Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80216 as feed additive for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base, minimum 50%) and l‐lysine monohydrochloride (HCl, minimum 99%) produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum (KCCM 80216) as nutritional additives for all animal species. Neither the production strain nor its recombinant DNA was detected in the final products. The additives do not pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strain. Concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) and l‐lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicumKCCM 80216 do not represent a risk for the target species, the consumer and the environment. From the results of studies on the safety for the user of concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) and l‐lysine HCl produced by a different production strain, it was possible to conclude on the safety for the user of the products under assessment. The concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) and the l‐lysine HCl are not irritant to skin or eyes or skin sensitiser. l‐lysine HCl is not hazardous by inhalation. l‐lysine HCl and concentrated liquid l‐lysine (base) are considered as efficacious sources of the essential amino acid l‐lysine for non‐ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l‐lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Trace Element Levels in Serum Are Potentially Valuable Diagnostic Markers in Dogs

The objective of this study was to obtain information about the role of trace element imbalance in the pathogenesis of certain diseases in dogs and to evaluate the suitability of trace element profiling as an additional tool in the diagnosis. Serum trace element concentrations (copper, molybdenum, selenium and zinc) were measured in a cohort of healthy (control) dogs (n = 42) and dogs affected by hepatic (n = 25), gastrointestinal (n = 24), inflammatory/infection (n = 24), and renal (n = 22) diseases. These data were analyzed together with data on basic biochemical parameters (alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, albumin, globulin, and glucose) by using chemometric techniques. The chemometric analysis revealed distinctive association patterns between trace elements and biochemical parameters for each clinical disorders. The findings provide clear evidence for the important role of trace elements in disease, particularly in relation to acute phase reactions, with serum copper providing an indirect measurement of ceruloplasmin (positive acute-phase protein) and serum selenium and zinc acting as negative acute phase reactants. Molybdenum may also be a suitable marker of incipient renal disease. Thus, the analysis of trace element profiles, by multielement techniques, in a single serum sample would be a valuable additional tool for the diagnosis of certain diseases.

Assessment of the application for renewal of authorisation of manganese chelate of hydroxy analogue of methionine for all animal species

The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the application for renewal of authorisation of manganese chelate of hydroxy analogue of methionine (Mintrex^®Mn) for all animal species. The FEEDAP Panel has delivered three opinions (in 2008, 2009 and 2010) on the safety and efficacy of the additive. The additive was authorised in 2010 as ‘Manganese chelate of hydroxy analogue of methionine’ containing 15.5−17 % manganese, 77−78 % (2‐hydroxy‐4‐methylthio)butanoic acid (dl‐Methionine Hydroxy Analogue, HMTBa) and maximum 1% mineral oil. Following some modifications in the manufacturing process the additive does not contain mineral oil and the applicant proposes the following specifications: ≥ 14 % manganese and ≥ 76 % HMTBa. The data provided indicate that the additive complies with the new specifications. No new evidence was found that would make the FEEDAP Panel reconsidering its previous conclusions on the safety for target species, consumers and environment. The applicant provided new studies on the effects of the additive on the respiratory tract and on skin and eyes. Data on the characterisation of the additive and the new studies on skin/eyes led the Panel to reconsider the safety for the user. Owing to the manganese and nickel content of Mintrex^®Mn, the handling of the additive poses a risk to users by inhalation; the additive is not a skin or eye irritant but is considered as a skin sensitiser. The present application did not include a proposal for amending or supplementing the conditions of the original authorisation that would have an impact on the efficacy of the additive; therefore, there was no need for assessing the efficacy of the additive in the context of the renewal of the authorisation.

Safety and efficacy of l-valine produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicumCGMCC 7.358 as a feed additive for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l‐valine produced by fermentation using a non‐genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum (CGMCC 7.358). The additive is intended to be used in feed and water for drinking for all animal species and categories. The production strain meets the qualifications for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to safety assessment and is considered safe. l‐Valine produced using C. glutamicumCGMCC 7.358 is safe for the target species when supplemented in appropriate amounts to the diet according to the nutritional needs of the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. No conclusion could be drawn on the potential of l‐valine produced using C. glutamicumCGMCC 7.358 to be toxic by inhalation, irritant to the skin or eyes, or a dermal sensitiser due to the lack of data. The product l‐valine produced by fermentation using C. glutamicumCGMCC 7.358 is regarded as an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l‐valine for non‐ruminant nutrition. For the supplemental l‐valine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, it requires protection against degradation in the rumen.

Assessment of the application for renewal of the authorisation of Calsporin® (Bacillus velezensisDSM 15544) as a feed additive for weaned piglets

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for renewal of authorisation of Calsporin^® (Bacillus velezensisDSM 15544) as a zootechnical additive for weaned piglets. The product under assessment is based on viable spores of a strain originally identified as Bacillus subtilis. During the course of the current assessment, the active agent has been reclassified as Bacillus velezensisDSM 15544. B. velezensis is considered suitable for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to safety assessment. The identity of the active agent was established and the compliance with the other qualifications confirmed. Therefore, B. velezensisDSM 15544 is presumed safe for the target species, consumers of products derived from animals fed the additive and the environment. Since no concerns are expected from the other components of the additive, Calsporin^® is also considered safe for the target species, consumers of products derived from animals fed the additive and the environment. The additive is not a dermal/eye irritant or a skin sensitiser but should be considered a respiratory sensitiser. The present application for renewal of the authorisation did not include a proposal for amending or supplementing the conditions of the original authorisation that would have an impact on the efficacy of the additive. Therefore, there was no need for assessing the efficacy of the additive in the context of the renewal of the authorisation.

Safety and efficacy of Correlink™ ABS1781 Bacillus subtilis (Bacillus velezensisNRRL B-67259) as a feed additive for all growing poultry species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Correlink™ ABS1781 Bacillus subtilis (hereafter designated as Correlink™ ABS1781) when used as a feed additive for chickens for fattening, turkeys for fattening, chickens reared for laying, turkeys reared for breeding and minor growing poultry species. The product under assessment is based on viable spores of a strain originally identified as Bacillus subtilis, which in the course of the current assessment, was reclassified as Bacillus velezensisNRRL B‐67259. The bacterial species B. velezensis is considered suitable for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to safety assessment. The identity of the active agent was established and it does not harbour acquired antimicrobial resistance genes, lacks toxigenic potential and does not have the capacity to produce aminoglycosides. Following the QPS approach to safety assessment, B. velezensisNRRL B‐67259 is presumed safe for the target species, consumers of products derived from animals fed the additive and the environment. Since no concerns are expected from the other components of the additive, Correlink™ ABS1781 is also considered safe for the target species, consumers of products derived from animals fed the additive and the environment. Correlink™ ABS1781 is not irritant to skin and eyes or a skin sensitiser but is a respiratory sensitiser. The Panel is not in the position to conclude on the efficacy of Correlink™ ABS1781 for the target species due to lack of data.

Safety and Efficacy of l-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate produced by fermentation using Escherichia coli KCCM 80212 as a feed additive for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l‐histidine monohydrochloride (HCl) monohydrate produced by fermentation using Escherichia coli KCCM 80212 when used as a nutritional additive in feed for all animal species. The production strain is genetically modified. The production strain and its recombinant DNA were not detected in the final product. l‐Histidine HCl monohydrate manufactured by fermentation using E. coli KCCM 80212 does not give rise to any safety concern regarding the genetic modification. The use of l‐histidine HCl monohydrate produced by fermentation using E. coli KCCM 80212 is safe for the target species when used as a nutritional additive to supplement the diet in appropriate amounts to cover the requirements, depending on the species, the physiological state of the animal, the performance level, the environmental conditions, the background amino acid composition of the unsupplemented diet and the status of some essential trace elements such as copper and zinc. l‐Histidine HCl monohydrate produced using E. coli KCCM 80212 supplemented at levels appropriate for the requirements of the target species is considered safe for the consumer. l‐Histidine HCl monohydrate produced by E. coli KCCM 80212 is a skin sensitiser. There is a risk for persons handling the additive from the exposure to endotoxins by inhalation. The additive under assessment is not irritant to skin or eyes. The use of l‐histidine HCl monohydrate produced using E. coli KCCM 80212 in animal nutrition is not expected to represent a risk to the environment. l‐Histidine HCl monohydrate is considered an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l‐histidine for non‐ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l‐histidine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Copper Supplementation, A Challenge in Cattle

Ensuring adequate copper supplementation in ruminants is a challenging task due to the complexity of copper metabolism in these animals. The three-way interaction between copper, molybdenum and sulphur (Cu-Mo-S) in the rumen makes ruminants, particularly cattle, very susceptible to suffering from secondary copper deficiency. Paradoxically, excessive copper storage in the liver to prevent deficiency becomes a hazard when ruminants are fed copper-supplemented diets even slightly above requirements. While cattle were traditionally thought to be relatively tolerant of copper accumulation, and reports of copper poisoning were until recently somewhat rare, in recent years an increased number of episodes/outbreaks of copper toxicity in cattle, particularly in dairy cattle, have been reported worldwide. The growing number of lethal cases reported seems to indicate that copper intoxication is spreading silently in dairy herds, urging the development of strategies to monitor herd copper status and improve farmers' awareness of copper toxicity. In fact, monitoring studies carried out on numerous samples collected from culled animals in slaughterhouses and/or diagnostic laboratories have demonstrated that large numbers of animals have hepatic copper concentrations well above adequate levels in many different countries. These trends are undoubtedly due to copper supplementation aimed at preventing copper deficiency, as dietary copper intake from pasture alone is unlikely to cause such high levels of accumulation in liver tissue. The reasons behind the copper overfeeding in cattle are related both to a poor understanding of copper metabolism and the theory of "if adding a little produces a response, then adding a lot will produce a better response". Contrary to most trace elements, copper in ruminants has narrow margins of safety, which must also be formulated considering the concentrations of copper antagonists in the diet. This review paper aims to provide nutritionists/veterinary practitioners with the key points about copper metabolism in cattle to guarantee an adequate copper supply while preventing excessive hepatic copper loading, which requires à la carte copper supplementation for each herd.

Safety and efficacy of STABILFLOR® as a zootechnical feed additive for pigs for fattening

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of STABILFLOR ^® (zinc ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Zn-EDTA) and copper diammonium EDTA (Cu-EDTA) dried on chicory pulp and supplemented with zinc oxide and copper oxide), as a zootechnical additive for pigs. STABILFLOR ^® is intended to be used in feed for pigs for fattening at a minimum and maximum levels of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg complete feed, respectively. The Panel could not conclude on the safety of STABILFLOR ^® for pigs for fattening owing to the lack of adequate data. At the proposed used levels in feed the additive may exert antimicrobial activity in the gut microbiota. The use of the additive resulted neither in residues of Zn-EDTA, Cu-EDTA or EDTA nor on an increase in total zinc and copper deposition in edible tissues; Zn-EDTA and Cu-EDTA had not a genotoxic potential; the Panel concluded that STABILFLOR ^® at 1,000 mg/kg complete feed for pigs does not pose any concern to the safety of consumers. The handling of STABILFLOR ^® will lead to a copper exposure of the users that poses a risk by inhalation; the additive is not a skin irritant or a skin sensitiser but is a severe eye irritant. Regarding environmental safety, no concern was expected for the terrestrial compartment. A risk for groundwater was highlighted for Zn-EDTA. Due to the absence of data, the risk for the aquatic compartment could not be assessed. Only one efficacy study showed positive effects of STABILFLOR ^® in pigs for fattening at 1,000 mg/kg complete feed; a conclusion on the efficacy of STABILFLOR ^® could not be drawn. The minimum use level of 500 mg STABILFLOR ^®/kg complete feed was not tested.

Efficacy of calcium formate as a technological feed additive (preservative) for all animal species

In 2015, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) issued an opinion on the safety and efficacy of ammonium formate, calcium formate and sodium formate when used as a technological additive (preservative) for all animal species. Calcium formate was considered safe for all animal species at a maximum concentration of 10,000 mg formic acid equivalents/kg complete feed (with the exception of pigs, for which a maximum concentration of 12,000 mg formic acid equivalents/kg complete feed was considered safe). Calcium formate was also considered safe for the consumer and the environment. The Panel also concluded that calcium formate is non‐irritant to the skin, but mildly irritant to the eyes, and is a respiratory irritant with a potential for sensitisation. The Panel also concluded that ‘Calcium formate or solid sodium formate had no discernible effects on microbial numbers in the feed materials examined. The preservative effect of the three formate salts in water for drinking was not demonstrated’. In the current opinion, additional data to demonstrate the efficacy of calcium formate as a preservative in feed for all animal species were assessed. The Panel concluded that calcium formate has the potential to be efficacious as a preservative in feedingstuffs for all animal species at the proposed use level. In the absence of data, the Panel cannot conclude on the efficacy of the use of the additive in water for drinking.

Assessment of the application for renewal of the authorisation of Amaferm® (fermentation product of Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 458) as a feed additive for dairy cows

AMAFERM^® is a fermentation product produced by Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 458, containing alpha‐amylase and cellulase enzyme activities, authorised for use as a feed additive for cows. This scientific opinion concerns the renewal of the authorisation of this additive for its use in dairy cows. In its former opinion, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Product or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), based on the data and knowledge available at that time, concluded that the additive is safe for cows, for the consumers and the environment. In that assessment, the Panel also concluded that the additive is non‐irritant or a dermal sensitiser but should be considered a potential respiratory sensitiser. The applicant provided new information regarding the characterisation of the additive in terms of enzyme activities as well as information concerning the production strain. Regarding the enzyme activities in the fermentation product, weaknesses and limitations in the methods of analysis were noted. The information regarding the production strain did not permit to confirm its taxonomic classification, moreover uncertainty remains regarding the presence of viable cells/spores in the final product. Therefore, the FEEDAP Panel could not confirm the previously drawn conclusions regarding the safety of the production strain and consequently could not confirm the safety for the target species and consumers. There was no need for assessing the efficacy of the additive in the context of the renewal of the authorisation.

Safety and efficacy of FSF10000 and FLF1000 (3-phytase) as a feed additive for turkeys for fattening or reared for breeding, pigs for fattening and minor porcine species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of 3‐phytase FLF1000 and FSF10000 as a feed additive for turkeys for fattening or reared for breeding, pigs for fattening and minor porcine species for growing. This additive contains 3‐phytase produced by a genetically modified strain of Komagataella phaffii and it is authorised in the EU as a feed additive for feed for chickens for fattening, laying hens, chickens reared for laying and for minor poultry species for fattening or reared for laying/breeding. The applicant requested the extension of use of the additive (both forms) to turkeys for fattening or reared for breeding purposes, and the assessment of the solid formulation to be used in pigs for fattening and minor porcine species for growing. The FEEDAP Panel concluded based on previously evaluated data that the additive, in either form, is safe for turkeys for fattening or reared for breeding at the maximum recommended level of 1,000 FTU/kg feed. However, due to lack of data the Panel could not conclude on the safety for pigs for fattening or minor growing porcine species. The FEEDAP Panel concludes that the use of the additive under the proposed conditions of use is safe for the consumer and the environment. Both forms of the additive are not irritant to eyes and skin but should be considered a potential respiratory sensitiser. The liquid formulation is not a dermal sensitiser but the solid formulation is. The Panel also considered based on previously evaluated data that the additive has a potential to be efficacious as a zootechnical additive in turkeys for fattening and reared for breeding and in pigs for fattening and minor growing porcine species at 500 FTU/kg feed.

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride and l-lysine sulfate produced using Corynebacterium glutamicum CGMCC 7.266 for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-lysine monohydrochloride and l-lysine sulfate produced using Corynebacterium glutamicum CGMCC 7.266 when used as a nutritional additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The active substance is l-lysine and it is produced in two different forms (monohydrochloride or sulfate salts). None of those forms pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strain. l-Lysine HCl and l-lysine sulfate produced by C. glutamicum CGMCC 7.266 are considered safe for the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. For both products, the FEEDAP Panel has concerns regarding the safety for the target species when the additives are administered via feed and water for drinking, simultaneously. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety of both forms of the additive for the user. The products under assessment are considered efficacious sources of the amino acid l-lysine for all animal species. For these products to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, they require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Efficacy of iron chelates of lysine and glutamic acid as feed additive for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the efficacy of iron chelates of lysine and glutamic acid (Iron‐LG) as nutritional feed additive for all animal species. The European Commission request followed an opinion of the FEEDAP Panel published in 2019; in that opinion the Panel could not conclude on the efficacy of the additive. The applicant submitted additional information to allow the FEEDAP Panel to complete its assessment; these additional data, related to the efficacy of the additive, are the subject of this opinion. Three studies were provided, one each with weaned piglets, pigs for fattening and laying hens. In the study in laying hens, improvements in iron content in egg yolk, iron in serum and in other iron‐related blood endpoints were observed. Based on the results of this study, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive is a source of bioavailable iron, comparable to the standard inorganic iron source, and therefore, the additive is efficacious in meeting the animals’ requirements; the results of the study in pigs for fattening supported the bioavailability of Iron‐LG. The conclusion drawn by the Panel could be extrapolated to all animal species and categories.

Safety and efficacy of Lactobacillus buchneri DSM 29026 as a silage additive for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on Lactobacillus buchneri DSM 29026 when used as a technological additive to improve ensiling of forage. The additive is intended for use with all forages and for all animal species at a proposed minimum concentration of 1 × 10⁸ colony‐forming units (CFU)/kg forage if used alone, or 5 × 10⁷CFU/kg forage if used in combination with other authorised microorganisms. The bacterial species L. buchneri is considered by the EFSA to be suitable for the qualified presumption of safety approach to safety assessment. As the identity of the strain has been clearly established and no acquired antimicrobial resistance determinants of concern were detected, the use of the strain as a silage additive is considered safe for livestock species, for consumers of products from animals fed the treated silage and for the environment. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the potential of the additive to be a skin/eye irritant or skin sensitiser. Given the proteinaceous nature of the active agent, the additive should be considered a respiratory sensitiser. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that Lactobacillus buchneri DSM 29026 at a minimum concentration of 5 × 10⁷CFU/kg may improve the production of silage from easy and moderately difficult to ensile forage material.

Safety and efficacy of l-lysine monohydrochloride produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM 32932 for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-lysine monohydrochloride produced by fermentation with the genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM 32932. Neither the production strain nor its recombinant DNA were detected in the final product. The additive does not pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strain. l-Lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum DSM 32932 is considered safe for the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. l-Lysine HCl produced by C. glutamicum DSM 32932 is not toxic by inhalation; it is not irritant to skin and not a skin sensitiser. The additive is not corrosive to eyes but it should be considered as an eye irritant. In general, l-lysine HCl is considered as an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l-lysine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l-lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Safety and efficacy of l-isoleucine produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80189 for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of l‐isoleucine produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80189 when used as a nutritional additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The production strain is not genetically modified. Viable cells of the production strain were not detected in the final additive. The additive does not give rise to any safety concern regarding the production strain. l‐Isoleucine produced using C. glutamicum KCCM 80189 is considered safe for the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. l‐Isoleucine produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80189 is considered not toxic by inhalation, not irritant to skin or eyes and not a dermal sensitiser. Regarding the use in water, the FEEDAP Panel reiterates its concerns over the safety of l‐isoleucine administered simultaneously via water for drinking and feed owing to the risk of nutritional imbalances and hygienic reasons. l‐Isoleucine produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80189 is considered as an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l‐isoleucine for non‐ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l‐isoleucine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Toxic and essential trace element concentrations in fish species in the Lower Amazon, Brazil

The Lower Amazon region (Western Pará, northern Brazil) is greatly affected by mining exploitations (particularly artisanal gold mines) and other industrial and intensive agricultural activities with potentially strong impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Although such impacts include contamination with various toxic elements, to date only the effects of Hg have been considered. In this study, toxic and trace element concentrations were determined in the flesh of 351 fish specimens, including detritivores (Acarí, Pterygoplichthys pardalis), omnivores (Piranha, Pygocentrus nattereri; Pirarucu, Arapaima sp.) and carnivores (Caparari, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum; Tucunaré, Cichla ocellaris), during the dry and wet seasons in 2015 and 2016. The range of concentrations of toxic element residues were 2-238 μg/kg fresh weight for As, 1-77 μg/kg for Cd, 4-1922 μg/kg for Hg and 1-30 μg/kg for Pb. Only the maximum concentrations of Hg established in the Brazilian legislation for fish destined for human consumption (0.5 mg/kg) were exceeded (in 16% of carnivorous species). The large between-species and seasonal differences observed for all these toxic elements are probably related to the seasonal behaviour and dietary habits of the different fish species. By contrast, essential trace element concentrations were low and not related to seasonal or dietary factors, and the observed differences may be at least partly related to the metabolism of each species. The associations between Hg and the essential trace elements Se, Fe, Co and Mn deserve special attention, as these trace elements may play a role in Hg cycling and methylation and merit further evaluation with the aim of reducing Hg toxicity in aquatic environments.

Safety and efficacy of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as a feed additive for all animal species. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is intended for use as a technological additive (functional groups: emulsifier, stabiliser, thickener, gelling agent and binder) in premixtures and feedingstuffs for all animal species with no minimum and maximum content. A proper identification and characterisation of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as required for a feed additive is not available and the occurrence of potential toxic impurities cannot be assessed. The following conclusions apply only to sodium carboxymethyl cellulose meeting the food additive specifications. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is considered safe for all animal species. The use of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in animal nutrition is of no concern for consumer safety. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel was not in the position to conclude on the safety of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose for the user. The use of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as a feed additive is considered safe for the environment. The additive is considered to be efficacious in feedingstuffs for all animal species.

Safety and efficacy of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose as a feed additive for all animal species. Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose is intended for use as a technological additive (functional group: stabiliser) in premixtures and feedingstuffs for all animal species with no minimum and maximum content. A proper identification and characterisation of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose as required for a feed additive is not available and the occurrence of potential toxic impurities cannot be assessed. The following conclusions apply only to hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose meeting the food additive specifications. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose is considered safe for all animal species. The use of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose in animal nutrition is of no concern for consumer safety. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel was not in the position to conclude on the safety of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose for the user. The use of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose as a feed additive is considered safe for the environment. The additive is considered to be efficacious in feedingstuffs for all animal species.

Safety and efficacy of hydroxypropyl cellulose for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on hydroxypropyl cellulose as a feed additive for all animal species. Hydroxypropyl cellulose is intended for use as a technological additive (functional groups: emulsifier, stabiliser and thickener) in premixtures and feedingstuffs for all animal species with no minimum and maximum content. A proper identification and characterisation of hydroxypropyl cellulose as required for a feed additive is not available and the occurrence of potential toxic impurities cannot be assessed. The following conclusions apply only to hydroxypropyl cellulose meeting the food additive specifications. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that hydroxypropyl cellulose is considered safe for all animal species. The use of hydroxypropyl cellulose in animal nutrition is of no concern for consumer safety. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel was not in the position to conclude on the safety of hydroxypropyl cellulose for the user. The use of hydroxypropyl cellulose as a feed additive is considered safe for the environment. The additive is considered to be efficacious in feedingstuffs for all animal species.

Safety and efficacy of ethyl cellulose for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on ethyl cellulose as a feed additive for all animal species. Ethyl cellulose is intended for use as a technological additive (functional group: stabiliser) in premixtures and feedingstuffs for all animal species with no minimum and maximum content. A proper identification and characterisation of ethyl cellulose as required for a feed additive is not available and the occurrence of potential toxic impurities cannot be assessed. The following conclusions apply only to ethyl cellulose meeting the food additive specifications. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that ethyl cellulose is considered safe for all animal species. The use of ethyl cellulose in animal nutrition is of no concern for consumer safety. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel was not in the position to conclude on the safety of ethyl cellulose for the user. The use of ethyl cellulose as a feed additive is considered safe for the environment. The additive is considered to be efficacious in feedingstuffs for all animal species.

Safety and efficacy of methyl cellulose for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on methyl cellulose as a feed additive for all animal species. Methyl cellulose is intended for use as a technological additive (functional groups: emulsifier, stabiliser, thickener, gelling agent and binder) in premixtures and feedingstuffs for all animal species with no minimum and maximum content. A proper identification and characterisation of methyl cellulose as required for a feed additive is not available and the occurrence of potential toxic impurities cannot be assessed. The following conclusions apply only to methyl cellulose meeting the food additive specifications. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that methyl cellulose is considered safe for all animal species. The use of methyl cellulose in animal nutrition is of no concern for consumer safety. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel was not in the position to conclude on the safety of methyl cellulose for the user. The use of methyl cellulose as a feed additive is considered safe for the environment. The additive is considered to be efficacious in feedingstuffs for all animal species.

Safety and efficacy of microcrystalline cellulose for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on microcrystalline cellulose as a feed additive for all animal species. Microcrystalline cellulose is intended for use as a technological additive (functional groups: emulsifier, stabiliser, thickener, gelling agent and binder) in premixtures and feedingstuffs for all animal species with no minimum and maximum content. A proper identification and characterisation of microcrystalline cellulose as required for a feed additive is not available and the occurrence of potential toxic impurities cannot be assessed. The following conclusions apply only to microcrystalline cellulose meeting the food additive specifications. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that microcrystalline cellulose is considered safe for all animal species. The use of microcrystalline cellulose in animal nutrition is of no concern for consumer safety. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel was not in the position to conclude on the safety of microcrystalline cellulose for the user. The use of microcrystalline cellulose as a feed additive is considered safe for the environment. The additive is considered to be efficacious in feedingstuffs for all animal species.

Safety of 3-phytase FLF1000 and FSF10000 as a feed additive for pigs for fattening and minor growing porcine species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of 3‐phytase FLF1000/FSF10000 as a feed additive for pigs for fattening and minor porcine species for growing. This additive contains 3‐phytase produced by a genetically modified strain of Komagataella phaffii and it is authorised in its liquid FLF1000 and solid form FSF10000 as a feed additive for chickens for fattening, laying hens, chickens reared for laying and for minor poultry species for fattening or reared for laying or for breeding. The FEEDAP Panel has adopted an opinion regarding the use of this product as a feed additive in pigs for fattening and minor porcine species for growing. In that opinion, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of the product as a feed additive would raise no concerns for the consumer safety nor for the environment but that the additive should be regarded as a potential respiratory sensitizer. The Panel also concluded that the additive has a potential to be efficacious in improving the phosphorus utilisation in the target species. However, the Panel could not conclude on the safety for the target species due to the limitations identified in the data provided. The applicant has now complemented the information and made it available to the Panel. The tolerance trial was done in weaned piglets in which the animals received up to 10 times the recommended dose of 1,000 FTU/kg feed. The results showed no adverse effects of the phytase on the performance of the animals or on the haematological and biochemical parameters measured in blood. Therefore, the Panel concluded that the additive (3‐phytase FLF1000 and FSF10000) is safe for pigs for fattening and minor growing porcine species at the recommended dose of 1,000 FTU/kg feed.

Safety and efficacy of Avatec® 150G (lasalocid A sodium) as a feed additive for chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Avatec^® 150G (lasalocid A sodium) for chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying. In 2017, the FEEDAP Panel was not able to conclude on a safe dose for chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying and no conclusion could be drawn on the anticoccidial efficacy of the additive at the lowest proposed used level (75 mg lasalocid A sodium/kg feed) in these species. In the present assessment, the applicant submitted new tolerance and efficacy studies in chickens for fattening to address the concerns identified by the FEEDAP Panel in its former opinion. In addition, the applicant proposed to decrease the maximum of the dose range from 125 to 100 mg lasalocid A sodium/kg complete feed. Based on the additional information, the FEEDAP Panel concludes that no safe level of lasalocid A sodium from Avatec^® 150G in feed for chickens for fattening can be identified. The FEEDAP Panel is not in the position to conclude on the coccidiostatic efficacy of Avatec^® 150G for chickens for fattening at the lowest proposed dose level of 75 mg lasalocid A sodium/kg complete feed due to the insufficient number of studies with positive results. The conclusions are extended to chickens reared for laying.

Safety and efficacy of fumonisin esterase from Komagataella phaffii DSM 32159 as a feed additive for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of fumonisin esterase from Komagataella phaffii DSM 32159 as a technological feed additive for all animal species. The product has been already assessed by the FEEDAP Panel for use in pigs and poultry feed as technological additive and was granted with an authorisation in the EU for this use. In the current application, the additive is intended to be used in fermenting feeds with the purpose to reduce the contamination of feed by fumonisins. New data provided showed that no recombinant DNA could be detected in three batches of the product. The evidence provided – based on the data submitted in the previous and the current application – allowed the FEEDAP Panel to conclude that the additive is safe for the target animals under the proposed conditions of use. The Panel also considered valid the previous conclusions in which the safety of the additive for consumers and the environment was established. The additive is not toxic by inhalation and the respiratory exposure is likely to be low; however, a risk of sensitisation via the respiratory route cannot be excluded. The additive is non‐irritant to skin and eyes and is not considered as a dermal sensitiser. The additive has the capacity to degrade fumonisins in fermenting feed (with a fumonisin content within the guidance limits operating in the EU) when used at the minimum recommended dose of 40 U/kg feed. The FEEDAP Panel notes that the efficacy has been demonstrated only in silages, not in other fermenting feeds like e.g. liquid feeds.

Safety and efficacy of Biomin® DC-P as a zootechnical feed additive for chickens for fattening, chickens reared for laying and minor avian species to the point of lay

The additive (trade name Biomin^®DC‐P) is a blend of five individual compounds (carvacrol, thymol, d‐carvone, methyl salicylate and l‐menthol) encapsulated with a hydrogenated vegetable oil. The additive is intended for use in feed for various poultry species at a minimum concentration of 65 mg/kg complete feed and a recommended maximum level of 105 mg/kg complete feed. The results of a tolerance study show that Biomin^® DC‐P is safe for chickens for fattening at the maximum recommended application rate of 105 mg/kg complete feed; this conclusion is extended to include chickens reared for laying and extrapolated to minor poultry species The active components of a previously evaluated additive (Biomin^®DC‐C) were shown to be not genotoxic; owing to the similarity on composition, this conclusion can be also applied to Biomin^®DC‐P. Notwithstanding the uncertainties identified in the residue study, after applying a worst‐case scenario to calculate potential exposure of consumers to menthol and carvone, and since that the components of the additive are considered safe for their use as food and feed flavourings, the FEEDAP Panel concludes that the use of the additive in animal nutrition is considered safe for consumers. The FEEDAP Panel considered that exposure of users by inhalation is unlikely, but cannot conclude on the effects of Biomin^®DC‐P on skin and eyes. The use of Biomin^®DC‐P is not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Biomin^®DC‐P has a potential to increase the growth performance of chickens for fattening when incorporated into feed at a minimum application rate of 65 mg/kg complete feed; the conclusion can be extended to chickens reared for laying and extrapolated to minor poultry species reared up to the point of lay.

Safety and efficacy of Belfeed B MP/ML (endo-1,4-β-xylanase) as a feed additive for sows, in order to have benefits in piglets, and for all porcine species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Belfeed B MP/ML as a feed additive for sows in order to have benefits in piglets and for all porcine species. This additive contains endo‐1,4‐β‐xylanase produced by a genetically modified strain of Bacillus subtilis and it is authorised in the European Union as a feed additive for poultry for fattening, weaned piglets and pigs for fattening. The applicant requested the extension of use of the additive to sows in order to have benefits in piglets and to all porcine species at any developmental stage at 10 IU/kg feed. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that there are no concerns for consumer safety and no risks for the environment are expected from the use of Belfeed B MP/ML in all Suidae species. The additive is not irritant for skin or eye but it should be considered a potential respiratory sensitiser for the users, the Panel could not conclude on the potential of the additive as a potential dermal sensitiser. Considering the results from a tolerance trial done in weaned piglets, those in a subchronic oral toxicity study and the nature/origin of the product under assessment the Panel concluded that the additive is safe for all porcine species at any developmental stage. The data previously assessed in piglets and pigs for fattening allowed to conclude that the additive is efficacious at 10 IU/kg feed in suckling piglets and all Suidae species from suckling to slaughter. The data submitted to support the efficacy for sows was considered insufficient and therefore the Panel could not conclude on the efficacy in sows.

Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis DSM 28343 as a zootechnical additive (gut flora stabiliser) for calves for rearing

Bacillus subtilis DSM 28343 is a preparation of viable spores of a single strain of B. subtilis intended to be used as a zootechnical additive (functional group: gut flora stabilizer) in feed for calves for rearing to increase growth. In 2018, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) delivered a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Bacillus subtilis DSM 28343 as a feed additive for calves for rearing. This species is considered by EFSA to be suitable for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to safety assessment. In that opinion, the FEEDAP Panel was unable to conclude on the efficacy of the additive, under the condition of use as proposed by the applicant, due to insufficient data provided. In the current opinion, additional data to demonstrate the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis DSM 28343 were assessed. Based on one study of this application and two studies submitted in the previous application, the Panel concluded that Bacillus subtilis DSM 28343 has the potential to be efficacious as gut flora stabiliser used in feed for calves for rearing at the proposed use level.

Safety and efficacy of APSA PHYTAFEED® 20,000 GR/L (6-phytase) as a feed additive for pigs for fattening

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of APSA PHYTAFEED ^® 20,000 GR/L (6-phytase) as a feed additive for pigs for fattening. The additive is a preparation of 6-phytase produced by a genetically modified strain of Komagataella phaffii and has been previously assessed by the FEEDAP Panel in the context of three applications for its use in different species. The Panel concluded in those opinions that the production strain is safe, and that the use of the additive as a feed additive would raise no safety concerns for the consumers and the environment. The additive was also considered not to be irritant to skin or eyes or a dermal sensitiser but it should be considered as a respiratory sensitiser. The Panel considered that the new use in pigs for fattening would not modify the previously drawn conclusions with respect to the consumers, users and the environment. A tolerance trial in weaned piglets and a subchronic oral toxicity study were made available to support the safety for the new target species. From the results obtained, the Panel concluded that the additive is safe for pigs for fattening at the level of 1,000 U/kg feed. The applicant submitted three efficacy trials to support the efficacy of the additive. In two trials the apparent faecal digestibility of phosphorus and bone ash/phosphorus content were measured and in the third the effects on the performance of the animals were studied. The results of the studies submitted showed an improvement on the faecal digestibility of phosphorus in two trials, with no improvements on the bone mineralisation. Significant improvements on zootechnical parameters were found in the performance of pigs for fattening that were fed 1,000 U/kg feed in the long-term trial. Since significant effects in relevant parameters were found only in one trial the FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on the efficacy of the product in pigs for fattening.

Safety and efficacy of Elancoban® G200 (monensin sodium) for chickens for fattening, chickens reared for laying and turkeys

The feed additive Elancoban^® G200, containing the active substance monensin sodium, an ionophore anticoccidial, is intended to control coccidiosis in chickens for fattening, chickens reared for laying and turkeys. The FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety of the additive for the target species, consumer, user and environment with regard to the safety of the production strain. The following conclusions apply to monensin sodium included in the additive. Based on the available data set, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety of Elancoban^® G200 for chickens for fattening. Monensin sodium is safe for turkeys for fattening with a margin of safety of 1.5. Monensin sodium is not genotoxic and not carcinogenic. The pharmacological no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 0.345 mg monensin sodium/kg body weight (bw) per day was identified in dog. The acceptable daily intake (ADI) derived from this NOAEL is 0.003 mg monensin sodium/kg bw applying an uncertainty factor of 100. Elancoban^® G200 is safe for the consumer. The existing maximum residue limits (MRLs) ensure consumer safety, provided that the withdrawal period of 1 day is respected. Elancoban^® G200 is very irritant for the eye, but it is not a skin irritant. Elancoban^® G200 should be regarded as a potential skin and respiratory sensitiser. Inhalation exposure is considered a risk to persons handling the additive. Elancoban^® G200 does not pose a risk for the terrestrial compartment, the aquatic compartment and the sediment. The bioaccumulation potential of monensin in the environment is low. Monensin sodium from Elancoban^® G200 has the potential to effectively control coccidiosis in chickens for fattening and chickens reared for laying. The FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the efficacy Elancoban^® G200 as a coccidiostat for turkeys for fattening.

Safety of Lactococcus lactis NCIMB 30160 as a feed additive for all animal species

Following a request from European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety for the environment of the proposed modification of the terms of the authorisation regarding the formulation of the additive Lactococcus lactis NCIMB 30160. The applicant has proposed to modify the manufacturing process by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) in the list of potential cryoprotectants that can be used in the freeze‐drying step, up to a maximum concentration of 0.025 mg PEG 4000/kg silage. The use of PEG 4000 as an excipient in formulations with Lactococcus lactis NCIMB 30160 would not change the previous conclusions regarding the safety for the target animals, consumers and users. No safety concerns are expected for the environment when PEG 4000 is used as a cryoprotectant in the additive Lactococcus lactis NCIMB 30160 up to a maximum concentration of 0.025 mg PEG 4000/kg silage.

Efficacy of RONOZYME®WX (endo-1,4-β-xylanase) as a feed additive for laying hens

RONOZYME ^® WX is an additive that contains endo-1,4-β-xylanase which is authorised for use as a feed additive in poultry for fattening, weaned piglets and pigs for fattening. The Panel on additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) delivered in 2012 an opinion on the safety and efficacy of RONOZYME ^® WX when used as a feed additive for poultry, piglets (weaned) and pigs for fattening and another one in 2016 on the change of the production strain proposed by the applicant. In those opinions, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of the product as a feed additive raise no concerns for consumer safety or for the environment. Considering the safety for the user, the Panel concluded that the additive is not a skin or eye irritant but could not conclude on the skin sensitisation potential of the additive, however, and owing to the proteinaceous nature of the active substance the additive was considered a potential respiratory sensitiser. In a further application, the applicant requested the use of the additive in laying hens. The tolerance trial provided for that assessment allowed to conclude that the additive is safe for laying hens under the recommended conditions of use. In the same application and in order to support the efficacy of the additive in laying hens, the applicant submitted three long-term trials. In all three trials, the groups receiving the xylanase at the recommended dose showed a lower feed intake and a better feed to egg mass ratio. However, in one of the three trials, these reductions were seen concurrently with a decrease in the laying rate. This result casted doubts on the efficacy of the additive, and therefore, the Panel considered that there was not sufficient evidence to conclude on the efficacy of the product. The applicant provided a further efficacy trial in which the results showed that the hens that received the additive had a better laying performance at the recommended level of 100 FXU/kg and allowed the Panel to conclude that the additive is efficacious as a zootechnical additive in laying hens.

Safety of Lancer® (lanthanide citrate) as a zootechnical additive for weaned piglets

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the additional data submitted on Lancer^® when used as a feed additive for weaned piglets. The FEEDAP Panel considered that uncertainty still remains on possible developmental neurotoxicity of Lancer^® since it was unable to identify a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for this specific endpoint applying a read‐across strategy from the studies provided by the applicant. However, the FEEDAP Panel considered that the exposure to La and Ce from products of animals treated with Lancer^® at 250 mg/kg feed would not add a significant contribution to the background exposure of these elements. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of Lancer^® in feed for weaned piglets (up to 120 days) according to the proposed conditions of use, does not represent a safety concern for the consumer and for the environment.

Safety and efficacy of Bacillus licheniformis DSM 32457 as a silage additive for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on Bacillus licheniformis DSM 32457 as a silage additive for all animal species. Bacillus licheniformis DSM 32457 is presumed safe for the target species, consumers of products from animals fed treated silage and the environment. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the potential of the additive to be a skin/eye irritant or skin sensitiser. Given the proteinaceous nature of the active agent, the additive should be considered a potential respiratory sensitiser. In the absence of appropriate data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the efficacy of Bacillus licheniformis DSM 32457 as a silage additive.

Safety and efficacy of l-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate produced by fermentation with Escherichia coli (NITE BP-02526) for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l‐histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate produced by fermentation with Escherichia coli (NITE BP‐02526) when used as a nutritional additive or as a feed flavouring compound in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The product under assessment is l‐histidine HCl H₂O produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of E. coli (NITE BP‐02526). The production strain and its recombinant DNA were not detected in the final products. l‐Histidine HCl H₂O does not give rise to any safety concern to the production strain. The use of l‐histidine HCl H₂O is safe for the target species when used to supplement the diet in appropriate amounts. It is safe at the proposed use level of 25 mg/kg when used as a flavouring compound for all animal species. The use of l‐histidine HCl H₂O in animal nutrition raises no safety concerns for consumers of animal products. The additive is not irritating to the skin or eyes and is not a skin sensitiser. There is a risk for persons handling the additive from the exposure to endotoxins by inhalation. The use of l‐histidine as a feed additive does not represent a risk to the environment. The additive l‐histidine HCl H₂O is regarded as an effective source of the amino acid l‐histidine when used as a nutritional additive. For the supplemental l‐histidine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, it requires protection against degradation in the rumen. It is also considered efficacious as a feed flavouring compound under the proposed conditions of use.

Safety of lactic acid and calcium lactate when used as technological additives for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety lactic acid and calcium lactate for all animal species. In 2015 and in 2017, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Nutrition (FEEDAP) delivered two opinions on the safety of lactic acid and calcium lactate. In that opinion, the panel concluded that the additive is safe for pigs and ruminants at concentrations of 50,000 mg lactic acid/kg complete feed but could not conclude on the safety for poultry and for pre‐ruminants. Now the applicant is proposing a new maximum concentration of 20,000 mg lactic acid/kg feed for all other animal species, with the exclusion of pre‐ruminants, and provided a new study in chickens for fattening. Based on the results of the new study, the Panel concluded that 20,000 mg lactic acid/kg complete feed is safe for chickens for fattening. The FEEDAP Panel extrapolates the lowest safe level of 20,000 mg lactic acid/kg complete feed observed in chicken for fattening to all animal species other than pigs and ruminants for which 50,000 mg lactic acid/kg is safe, with the exception of pre‐ruminants for which a safe dose could not be established. The maximum content of 20,000 mg lactic acid is equivalent to 24,000 mg calcium lactate and 30,000 mg calcium lactate hydrate (hydrate, n = 4–5). The corresponding maximum content in water for drinking would be 8,000 mg lactic acid/L.

Safety and efficacy of CI-FER™ (ferric citrate chelate) as a zootechnical feed additive for suckling and weaned piglets and minor porcine species

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of CI‐FER™ (ferric citrate chelate) as zootechnical feed additive for suckling and weaned piglets and minor porcine species. The additive is safe for weaned piglets at the recommended level of 500 mg/kg complete feed. This conclusion can be extended to sucking piglets for the period in which solid feed is given and extrapolated to all minor porcine species. No concerns for consumer safety are expected from the use of the additive in piglets and minor porcine species. The FEEDAP Panel considers that the compound under assessment poses a risk to users by inhalation. The product should also be considered as an irritant to skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Due to the presence of nickel, CI‐FER™ should also be considered as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. The supplementation of feed with the additive is not expected to pose an environmental risk. CI‐FER™ used at the minimum recommended level of 500 mg/kg feed has the potential to improve zootechnical parameters of weaned piglets. This conclusion can be extended to sucking piglets for the period in which solid feed is given and extrapolated to all minor porcine species.

Safety of butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) for all animal species. In 2018, the Panel delivered an Opinion on the safety and efficacy of BHA. The Panel concluded that 'a weight of evidence of the limited data supports that 150 mg BHA/kg complete feed would be a safe dose for all animal species. However, a possible exception could be cat, with its known lower capacity for glucuronidation of phenolic compounds and for which no specific data were available'. The Applicant submitted a review of the metabolism of phenolic compounds in cats and an in vivo study with cats. No specific information on metabolic fate of BHA has been made available for the feline species. The lack of knowledge is of particular relevance considering the additional load of phenolic compounds by dietary BHA for the full lifetime expectancy of cats. Owing the shortcomings in the design and reporting, the in vivo study could not be used to conclude on the safety of BHA for cats. Consequently, the Panel reiterates that no safe concentration of BHA in complete feed for cats could be established.

Safety and efficacy of aluminosilicate of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium as a feed additive for pigs

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on aluminosilicate of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium as a feed additive for pigs. The additive, that contains at least 66% of aluminosilicate of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium as main component, is intended for use as a technological additive (functional groups: (i) anticaking agents) in premixtures and feedingstuffs for pigs at a maximum inclusion level of 30,000 mg/kg. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on the safety of the additive for the target species and the users. The additive is considered safe for the consumer and the environment at the proposed conditions of use. The additive has the potential to act as an anticaking agent in complete feed of pigs at a concentration of 30,000 mg/kg feed.

Safety and efficacy of Levucell SC® (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077) as a feed additive for calves and minor ruminant species and camelids at the same developmental stage

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Levucell^®SC when used in feed for calves and minor ruminant species and camelids at the same developmental stage. The additive consists of viable cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This species is considered by EFSA to be suitable for the Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) approach to safety assessment. This approach requires the identity of the strain to be conclusively established. The strain was found to meet the criteria for the QPS approach in the context of previous opinions and since concerns are not expected from other components of the additive, Levucell^®SC is presumed safe for all target species, consumers of products derived from animals fed the additive and for the environment. The Panel considers these conclusions to apply also in the current assessment. In a previous opinion, the Panel also concluded that the additive is considered an eye irritant but not a dermal irritant or sensitiser and that inhalation exposure is unlikely. Since the use of the additive in calves and minor ruminant species and camelids at the same developmental stage is considered unlikely to introduce hazards for users of the product not already considered as part of the first assessment, these conclusions are still considered valid. Levucell SC^® has the potential to be efficacious in calves at the minimum inclusion level of 1 × 10⁹CFU/kg complete feed. The conclusion on efficacy for calves can be extrapolated to minor ruminant species and camelids at the same developmental stage.

Modification of the conditions of the authorisation of BioPlus® 2B (Bacillus licheniformis DSM 5749 and Bacillus subtilis DSM 5750) for turkeys for fattening

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the modification of the terms of the authorisation of BioPlus^® 2B (Bacillus licheniformis DSM 5749 and Bacillus subtilis DSM 5750) in feeds for turkeys for fattening to allow the simultaneous use with a battery of permitted coccidiostats (diclazuril, halofuginone, monensin sodium, robenidine hydrochloride, maduramicin ammonium, lasalocid sodium) and with the preservative formic acid. The proposed modification in the conditions of the authorisation would not modify the conclusions previously drawn regarding the safety of the additive. The additive is safe for the target species, consumers and the environment. The additive should be considered a potential respiratory sensitiser, but the Panel could not conclude on the irritancy of the additive to skin and eyes or its dermal sensitisation. Conclusions previously drawn by the FEEDAP Panel on the compatibility of the additive for chickens for fattening apply to the current application provided that the maximum authorised concentration of the coccidiostats semduramycin, maduramicin ammonium, lasalocid sodium and the preservative formic acid for turkeys for fattening (when maximum authorised concentrations exist), are equal or lower than those for chickens for fattening. Considering the data submitted, the FEEDAP Panel concludes that BioPlus^® 2B (B. licheniformis DSM 5749 and B. subtilis DSM 5750) is compatible with diclazuril and monensin sodium. Based on the data provided, no conclusion can be drawn for robenidine hydrochloride. In the absence of data, no conclusion can be drawn for halofuginone.

Safety of l-threonine produced by fermentation with Escherichia coli CGMCC 11473 as a feed additive for all animal species

The l‐threonine under assessment is produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of Escherichia coli and it is intended to be used as a nutritional additive for all animal species. In 2017 the Panel on Additives and products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) of EFSA issued an opinion on the safety and efficacy of the product. In that assessment, the Panel could not conclude on the safety of the additive for the target species, consumers and the environment due to the lack of data regarding the characterisation of the production strain and the resulting product. The applicant provided additional data on the identity of the production strain, the genetic modification, the susceptibility to antibiotics and the absence of cells and recombinant DNA of the production strain in the final product. The recipient strain is safe and the genetic modification does not raise concerns. Moreover, viable cells or DNA of the production strain were not detected in the final product. With this new information the FEEDAP Panel concluded that l‐threonine produced by E. coli CGMCC 11473 is safe for the all animal species, the consumers and the environment. The FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on the potential of the additive to be irritant to skin and eyes or on the skin sensitisation potential. It was concluded that there is a risk of exposure to endotoxins by inhalation for persons handling the additive.

Efficacy of EB15 10 (Bacillus subtilis DSM 25841) as a feed additive for weaned piglets and weaned minor porcine species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the efficacy of EB15 10 for weaned piglets and minor porcine species. The additive is a preparation containing viable spores of a strain of Bacillus subtilis (DSM 25841). This product is available in two forms, EB15 and EB15 10, which contain the bacterium in concentrations of 1.25 × 10⁹ CFU/g additive and 1.25 × 10¹⁰ CFU/g additive, respectively. In a previous opinion, the FEEDAP Panel assessed the safety and the efficacy of the product when used in weaned piglets. The Panel concluded that the active agent fulfils the requirements of the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach to the assessment of safety. Consequently, the additive is presumed safe for the target animals, consumers of products from animals fed with the additive and the environment. Regarding the safety for the user, the FEEDAP Panel could not conclude on the potential of the additive to be irritant to skin and eyes or its dermal sensitisation due to the lack of data. However, it concluded that the additive should be considered a potential respiratory sensitiser. The data provided in the previous assessment to support the efficacy of the additive was not sufficient to conclude on the efficacy of the additive in weaned piglets or minor weaned porcine species. The applicant provided supplementary information to complement the data, including a statistical analysis pooling data from different studies. Based on the newly submitted data, the Panel concluded that the additive has a potential to be efficacious as a zootechnical additive in weaned piglets at a level of 5 × 10⁸ CFU/kg complete feed or in water for drinking at 1.7 × 10⁸ CFU/L. This conclusion was extrapolated to minor porcine species at the same developmental stage.

Assessment of the application for renewal of authorisation of Yea-Sacc® (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for horses

Yea‐Sacc^® is an additive based on a live preparation of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae intended for use as a zootechnical additive (digestibility enhancer). The current assessment is performed in the context of the renewal of the authorisation of the feed additive; however, the applicant proposed also to lower (6.5 × 10⁸ colony forming unit (CFU)/kg of complete feedingstuff) the minimum dose of the additive when used in feed for horses. The additive is produced in a powder (Yea‐Sacc^®) and in a prills (Yea‐Sacc^®_TS) forms. The Panel considered that the additive currently on the market complies with the existing conditions of authorisation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is considered by EFSA to be suitable for the qualified presumption of safety approach to safety assessment. As the identity of the production strain has been confirmed, safety for the target species, consumer and the environment were presumed. Both formulations are non‐irritant to skin, Yea‐Sacc^®_TS is non‐irritant to the eye while Yea‐Sacc^® is a moderate irritant. Both formulations should be considered skin sensitisers and because of their high proteinaceous nature, they should be considered as potential respiratory sensitisers. The applicant submitted two efficacy studies: the FEEDAP Panel concluded that in the first study inconsistent results were observed for the two lower doses which are considered microbiologically equivalent. The second study demonstrated that Yea‐Sacc^® at the level of 7.5 × 10⁸ resulted in a better digestion of organic matter which may be explained by increases in digestibility of the fibre. Based on the data provided, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the efficacy of Yea‐sacc^® when used as a feed additive in horses at the proposed level (6.5 × 10⁸CFU/kg complete feed).

Assessment of the application for renewal of authorisation of l-arginine produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum NITE SD 00285 for all animal species

l‐Arginine is an amino acid that is conditionally essential for mammalian neonates, some strict carnivores, birds and fish. The subject of this opinion is a request for renewal of authorisation of l‐arginine produced by a strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum. The strain designation has changed to its new deposition number, NITE SD 00285, but the strain is otherwise unchanged from the previous opinion. It is not genetically modified and possesses no antibiotic resistance of safety concern. Minor changes in downstream processing following fermentation have been made. The FEEDAP Panel notes that two out of five batches did not meet the specification of the current authorisation (minimum 98% on a dry matter basis). The FEEDAP Panel concludes that l‐arginine produced by fermentation to C. glutamicum NITE SD 00285 remains safe for the target species, consumers of products from animals fed the additive and the environment under the approved conditions of authorisation. The additive is considered as irritant to skin, corrosive to eyes and poses a risk by inhalation.

Safety and efficacy of l-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate produced using Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80179 for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l‐histidine monohydrochloride (HCl) monohydrate produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80179 when used as a nutritional additive (amino acid) and as a sensory additive (flavouring compound) in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The production strain is not genetically modified. No viable cells of the production strain were detected in the final product. The use of l‐histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate produced by fermentation using C. glutamicum KCCM 80179 is safe for the target species when used as a nutritional additive to supplement the diet in appropriate amounts to cover the requirements, depending on the species, the physiological state of the animal, the performance level, the environmental conditions, the background amino acid composition of the unsupplemented diet and the status of some essential trace elements such as copper and zinc. This conclusion would also cover the use as a sensory additive. l‐Histidine HCl monohydrate produced using C. glutamicum KCCM 80179 supplemented at levels appropriate for the requirements of species and life stage is considered safe for the consumer. l‐Histidine HCl monohydrate produced using C. glutamicum KCCM 80179 is not irritant to skin, is mildly irritant to eyes, and it is not a skin sensitiser. The additive does not pose a risk to users by inhalation. The use of l‐histidine HCl monohydrate produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80179 in animal nutrition is not expected to represent a risk to the environment. l‐Histidine HCl monohydrate is considered an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l‐histidine for non‐ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l‐histidine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non‐ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen. It is also considered efficacious as a feed flavouring compound under the proposed conditions of use.

Safety of an essential oil from Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (Link) letsw. var. Vulkan when used as a sensory additive in feed for all animal species

An essential oil from Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum var. Vulkan (DOS 00001) is intended to be used as a sensory additive in feed for all animal species. In a previous opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), the Panel concluded that the recommended use level of 150 mg additive/kg feed was safe for chickens for fattening and weaned piglets and this conclusion was extended to all poultry and porcine species grown for meat production. The Panel also concluded that the dose of 500 mg additive/head and day (equivalent to ~25 mg/kg complete feed) was safe for dairy cows. Since the recommended use level differs between the dairy cow and the non-ruminants tested, the lower use level of 25 mg additive/kg feed was applied to all target animals not included above. The Panel also concluded that the additive was safe for the consumers and the environment, but should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes and a potential skin and respiratory sensitiser in susceptible individuals. In the present application, the applicant has provided a new tolerance study in dairy cows to support the safety of a higher use level of 150 mg/kg for all animal species. Data on residues in milk from dairy cows fed the additive at the maximum recommended use level where also provided to assess consumer exposure. The Panel concluded that the essential oil under assessment is safe for cows at the recommended use level of 150 mg additive/kg feed. Since safety has been demonstrated in three major species with a comparable margin of safety, this conclusion on safety is extrapolated to all animal species. No concerns for consumer safety were identified following the application of the additive at the proposed use level in animal nutrition.

Safety of ethyl ester of β-apo-8'-carotenoic acid as a feed additive for poultry for fattening and poultry for laying

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the additional data submitted for ethyl ester of β-apo-8-carotenic acid (β-apo-8-ester) when used as a feed additive for poultry for fattening and poultry for laying. The proposed maximum content for β-apo-8-ester of 40 mg/kg complete feed is safe for laying hens with a margin of safety of at least two. The following dietary concentrations are considered safe for the adult consumers, including the age classes adults, elderly and very elderly: 15 mg β-apo-8-ester/kg complete feed for chickens for fattening, 5 mg β-apo-8-ester/kg complete feed for laying hens and 40 mg β-apo-8-ester/kg complete feed for laying hens only intended to the production of liquid eggs which will be only used by the pasta industry for the production of egg pasta. Concerns would arise for the age classes infants, toddlers, other children and adolescents in those countries where dietary surveys showed higher consumption of egg and egg-derived products (Bulgaria, Spain, the UK, the Netherlands, Greece, the Czech Republic and Italy) and higher consumption of egg pasta (Bulgaria, Spain, the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Greece, Austria, the Czech Republic, France, Latvia, Sweden and Italy) assuming that the egg pasta is manufactured with liquid eggs from laying hens treated with 40 mg β-apo-8-ester/kg complete feed.