis of ATP-gamma-S is supported by the fact that when the hydrolysis of ATP-gamma-S is inhibited (at 4 degrees C), the transitions are not observed. The transitions that occur are highly co-operative, with filaments as a whole changing their state over lengths of several thousand Angstroms. This shows that RecA filaments have an internal co-operativity, and we suggest that this is important to their function in vivo. The motions of subunits that we visualize appear to be mainly rotational, and this can be used to infer information about the motions of RecA subunits associated with the RecA ATPase that occurs during the DNA strand exchange reaction.

Cellular regulation of the benzodiazepine/GABA receptor: arachidonic acid, calcium, and cerebral ischemia

The effects of cellular mediators that contribute to ischemia-induced neuronal degeneration on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA)-receptor function were studied. In vitro, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibited muscimol-induced 36Cl- uptake in cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes. The major hydrolysis product of PLA2 activity, arachidonic acid, also inhibited GABA-mediated 36Cl- uptake. The unsaturated nature of arachidonic acid makes it (and its metabolites) highly susceptible to peroxidation by oxygen radicals. Incubation of synaptoneurosomes with the superoxide radical-generating system, xanthine and xanthine oxidase, decreased muscimol-induced 36Cl- uptake, suggesting that the peroxidation of arachidonic acid and/or its metabolites interferes with GABAA-receptor function. Another factor involved in ischemia-induced neuronal degeneration is an increase in intracellular Ca2+. Calcium also inhibited GABA-mediated 36Cl- flux, consistent with its ability to activate PLA2. In contrast, Mg2+, which blocks Ca2+ channels, enhanced muscimol-induced 36Cl- uptake, consistent with its neuroprotective effects. Each of these cellular processes is activated during cerebral ischemia and can lead to neuronal degeneration. We used a model of transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils to determine if GABAA-receptor regulation is altered in vivo at a time when CA1 hippocampal cells have degenerated. Four days after a 5 minute bilateral carotid artery occlusion, receptor autoradiography was performed to measure the binding of [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) to the GABA-gated chloride channel. Significant decreases in TBPS binding were observed only in the dendritic layers (stratum oriens and lacunosem moleculare) of the CA1 hippocampus. The results suggest that ischemia-induced cellular processes that contribute to cell death can decrease GABA-gated chloride channels on dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells, and that GABAA receptors may also reside on neurons afferent to or intrinsic to the dendritic layers of CA1 hippocampus.

[A clinical study of 100 cases of AIDS in Africa]

In this article, 100 cases of AIDS observed in Africa by the Chinese Medical Team are reported. The general clinical data were analyzed and studied, and the changes in the oral cavity and on the skin (Kaposi's sarcoma) are described. The results showed that oral mycotic infection and Kaposi's sarcoma are the strong evidences of this immunity deficiency and may be regarded as the early stage clinical manifestations of AIDS in Africa.

Interdependence of ryanodine binding, oligomeric receptor interactions, and Ca2+ release regulation in junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum

We have examined ryanodine binding to its receptor (RR) and compared its effect on Ca2+ release to the Ca2+ release triggered by Ca2+ plus ATP, using vesicular fragments of junctional terminal cisternae (JTC) obtained from skeletal muscle. Ryanodine binding is slow (taking hours or days to complete) and is highly temperature (Q10 = 4) and Ca2+ dependent. At equilibrium, the extent of binding increases as the concentration of ryanodine is raised above 10(-9) M, exhibiting negative cooperativity and reaching the stoichiometry of the 560,000-Da RR chains near 10(-5) M ryanodine. The specificity of the high affinity binding is demonstrated by competitive binding of ryanodine analogs. Kinetic studies using rapid filtration show that, in the absence of ryanodine, rapid (k = 15 s-1) release of Ca2+ follows a triggering exposure of loaded JTC vesicles to perfusion media containing Ca2+ plus ATP. Induction of this release has no lag period and displays minimal temperature dependence. In contrast, prolonged exposure of JTC vesicles to low (10(-7) M) ryanodine concentrations changes the JTC to a state permitting slow (k = 1 s-1) release of Ca2+ even in the absence of the Ca2+ plus ATP trigger. Higher (greater than microM) concentrations of ryanodine do not allow any Ca2+ release and prevent even the release normally triggered by Ca2+ plus ATP. Our data suggest that ryanodine binds to the open state of the tetrameric RR, inducing protein conformational changes and altered oligomeric interactions. Binding of the first molecule of ryanodine to one of the four binding sites on the receptor produces a partially closed and low conductance state of the Ca2+ release channel and reduces the ryanodine binding affinity of the remaining sites. Ryanodine occupancy of all four binding sites on the receptor completes closure of the Ca2+ channel and blocks the triggering action of Ca2+ plus ATP. The tetrameric association of the RR chains is demonstrated by crosslinking with bifunctional reagents, generating crosslinked tetramers that retain ryanodine binding and Ca2+ release functions.

Removal of the RecA C-terminus results in a conformational change in the RecA-DNA filament

The Escherichia coli RecA protein catalyzes homologous recombination of DNA molecules, and the active form of the protein is a helical polymer that it forms around DNA. Previous image analysis of electron micrographs has revealed the RecA protein to be organized into two domains or lobes within the RecA-DNA filament. We have now been able to show that a small modification of the RecA protein by proteolysis results in a significant shift in the internal mass in the RecA filament. We have cleaved approximately 18 residues from the C-terminus of the RecA protein, producing a roughly 36K MW RecA core protein that binds DNA and polymerizes normally. A three-dimensional reconstruction of this complex has been computed, and has been compared with a previous reconstruction of the intact protein. The main difference is consistent with a 15 A outward movement of the lobe that was at an inner radius in the wild-type protein. These observations yield additional evidence about the conformational flexibility of the RecA filament, and will aid in understanding the structural mechanics and dynamics of the RecA filament.

Characterization of developmentally regulated and retina-specific nuclear protein binding to a site in the upstream region of the rat opsin gene

DNase I protection and gel retardation assays have identified a sequence 5' to the transcription start site of the rat opsin gene that interacts with nuclear proteins from mammalian retinas but not from a variety of other neural and non-neural tissues. Following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transfer to nitrocellulose the protein(s) responsible for this binding were identified with an oligonucleotide probe and were found to migrate with an apparent molecular size of 40 kilodaltons. The binding complex eluted from fast protein liquid chromatography gel filtration as a peak centered at 100 kilodaltons, suggesting the presence of more than one subunit. Binding activity could be detected in postnatal day 1 retinal extracts and increased over the next 2 weeks of development, a time course coincident with opsin gene expression and maturation of rod photoreceptors. Synthetic oligonucleotides with altered sequences showed that the binding was dependent upon residues in a CTAAT motif and was facilitated by surrounding GGCCCC sequences. The specificity of the binding interaction was measured by inhibition of complex formation in a gel retardation assay. The unaltered sequence was over 2 orders of magnitude more effective at inhibiting complex formation than either an unrelated DNA sequence or a concensus sequence corresponding to a known CCAAT box binding protein NF1.

[Studies and comparisons on chemical components of essential oils from Clematis hexapetala Pall. and Inula nervosa Wall]

Chemical components of the essential oils from clematis hexapetala and Inula nervosa were analyzed by using GC-MS-DS. The result shows that the major components of the essential oil from Inula nervosa are thymol and thymol isobutyrate, while the major components of the essential oil from Clematis hexapetala are palmitic acid and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyl benzaldehyde.

Image analysis reveals that Escherichia coli RecA protein consists of two domains

The Escherichia coli RecA protein catalyzes homologous genetic recombination by forming helical polymers around DNA molecules. These polymers have an ATPase activity, which is essential for the movement of strands between two DNA molecules. One obstacle to structural studies of the RecA filament has been that the ATPase results in a dynamical polymer containing a mixture of states with respect to the bound ATP and its hydrolytic products. We have formed filaments which are trapped in the ADP-Pi state by substituting AIF4- for the Pi, and have used these stable filaments to generate a three-dimensional reconstruction from electron micrographs. The resolution of the reconstruction is sufficient to resolve the 38-k RecA subunit into two nearly equal domains. This reconstruction provides the most detailed view yet of the RecA protein, and serves as a framework within which existing biochemical data on RecA can be understood.

The location of DNA in RecA-DNA helical filaments

The helical filament that the RecA protein of Escherichia coli forms around DNA is the active apparatus in protein-catalyzed homologous genetic recombination. The actual position of DNA within this complex has been unknown. Image analysis has been performed on electron micrographs of filaments of RecA on double-stranded DNA and on single-stranded DNA to visualize a difference that is consistent with one strand of the double-stranded DNA. This localization of the DNA gives additional information about the unusual structure of DNA in the complex with RecA protein.

Mechanism of soft X-ray radiation damage on glycine by XPS

This paper reports the behaviour of radiation damage of solid glycine in a XPS spectrometer equipped with Mg and Al X-ray sources. The main results are as follows: (i) the kinetics of the damage process obeys the first-order rate law, (ii) decarboxylation can be deduced, and (iii) deamination does not occur, but the nitrogen atoms in original molecules are transformed into a new chemical form with higher electron density by photo-reduction.