A systematic approach for detecting high-frequency restriction fragment length polymorphisms using large genomic probes

Thirteen phage clones containing low-copy sequences were isolated from a human DNA library and tested for their ability to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Reported are the RFLPs revealed with each clone, all found in frequencies useful for linkage studies. Cytological data are available for five of the 13 clones, with regional assignments made for three of the markers by in situ hybridization. It is concluded that phage clones containing large unique DNA inserts detect multiple RFLPs with high efficiency. An analysis of the relative efficiency of 20 restriction enzymes for detecting single nucleotide changes is discussed by comparing the observed data to those expected on the basis of recognition and potential site frequencies, as computed from the dinucleotide distribution. Finally, in an effort to facilitate linkage studies using polymorphic DNA sequences, experiments were made with pools of probes from various sources.

Dysphagia as the presenting symptom of tetanus

Tetanus is an infectious disease affecting the neuromuscular system. Two of its most common symptoms, trismus and dysphagia, fall within the expertise of the otolaryngologist, and may result in the patient with the disease seeking his attention initially. Since the diagnosis of tetanus is a purely clinical one and does not involve diagnostic laboratory tests, it is of paramount importance for the practicing otolaryngologist to be thoroughly familiar with the clinical presentation of the disease.

Antibodies to peptides corresponding to a conserved sequence of gonococcal pilins block bacterial adhesion

Antisera generated against each of seven synthetic peptides corresponding to constant and variable sequences of the pilin from gonococcal strain MS11 were assayed for their ability to crossreact with intact pili from both homologous and heterologous strains. The peptides elicited roughly equal antipeptide responses but varied substantially in their ability to elicit antisera that crossreacted with intact pili. Of the antisera to peptides corresponding to regions of conserved sequence, antisera directed against residues 69-84 were the most efficient in binding pili from all strains tested in both solid-phase assays and immunoblots. Anti-69-84 also efficiently precipitated a tryptic fragment of pilin known to bind human endocervical cells. Sera against the two peptides (121-134 and 135-151) previously shown to contain strain-specific epitopes crossreacted with MS11 pili equally well, but differed in their ability to bind pili from heterologous strains. Anti-121-134 was strain-specific whereas anti-135-151 bound all pilin tested. Each of the sera was examined for its ability to inhibit bacterial adhesion to a human endometrial carcinoma cell line. Sera generated against residues 41-50 and 69-84 successfully inhibited a heterologous gonococcal strain from binding. These peptides could be important components of an effective vaccine for the prevention of gonorrhea.

N-(substituted-phenyl)-D-glycopyranosylamines and their O-acetyl derivatives as potential modifiers of the formation of glycosaminoglycans

D-Arabinosyl, D-ribosyl, D-glucosyl, D-galactosyl, D-mannosyl, and L-rhamnosyl N-glycosides of p-aminobenzoic acid and their O-acetyl derivatives have been synthesized, and their ability to (a) inhibit the replication of cultured B16 melanoma cells and (b) modify the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans by these neoplastic cells have been evaluated. The most cytotoxic compound of the series was N-(p-carboxyphenyl)-2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-D-arabinopyranosylamine (8), which produced 50% inhibition of cellular proliferation at a concentration of 4 microM; a number of other compounds were relatively cytotoxic, causing 50% inhibition of cell replication at levels of 18 to 49 microM. These effects were not due to modification of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, since these compounds were ineffective as inhibitors or initiators of the formation of these macromolecules.

Synthesis of N-(Substituted-phenyl)-D-xylopyranosylamines as potential modifiers of the formation of glycosaminoglycans

N-(Substituted-phenyl)-D-xylopyranosylamines and their O-peracetyl derivatives have been synthesized and tested for their ability (a) to inhibit the replication of cultured B16 melanoma cells and (b) to modify the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans by these neoplastic cells. The most cytotoxic compound synthesized was N-(p-methoxyphenyl)-D-xylopyranosylamine (6), which produced 50% inhibition of cellular proliferation at a concentration of 2 microM; a number of other compounds were relatively cytotoxic, causing 50% inhibition of cell replication at levels of 12 to 25 microM. Several of the synthesized xylosides appeared to be capable of serving as artificial initiators of glycosaminoglycan synthesis, with the most active agents causing approximately 2- to 4-fold increases in the incorporation of [35S]sulfate into the glycosaminoglycans of B16 melanoma cells excreted into the culture medium.

Distribution of surface anionic sites on mouse hybrid myelomas

The surface anionic site distribution on membranes of a monoclonal antibody-producing hybridoma cell line, and its two parental cells: normal spleen cells of immunized BALB/c mice and cells from a mouse myeloma line (NS-1), were investigated with the aid of the cationized ferritin (CF) labelling method, following glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde fixation of cells. The patch-like CF distribution on the hybridoma cells is similar to that of the NS-1 myeloma cells, but distinct from the even and continuous CF distribution of the immunized and nonimmunized normal spleen lymphocytes. The similarity in the formation of patch-like CF heaps, both on myeloma and hybrid cells is discussed in respect to the surface charge characteristic determined by cell fusion.

Monoclonal antibodies against immunodeterminants associated with the alpha and beta subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin

Spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), a glycopeptide hormone composed of two nonidentical alpha and beta subunits, were fused with NS-1 mouse myeloma cells. Two hybrid cell lines, cone PC2 and clone PD3 secreting monoclonal antibodies (McAb) to HCG were isolated. With the aid of a double antibody radioimmunoassay it was established that PC2-McAb recognizes an immunodeterminant associated with beta-HCG subunit, whereas, PD3-McAb recognizes an epitope present on the alpha-HCG subunit. Both monoclonal antibodies showed an affinity constant of approximately 5 X 10(10) L/M. Because of these immunological characteristics, only PC2-McAb specifically reacts with HCG and shows cross-reactivities of less than 0.1% to other related human glycopeptide hormones. On the other hand, using a hemagglutination test based on antibody induced agglutination of sheep red blood cells coated with HCG, it was shown that only PD3-McAb is capable of inducing a positive reaction, although both monoclonal antibodies have a similar binding capacity to the coated cells. The potential of these two new monoclonal reagents for the qualitative detection and quantitative determination of HCG in human biological fluids is discussed.

The effect of transmitter antagonists on phasic respiratory neurons

The activity of inspiratory neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and of expiratory neurons in the nucleus retroambigualis (RNA) was recorded during the iontophoresis of L-glutamate, bicuculline, and strychnine in chloralose-urethane-anesthetized cat. Bicuculline methoxide caused increased activity of NTS and NRA neurons during their active or burst phases. Neither bicuculline nor strychnine caused increased activity during the silent phases of NTS or NRA neurons. When neurons were driven to fire during their silent phase by L-glutamate, the application of bicuculline methoxide caused a diminution of the evoked activity. It is concluded that both inspiratory and expiratory neurons receive inhibitory inputs during both their active and silent phases. Gamma-aminobutyric acid appears to be gating both the excitatory and inhibitory information to NTS and NRA neurons. Strychnine was generally ineffective in changing the firing patterns of inspiratory and expiratory neurons suggesting a limited role of glycine, taurine, and L-alanine in the respiratory network.

Detection of genetic variation with radioactive ligands. IV. X-linked, polymorphic genetic variation of thyroxin-binding globulin (TBG)

A genetically determined, polymorphic electrophoretic variant of thyroxin-binding alpha-globulin (TBG) is found in sera from populations of African and Oceania origin, although not in Caucasians nor Orientals. The TBG polymorphism is inherited in X-linked fashion, based on data from American blacks, and thus provides an X-chromosome marker with a relatively high gene frequency in this ethnic group (frequency of the slow allele, TBGs, is 11%). This slow variant should prove valuable in expanding the map of the X chromosome and in linkage studies. An additional family exhibiting X-linked TBG deficiency is also described.

Waardenburg's syndrome: variations in expressivity

Twenty-seven subjects with a family history of Waardenburg's syndrome were examined with respect to 18 specific characteristics of the syndrome, with particular emphasis in identifying the spectrum of the phenotypic expression of affected persons. Our results indicate that patients with the syndrome may have a variety of clinical signs, and an accurate diagnosis will therefore depend on a thorough and pertinent family history and physical examination.