[Effect of P62 on the migration and motility of human epidermal cell line HaCaT in high glucose microenvironment and its mechanism]

Objective: To investigate the effect of P62 on the migration and motility of human epidermal cell line HaCaT in high glucose microenvironment and its possible molecular mechanism, so as to explore the mechanism of refractory diabetic foot wound healing. Methods: The method of experimental research was used. HaCaT cells in logarithmic growth phase was taken for experiment. The cells were collected and divided into normal control group (culture solution containing glucose with final molarity of 5.5 mmol/L) and high glucose (culture solution containing glucose with final molarity of 30.0 mmol/L) 24 h group, high glucose 48 h group, and high glucose 72 h group according to the random number table (the same grouping method below). The cells in normal control group were routinely cultured for 72 h, cells in high glucose 72 h group were cultured with high glucose for 72 h, cells in high glucose 48 h group were routinely cultured for 24 h then cultured with high glucose for 48 h, cells in high glucose 24 h group were routinely cultured for 48 h then cultured with high glucose for 24 h. Then the protein expression of P62 was detected by Western blotting. The cells were collected and divided into normal control group and high glucose group. After being correspondingly cultured for 48 h as before, the protein expression of P62 was detected by immunofluorescence method (indicated as green fluorescence). The cells were collected and divided into negative control small interfering RNA (siRNA) group, P62-siRNA-1 group, P62-siRNA-2 group, and P62-siRNA-3 group, and transfected with the corresponding reagents. At post transfection hour (PTH) 72, the protein expression of P62 was detected by Western blotting. The cells were collected and divided into normal glucose+negative control siRNA group, normal glucose+P62-siRNA group, high glucose+negative control siRNA group, and high glucose+P62-siRNA group. After the corresponding treatment, the protein expression of P62 was detected by Western blotting at PTH 72 h, the cell migration rate was detected and calculated at 24 h after scratching by scratch test, with the number of samples being 9; and the range of cell movement was observed and the trajectory velocity was calculated within 3 h under the living cell workstation, with the number of samples being 76, 75, 80, and 79 in normal glucose+negative control siRNA group, normal glucose+P62-siRNA group, high glucose+negative control siRNA group, and high glucose+P62-siRNA group, respectively. The cells were collected and divided into normal glucose+phosphate buffered solution (PBS) group, high glucose+PBS group, and high glucose+N-acetylcysteine (NAC) group. After the corresponding treatment, the protein expression of P62 at 48 h of culture was detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence method, respectively. Except for scratch test and cell motility experiment, the number of samples was all 3 in the rest experiments. Data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and least significant difference test. Results: Compared with the protein expression in normal control group, the protein expressions of P62 of cells in high glucose 24 h group, high glucose 48 h group, and high glucose 72 h group were significantly increased (P<0.01). At 48 h of culture, the green fluorescence of P62 of cells in high glucose group was stronger than that in normal control group. At PTH 72, compared with the protein expression in negative control siRNA group, the protein expressions of P62 of cells in P62-siRNA-1 group, P62-siRNA-2 group, and P62-siRNA-3 group were significantly decreased (P<0.01). At PTH 72, compared with the protein expression in normal glucose+negative control siRNA group, the protein expression of P62 of cells in normal glucose+P62-siRNA group was significantly decreased (P<0.01), while the protein expression of P62 of cells in high glucose+negative control siRNA group was significantly increased (P<0.01); compared with the protein expression in high glucose+negative control siRNA group, the protein expression of P62 of cells in high glucose+P62-siRNA group was significantly decreased (P<0.01). At 24 h after scratching, compared with (55±7)% in normal glucose+negative control siRNA group, the cell migration rate in normal glucose+P62-siRNA group was significantly increased ((72±14)%, P<0.01), while the cell migration rate in high glucose+negative control siRNA group was significantly decreased ((37±7)%, P<0.01); compared with that in high glucose+negative control siRNA group, the cell migration rate in high glucose+P62-siRNA group was significantly increased ((54±10)%, P<0.01). Within 3 h of observation, the cell movement range in high glucose+negative control siRNA group was smaller than that in normal glucose+negative control siRNA group, while the cell movement range in normal glucose+P62-siRNA group was larger than that in normal glucose+negative control siRNA group, and the cell movement range in high glucose+P62-siRNA group was larger than that in high glucose+negative control siRNA group. Compared with that in normal glucose+negative control siRNA group, the cell trajectory speed in normal glucose+P62-siRNA group was significantly increased (P<0.01), while the cell trajectory speed in high glucose+negative control siRNA group was significantly decreased (P<0.01); compared with that in high glucose+negative control siRNA group, the cell trajectory speed in high glucose+P62-siRNA group was significantly increased (P<0.01). At 48 h of culture, compared with that in normal glucose+PBS group, the protein expression of P62 of cells in high glucose+PBS group was significantly increased (P<0.01); compared with that in high glucose+PBS group, the protein expression of P62 of cells in high glucose+NAC group was significantly decreased (P<0.01). At 48 h of culture, the green fluorescence of P62 of cells in high glucose+PBS group was stronger than that in normal glucose+PBS group, while the green fluorescence of P62 of cells in high glucose+NAC group was weaker than that in high glucose+PBS group. Conclusions: In HaCaT cells, high glucose microenvironment can promote the protein expression of P62; knockdown of P62 protein can promote the migration and increase the mobility of HaCaT cells; and the increase of reactive oxygen species in high glucose microenvironment may be the underlying mechanism for the increase of P62 expression.

[Quality of life and risk factors in patients with herpes zoster]

Objective: To evaluate the quality of life and influencing factors of patients with herpes zoster (HZ) seen in hospitals. Methods: Based on Zoster Brief Pain Inventory (ZBPI) and Five-level EuroQol Five-dimensional Questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L), a cross-sectional survey was conducted to evaluate the pain severity and quality of life of 332 HZ cases seen in 22 hospitals of Lu'an City (Anhui Province), Zibo City (Shandong Province) and Tongchuan City (Shaanxi Province) from October to December 2021. The censored least absolute deviations (CLAD) model was used to analyze the related factors affecting the changes of patients' health utility values. Results: The 45.5% of 332 HZ cases were male. The median (Q₁,Q₃) age was 59 (50, 68) years. 59.64% of them assessed by ZBPI had moderate to severe pain in the past 24 hours (worst pain score≥5), and that of PHN cases was 84.8%(39/46). 77.7% (258/332), 77.4% (257/332) and 74.1% (246/332) of all patients reported that pain interfered with sleep, mood and general activities, respectively. Aging [β_40-49y (95%CI)=-0.11 (-0.15, -0.08); β_50-59y (95%CI)=-0.03 (-0.05, 0.00); β_60-69y (95%CI)=-0.09 (-0.12, -0.06); β_70-90y(95%CI)=-0.16 (-0.19, -0.12)], working status (unemployed) [β_farmer (95%CI)=0.15 (0.13, 0.18); β_retirees(95%CI)=0.21 (0.18, 0.24); β_employee (95%CI)=0.13 (0.10, 0.16) ], complications[β_PHN (95%CI)=-0.08 (-0.13, -0.04); β_{other complications} (95%CI)=-0.12 (-0.15, -0.08)], within 30 days after onset [β(95%CI)=-0.01 (-0.03, 0.01)] and treatment [β_{other complications} (95%CI)=-0.09 (-0.11, -0.06)] were related factors for the decline of health utility value (all P values <0.05). Conclusions: More than half of the patients with HZ had moderate to severe pain in the past 24 hours, which had a serious negative impact on the physical and mental health of the patients. Elderly patients, acute patients and patients with complications had lower health utility values and worse health status. We suggest that eligible people be vaccinated with HZ vaccine as soon as possible.

[Associations between internet addiction, screen time and depressive symptoms]

Objective: To understand the associations between internet addiction, screen time (computer/mobile devices use and television watching time) and depressive symptoms in adults. Methods: A total of 6 932 adults aged <60 years from the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Sgstemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIH) Cohort of 2013-2019 were surveyed. The information about their computer/mobile devices use and television watching time were collected by using a self-reported questionnaire. The depressive symptoms were assessed using the self-rating depression scale (SDS). The adults surveyed were divided into two groups: non-depressive symptom group (SDS score <45) and depressive symptom group (SDS score ≥45). The associations between internet addiction, screen time and depressive symptoms were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models, with adjusting for multiple confounders. Results: After adjusting for confounding factors, the hazard ratios (HRs) of depressive symptom in the adults who had internet addiction before, had light internet addiction and had moderate or severe internet addiction were 0.83 (95%CI: 0.56-1.23) , 1.20 (95%CI: 1.03-1.41) for light and 1.48 (95%CI: 1.16-1.89), respectively, compared with those without internet addiction. The linear trend test results of the association between internet addiction and depressive symptoms was significant (trend P<0.001). Compared with the adults who used computer/mobile devices for <1 hour/day, the HRs of depressive symptoms in those who used computer/mobile devices for >1 hour, >3 hours, >5 hours and >10 hours were 0.59 (95%CI: 0.40-0.88), 0.58 (95%CI: 0.40-0.85), 0.52 (95%CI: 0.36-0.76) and 0.69 (95%CI: 0.45-1.05) respectively, a U-shaped association was found between computer/mobile devices use time and depressive symptoms (trend P<0.001). Compared with the adults who never watch TV, the HR of depressive symptoms was 1.36 (95%CI:1.09-1.69) for those watching TV for ≥3 hours/day in crude model and 1.34 (95%CI: 1.07-1.68) for those watching TV for ≥3 hours/day in adjusted model (trend P<0.001). Conclusion: Our findings suggested that internet addiction and television watching time were associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms, while computer/mobile device use time was associated with a reduced risk of depressive symptoms.

The efficacy and safety of pirfenidone in the treatment of HPS-related pulmonary fibrosis and Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

The incidence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is increasing year by year in the world, which has a greater impact on the quality of life of patients. In the past, symptomatic treatment was used in clinical practice, but the overall effect is still not good. Multiple clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of pirfenidone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; however, adverse reactions have been reported. We, therefore, systematically evaluated the effectiveness and safety of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Relevant studies were retrieved from the Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biomedical Literature (CBM), Wanfang and Weipu databases between January 1999 and May 2020, including the keywords "pirfenidone" and "idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis", were included in our systematic review. Review Manager 5.4 software was used for data synthesis, and analyses of publication bias and sensitivity.

RESULTS

Our systematic review included 13 studies involving a total of 13247 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pirfenidone was associated with reduced declines in vital capacity (VC) and forced vital capacity (FVC) from baseline in patients with hermansky-pudlak syndrome (HPS)-related pulmonary fibrosis and to moderate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Pirfenidone treatment was associated with lower reductions in FVC, lower reductions in 6-minute walking test distance, lower decreases in minimum oxygen saturation during the 6-minute walking test, lower all-cause death, lower relative risk of IPF-related death and increased progression-free survival compared to placebo. Progression-free survival was significantly longer in the pirfenidone group. The incidence of gastrointestinal, skin, nervous system, and liver function-related adverse events was significantly higher in the pirfenidone group compared to the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Pirfenidone has efficacy in delaying the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pirfenidone is well-tolerated by the majority of patients; however, mild adverse reactions related to the gastrointestinal tract, skin, nervous system, and liver function are common. Overall, Pirfenidone may be an effective and well-tolerated treatment option for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

[The association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with new-onset hypertension in different age groups]

Objective: To investigate the association between high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level and new-onset hypertension in different age groups. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study involving non-hypertensive population in Kailuan Group community who participated in health examination between 2006 and 2007.Follow-up was conducted every 2 years, and the time of new onset of hypertension was used as the endpoint of follow-up. The endtime of follow-up for patients without hypertension was the time of death or the last follow-up (December 31, 2017).According to the baseline hsCRP level, the participants were divided into low-risk group (hsCRP<1.0 mg/L), medium-risk group (hsCRP ≥1.0 and ≤3.0 mg/L), and high-risk group (hsCRP>3.0 mg/L), and further stratified by age. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the cumulative incidence of hypertension in each group. Multivariate Cox regression model was used to analyze the association between hsCRP level and new-onset hypertension. Results: A total of 51 179 participants were included in this study, including 38 606 males (75.43%) with an average age of (48.1±12.2) years. The baseline hsCRP was 0.64 (0.25, 1.60) mg/L. The baseline hsCRP was 0.30 (0.16, 0.59), 1.57 (1.20, 2.10), 5.17 (3.80, 7.10) mg/L respectively in low-, medium- and high-risk groups. During the follow-up of (8.1±2.2) years, a total of 9 523 (18.60%) patients developed hypertension, and the cumulative incidence rates of low-, medium- and high-risk groups were 17.41%, 20.48% and 20.73%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of hypertension in low-, medium- and high-risk groups of<45, 45-54, 55-64, ≥65 years old were 13.53%, 15.82%, 16.76%; 19.27%, 22.84%, 21.62%; 21.55%, 24.19%, 24.88%;20.20%, 22.35%, 19.11%, respectively. Except for people aged ≥65 years, there were significant differences in the cumulative incidence of hypertension in low-, medium- and high-risk groups (all P<0.05).Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the risk of new-onset hypertension in the high risk group was 1.11 times higher than that in the low risk group (HR=1.11, 95%CI 1.05-1.18). The risk of new-onset hypertension in the high-risk group was 1.22 times (HR=1.22, 95%CI 1.08-1.38), 1.14 times (HR=1.14, 95%CI 1.04-1.26), 1.16 times (HR=1.16, 95%CI 1.04-1.30), and 1.02 times (HR=1.02, 95%CI 0.86-1.20) of the low-risk group, in the<45, 45-54, 55-64, and ≥65 years old groups, respectively. Conclusion: Higher hsCRP level is a risk factor for new-onset hypertension, and the risk of developing hypertension caused by elevated hsCRP is age-dependent.

[Prevalence and risk factors for pterygium in six rural regions of Yunnan Province]

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of pterygium in the rural population aged 40 years and above of 12 ethnic groups in 6 regions of Yunnan Province. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. According to the method of multistage stratified sampling, samples of the rural population aged 40 years and above were collected from 12 ethnic groups (Han, Yi, Tibetan, Lisu, Bai, Naxi, Zhuang, Miao, Dai, Jingpo, Hani, and Lahu) in six areas (Diqing, Lijiang, Wenshan, Dehong, and Pu'er) of Yunnan Province from March 2019 to November 2019. Anterior segment examination was carried out in the target population with a hand-held slit-lamp, according to which pterygium was diagnosed, while the posterior segment of the eye was assessed by direct ophthalmoscopy. A field questionnaire survey was also conducted. A two-level model was used to study the effects of the location, nationality, sex, age, occupation, outdoor activities, smoking, and alcohol consumption on the prevalence of pterygium, with the ethnic group as the high level and the individual as the low level. Results: Among 9 617 subjects, the total prevalence rate of pterygium was 22.6%, which was adjusted to 19.6% according to the age and gender data of the Statistics Bureau of Yunnan Province. There was significant difference in prevalence of pterygium among six regions after adjusting for age and sex (χ²=146.50, P<0.001). The prevalence of pterygium was the highest in Wenshan (29.4%), followed by Chuxiong (24.4%), Diqing (17.5%), Pu'er (17.5%), Dehong (15.8%), and Lijiang (15.7%) (χ²=146.50, P<0.001). The results of the single factor analysis showed that there was statistically significant difference among different groups of age, gender, nationality, location, history of smoking, drinking, eating habits, sleeping time, continuous use of eye drops, temperature, humidity, altitude, longitude, latitude, and ultraviolet ray (P<0.05). However, the results of the multivariate analysis showed that the main risk factors of pterygium were female(OR=1.357,95%CI:1.173~1.568), advanced age(OR=1.540,95%CI:1.301~1.823), location(OR=1.713,95%CI:1.000~2.667), continuous use of eye drops(OR=1.177,95%CI:1.034~1.340), and more than 40 years of alcohol drinking(OR=1.525, 95%CI: 1.108~2.099), and the protective factor was more than 40 years of smoking(OR=0.723,95%CI:0.544~0.960). Conclusions: The prevalence of pterygium varies greatly among different regions in Yunnan Province. The main factors affecting the prevalence are sex, age, region, smoking history, and drinking history.

Lower risk of gout in sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors in type-2 diabetes patients: a propensity score-matched study

Background

The effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2I) versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4I) on the risk of new gout diagnosis have not been explored. This study aims to compare the effects of SGLT2I against DPP4I on gout risks in a Chinese population.

Methods

This was a retrospective population-based cohort study of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus treated with SGLT2I or DPP4I between January 1st, 2015 and December 31st, 2020 in Hong Kong. The study outcomes are new-onset gout and all-cause mortality. Propensity score matching (1:1 ratio) between SGLT2I and DPP4I was performed. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analysis models were conducted. Competing risks models and multiple approaches based on the propensity score were applied.

Patients

This study included 60996 patients (median age: 62.3 years old, 54.96% males; SGLTI group: n=21690; DPP4I group: n=39306).

Results

In the matched cohort, 1096 developed gout (IR: 2.52%) and 2195 died (IR: 5.05%). Univariable Cox regression showed that SGLT2I use was associated with lower risks of new diagnosis of gout (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30–0.39; P-value&lt;0.0001) and all-cause mortality (HR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.32–0.39; P-value&lt;0.0001) compared to DPP4I. The associated remained for both new diagnosis of gout (HR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.37–0.57; P-value&lt;0.0001) and all-cause mortality (HR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.33–0.44; P-value&lt;0.0001) after adjusting for significant demographics, past comorbidities, and non-SGLT2I/DPP4I medications. The risks of gout were lowered in each types of SGLT2I. The results were consistent on competing risk and other propensity score approaches analyses.

Conclusions

SGLT2I use was associated with lower risks of new gout diagnosis compared to DPP4I use.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Predictive value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for atrial fibrillation and stroke in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population-based cohort study

Introduction

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a routinely available biomarker that reflects systemic inflammation. The study evaluated the predictive value of NLR for ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

This was a population-based cohort study of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and complete blood count tests at baseline between January 1st, 2009 to December 31st, 2009 at government-funded hospitals/clinics in Hong Kong. Follow-up was until December 31st, 2019 or death.

Results

A total of 85351 patients (age=67.6±13.2 years old, male=48.8%, follow-up=3101±1441 days) were included. Univariable Cox regression found that increased NLR at quartiles 2, 3 and 4 was significantly associated with higher risks of new onset ischemic stroke (HR: 1.28 [1.20–1.37], P&lt;0.001, HR: 1.41 [1.32–1.51], P&lt;0.001 and HR: 1.38 [1.29–1.47], P&lt;0.001) and AF (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.09 [1.02–1.17], P&lt;0.015; HR: 1.28 [1.20–1.37], P&lt;0.001; HR: 1.39 [1.31–1.49], P&lt;0.001) compared to quartile 1. On multivariable analysis, NLR remained a significant predictor of ischemic stroke risk for quartiles 2 and 3 (quartile 2: HR: 1.14 [1.05, 1.22], p=0.001; quartile 3: HR: 1.14 [1.06, 1.23], p&lt;0.001) but not quartile 4 (HR: 1.08 [0.994, 1.17], p=0.070). By contrast, NLR was not predictive of AF after adjusting for confounders (quartile 2: HR: 0.966 [0.874, 1.07], p=0.499; quartile 3: HR: 0.978 [0.884, 1.08], p=0.661; quartile 4: HR: 1.05 [0.935, 1.16], p=0.462).

Conclusion

NLR is a significant predictor of new onset ischaemic stroke but not AF after adjusting for significant confounders.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Potential role of circulating exosome miRNAs in left ventricular remodeling of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Background

Left ventricular remodeling (LVR) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) may lead to poor prognosis in which circulating exosome miRNAs play a critical role. The aim of the present study is to identify specific exosome miRNAs for LVR in patients with STEMI.

Method

Plasma exosome miRNAs were assessed in 20 patients (90% male, mean age of 66.95±1.65 years) 3–6 months after STEMI and 24 healthy individuals (83% male, mean age of 33.2±0.93 years) by using qPCR. Of the 20 patients, 8 had post-STEMI LVR according to echocardiographic evaluation, and the others did not. Clinical biochemical data including total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, LDH and NT-pro-BNP were collected from the patients with STEMI at same time as exosome miRNAs assessment. Specific exosome miRNAs for LVR were identified by using qPCR. Correlations between the dysregulated exosome miRNAs and the clinical biochemical parameters in patients with STEMI were analyzed using spearman correlation test.

Results

Five exosome miRNAs including hsa-miR-181a-3p (p&lt;0.05, fold change = 0.59), let-7d-3p (p=0.01, fold change = 0.51), hsa-miR-224-5p (p&lt;0.01, fold change = 0.11), hsa-miR-23a-3p (p&lt;0.01, fold change = 1.42) and miR-874-3p (p&lt;0.01, fold change = 0.48) were dysregulated in the post-STEMI patients comparing with the healthy individuals. Among them, the exosome miR-181a-3p (p=0.01, fold change = 0.09) and let-7d-3p (p=0.01, fold change = 0.16) were significantly lower expressed in patients with LVR compared to those without (Figure 1). There was no significant difference in expression of the other three miRNAs between patients with and without LVR. Exosome hsa-miR-874-3p positively associated with LDH (p&lt;0.01, r=0.50) in all the patients with STEMI. In vitro cell culture confirmed that the miR-874-3p mimics upregulated expression of apoptosis related gene BMF (p&lt;0.05, fold change = 1.7) in cardiomyocyte. Exosome hsa-miR-23a-3p and hsa-miR-224-5p positively correlated with both HDL-C (p&lt;0.01, r=0.61; p=0.02, r=0.50) and LDL-C (p=0.02, r=0.50; p&lt;0.05, r=0.52) in all patients with STEMI. No correlation between the dysregulated exosome miRNAs and cholesterol or NT-ProBNP was observed (Figure 2).

Conclusions

Circulating exosome miR-181a-3p and let-7d-3p might play a potential role in LVR in patients 3–6 months after STEMI. Exosome hsa-miR-874-3p might be associated with cardiomyocyte injury. Hsa-miR-23a-3p and hsa-miR-224-5p demonstrated an activity in regulation of lipid metabolism and biosynthesis in patients with STEMI.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): This work was supported by grants from the 3×3 Clinical Scientist Fund of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital

Impact of sleep status on lung adenocarcinoma risk: a prospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

The association between sleep status and lung adenocarcinoma risk was analyzed using long-term follow-up data from 60,443 patients over the period 2016-2022 to provide a reference for exploring the association between sleep status and lung adenocarcinoma development.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Based on long-term follow-up data, a total of 60,443 people were included. Sleep data collected for the study included insomnia symptoms, lunch break habits, and sleep duration. A sleep score (0-3) was constructed based on difficulty falling asleep, premature awakening and sleep duration. Proportional risk regression models were used to analyze the association between each sleep factor, sleep score and lung cancer risk.

RESULTS

The study population was followed up for 9.9 ± 4.8 years and a total of 307 cases of lung adenocarcinoma were first recorded during the follow-up period. After controlling for potential confounders, the risk ratios (HR) for lung adenocarcinoma in those with difficulties going asleep or waking up too early were 1.12 (95% CI: 1.02-1.14) and 1.07 (95% CI: 1.01-1.11), respectively, compared to those without symptoms of insomnia. The HR for lung adenocarcinoma in those with less than 7 h of sleep [HR = 1.17 (95% CI: 1.05-1.21)] was compared to those with ≥ 7 h of sleep per day. Compared to those with a sleep score of 3 (highest quality sleep), those with a sleep score of 2, 1 and 0 corresponded to HR of 1.06 (95% CI: 1.01-1.12), 1.11 (95% CI: 1.09-1.18) and 1.15 (95% CI: 1.01-1.32) respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who suffer from insomnia or have a short sleep schedule are at increased risk of developing lung cell cancer. Sleep has an important impact on health and improving sleep conditions can reduce the incidence of lung cancer.

Lung cancer screening study from a smoking population in Kunming

OBJECTIVE

Yunnan, China, is a central tobacco-producing region with a large smoking population and an increasing incidence of lung cancer in recent years. This study aimed to understand the incidence of lung cancer and the characteristics of lung nodules on low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) scans of the chest in a long-term smoking population in Kunming.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Long-term smokers in Kunming who were not at risk of evident lung disease symptoms were recruited through recommendation and publicity by the Kunming University of Science and Technology.

RESULTS

Among 375 cases eligible for inclusion,14 cases of lung cancer were detected with a detection rate of 3.73% (95% CI: 2.55%-4.27%), including one case of squamous carcinoma, one case of small cell lung cancer, seven cases of adenocarcinoma of the lung and five cases of early-stage lung cancer (35.71%). In the group of < 6 mm solid nodules and < 5 mm non-solid nodules, no lung cancer was detected in 201 cases; lung cancer was detected in 14 cases in 61 cases, and there was a statistical difference between the two groups (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The lung cancer detection rate in long-term smokers was high, with the type predominantly adenocarcinoma and a high incidence of lung nodules, and increased when solid nodules≥6 mm or non-solid nodules ≥ 5 mm were present. It is recommended that screening for lung cancer by LDCT of the chest be introduced in the male smoking population who meet the risk factors and that screening for lung cancer in women should be redefined as a high-risk factor.

[Analysis of clinical features and the outcome of in-hospital mortality of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries]

Objective: To compare the clinical features and the outcome of in-hospital mortality between patients with myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries(MINOCA)and myocardial infarction with obstructive coronary artery disease (MI-CAD). Methods: This is a retrospective study. The clinical data of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients admitted to Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from January 2017 to May 2021, who underwent coronary angiography, were collected. Patients were divided into MINOCA group and MI-CAD group according to the degree of coronary stenosis (<50% or ≥50%). Baseline clinical characteristics, electrocardiograph during hospitalization, myocardial bridge, length of stay in hospital, discharge medication and the outcome of in-hospital mortality were collected and compared between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to screen the related factors of MINOCA and the factors predicting the nosocomial death outcome of patients with AMI. Results: A total of 3 048 AMI patients were enrolled, age was 62 (54, 69) years, 741 (24.3%) patients were women including 165 patients (5.4%) in the MINOCA group and 2 883 patients (94.6%) in the MI-CAD group. Compared with MI-CAD patients, MINOCA patients were younger, had a higher proportion of females and a higher incidence of NSTEMI, and had a lower history of smoking, diabetes, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. Baseline inflammatory markers such as neutrophil count, monocyte count, neutrophil count/lymphocyte count (NLR), and monocyte count/high-density lipoprotein count (MHR) were lower, creatinine, N-terminal pro-brain B-type Natriuretic peptides (NT-proBNP), creatine kinase-MB, hypersensitive troponin I, fibrinogen, baseline blood glucose levels were lower, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher, and the incidence of myocardial bridge, arrhythmia, tachycardia and atrial fibrillation was higher (P<0.05). The application rates of calcium antagonists and non-vitamin K antagonists oral anticoagulants were higher in MINOCA group (P<0.05), and there was no statistical difference in hospitalization days and in-hospital death between the two groups (P>0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that young age, female, non-smoker, no history of coronary heart disease and low MHR were risk factors of MINOCA (P<0.05). MINCOA was not associated with higher in-hospital death (P>0.05). Patients with AMI and a history of coronary heart disease, chronic renal failure, higher baseline blood glucose, higher NLR, and higher D-dimer were risk factors of in-hospital death (P<0.05). Conclusions: Compared with MI-CAD patients, MINOCA patients are younger, more likely to be female and non-smokers and on history of coronary heart disease, and have lower baseline MHR. MINOCA is often associated with myocardial bridge and atrial fibrillation. The incidence of in-hospital death in MINCOA patients is similar as in MI-CAD patients.

[Occupational stress of air traffic controllers and its influencing factors]

Objective: To investigate the occupational stress status of air traffic controllers (ATC) and analyze its influencing factors. Methods: By using cluster sampling method, 457 ATCs in an air traffic management bureau were selected as the investigation objects. The job content questionnaire (JCQ) and the effort reward imbalance questionnaire (ERI) were used to measure work requirements independent imbalance type and ERI type occupational stress separately and analyze the influencing factors. Results: Of the 457 ATCs, 81.84% (374/457) ATGs had work requirements independent imbalance type of occupational stress and 84.46% (386/457) ATGs had ERI type occupational stress. Univariate analysis showed that the factors of marital status, degree of education, age, length of service, title, job post, family monthly income, views on regular training, occurrence of emergency or unsafe events in last month and monthly night shift frequency had various degrees of influence on the different factor scores of JCQ and ERI (P<0.01) . Logistic regression analysis showed that the level of JCQ type occupational stress of ATCs with junior titles and probationers was higher than those of intermediate/senior titles (P=0.000, 0.000) ; The ERI type occupational stress of probationers and junior titles ATCs was lower than those with intermediate/senior titles (P=0.000) . The ERI and JCQ type occupational stress level of tower post ATCs was higher than that of other two job post ATCs (P=0.001, 0.000, 0.000, 0.000) . The ATCs considering regular training had more disadvantages than advantages showed lower ERI type occupational stress level than those considering more advantages than disadvantages (P=0.000) . The ERI type occupational stress level of ATCs who experienced emergency or unsafe events in last month was higher than those who didn't (P=0.007) . Conclusion: A large proportion of ATCs had occupational stress. Management should adjust its policies and pay were attention to occupational stress of ATLs.

AGODB: a comprehensive domain annotation database of argonaute proteins

Argonaute (Ago) proteins are widely expressed in almost all organisms. Eukaryotic Ago (eAgo) proteins bind small RNA guides forming RNA-induced silencing complex that silence gene expression, and prokaryotic Ago (pAgo) proteins defend against invading nucleic acids via binding small RNAs or DNAs. pAgo proteins have shown great potential as a candidate ‘scissors’ for gene editing. Protein domains are fundamental units of protein structure, function and evolution; however, the domains of Ago proteins are not well annotated/curated currently. Therefore, full functional domain annotation of Ago proteins is urgently needed for researchers to understand the function and mechanism of Ago proteins. Herein, we constructed the first comprehensive domain annotation database of Ago proteins (AGODB). The database curates detailed information of 1902 Ago proteins, including 1095 eAgos and 807 pAgos. Especially for long pAgo proteins, all six domains are annotated and curated. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that Ago genes in different species were enriched in the following GO terms: biological processes (BPs), molecular function and cellular compartment. GO enrichment analysis results were integrated into AGODB, which provided insights into the BP that Ago genes may participate in. AGODB also allows users to search the database with a variety of options and download the search results. We believe that the AGODB will be a useful resource for understanding the function and domain components of Ago proteins. This database is expected to cater to the needs of scientific community dedicated to the research of Ago proteins.

[Overweight and obesity status and its associated factors among primary and secondary school students in China rural middle and western regions]

Objective: To analyze the overweight and obesity status of students in the national pilot counties of the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students in 2019 and its associated factors. Methods: In 2019, a multi-stage cluster random sampling method was used to select about 40 students from each grade in primary and secondary schools in China's central and western regions where the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students was implemented. The height and weight of the children were measured using height or weight scales. The school questionnaire and county questionnaire were used to investigate the associated factors. A Chi-square test was used for comparison between groups. The logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the associated factors. Results: In 2019, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among rural primary and secondary school students aged 6-15 years in central and western China 2019 was 11.5%. It was higher for boys (13.1%) than that for girls (9.8%), higher in central (14.3%) than that in the west (9.9%) and higher for elementary school students (12.4%) than that for secondary school students (9.5%, all P<0.001). The logistic regression showed that boys (OR=1.388), primary school students (OR=1.271), students without other dietary subsidies(OR=1.037), schools in rural areas (OR=1.133), schools with enterprise-based feeding mode (OR=1.043), schools without the provision of lunch (OR=1.143), schools without the provision of dinner (OR=1.122), and schools without providing drinking water (OR=1.015) were positively associated with overweight and obesity among students (P<0.05). Schools with snack shops (OR=0.952) were negatively associated with overweight and obesity among students (P<0.001). Conclusion: A certain proportion of primary and secondary school students in rural areas of central and western China are overweight and obese. The prevalence is not only related to children's gender, school section and county area but also related to school meals, whether schools provide drinking water and other factors.

Final results of the global and Asia cohorts of KAMILLA, a phase IIIB safety trial of trastuzumab emtansine in patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer

Background

KAMILLA is a single-arm safety study of trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive advanced breast cancer (BC; NCT01702571). We report the final analysis of cohort 2 (Asia) within the context of published cohort 1 (Global) findings.

Methods

Patients had HER2-positive, locally advanced, or metastatic BC progressing after chemotherapy and anti-HER2 therapy or ≤6 months after adjuvant therapy. The primary objective was to further evaluate T-DM1 (3.6 mg/kg, administered intravenously every 3 weeks) safety/tolerability, including the following adverse events of primary interest (AEPIs): grade ≥3 AEPIs (hepatic events, allergic reactions, thrombocytopenia, hemorrhage events), all grade ≥3 treatment-related AEs, and all-grade pneumonitis.

Results

KAMILLA enrolled 2185 patients (cohort 1, n = 2003; cohort 2, n = 182) as of 31 July 2019. Of these, 2002 and 181 per cohort were treated and included in the safety population. Approximately 70% of patients had two or more previous treatment lines in the metastatic setting. Median T-DM1 exposure was 5.6 and 5.0 months per cohort; median follow-up was 20.6 and 15.1 months. The overall AEPI rate was higher in cohort 2 (93/181; 51.4%) versus cohort 1 (462/2002; 23.1%), mostly driven by a higher grade ≥3 thrombocytopenia rate in cohort 2. In cohort 2, grade ≥3 thrombocytopenia was not associated with grade ≥3 hemorrhagic events and most (128/138) fully resolved. Grade ≥3 treatment-related AEPI rates were 18.4% (cohort 1) and 48.6% (cohort 2), the latter mainly due to thrombocytopenia. Any-grade pneumonitis rates were 1.0% and 2.2%. No new safety signals were identified. Median (95% confidence interval) progression-free survival was 6.8 months (5.8-7.6 months) and 5.7 months (5.5-7.0 months) in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively; median overall survival was 27.2 months (25.5-28.7 months) and 29.5 months (21.1 months to non-estimable). In both cohorts, median progression-free survival and overall survival decreased with increasing prior therapy lines.

Conclusions

Cohort 2 results aligned with previous findings in Asian patients, supporting the manageable safety profile and use of T-DM1 in advanced BC.

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KAMILLA safety results for cohorts 1 (global; n = 2002) and 2 (Asia; n = 181) aligned with results from prior T-DM1 mBC trials.

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The overall rate of adverse events of primary interest (AEPIs) was higher in cohort 2 (51.4%) versus cohort 1 (23.1%).

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The higher AEPI rate was mostly due to a higher grade ≥3 thrombocytopenia event rate in cohort 2, most of which resolved.

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Median PFS and OS were similar for both cohorts, and decreased with increasing prior therapy lines.

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The manageable safety profile and efficacy of T-DM1 further support its favorable benefit/risk balance.

Reducing temperature sensitivity of gas measurement using chirped-modulated photoacoustic spectroscopy

Resonance frequency drift caused by a change in temperature greatly limits the application of high-Q resonators with high temperature sensitivity in photoacoustic (PA) gas detection systems. In this work, a chirp-wavelength combined modulation method was designed by incorporating a real-time frequency scanning in wavelength-modulated PA spectroscopy to reduce the influence of temperature changes on measurement. Theoretical analysis shows that the chirp rate depends on the precision requirements and the cutoff frequency of the cascaded low-pass filter. Trace acetylene measurement experiment at varying temperature verified that the proposed method can significantly reduce the temperature sensitivity within a preset temperature range. Thus, this method can effectively reduce the temperature sensitivity of a high-Q resonator for improving the measurement accuracy and detection limit in trace gas detection.

Systematic evaluation of influencing factors for Chinese rural doctors' job satisfaction and turnover intention: based on the two-factor theory

OBJECTIVE

In China, rural doctors (RDs) perform crucial health care missions. However, they have received less attention than their colleagues in urban public hospitals. In this specific group, a severe challenge occurs in sync with a high turnover rate and deficient job satisfaction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study aims to systematically summarize and evaluate the influencing factors of job satisfaction and turnover intention among Chinese rural doctors. Seven databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), were systematically retrieved, and several experts were consulted to acquire holistic publications in this domain.

RESULTS

A total of 20 full-text papers and 22,721 samples were included. In addition, 53 influencing factors were evaluated, of which 38 factors may play a significant role. Based on Herzberg's two-factor theory, together with China's cultural tradition and national conditions, we classified these influencing factors into sociodemographic characteristic factors (n=13), incentive factors (n=18), and health care factors (n=22). Meanwhile, we discussed and analyzed the influencing factors of turnover intention and job satisfaction in detail and put forward corresponding measures and suggestions for the government.

CONCLUSIONS

We are confident that this research provides a holistic perspective to systematically evaluate the factors influencing the job satisfaction and intention to leave of Chinese rural doctors. Importantly, we hypothesize that the illumination of cases among Chinese rural physicians applies to other countries or regions, which has significant implications for the reformation of the medical system by governments or decision-makers worldwide.

TVnet: automated global analysis of tricuspid valve plane motion in CMR long-axis cines with residual neural networks for assessment of right ventricular function

Funding Acknowledgements

Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Clarendon Fund, John Fell Oxford University Press Research Fund, Oxford BHF Centre of Research Excellence (RE/18/3/34214), Alison Brading Memorial Graduate Scholarship in Medical Science, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, National Institutes of Health (R01HL144706).

Background

Right ventricular (RV) function evaluation is an integral part of comprehensive cardiac assessment, including for pulmonary hypertension, congenital heart disease and arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy (ARVC) [1]. It is commonly assessed by measuring tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and peak systolic velocity (RV s’) on echocardiography [2]. However, it is highly sensitive to imaging window and small changes in the beam angle, limiting reliability [3]. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is the imaging gold-standard for assessing RV structure and function, and is highly reproducible. CMR can assess tricuspid valve (TV) motion using four-chamber (4Ch) and RV two-chamber (2Ch) cines, with high diagnostic performance when compared against single-plane analysis [4]. However, manual placement of the TV insertion points is highly time-consuming for routine clinical workflows. TVnet, a deep-learning framework for automatically tracking the TV in 4Ch cines [5] has been recently validated, but without the orthogonal plane (RV 2Ch) which is helpful to more reliably characterise TV motion.

Purpose

We further extend TVnet to automatically track RV 2Ch cines and derive analysis of global TV motion parameters (global TAPSE and RV s’) on par with expert level performance.

Methods

74 patients undergoing CMR (1.5T Siemens MR scanner) with 4Ch and RV 2Ch views were retrospectively included in this ethically-approved study. The patients had the following cardiovascular conditions: myocardial infarction (n=43), ARVC (n=28) and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (n=3). The dual-stage deep-learning pipeline with a residual neural network backbone [5, 6] (Figure 1A) was trained using 69 patient datasets and 15 patients were randomly chosen for testing. The TVnet trained on 4Ch cines [5] was used to automatically annotate the 4Ch cines of the testing set for global analysis comparison. For manual reference, the software Segment [7] was used to manually annotate the TV insertion points in all imaging data (1,865 RV 2Ch images, 375 4Ch images). The global TAPSE and RV s’ were derived as the mean perpendicular motion from the end-diastolic plane from both chamber views (Figure 1B).

Results

TVnet achieved a fast processing accuracy (&lt;1 second per cine) and successfully tracked the TV insertion points from the RV 2Ch cine with a plane tracking error of 0.08±0.83 mm. The integrated pipeline yielded an excellent clinical-metric agreement with the manual reference (Figure 2) for both global TAPSE (error=0.42±0.68 mm, ICC=0.95) and RV s’ (error=-0.10±0.71 cm/s, ICC=0.85).

Conclusion

TVnet demonstrated excellent performance in both tracking the TV insertion points in RV 2Ch cines and deriving global TAPSE and RV s’ compared to manual reference. TVnet can eventually provide a complete automatic inline analysis of TV plane motion for a fast, reliable and reproducible assessment of RV function in routine clinical workflows. (A) TVnet pipeline (B) Metric derivationCorrelation and Bland-Altman plots

[Analysis on the rationality of input and output of occupational health funds in an iron and steel enterprise]

Objective: To analyzes the various occupational health investment and occupational health output of a steel enterprise, and propose a reasonable occupational health investment plan for this enterprise. Methods: In march 2016, various occupational health input and output data of various branches of an iron and steel company in 2015 were collected, and the efficiency of occupational health inputs and outputs of each branch was evaluated using data envelopment analysis (DEA) , and the branches with non-optimal efficiency were adjusted to propose a reasonable occupational health investment plan. Results: Among the branch plants investigated by this steel company, the occupational health input-output efficiency values of ironmaking north plant, power plant, hot rolling plant and stainless steel plant were 1, while the occupational health input-output efficiency of gas making plant, cold rolling plant, metallurgical furnace charge plant, coking plant, ironmaking south plant and long product plant were not the best, and the cold rolling plant has the lowest efficiency value of 0.759. For the cold rolling plant, only the parameters of acid rolling plant satisfy α=1 and s(-)=0, s(+)=0, while the remaining four workshops do not meet. After adjusting the inputs of each part according to the parameters, the occupational health output of the remaining four workshops can reach 1.7044, 2.0238, 1.3152 and 1.2136 times of the current workshop, respectively. Adjustment plans for other branch factories with unreasonable investment structures are also presented in the corresponding tables. Conclusion: The occupational health investment structure of the ironmaking south plant and other branches in this steel enterprise is unreasonable, and the adjustment using data envelopment analysis can maximize the benefits of its occupational health output.

[Prevalence and risk factors of silicosis complicated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]

Objective: To explore the prevalence, clinical characteristics and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in silicosis patients. Methods: In May 2021, a cross-sectional study was used to retrospectively include 329 silicosis patients first diagnosed in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2020. The demographic data, occupational history, chest imaging, pulmonary function and blood routine indicators of silicosis patients with COPD were analyzed, and the risk factors of silicosis with COPD were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Results: There were 128 patients with silicosis complicated with COPD, and the overall prevalence rate was 38.9% (128/329) . Among them, 73.4% (94/128) were male and 33.6% (43/128) were heavy smokers; 33.6% (43/128) of patients were classified as gold 1, 37.5% (48/128) as gold 2, 25.0% (32/128) as gold 3, and 3.9% (5/128) as gold 4. Diagnostic age (OR=1.04, 95%CI=1.02~1.06, P<0.001) , cumulative smoking (OR=1.03, 95%CI=1.01~1.05, P=0.008) and silicosis stage III (OR=7.06, 95% CI=4.00-12.46, P<0.001) were risk factors for silicosis complicated with COPD. Conclusion: Diagnostic age, cumulative smoking volume and third stage of silicosis are the risk factors of silicosis patients with different degrees of COPD, which should be paid attention to in clinical treatment.

Identifying gene variants underlying the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy based on integrated genomic and transcriptomic analysis of clinical extreme phenotypes

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication and the leading cause of blindness in patients with type 2 diabetes. DR has been shown to be closely correlated with blood glucose levels and the duration of diabetes. However, the onset and progression of DR also display clinical heterogeneity. We applied whole-exome sequencing and RNA-seq approaches to study the gene mutation and transcription profiles in three groups of diabetic patients with extreme clinical phenotypes in DR onset, timing, and disease progression, aiming to identify genetic variants that may play roles in the pathogenesis of DR. We identified 23 putatively pathogenic genes, and ingenuity pathway analysis of these mutated genes reveals their functional association with glucose metabolism, diabetic complications, neural system activity, and dysregulated immune responses. In addition, ten potentially protective genes were also proposed. These findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of DR and may provide potential targets for developing new strategies to combat DR.

The effect of driving pressure-guided ventilation strategy on the patients with mechanical ventilation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of driving pressure (DP) guided ventilation strategy on the patients with mechanical ventilation in the hospital.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The articles published in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, the China National Knowledge Information (CNKI), Wei Pu, Wan Fang database and Web of Science from inception to September 2021 were retrieved. The Q test and the I² statistic were used to assess statistical heterogeneity. Risks ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for mortality.

RESULTS

Seven studies (n=1,405 patients) were included. Five studies reported an adjusted Risk Ratio (RR) of mortality. Compared with the control group, the DP guided ventilation group was associated with a decreased mortality (RR 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.79; p=0.001; I2 = 23%) using a fixed-effects model without significant heterogeneity. The control group had significantly higher driving pressure level than DP guided group (MD -3.03, 95%CI, -5.72 - -0.34, I2=100%, p=0.03); PaO2/FiO2 was significantly higher in DP guided group than in control group (MD 43.37; 95%CI, 12.58-74.15; I2=97%, p=0.006). There was no statistically significant difference in respiratory compliance, complications, platform pressure, duration of mechanical ventilation and the length of hospital stay between the DP guided group and the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggested that the driving pressure guided ventilation strategy could decrease the mortality and increase oxygenation index (OI). However, further high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to verify the impact of driving pressure on mechanically ventilated patients.

Deciphering radiological stable disease to immune checkpoint inhibitors

BACKGROUND

'Stable disease (SD)' as per RECIST is a common but ambiguous outcome in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This study aimed to characterize SD and identify the subset of patients with SD who are benefiting from treatment. Understanding SD would facilitate drug development and improve precision in correlative research.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A systematic review was carried out to characterize SD in ICI trials. SD and objective response were compared to proliferation index using The Cancer Genome Atlas gene expression data. To identify a subgroup of SD with outcomes mirroring responders, we examined a discovery cohort of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Serial cutpoints of two variables, % best overall response and progression-free survival (PFS), were tested to define a subgroup of patients with SD with similar survival as responders. Results were then tested in external validation cohorts.

RESULTS

Among trials of ICIs (59 studies, 14 280 patients), SD ranged from 16% to 42% in different tumor types and was associated with disease-specific proliferation index (ρ = -0.75, P = 0.03), a proxy of tumor kinetics, rather than relative response to ICIs. In a discovery cohort of NSCLC [1220 patients, 313 (26%) with SD to ICIs], PFS ranged widely in SD (0.2-49 months, median 4.9 months). The subset with PFS >6 months and no tumor growth mirrored partial response (PR) minor (overall survival hazard ratio 1.0) and was proposed as the definition of SD responder. This definition was confirmed in two validation cohorts from trials of NSCLC treated with durvalumab and found to apply in tumor types treated with immunotherapy in which depth and duration of benefit were correlated.

CONCLUSIONS

RECIST-defined SD to immunotherapy is common, heterogeneous, and may largely reflect tumor growth rate rather than ICI response. In patients with NSCLC and SD to ICIs, PFS >6 months and no tumor growth may be considered 'SD responders'. This definition may improve the efficiency of and insight derivable from clinical and translational research.

Prediction of acute toxicity to Daphnia magna and interspecific correlation: a global QSAR model and a Daphnia-minnow QTTR model

Acute toxicity is an important basis for the assessment of hazardous chemicals, but currently there is a huge data gap in chemical toxicity information. The in silico Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) models can use the existing experimental data information to predict the missing chemical toxicity information data and thus reduce animal testing. In the present study, a global QSAR model for the prediction of acute Daphnia magna toxicity has been developed based on the five principles proposed by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Moreover, a Daphnia-minnow (referring specifically to the fathead minnow) Quantitative Toxicity-Toxicity Relationship (QTTR) prediction model has been developed based on the present study and our previous work on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Both the QSAR and QTTR prediction models have good goodness-of-fit, robustness, and predictive ability. Finally, the acute toxicity mode of action (MOA) for fathead minnow and Daphnia magna was compared by toxicity ratio based on interspecies toxicity data. By comparison, Daphnia magna was found more sensitive to anilines and phosphorothioates than fathead minnow. The present models can fill the acute toxicity data gap and contribute to the chemicals risk assessment and priority setting.

The Culture Dish Surface Influences the Phenotype and Dissociation Strategy in Distinct Mouse Macrophage Populations

The nature of the culture dish surface and the technique used to detach adherent cells could very likely influence the cell viability and cell membrane protein integrity of harvested macrophages. Several previous studies assessed the detachment efficacies of enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods for harvesting the single cell suspensions of macrophages, but a comprehensive study assessing different dissociation methods and culture conditions for detaching functionally different macrophage populations has not yet been reported. In this study, via the well-established GM-CSF and M-CSF differentiated bone marrow derived macrophage models (GM-BMDMs and M-BMDMs), we compared four commonly used enzymatic (trypsin and accutase) and non-enzymatic (PBS and EDTA) dissociation methods along with necessary mechanical detaching steps (scraping and pipetting) to evaluate the viable cell recovery and cell surface marker integrality of GM-BMDMs and M-BMDMs cultured on standard cell culture dish (TC dish), or on culture dish (noTC dish) that was not conditioned to enhance adherence. The data showed that accutase yielded a better recovery of viable cells comparing with PBS and EDTA, especially for tightly adherent GM-BMDMs on TC dishes, with a relatively higher level of detected cell membrane marker F4/80 than trypsin. An additional gradient centrifugation-based dead cell removal approach could increase the proportion of viable cells for TC cultured GM-BMDMs after accutase dissociation. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis was performed to evaluate the putative influence of culture dishes. At steady state, BMDMs cultured on noTC dishes exhibited more proinflammatory gene expression signatures (e.g. IL6, CXCL2 and ILlβ) and functions (e.g. TNF and IL17 signaling pathways). Similar inflammatory responses were observed upon LPS challenge regardless of culture conditions and differentiation factors. However, in LPS treated samples, the difference of gene expression patterns, signaling pathways and molecular functions between TC and noTC cultured BMDMs were largely dependent on the types of growth factors (M-CSF and GM-CSF). This observation might provide valuable information for in vitro macrophage studies.

[Two-dimensional equivalent mechanical modeling and finite element analysis of normal female pelvic floor system]

Objective: To construct the geometric model of the pelvic floor by a two-dimensional equivalent mechanics method, and to explore the effect of the shape and position of pelvic floor organs and tissues on the biomechanical properties of the pelvic floor under different abdominal pressure. Methods: A 28-year-old healthy and symmetrical married infertile female volunteer was included. The pelvic floor tissue was scanned in the supine position using a 3.0T magnetic resonance scanner (Philips Company, Holland). Based on the method of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) two-dimensional parameter measurement and computer aided design, the geometric model and finite element model of the female pelvic floor were established, and the biomechanical characteristics of the pelvic floor support system under different abdominal pressure were analyzed. Results: In this study, four different working conditions of the pelvic floor force were simulated under 60, 99, 168, and 208 cmH₂O (1 cmH₂O=0.098 kPa) abdominal pressure loads. The trend was as follows: under the abdominal pressure load, the retrograde flexion of the uterus occurred, the cervical, the middle and upper vaginal segment and the levator anus muscle had the characteristic change of mechanical axial direction pointing to the sacrum and coccyx, and the deformation of the levator anus muscle in the horizontal direction was greater than that in the vertical direction. With the increase of the abdominal pressure, the maximum stress values of the pelvic floor whole system of healthy subjects under four different working conditions were 0.194 3, 0.389 6, 0.557 1, and 0.627 5 MPa, respectively, and the maximum displacement values were 10, 14, 21 and 25 mm, respectively. The maximum stress values of the cervical and vaginal middle and upper segment were 0.111 7, 0.161 8, 0.250 6, and 0.304 1 MPa, respectively, and the maximum displacement values were 3, 6, 9, and 11 mm, respectively. The maximum stress of the perineal body was 0.063 4, 0.119 6, 0.235 2, and 0.288 0 MPa, and the maximum displacement was 1, 2, 4, and 5 mm. The maximum stress values of the levator anus muscle were 0.194 3, 0.389 6, 0.557 1, and 0.627 5 MPa, and the maximum displacement values were 2, 4, 7, and 8 mm, respectively. The maximum stress and maximum displacement of pelvic organs increased with the increase of the abdominal pressure under different working conditions. The stress axial relationship of normal female pelvic floor was that the middle and upper segment of uterus and vagina mainly acted on the sacrococcyx and the levator anus muscle, and the lower vaginal segment acts on the perineal body. Conclusions: The two-dimensional equivalent mechanical modeling and finite element analysis of the female pelvic floor system can accurately reflect the biomechanical characteristics of the female pelvic floor, and the resultant stress direction of the pelvic organs points to the sacrum and coccyx. The sacrum and coccyx, levator anus and perineal body play important stress supporting roles in the pelvic floor system.