[Differentiation of original plants of xihuangcao by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers]

Four original plants of Xihuangcao have been differentiated from each other by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymorphism. The results show that RAPD technique is an effective method for identification and quality study of Chinese medicinal materials.

Metabolic engineering of bacteria for ethanol production

Technologies are available which will allow the conversion of lignocellulose into fuel ethanol using genetically engineered bacteria. Assembling these into a cost-effective process remains a challenge. Our work has focused primarily on the genetic engineering of enteric bacteria using a portable ethanol production pathway. Genes encoding Zymomonas mobilis pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase have been integrated into the chromosome of Escherichia coli B to produce strain KO11 for the fermentation of hemicellulose-derived syrups. This organism can efficiently ferment all hexose and pentose sugars present in the polymers of hemicellulose. Klebsiella oxytoca M5A1 has been genetically engineered in a similar manner to produce strain P2 for ethanol production from cellulose. This organism has the native ability to ferment cellobiose and cellotriose, eliminating the need for one class of cellulase enzymes. The optimal pH for cellulose fermentation with this organism (pH 5.0-5.5) is near that of fungal cellulases. The general approach for the genetic engineering of new biocatalysts has been most successful with enteric bacteria thus far. However, this approach may also prove useful with Gram-positive bacteria which have other important traits for lignocellulose conversion. Many opportunities remain for further improvements in the biomass to ethanol processes. These include the development of enzyme-based systems which eliminate the need for dilute acid hydrolysis or other pretreatments, improvements in existing pretreatments for enzymatic hydrolysis, process improvements to increase the effective use of cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes, improvements in rates of ethanol production, decreased nutrient costs, increases in ethanol concentrations achieved in biomass beers, increased resistance of the biocatalysts to lignocellulosic-derived toxins, etc. To be useful, each of these improvements must result in a decrease in the cost for ethanol production. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

[Hemorheologic change after strong blood flow disturbance caused by gunshot and its influence on the prognosis of the wounded animals]

Three types of experimental models were used in this study: 1. Both thighs of dogs were wounded by 5.56 mm bullet. 2. Femoral artery and vein were tied at the time of wounding. 3. Shock caused by simply bleeding the dogs' femoral arteries. We observed the characteristics of change hemorheology and analyzed its effects on the wounded dogs. The results showed that strong blood flow disturbances always brought about hemorheologic changes such as rapidly increased blood viscosity and red cell's aggregation index and the simultaneous phenomenon of blood concentration. These may be related to extensive endothelium injury and destruction of a number of blood cells caused by disturbance wave. The above change may give rise to abnormality of microcirculation and disturbance of matter transmission; in that sense, it may provide the physiopathologic basis for the occurrence and development of the complication.

Isolation and molecular characterization of high-performance cellobiose-fermenting spontaneous mutants of ethanologenic Escherichia coli KO11 containing the Klebsiella oxytoca casAB operon

Escherichia coli KO11 was previously constructed to produce ethanol from acid hydrolysates of hemicellulose (pentoses and hexoses) by the chromosomal integration of Zymomonas mobilis genes encoding pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase (adhB). Klebsiella oxytoca P2 was constructed in an analogous fashion for the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose and contains PTS enzymes for cellobiose. In this study, KO11 was further engineered for the fermentation of cellulose by adding the K. oxytoca casAB genes encoding Enzyme IIcellobiose and phospho-beta-glucosidase. Although the two K. oxytoca genes were well expressed in cloning hosts such as DH5 alpha, both were expressed poorly in E. coli KO11, a derivative of E. coli B. Spontaneous mutants which exhibited more than 15-fold-higher specific activities for cellobiose metabolism were isolated. The mutations of these mutants resided in the plasmid rather than the host. Three mutants were characterized by sequence analysis. All contained similar internal deletions which eliminated the casAB promoter and operator regions and placed the lacZ Shine-Dalgarno region immediately upstream from the casA Shine-Dalgarno region. KO11 harboring mutant plasmids (pLOI1908, pLOI1909, or pLOI1910) rapidly fermented cellobiose to ethanol, and the yield was more than 90% of the theoretical yield. Two of these strains were used with commercial cellulase to ferment mixed-waste office paper to ethanol.

[Simulation of a decoupling generalized predictive control algorithm for temperature-humidity system]

A decoupling generalized predictive control algorithm was presented in this paper. This algorithm was proposed to control the temperature-humidity system of a practical air-conditioning environmental chamber. By introducing absolute humidity as an intermediate variable, temperature and humidity of the system can be decoupled. Then the two decoupled systems are controlled by generalized predictive control (GPC) algorithm at different sample rates. Many simulation experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of the algorithm. Besides, decoupling of temperature and humidity will be extremely helpful to the application of GPC on the real system. This is also the effective method to control the temperature and humidity system.

Extracellular melibiose and fructose are intermediates in raffinose catabolism during fermentation to ethanol by engineered enteric bacteria

Contrary to general concepts of bacterial saccharide metabolism, melibiose (25 to 32 g/liter) and fructose (5 to 14 g/liter) accumulated as extracellular intermediates during the catabolism of raffinose (O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-1, 6-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-fructofuranoside) (90 g/liter) by ethanologenic recombinants of Escherichia coli B, Klebsiella oxytoca M5A1, and Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16. Both hydrolysis products (melibiose and fructose) were subsequently transported and further metabolized by all three organisms. Raffinose catabolism was initiated by beta-fructosidase; melibiose was subsequently hydrolyzed to galactose and glucose by alpha-galactosidase. Glucose and fructose were completely metabolized by all three organisms, but galactose accumulated in the fermentation broth with EC16(pLOI555) and P2. MM2 (a raffinose-positive E. coli mutant) was the most effective biocatalyst for ethanol production (38 g/liter) from raffinose. All organisms rapidly fermented sucrose (90 g/liter) to ethanol (48 g/liter) at more than 90% of the theoretical yield. During sucrose catabolism, both hydrolysis products (glucose and fructose) were metabolized concurrently by EC16(pLOI555) and P2 without sugar leakage. However, fructose accumulated extracellularly (27 to 28 g/liter) at early stages of fermentation with KO11 and MM2. Sequential utilization of glucose and fructose correlated with a diauxie in base utilization (pH maintenance). The mechanism of sugar escape remains unknown but may involve downhill leakage via permease which transports precursor saccharides or novel sugar export proteins. If sugar escape occurs in nature with wild organisms, it could facilitate the development of complex bacterial communities which are based on the sequence of saccharide catabolism and the hierarchy of sugar utilization.

[Morpho-functional characteristics of vascular endothelial cells affected by hemodynamic factors]

Vascular endothelial cells are most widely distributed of all cells in a living body, which have a complicated structure and many physiologic functions. It was reviewed in present paper that the structural and functional changes in the vascular endothelial cells were as a result of the stimulation from hemodynamics associated machanical factors, such as shear stress cyclic strain, and pressure in physical and pathophysical state.

Cloning of cellobiose phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase genes: functional expression in recombinant Escherichia coli and identification of a putative binding region for disaccharides

Genomic libraries from nine cellobiose-metabolizing bacteria were screened for cellobiose utilization. Positive clones were recovered from six libraries, all of which encode phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) proteins. Clones from Bacillus subtilis, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and Klebsiella oxytoca allowed the growth of recombinant Escherichia coli in cellobiose-M9 minimal medium. The K. oxytoca clone, pLOI1906, exhibited an unusually broad substrate range (cellobiose, arbutin, salicin, and methylumbelliferyl derivatives of glucose, cellobiose, mannose, and xylose) and was sequenced. The insert in this plasmid encoded the carboxy-terminal region of a putative regulatory protein, cellobiose permease (single polypeptide), and phospho-beta-glucosidase, which appear to form an operon (casRAB). Subclones allowed both casA and casB to be expressed independently, as evidenced by in vitro complementation. An analysis of the translated sequences from the EIIC domains of cellobiose, aryl-beta-glucoside, and other disaccharide permeases allowed the identification of a 50-amino-acid conserved region. A disaccharide consensus sequence is proposed for the most conserved segment (13 amino acids), which may represent part of the EIIC active site for binding and phosphorylation.

[Antioxidative effect of constituents of herba Epimedii (ESPS)]

Herba Epimedii is a traditional Yang invigorating Chinese herb widely used in clinic. The experimental results have shown that ESPS obviously increases superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity of red cells and liver in aged mice and rats, and increases glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity of red cells in aged mice. On the other hand, ESPS obviously helps to reduce the content of serum and liver lipoperoxide(LPO) in aged mice and rats, as well as the content of lipofuscin(LF) in cardiac muscle of aged mice. The results suggest that being helpful in increasing SOD and GSH-Px activities and inhibiting the formation of LPO and LF, ESPS may be a good antiageing agent.

[Analysis of cinnamic acid in storax and its original plant by HPLC]

The contents of free and hydrolytic cinnamic acid in storax and its original plant (Liquidambar orientalis) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and the chromatographic behaviors were studied. In styrax gummi, the contents of free and hydrolytic cinnamic acid were 7.03% and 25.26% respectively; and in its original plant, they were 0.3% evenly.

[Effect of active constituents of Herba Epimedii on hypothalamic monoamine neurotransmitters and other brain functions in aging rats]

The active constituents of Herba Epimedii can raise the hypothalamic monoamine neurotransmitters levels in aging male rats and improve the learning and memory in aging rats and mice. It can also inhibit the activities of AchE both in brain tissues and whole blood in mice.

The effect of indirect injury to peripheral nerves on wound healing after firearm wounds

This paper reports the pathologic and functional changes of the sciatic nerve indirectly injured by firearms and its effect on wound healing. Twelve dogs were used. Their hind legs were shot with 1.03-gram steel spheres, avoiding direct injury to the sciatic nerve. The experimental animals were divided into two groups according to the impact velocity, that is, a 1,500 m/sec high velocity projectile (HVP) group and a 400 m/sec, low velocity projectile (LVP) group as a control. After wounding, the same procedure was followed in all dogs. At intervals, the tissues of the wound track were excised to determine the level of cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP), secondary messengers of neurotransmitters, the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the content of hydroxyproline, which indicates the degree of wound healing. The sciatic nerve next to the wound track was excised for light and electron microscopic study. The neurofilament in the sciatic nerve was examined by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal neurofilament-200 antibody. The results showed that the indirect injuries to the sciatic nerves of the HVP group were more severe than in those in the LVP group and included naked axons, stripped myelin sheaths, widened nodes of Ranvier, and decrease in the numbers of neurofilaments. At 6 hours, cAMP content in the HVP group was significantly lower than that in the LVP group. It began to rise and approached to the level of LVP group at 10 days. The cGMP content, activity of AChE, and hydroxyproline content of the HVP group were significantly lower than those of the LVP group. The results suggested that the indirect injury to sciatic nerves, especially to the cytoskeleton, after HVP wounds may induce the disturbance of an axoplasmic flow and influence the metabolism of trophic factors such as cAMP, cGMP, and AChE. All changes could contribute to the delay in wound healing.

Injury to vascular endothelial cells and the change of plasma endothelin level in dogs with gunshot wounds

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between injury to endothelial cells and the plasma endothelin level after gunshot wounds. Forty dogs were divided into four groups. The dogs in group 1 served as a control. The dogs in groups 2,3, and 4, respectively, were shot in both hind legs, in the hypogastric part of the abdomen, or in the right chest by military bullets (5.56 mm or 7.62 mm). After wounding, blood samples were taken at different intervals and the number of circulating endothelial cells (CEC), an indicator of injury to vascular endothelial cells (VEC), and the level of plasma endothelin were measured. Results showed that the CEC number increased in all groups immediately after wounding and showed a peak value at 10 minutes and at 6 hours. The change in plasma endothelin level paralleled that of the change of CEC number, and a linear relationship was found between them. These results suggest that, in gunshot wounds, extensive injury to VEC may be the result of the temporary cavity and shock waves produced by high velocity missiles striking the body and causing secretions of endothelin. The mechanism of injury to VEC after a gunshot wound in discussed in this paper.

Observation on the curative effect of acupuncture on type I allergic diseases

In a comparative study on treatment of type I allergic diseases, acupuncture and desensitization therapies were performed in 143 cases. The results showed that acupuncture therapy had an extensive and remarkable action against type I allergic reaction. The curative effect was higher in the acupuncture group than in the desensitization group in allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria.

Cloning and sequencing of a cellobiose phosphotransferase system operon from Bacillus stearothermophilus XL-65-6 and functional expression in Escherichia coli

Cellulolytic strains of Bacillus stearothermophilus were isolated from nature and screened for the presence of activities associated with the degradation of plant cell walls. One isolate (strain XL-65-6) which exhibited strong activities with 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (MUG) and 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-cellobiopyranoside (MUC) was used to construct a gene library in Escherichia coli. Clones degrading these model substrates were found to encode the cellobiose-specific genes of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS). Both MUG and MUC activities were present together, and both activities were lost concurrently during subcloning experiments. A functional E. coli ptsI gene was required for MUC and MUG activities (presumably a ptsH gene also). The DNA fragment from B. stearothermophilus contained four open reading frames which appear to form a cel operon. Intergenic stop codons for celA, celB, and celC overlapped the ribosomal binding sites of the respective downstream genes. Frameshift mutations or deletions in celA, celB, and celD were individually shown to result in a loss of MUC and MUG activities. On the basis of amino acid sequence homology and hydropathy plots of translated sequences, celA and celB were identified as encoding PTS enzyme II and celD was identified as encoding PTS enzyme III. These translated sequences were remarkably similar to their respective E. coli homologs for cellobiose transport. No reported sequences exhibited a high level of homology with the celC gene product. The predicted carboxy-terminal region for celC was similar to the corresponding region of E. coli celF, a phospho-beta-glucosidase. An incomplete regulatory gene (celR) and proposed promoter sequence were located 5' to the proposed cel operon. A stem-loop resembling a rho-independent terminator was present immediately downstream from celD. These results indicate that B. stearothermophilus XL-65-6 contains a cellobiose-specific PTS for cellobiose uptake. Similar systems may be present in other gram-positive bacteria.