101
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Abstract
Plasmacytoid predendritic cells (pDC) are a haematopoietic cell population with a characteristic plasma cell-like morphology found in many tissues of the mouse, including blood, thymus, bone marrow, liver, and the T-cell areas of lymphoid organs. Recent studies of pDC have revealed them to be crucial mediators linking the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. In this review, rather than focus on pDC function, we focus on recent evidence regarding pDC development. We examine the requirements for pDC development from several perspectives, including organ localization, cytokine requirements, development from myeloid- and lymphoid-restricted bone marrow precursors, expression of lineage-restricted markers, transcription factor dependence, and markers that separate pDC into distinct subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalin H Naik
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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102
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Zhang Z, Xu D, Li Y, Jin L, Shi M, Wang M, Zhou X, Wu H, Gao GF, Wang FS. Longitudinal alteration of circulating dendritic cell subsets and its correlation with steroid treatment in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Immunol 2005; 116:225-35. [PMID: 15964242 PMCID: PMC7106242 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/17/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we found that 74 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) exhibited a rapid, dramatic decrease in numbers of circulating myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (mDCs and pDCs) during the first 2 weeks of illness (5.3- and 28.4-fold reductions for mDCs and pDCs compared with 25 healthy individuals, respectively), with slow return to normal cell numbers during convalescence (weeks 5–7 of illness on average). In addition, numbers of circulating CD4 and CD8 T cells exhibited milder reductions (2.1- and 1.8-fold at week 1) and earlier return to normal at a mean of weeks 3 and 4, respectively. A significant inverse correlation was found between numbers of DC and T-cell subsets and high-dose steroid treatment. Our novel findings thus suggest that the acute SARS-coronavirus infection probably contributes to the initial reduction of DC and T-cell subsets in blood, and that high-dose steroid administration may subsequently exacerbate and prolong low expression of the cell subsets. These findings will aid the framing of further studies of the immunopathogenesis of SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Research Centre for Biological Therapy, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dongping Xu
- Research Centre for Biological Therapy, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Research Centre for Biological Therapy, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Research Centre for Biological Therapy, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Research Centre for Biological Therapy, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Min Wang
- Research Centre for Biological Therapy, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xianzhi Zhou
- Research Centre for Biological Therapy, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100054, China
| | - George F. Gao
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Research Centre for Biological Therapy, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, 100 Xi Si Huan Middle Road, Beijing 100039, China
- Corresponding author. Fax: +86 10 6383 1870.
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103
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Abstract
The fast-moving field of dendritic cell (DC) biology is hard to keep pace with. Here we report on advances from the recent Keystone Symposium, “Dendritic Cells at the Center of Innate and Adaptive Immunity,” organized in Vancouver, BC on Feb. 1–7, 2005 by Anne O'Garra, Jacques Banchereau, and Alan Sher. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of DC function and their influence on immune regulation, their role in infectious and autoimmune disease, and new clinical applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eynav Klechevsky
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA.
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104
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Sato K, Shikano S, Xia G, Takao J, Chung JS, Cruz PD, Xie XS, Ariizumi K. Selective expression of vacuolar H+-ATPase subunit d2 by particular subsets of dendritic cells among leukocytes. Mol Immunol 2005; 43:1443-53. [PMID: 16144709 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are far more potent to activate T cells than other antigen presenting cells (e.g., macrophages) and distributed to many organs where DC develop to functionally and phenotypically distinctive subsets. To isolate DC-differentially expressed genes, we used a subtractive cDNA cloning (XS52 DC minus J774 macrophages), resulting in the identification of d2 isoform of vacuolar (V) H+-ATPase subunit d. Unlike the ubiquitously expressed isoform (d1), d2 mRNA manifested expression restricted to particular subsets of DC (e.g., skin- and bone marrow-derived DC) among leukocytes and encoded two transcripts (1.6 and 3.0 kb) that differed in the length of the 3'-untranslated region. The d2 protein displayed association with membranes and the localization in lysosomes and antigen-containing endosomes. Interestingly, XS52 DC expressed seven-fold higher V-ATPase proton-pump activity than J774 macrophages and distinguished from the macrophage by high levels of isoforms a1 and a2 expression among V-ATPase subunits. These results indicated that d2 is a new marker for DC and it may, co-operatively with subunit a isoforms, regulate V-ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Sato
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Building, Dallas, TX 75390-9069, USA
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105
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Belz GT, Shortman K, Bevan MJ, Heath WR. CD8alpha+ dendritic cells selectively present MHC class I-restricted noncytolytic viral and intracellular bacterial antigens in vivo. J Immunol 2005; 175:196-200. [PMID: 15972648 PMCID: PMC2778481 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown to be the principal DC subset involved in priming MHC class I-restricted CTL immunity to a variety of cytolytic viruses, including HSV type 1, influenza, and vaccinia virus. Whether priming of CTLs by CD8alpha(+) DCs is limited to cytolytic viruses, which may provide dead cellular material for this DC subset, or whether these DCs selectively present intracellular Ags, is unknown. To address this question, we examined Ag presentation to a noncytolytic virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and to an intracellular bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes. We show that regardless of the type of intracellular infection, CD8alpha(+) DCs are the principal DC subset that initiate CD8(+) T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle T Belz
- Division of Immunology and Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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106
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Abstract
Dendritic cells are professional antigen presenting cells that are central to the induction and regulation of immunity. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of dendritic cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Adams
- NYU Cancer Institute Tumor Vaccine Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 1006, USA.
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107
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Longman RS, Talal AH, Jacobson IM, Rice CM, Albert ML. Normal functional capacity in circulating myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:497-503. [PMID: 15995965 DOI: 10.1086/431523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial reports analyzing dendritic cell (DC) function in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been controversial. Here, we enumerate and characterize the function of circulating myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs. The results show lower percentages of myeloid DCs (0.62 vs. 0.83; P = .05) and plasmacytoid DCs (0.11 vs. 0.34; P = .004) in patients with chronic HCV infection than in healthy, non-HCV-infected individuals. Despite the lower numbers of circulating myeloid DCs present, no phenotypic or functional defects were identified. The lower percentage of plasmacytoid DCs resulted in decreased absolute interferon (IFN)-alpha production; however, when analyzed on a per-cell basis, plasmacytoid DCs from HCV-infected patients generated levels of IFN-alpha equivalent to those generated by DCs from healthy, non-HCV-infected individuals. Contrary to data from previous models (which attributed HCV pathogenesis to defects in the DC compartment), our data reveal functional DC subsets in patients with chronic HCV infection. These results are encouraging for DC-based HCV immunotherapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy S Longman
- The Rockefeller University, The Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York, USA
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108
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Angelov GS, Tomkowiak M, Marçais A, Leverrier Y, Marvel J. Flt3 Ligand-Generated Murine Plasmacytoid and Conventional Dendritic Cells Differ in Their Capacity to Prime Naive CD8 T Cells and to Generate Memory Cells In Vivo. J Immunol 2005; 175:189-95. [PMID: 15972647 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mature dendritic cells (DCs) have the capacity to induce efficient primary T cell response and effector cell differentiation. Thus, these cells are a major tool in the design of various immunotherapeutic protocols. We have tested the capacity of different subsets of matured DCs pulsed with a peptide to induce the differentiation of naive CD8 T cells into memory cells in vivo. Flt3 ligand (FL) induces the differentiation of conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) from murine bone marrow precursors in vitro. After maturation, both subsets become strong stimulators of Ag-specific T cell responses in vitro. However, the in vivo T cell stimulatory capacity of these DC subsets has not been studied in detail. In the present study, we demonstrate that mature FL-generated DCs induce efficient peptide-specific CD8 T cell response and memory cell differentiation in vivo. This is mainly due to the cDC subset because the PDC subset induced only a negligible primary CD8 response without detectable levels of memory CD8 T cell differentiation. Thus, in vitro FL-generated mature cDCs, but not PDCs, are potent stimulators of peptide-specific CD8 T cell responses and memory generation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi S Angelov
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche en Virologie et Immunologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 503, Lyon, France
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109
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Toyama-Sorimachi N, Omatsu Y, Onoda A, Tsujimura Y, Iyoda T, Kikuchi-Maki A, Sorimachi H, Dohi T, Taki S, Inaba K, Karasuyama H. Inhibitory NK receptor Ly49Q is expressed on subsets of dendritic cells in a cellular maturation- and cytokine stimulation-dependent manner. J Immunol 2005; 174:4621-9. [PMID: 15814685 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ly49Q is a member of the Ly49 family that is expressed on Gr-1+ cells but not on NK and NKT cells. Ly49Q appears to be involved in regulating cytoskeletal architectures through ITIM-mediated signaling. We provide evidence that dendritic cells (DCs) of certain maturational states expressed Ly49Q, and that IFN-alpha plays an important role in its regulation. Freshly prepared murine plasmacytoid pre-DCs as well as Flt3L-induced plasmacytoid pre-DCs expressed Ly49Q, whereas freshly prepared myeloid DCs did not. However, GM-CSF-induced myeloid DCs showed low levels of Ly49Q expression, and this was significantly enhanced by IFN-alpha. In contrast, other cytokines and ligands for TLRs such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, LPS, and CpG-ODN had little or no effect on Ly49Q expression. Plasmacytoid pre-DCs in all mouse strains examined expressed Ly49Q. Constitutive expression of Ly49Q on myeloid DCs was observed in three restricted mouse strains including 129, NZB, and NZW. As can be seen in other Ly49 family members, Ly49Q expression was affected by MHC class I expression. At the same time, Ly49Q possessed polymorphisms, including at least three alleles. The polymorphic residues lay within the stalk and carbohydrate recognition domain, and two of them, in loop 3 and loop 6 of the carbohydrate recognition domain, are located in the region implicated in the interaction of Ly49A with H-2D(d). Therefore, depending on IFN-alpha, our results imply that Ly49Q serves a role for the biological functions of certain DC subsets through recognition of MHC class I or related molecules.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Cell Differentiation
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- DNA/genetics
- Dendritic Cells/classification
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interferon Type I/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Recombinant Proteins
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Toyama-Sorimachi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, Toyama, Tokyo, Japan.
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110
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Yang GX, Lian ZX, Kikuchi K, Liu YJ, Ansari AA, Ikehara S, Gershwin ME. CD4- plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) migrate in lymph nodes by CpG inoculation and represent a potent functional subset of pDCs. J Immunol 2005; 174:3197-203. [PMID: 15749849 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have recently identified two groups of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) isolated from murine liver based on the expression of CD4 and other cell surface markers uniquely expressed by pDCs. Herein, we describe the identification of both CD4+ and CD4- pDCs that clearly exist in lymph nodes (LNs), spleen, liver, thymus, bone marrow, and lung. Normally, CD4+ pDCs are enriched in LNs. However, after in vivo systemic injection with bacterial CpG, a larger number of CD4- pDCs are recruited to the LNs and local inoculation by CpG drives CD4- pDCs migrating into local sentinel LNs, suggesting that CD4- pDCs are the main subpopulation migrating to the peripheral LNs. Furthermore, although both freshly isolated CD4+ pDCs and CD4- pDCs appear as an immature plasmacytoid cell and develop into a DC morphology following activation, the two subsets have strikingly different immune features, including differences in the production pattern of cytokines stimulated with CpG and in T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Xiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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111
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Honda K, Ohba Y, Yanai H, Negishi H, Mizutani T, Takaoka A, Taya C, Taniguchi T. Spatiotemporal regulation of MyD88-IRF-7 signalling for robust type-I interferon induction. Nature 2005; 434:1035-40. [PMID: 15815647 DOI: 10.1038/nature03547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 711] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Robust type-I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) induction in plasmacytoid dendritic cells, through the activation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), constitutes a critical aspect of immunity. It is absolutely dependent on the transcription factor IRF-7, which interacts with and is activated by the adaptor MyD88. How plasmacytoid dendritic cells, but not other cell types (such as conventional dendritic cells), are able to activate the MyD88-IRF-7-dependent IFN induction pathway remains unknown. Here we show that the spatiotemporal regulation of MyD88-IRF-7 signalling is critical for a high-level IFN induction in response to TLR9 activation. The IFN-inducing TLR9 ligand, A/D-type CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-A), is retained for long periods in the endosomal vesicles of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, together with the MyD88-IRF-7 complex. However, in conventional dendritic cells, CpG-A is rapidly transferred to lysosomal vesicles. We further show that conventional dendritic cells can also mount a robust IFN induction if CpG-A is manipulated for endosomal retention using a cationic lipid. This strategy also allows us to demonstrate endosomal activation of the IFN pathway by the otherwise inactive TLR9 ligand B/K-type oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-B). Thus, our study offers insights into the regulation of TLR9 signalling in space, potentially suggesting a new avenue for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Honda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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112
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Abstract
AbstractPlasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play an important primary role for antiviral innate immunity by rapidly producing large amounts of type 1 interferon (IFN) upon viral infection. To study pDC biology, we generated a monoclonal antibody, termed 2E6, that recognizes pDCs. Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding the 2E6 antigen revealed that it is a type II C-type lectin, Ly49Q, that consists of 247 amino acids with high homology to the natural killer (NK) receptor family Ly49, with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif in the cytoplasmic domain. Ly49Q is expressed on pDCs but not on NK cells or myeloid dendritic cells. B220+, CD11c+, CD11b– pDCs in bone marrow were divided into Ly49Q+ and Ly49Q– subsets. While both subsets produced IFN-α upon cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) and herpes simplex virus stimulation, Ly49Q– pDCs responded poorly to influenza virus. In addition, Ly49Q– pDCs produced inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) upon stimulation at lower levels than those produced by Ly49Q+ pDCs. In contrast to bone marrow, Ly49Q+ pDCs were only found in peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and spleen. These results indicate that Ly49Q is a specific marker for peripheral pDCs and that expression of Ly49Q defines 2 subsets of pDCs in bone marrow.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Ly/genetics
- Antigens, Ly/immunology
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- Biomarkers
- Bone Marrow Cells/classification
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- CD11b Antigen/immunology
- CD11b Antigen/metabolism
- CD11c Antigen/immunology
- CD11c Antigen/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary
- Dendritic Cells/classification
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Interferon-alpha/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/immunology
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily A
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Spleen/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Kamogawa-Schifter
- Department of Immunobiology, Ginkgo Biomedical Research Institute, 4-7-4-8F Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0071 Japan.
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113
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Inaba K, Inaba M. [Dendritic cells]. Nihon Rinsho 2005; 63 Suppl 4:123-9. [PMID: 15861645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Inaba
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Division of Systemic Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University
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114
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Schneider EN, Smoller BR, Lamps LW. Histiocytic subpopulations in the gastrointestinal tract: distribution and possible relationship to function. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2005; 12:356-9. [PMID: 15536337 DOI: 10.1097/00129039-200412000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of specific histiocyte subsets within the human gastrointestinal tract has not been extensively characterized. Our goal was to immunohistochemically evaluate the distribution and location of CD1a-positive, CD68-positive, and Factor XIIIa (FXIIIa)-positive histiocyte subsets within the normal gastrointestinal tract and attempt to relate distribution to possible function. Twenty-nine samples of normal esophagus, stomach, small bowel, large bowel, and anus were routinely processed and immunohistochemically stained with antibodies to CD68, CD1a, and FXIIIa. The distribution and histologic location of histiocyte subsets were qualitatively analyzed. CD1a-positive cells were seen exclusively within anal and esophageal squamous mucosa. CD68 positive histiocytes were present in lamina propria and submucosa throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in Peyer patches. FXIIIa-positive histiocytes were also abundant in lamina propria and submucosa throughout the gastrointestinal tract, particularly around pericryptal sheaths and in parafollicular regions surrounding Peyer patches. Our results showed that there are distinct subpopulations of gastrointestinal histiocytes, and that distribution varies according to both cell type and site. Because Langerhans cells are epidermal antigen processing/presentation cells, their exclusive presence in squamous mucosa suggests an analogous function there. The prominence of both CD68 and FXIIIa-positive cells surrounding glandular pericryptal sheaths suggests that they are important to immune function at this mucosal interface and may play a role in communication between glands and lamina propria. In addition, the presence of specific histiocyte subsets within Peyer patches and para-follicular regions suggests that they are involved in different aspects of antigen processing associated with gut lymphoid tissue. Further studies are needed to explore the relation between specific histiocyte subsets and gastrointestinal disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N Schneider
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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115
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Mende I, Hoffmann P, Wolf A, Lutterbüse R, Kopp E, Baeuerle PA, de Baey A, Kufer P. Highly efficient antigen targeting to M-DC8+ dendritic cells via FcgammaRIII/CD16-specific antibody conjugates. Int Immunol 2005; 17:539-47. [PMID: 15778289 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugates of peptide antigens with antibodies specifically recognizing surface molecules on dendritic cells (DC) represent an attractive approach to target antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APC) for the induction of specific T cell responses. The present study evaluates the potential of M-DC8(+) DC, a sub-population of professional APC in the blood, for an antibody-based vaccination strategy. We prepared, by chemical cross-linking, conjugates of peptide model antigens with antibodies directed against different cell surface molecules of DC. Antigen-peptide conjugates using an anti-CD16 (FcgammaRIII) antibody were most potent in inducing in vitro activation of a specific CD4(+) T cell response. They were at least 300 times more efficient than two other antibody-antigen conjugates and approximately 500 times more efficient than unconjugated antigen peptides. Our data demonstrate that specific antigen targeting via CD16 on M-DC8(+) DC is a promising vaccination approach for the efficient induction of specific CD4(+) T cell responses ex vivo, and perhaps in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Mende
- Micromet AG, Staffelseestrasse 2, 81477 Munich, Germany
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116
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Pelayo R, Hirose J, Huang J, Garrett KP, Delogu A, Busslinger M, Kincade PW. Derivation of 2 categories of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in murine bone marrow. Blood 2005; 105:4407-15. [PMID: 15728131 PMCID: PMC1850236 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-07-2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) competent to make type I interferon were rigorously defined as a Ly-6C(+) and CD11c(Lo) subset of the B220(+)CD19(-) CD43(+)CD24(Lo) bone marrow (BM) Fraction A. Otherwise similar Ly6C(-) cells expressed the natural killer (NK) markers DX5 and NK1.1. pDCs represented a stable, discrete, and long-lived population. Stem cells and early lymphoid progenitors (ELPs), but not prolymphocytes, were effective precursors of pDCs, and their differentiation was blocked by ligation of Notch receptors. Furthermore, pDCs were present in the BM of RAG1(-/-), CD127/IL-7Ra(-/-), and Pax5(-/-) mice. pDCs in RAG1/GFP knock-in mice could be subdivided, and immunoglobulin D(H)-J(H) rearrangements, as well as transcripts for the B-lineage-related genes Pax5, mb1/CD79a, ebf, and Bcl11a, were identified only in the green fluorescent protein-positive (GFP(+)) pDC1 subset. All pDCs expressed terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), the ETS transcription factor Spi-B, the nuclear factor-kappaB transcription factor RelB, toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), and interferon consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP)/interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF-8) transcripts; lacked CD16 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR); and were uniformly interleukin-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Ralpha(-)) AA4.1(Lo), CD27(-), Flk-2(Lo), c-Kit(-), DX-5(-), and CD11b(-), while CD4 and CD8alpha were variable. GFP(+) pDC1 subset was less potent than GFP(-) pDC2s in T allostimulation and production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interferon alpha (IFNalpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while only pDC2s made IFNgamma and IL-12 p70. Thus, 2 functionally specialized subsets of pDCs arise in bone marrow from progenitors that diverge from B, T, and NK lineages at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Pelayo
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13 St, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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117
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Cavanagh LL, Boyce A, Smith L, Padmanabha J, Filgueira L, Pietschmann P, Thomas R. Rheumatoid arthritis synovium contains plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:R230-40. [PMID: 15743469 PMCID: PMC1065313 DOI: 10.1186/ar1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Revised: 10/13/2004] [Accepted: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously described enrichment of antigen-presenting HLA-DR+ nuclear RelB+ dendritic cells (DCs) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium. CD123+HLA-DR+ plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and their precursors have been identified in human peripheral blood (PB), lymphoid tissue, and some inflamed tissues. We hypothesized recruitment of pDCs into the inflamed RA synovial environment and their contribution as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and inflammatory cells in RA. CD11c+ myeloid DCs and CD123+ pDCs were compared in normal and RA PB, synovial fluid (SF), and synovial tissue by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy and were sorted for functional studies. Nuclear RelB-CD123+ DCs were located in perivascular regions of RA, in a similar frequency to nuclear RelB+CD123- DCs, but not normal synovial tissue sublining. Apart from higher expression of HLA-DR, the numbers and phenotypes of SF pDCs were similar to those of normal PB pDCs. While the APC function of PB pDCs was less efficient than that of PB myeloid DCs, RA SF pDCs efficiently activated resting allogeneic PB T cells, and high levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α were produced in response to incubation of allogeneic T cells with either type of SF DCs. Thus, pDCs are recruited to RA synovial tissue and comprise an APC population distinct from the previously described nuclear RelB+ synovial DCs. pDCs may contribute significantly to the local inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois L Cavanagh
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amanda Boyce
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Louise Smith
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jagadish Padmanabha
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luis Filgueira
- Institute of Anatomy, University Irchel-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Pietschmann
- Department of General and Experimental Pathology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) consist of a heterogeneous collection of subsets, many with unique phenotypic and functional characteristics. Although certain subsets migrate from peripheral non-lymphoid tissues, there is evidence that antigen presentation can extend to DCs that permanently reside within the lymph node. This Opinion describes this finding in the context of antigen transfer between migrating and lymphoid-resident DCs in cases of T-cell priming and tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis R Carbone
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.
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119
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Abstract
We propose a model where human dendritic cell (DC) subsets control, in a coordinated fashion, B cell growth and differentiation. Plasmacytoid DCs drive memory B cell differentiation into effector plasma cell via type I interferon and IL-6. Type I interferon activates myeloid DCs that regulate B cell priming and acquisition of memory phenotype via IL-12, IL-6 and Blys/Baff. This model also integrates the role of antigen-specific T cells activated by myeloid DCs. Thus, protective humoral immunity results from a highly coordinated interplay of human DC subsets. This interplay may explain the spreading of immune response to deal with antigenic drift and to maintain an active immunity against mutating microbe. It may also provide an explanation for spreading of the autoimmune repertoire as autoimmunity develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Jego
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor NIAID Cooperative Center for Translational Research on Human Immunology and Biodefense, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
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120
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Menges M, Baumeister T, Rössner S, Stoitzner P, Romani N, Gessner A, Lutz MB. IL-4 supports the generation of a dendritic cell subset from murine bone marrow with altered endocytosis capacity. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 77:535-43. [PMID: 15618296 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0804473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) of myeloid origin can be generated from mouse bone marrow (BM) using granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Immature major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II(low) DC are known to bear a high endocytosis capacity, in contrast to DC precursors and mature DC. Now we found that a subset of MHC II(low) DC in BM-DC cultures is unable to exert mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (DX) and resembles immature Langerhans cells (LC). The FITC-DX endocytosis activity of LC-like cells occurs at an earlier stage of development, where the surface MHC II expression is absent or very weak. This LC-like subset expresses higher levels of E-cadherin but lower amounts of the markers Gr-1, scavenger receptor 2F8, and CD11b, when compared with the highly endocytic DC subset. The latter myeloid DC resemble monocyte-derived DC (MoDC). The sorted LC-like population develops completely and exclusively into mature MHC IIhigh DC, and the MoDC-like cells remain immature MHC II(low) DC or develop into adherent MHC IIneg macrophages or mature into MHC IIhigh DC. The development of LC-like cells is promoted by interleukin-4. Thus, we show here that the simultaneous development of LC-like and MoDC-like DC subsets occurs in standard bulk cultures with GM-CSF, suggesting the existence of two different precursors for LC and MoDC in BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauritius Menges
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
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121
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Heath WR, Belz GT, Behrens GMN, Smith CM, Forehan SP, Parish IA, Davey GM, Wilson NS, Carbone FR, Villadangos JA. Cross-presentation, dendritic cell subsets, and the generation of immunity to cellular antigens. Immunol Rev 2004; 199:9-26. [PMID: 15233723 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cross-presentation involves the uptake and processing of exogenous antigens within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway. This process is primarily performed by dendritic cells (DCs), which are not a single cell type but may be divided into several distinct subsets. Those expressing CD8alpha together with CD205, found primarily in the T-cell areas of the spleen and lymph nodes, are the major subset responsible for cross-presenting cellular antigens. This ability is likely to be important for the generation of cytotoxic T-cell immunity to a variety of antigens, particularly those associated with viral infection, tumorigenesis, and DNA vaccination. At present, it is unclear whether the CD8alpha-expressing DC subset captures antigen directly from target cells or obtains it indirectly from intermediary DCs that traffic from peripheral sites. In this review, we examine the molecular basis for cross-presentation, discuss the role of DC subsets, and examine the contribution of this process to immunity, with some emphasis on DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Heath
- Department of Immunology and The Cooperative Research Center for Vaccine Technology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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122
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Jun HX, Jun CY, Yu ZX. In vivo induction of T-cell hyporesponsiveness and alteration of immunological cells of bone marrow grafts using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Haematologica 2004; 89:1517-24. [PMID: 15590404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-primed bone marrow (G-BM) transplantation is associated with a low incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and has been used successfully in patients with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matched/mismatched donors. This study evaluated the function of T cells and the quantities of immunological cells of G-BM. DESIGN AND METHODS Bone marrow was obtained from fifteen donors by aspiration. Lymphocyte proliferation ability, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) secreted by T cells were determined using a monotetrazolium (MTT) assay and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. T-cell subgroups, dendritic cell (DC) subsets, CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells and the expression of CD28/CD80/CD86 molecules on monocytes, B and T cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. RESULTS G-CSF treatment decreased the quantities of IFN-gamma secretion dramatically (p=0.007) and IL-4 moderately (p=0.027), leading to higher ratios of IL-4/IFN-gamma (p=0.004). We confirmed T-cell hyporesponsiveness and lower expression of CD28/CD80/CD86 on monocytes, B and T cells. The absolute values of lymphocytes, T cell subgroups, CD3+CD4-CD8- cells, CD8+CD28- cells and B cells in bone marrow grafts were similar before and after G-CSF treatment. The number of monocytes per microliter was increased 2.13-fold, while the numbers of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells were unchanged. DC2 were preferentially increased. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that bone marrow T-cell hyporesponsiveness could be induced and that the increase of monocytes and DC2 and the downregulation of CD28/CD80/CD86 co-stimulatory signals were produced by in vivo use of G-CSF; this may be related to the preferential increase of monocytes and DC2 and the downregulation of CD28/CD80/CD86 co-stimulatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Xiao Jun
- Peking University, Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, 42 Bei-Li-Shi-Lu Beijing 100044, PR of China.
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123
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Teleshova N, Kenney J, Jones J, Marshall J, Van Nest G, Dufour J, Bohm R, Lifson JD, Gettie A, Pope M. CpG-C immunostimulatory oligodeoxyribonucleotide activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in rhesus macaques to augment the activation of IFN-gamma-secreting simian immunodeficiency virus-specific T cells. J Immunol 2004; 173:1647-57. [PMID: 15265893 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There are two principle subsets of dendritic cells (DCs); CD11c(+)CD123(-) myeloid DCs (MDCs) and CD11c(-)CD123(+) plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs). DC activation via TNF-TNFRs (e.g., CD40L) and TLRs (e.g., immunostimulatory oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ISS-ODNs)) is crucial for maximal stimulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Macaque DC biology is being studied to improve HIV vaccines using the SIV macaque model. Using lineage (Lin) markers to exclude non-DCs, Lin(-)HLA-DR(+)CD11c(+)CD123(-) MDCs and Lin(-)HLA-DR(+)CD11c(-)CD123(+) PDCs were identified in the blood of uninfected macaques and healthy macaques infected with SIV or simian-human immunodeficiency virus. Overnight culture of DC-enriched Lin-depleted cells increased CD80 and CD86 expression. IL-12 production and CD80/CD86 expression by MDC/PDC mixtures was further enhanced by CD40L and ISS-ODN treatment. A CpG-B ISS-ODN increased CD80/CD86 expression by PDCs, but resulted in little IFN-alpha secretion unless IL-3 was added. In contrast, a CpG-C ISS-ODN and aldrithiol-2-inactivated (AT-2) SIV induced considerable PDC activation and IFN-alpha release without needing exogenous IL-3. The CpG-C ISS-ODN also stimulated IL-12 release (unlike AT-2 SIV) and augmented DC immunostimulatory activity, increasing SIV-specific T cell IFN-gamma production induced by AT-2 SIV-presenting MDC/PDC-enriched mixtures. These data highlight the functional capacities of MDCs and PDCs in naive as well as healthy, infected macaques, revealing a promising CpG-C ISS-ODN-driven DC activation strategy that boosts immune function to augment preventative and therapeutic vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Teleshova
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10021, USA
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124
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Abstract
The immune system has developed mechanisms to detect and initiate responses to a continual barrage of immunological challenges. Dendritic cells (DC), a heterogeneous population of leucocytes, play a major role as immunosurveillance agents. To accomplish this function, DC are equipped with highly efficient mechanisms to detect pathogens, to capture, process and present antigens, and to initiate T-cell responses. These mechanisms are developmentally regulated during the DC life cycle in a process termed 'maturation', which was originally defined using Langerhans cells (LC), a DC type of the epidermis. LC exist in the skin in an immature state dedicated to capturing antigens, and in the subcutaneous lymph nodes in a mature state dedicated to presenting those antigens to T cells. The phenotypic changes undergone by LC during maturation, and the correlation of these changes with tissue localization, have been generally considered a paradigm for all DC. However, studies of the multiple DC types found in the lymphoid organs of mice and humans have revealed that most DC subsets do not follow the life cycle typified by LC. In this review we discuss the limitations of the 'LC paradigm' and suggest that this model should be revised to accommodate the heterogeneity of the DC system. We also discuss the implications of the maturational status of the DC subsets contained in the lymphoid organs for their putative roles in the induction of immune responses and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Wilson
- Immunology Division and Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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125
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Narbutt J, Skibinska M, Lesiak A, Wozniacka A, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A, Cebula B, Robak T, Smolewski P. Exposure to low doses of solar-simulated radiation induces an increase in the myeloid subtype of blood dendritic cells. Scand J Immunol 2004; 60:429-35. [PMID: 15379868 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation causes alterations of cutaneous and systemic immunity. The aim of our study was to assess the influence of low doses of solar-simulated radiation (SSR) on the phenotypes of blood dendritic cells (BDC). Healthy volunteers (94) were irradiated with a dose of 1.2 SED (standard erythema dose) of SSR for 2, 10 or 30 consecutive days. Blood samples were taken before the first exposure and 24 h after final exposure. The three main subsets of BDC were distinguished by flow cytometry: BDCA-2(+)/CD123(+)/HLA-DR(+) (plasmacytoid, PDC) and two myeloid subtypes BDCA-1(+)/CD11c(+)/HLA-DR(+) (MDC1) and BDCA-3(+)/CD32(-)/HLA-DR(+) (MDC2). The percentage of total DC was elevated in all groups by the UV exposure and was significantly increased after 2 and 30 days of irradiation (P = 0.006 and P = 0.018, respectively). A particularly distinct increase was observed in the percentage of the MDC1 after 2 and 30 days (P = 0.022 and P < 0.0001, respectively). The MDC2 showed an increase after 10 days and a subsequent significant decrease after 30 days of irradiation (P = 0.031). A significant increase in PDC was found after 2 days of irradiation (P = 0.0006). Exposure to SSR induced an increase in the percentage of BDC in healthy human individuals, especially apparent in the MDC1 subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Narbutt
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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126
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Abstract
Effective defense against diverse types of micro-organisms that invade our body requires specialized classes of antigen-specific immune responses initiated and maintained by distinct subsets of effector CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells. Excessive or detrimental (e.g., autoimmune) responses by effector T cells are controlled by regulatory T cells. The optimal balance in the development of the different types of effector and regulatory Th cells is orchestrated by dendritic cells (DC). This review discusses the way DC adapt the T cell response to the type of pathogen, focusing on the tools that DC use in this management of the T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther C de Jong
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1100 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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127
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Nunez R, Garay N, Bruno A, Villafane C, Bruno E, Filgueira L. Functional and structural characterization of two populations of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2004; 77:104-15. [PMID: 15351233 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characterization of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (HM-DC) subsets have been a very difficult and elusive task because of the lack of appropriate reagents. We, therefore utilized several diverse approaches to evaluate two populations of HM-DC including flow cytometry, ultra-structural evaluation by electron microscopy, and functional assays. In addition, we studied the kinetics of the expression of antigens on HM-DC at diverse intervals of time and identify surface markers and functional differences of these two HM-DC subsets. RESULTS This study identified that a phenotype of HM-DC as defined by CD11c+, CD86+, and CD40+ could be separated in the presence or absence of TGF-beta1 into two different subsets of DC: (i) HM-DC without Birbeck granuli (Mo-DC) and (ii) HM-DC with Birbeck granuli (Mo-LC). Furthermore, the functional studies showed that the HM-DC treated with TGF-beta1 (Mo-LC) exhibited the presence of Birbeck granuli and could actively divide. In addition, after undergoing more than four cell divisions, these cells split into at least two additional subsets of Mo-LC: (iia) Mo-LC with high forward scatter (FSC) and (iib) Mo-LC with normal FSC. In contrast, the Mo-DC cultured in absence of TGF-beta1 did not exhibit Birbeck granuli, showed reduced ability to divide, and kept the normal FSC when analyzed. CONCLUSIONS This study enabled us to determine in HM-DC: (i) the existence of antigenic and functional differences between various subpopulations of Mo-DC and Mo-LC; (ii) the existence of differences in the kinetics of antigens expression among the subsets of Mo-DC and Mo-LC; (iii) the existence of specific markers for each of the subpopulations of HM-DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nunez
- Hematology-Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 900 S. Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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128
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Lemos MP, Esquivel F, Scott P, Laufer TM. MHC class II expression restricted to CD8alpha+ and CD11b+ dendritic cells is sufficient for control of Leishmania major. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:725-30. [PMID: 14993255 PMCID: PMC2213304 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Control of the intracellular protozoan, Leishmania major, requires major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)–dependent antigen presentation and CD4+ T cell T helper cell 1 (Th1) differentiation. MHC II–positive macrophages are a primary target of infection and a crucial effector cell controlling parasite growth, yet their function as antigen-presenting cells remains controversial. Similarly, infected Langerhans cells (LCs) can prime interferon (IFN)γ–producing Th1 CD4+ T cells, but whether they are required for Th1 responses is unknown. We explored the antigen-presenting cell requirement during primary L. major infection using a mouse model in which MHC II, I-Aβb, expression is restricted to CD11b+ and CD8α+ dendritic cells (DCs). Importantly, B cells, macrophages, and LCs are all MHC II–negative in these mice. We demonstrate that antigen presentation by these DC subsets is sufficient to control a subcutaneous L. major infection. CD4+ T cells undergo complete Th1 differentiation with parasite-specific secretion of IFNγ. Macrophages produce inducible nitric oxide synthase, accumulate at infected sites, and control parasite numbers in the absence of MHC II expression. Therefore, CD11b+ and CD8α+ DCs are not only key initiators of the primary response but also provide all the necessary cognate interactions for CD4+ T cell Th1 effectors to control this protozoan infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Lemos
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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129
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Del Prete A, Vermi W, Dander E, Otero K, Barberis L, Luini W, Bernasconi S, Sironi M, Santoro A, Garlanda C, Facchetti F, Wymann MP, Vecchi A, Hirsch E, Mantovani A, Sozzani S. Defective dendritic cell migration and activation of adaptive immunity in PI3Kgamma-deficient mice. EMBO J 2004; 23:3505-15. [PMID: 15318168 PMCID: PMC516633 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-targeted mice were used to evaluate the role of the gamma isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3Kgamma) in dendritic cell (DC) migration and induction of specific T-cell-mediated immune responses. DC obtained from PI3Kgamma-/- mice showed a reduced ability to respond to chemokines in vitro and ex vivo and to travel to draining lymph nodes under inflammatory conditions. PI3Kgamma-/- mice had a selective defect in the number of skin Langerhans cells and in lymph node CD8alpha- DC. Furthermore, PI3Kgamma-/- mice showed a defective capacity to mount contact hypersensitivity and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. This defect was directly related to the reduced ability of antigen-loaded DC to migrate from the periphery to draining lymph nodes. Thus, PI3Kgamma plays a nonredundant role in DC trafficking and in the activation of specific immunity. Therefore, PI3Kgamma may be considered a new target to control exaggerated immune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Vermi
- Department of Pathology, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Erica Dander
- Istituto Ricerche Farmacologiche ‘Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | - Karel Otero
- Istituto Ricerche Farmacologiche ‘Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Barberis
- Department of Genetic, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Walter Luini
- Istituto Ricerche Farmacologiche ‘Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marina Sironi
- Istituto Ricerche Farmacologiche ‘Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Genetic, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Ricerche Farmacologiche ‘Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
- Centro IDET, Institute of General Pathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Istituto Ricerche Farmacologiche ‘Mario Negri', Milan, Italy
- Section of General Pathology and Immunology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Section of General Pathology and Immunology, University of Brescia, viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy. Tel.: +39 030 371 7282; Fax: +39 030 370 1157; E-mail:
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130
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Curiel TJ, Cheng P, Mottram P, Alvarez X, Moons L, Evdemon-Hogan M, Wei S, Zou L, Kryczek I, Hoyle G, Lackner A, Carmeliet P, Zou W. Dendritic Cell Subsets Differentially Regulate Angiogenesis in Human Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5535-8. [PMID: 15313886 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential for both primary and metastatic tumor growth. Tumor blood vessel formation is complex and regulated by many factors. Ovarian carcinomas have a poor prognosis, often associated with multifocal intraperitoneal dissemination accompanied by intense neovascularization. To examine tumor angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment, we studied malignant ascites of patients with untreated ovarian carcinoma. We observed high numbers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) and significant stromal-derived factor (CXCL-12/SDF)-1 in their malignant ascites, attracting PDCs into the tumor environment. We now show that tumor-associated PDCs induced angiogenesis in vivo through production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 8. By contrast, myeloid dendritic cells (MDCs) were absent from malignant ascites. MDCs derived in vitro suppressed angiogenesis in vivo through production of interleukin 12. Thus, the tumor may attract PDCs to augment angiogenesis while excluding MDCs to prevent angiogenesis inhibition, demonstrating a novel mechanism for modulating tumor neovascularization. Because dendritic cells (DCs) have long been known to affect tumor immunity, our data also implicate DCs in regulation of tumor neoangiogenesis, suggesting a novel role of DCs in tumor pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Curiel
- Tulane University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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131
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Kanto T, Hayashi N. Distinct susceptibility of dendritic cell subsets to hepatitis C virus infection: a plausible mechanism of dendritic cell dysfunction. J Gastroenterol 2004; 39:811-2. [PMID: 15338382 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-004-1413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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132
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Thompson AG, O'Sullivan BJ, Beamish H, Thomas R. T Cells Signaled by NF-κB−Dendritic Cells Are Sensitized Not Anergic to Subsequent Activation. J Immunol 2004; 173:1671-80. [PMID: 15265896 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paradoxically, while peripheral self-tolerance exists for constitutively presented somatic self Ag, self-peptide recognized in the context of MHC class II has been shown to sensitize T cells for subsequent activation. We have shown that MHC class II(+)CD86(+)CD40(-) DC, which can be generated from bone marrow in the presence of an NF-kappa B inhibitor, and which constitutively populate peripheral tissues and lymphoid organs in naive animals, can induce Ag-specific tolerance. In this study, we show that CD40(-) human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC), generated in the presence of an NF-kappa B inhibitor, signal phosphorylation of TCR zeta, but little proliferation or IFN-gamma in vitro. Proliferation is arrested in the G(1)/G(0) phase of the cell cycle. Surprisingly, responding T cells are neither anergic nor regulatory, but are sensitized for subsequent IFN-gamma production. The data indicate that signaling through NF-kappa B determines the capacity of DC to stimulate T cell proliferation. Functionally, NF-kappa B(-)CD40(-)class II(+) DC may either tolerize or sensitize T cells. Thus, while CD40(-) DC appear to "prime" or prepare T cells, the data imply that signals derived from other cells drive the generation either of Ag-specific regulatory or effector cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus G Thompson
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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133
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Abstract
Hematodermic CD4/CD56 neoplasm is a recently described entity. This name has been initially proposed by the French Study Group on Cutaneous Lymphomas which established the primary anatomoclinical and pathogenic and cytogenic bases of the disease in 1999. This descriptive and provisional name allowed conceptualizing the entity by its main clinical and phenotypical characteristics. The first case in the literature goes back to 1994. Since that time, several other cases have been published. The expression of CD56 led most of the authors to propose an NK-cell lineage origin. In the last WHO classification of lymphomas, the entity was indexed under the name of "blastic NK-cell lymphoma". However, the authors underlined that there were currently no clues to the etiology of blastic NK-cell lymphoma and that the precise lineage of this disease was still unresolved. At the clinical level the main characteristics of the disease are the skin tropism and the occurrence of a leukemic phase at any time during the course of the disease. The median age is 59 but pediatric cases do exist. At the morphological level skin biopsy shows a monomorphous cell proliferation simulating a pleomorphic T cell cutaneous lymphoma. The diagnosis is based on phenotypic criteria which require frozen tissue. Currently, the main characteristics are the expression of CD4 and CD56 antigens while the main defined lineage specific markers are negative (B-cell, T-cell, NK-cell and myeloid-cell lineages). The origin of the tumor cells still remains uncertain but the plasmacytoid dendritic cell is presently a very serious candidate. The tumor cells share a great phenotypical homology and particularly the expression of the CD123 antigen. Functional homologies have also been demonstrated with tumor cells in vitro. Outcome of CD4/CD56 hematodermic neoplasms is very bad. The median time of survival is 14 months irrespective of the treatment given. Conventional chemotherapies used for the treatment of aggressive lymphomas or acute myeloid leukemias are quickly inefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Petrella
- Centre de Pathologie, 33 rue Nicolas Bornier, BP189, 21005, Dijon Cedex, France.
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134
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Ebner S, Ehammer Z, Holzmann S, Schwingshackl P, Forstner M, Stoitzner P, Huemer GM, Fritsch P, Romani N. Expression of C‐type lectin receptors by subsets of dendritic cells in human skin. Int Immunol 2004; 16:877-87. [PMID: 15113774 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type lectins are cell surface receptors that recognize carbohydrate structures which are often part of microbial pathogens. Several of these molecules are expressed on dendritic cells and are involved in antigen uptake. Expression of C-type lectins on dendritic cells of the human skin, i.e. Langerhans cells of the epidermis and dermal dendritic cells, has been incompletely studied to date. We therefore investigated C-type lectins in situ and on dendritic cells obtained by migration from skin explants by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Emphasis was laid on expression patterns of DEC-205/CD205 and BDCA-2, a marker for plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Langerhans cells in situ expressed low levels of DEC-205. Expression was upregulated upon maturation in skin explant organ culture. Most dermal dendritic cells were found to be positive for DEC-205 and DC-SIGN/CD209. Few BDCA-2-expressing cells were found in most skin samples. They were located in small groups in the dermis close beneath the basement membrane. The vast majority of all types of dendritic cells in normal human skin was of immature phenotype, i.e. did not express DC-LAMP/CD208. It is concluded that normal appearing human skin harbors different subsets of dendritic cells including few scattered BDCA-2-expressing cells, presumably plasmacytoid dendritic cells, expressing variable sets of C-type lectin receptors. This may critically contribute to the capacity of the skin immune system to flexibly respond to the world of microbial pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/analysis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Dendritic Cells/classification
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dermatitis/immunology
- Dermatitis/metabolism
- Dermatitis/pathology
- Epidermis/chemistry
- Humans
- Immunochemistry
- In Vitro Techniques
- Langerhans Cells/immunology
- Langerhans Cells/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/analysis
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/analysis
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/immunology
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Receptors, Cell Surface/analysis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Skin/cytology
- Skin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ebner
- Departments of Dermatology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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135
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Belz GT, Smith CM, Kleinert L, Reading P, Brooks A, Shortman K, Carbone FR, Heath WR. Distinct migrating and nonmigrating dendritic cell populations are involved in MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation after lung infection with virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:8670-5. [PMID: 15163797 PMCID: PMC423253 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0402644101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During lung infection with virus, airway-derived dendritic cells (DC) have been thought to be the dominant cell type involved in acquisition, transport, and direct antigen presentation for cytotoxic T lymphocyte priming. Contrary to this view, we have found that both an airway-derived CD8alpha(-)CD11b(-) DC subset and distinct CD8alpha(+) lymph node resident DC can present class I-restricted antigens after lung infection with influenza virus or herpes simplex virus 1. Presentation by a nonairway-derived DC population argues that cytotoxic T lymphocyte priming may involve interplay between different DC subsets, not all of which originate within the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle T Belz
- Division of Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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136
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Coccia EM, Severa M, Giacomini E, Monneron D, Remoli ME, Julkunen I, Cella M, Lande R, Uzé G. Viral infection and Toll-like receptor agonists induce a differential expression of type I and lambda interferons in human plasmacytoid and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:796-805. [PMID: 14991609 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200324610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the type I interferon (IFN) family consists of 13 IFN-alpha subtypes, IFN-beta and IFN-omicron the newly discovered IFN-like family consists of IFN-lambda1, -lambda2 and -lambda3. We have investigated the expression of type I and lambda IFN genes following virus infections or Toll-like receptor (TLR) triggering in monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC). We found that all IFN-alpha, -beta, -omicron and -lambda subtypes are expressed in influenza-virus-infected MDDC or pDC. Conversely, differential type I IFN gene transcription was induced in MDDC and pDC stimulated by specific TLR agonists. TLR-9 stimulation by CpG DNA induced the expression of all IFN-alpha, -beta, -omicron and -lambda subtypes in pDC, whereas TLR-4 stimulation by LPS, or TLR-3 stimulation by poly I:C, induced only IFN-beta and IFN-lambda gene expression in MDDC. The expression pattern of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-5 and IRF-7 in MDDC and pDC was also determined. IRF-5 was constitutively expressed in the two DC subsets whereas IRF-7 was constitutive in pDC but its expression was induced along MDDC maturation. Overall, our data indicate that the coordinated expression of IFN-lambda with IFN-beta would be of crucial importance for the maturation of DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana M Coccia
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Severa
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- CNRS UMR 5124, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Giacomini
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Elena Remoli
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Department of Microbiology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Roberto Lande
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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137
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Abstract
The antigen presenting dendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow (BM) derived cells. Despite their common functions of antigen-processing and T-lymphocyte activation, DCs are diverse in surface markers, migratory patterns and cytokine output. These differences can determine the fate of the T cells they activate. Several subsets of mature DCs have been described in both mouse and human, but tracing the origin of these specialised DC subsets has not been a trivial task. The original concept that all DCs were of myeloid origin was questioned by several recent studies, which demonstrated that in addition to the DCs derived from conventional myeloid precursors, some DCs could also be efficiently generated from lymphoid-restricted precursors. Moreover, it has been shown that both myeloid-restricted and lymphoid-restricted precursors were able to generate DC subsets with similar surface phenotype. These observations demonstrate the existence of both myeloid- and lymphoid-derived DC lineages and suggest an early developmental flexibility of DC precursors. The downstream points where the DC sub-lineages branch off from the conventional myeloid and lymphoid precursors, and the cytokines and environmental factors required for inducing their specialised functions are yet to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Dakic
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G, Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic. 3050, Australia
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138
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Abstract
Liver dendritic cells (DCs), which may orchestrate the liver's unique immunoregulatory functions, remain poorly characterized. We used a technique of overnight migration from pieces of normal human liver and skin to obtain tissue-derived DCs with minimal culture and no additional cytokine treatment. Liver and skin DCs had a monocyte-like morphology and a partially mature phenotype, expressing myeloid markers, MHCII, and co-stimulatory molecules; but only the skin DCs contained a population of CD1a+ cells. Overnight-migrated liver DCs activated naïve cord blood T cells efficiently. Liver DCs produced interleukin (IL)-10 whereas skin DCs failed to secrete IL-10 even after stimulation and neither skin nor liver-derived DCs secreted significant amounts of IL-12p70. Compared with skin DCs, liver DCs were less effective at stimulating T-cell proliferation and stimulated T cells to produce IL-10 and IL-4 whereas skin DCs were more potent stimulators of interferon-gamma and IL-4. Monocyte-derived DCs were down-regulated after culture with liver-conditioned media, suggesting that local microenvironmental factors may be important. Thus we show for the first time clear tissue-specific differences in nonlymphoid DCs. Although it is not possible to conclude from our data whether liver DCs are more regulatory, or skin DCs more proimmunogenic, the ability of liver DCs to secrete IL-10 may be important for regulating local immune responses within the liver in the face of constant exposure to gut antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Goddard
- Liver Research Laboratories, Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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139
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Despars G, O'Neill HC. A role for niches in the development of a multiplicity of dendritic cell subsets. Exp Hematol 2004; 32:235-43. [PMID: 15003308 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2003.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Revised: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although most studies on murine dendritic cell (DC) differentiation concentrate on the nature of the DC precursor population and the lineage relationship between DC and other hematopoietic cell types, very little research addresses the nature of the microenvironments necessary for DC hematopoiesis. Evidence supporting a major contribution of niches in DC differentiation within hematopoietic tissues is reviewed. A model is presented that identifies a potential role for multiple hematopoietic niches in DC differentiation. It is proposed that multiple DC subsets develop from one or a small number of DC progenitor types that lodge in various niches within different tissue sites. Implications of a niche-mediated model for differentiation of DC precursors are discussed in the context of both physiological and pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Despars
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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140
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Behboudi S, Moore A, Hill AVS. Splenic dendritic cell subsets prime and boost CD8 T cells and are involved in the generation of effector CD8 T cells. Cell Immunol 2004; 228:15-9. [PMID: 15203315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2003] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the dendritic cell (DC) subsets, CD8alpha+ and CD8alpha- DCs, to initiate a CD8 T cell response or to activate memory CD8 T cells and generate effector CD8 T cells has been controversial. In this study, we analyse the capacity of splenic DC subsets to induce CD8 T cell responses to a CD8 T cell epitope (pb9) of a malaria antigen. The administration of peptide-pulsed CD8alpha- or CD8alpha+ DCs primes and boosts a primed CD8 T cell response against the malaria epitope. In vitro, depletion of CD11c(+) DCs from mouse splenocytes, immunised with recombinant vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing pb9 epitope, significantly reduced the generation of pb9-specific IFNgamma producing effector CD8 T cells, indicating that splenic DCs are involved in the development of pb9-specific IFNgamma producing effector cells. Taken together, this result shows that both DC subsets have the ability to prime and boost CD8 T cell responses and are involved in the activation of memory CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Behboudi
- Molecular Immunology Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom.
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141
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Pillarisetty VG, Shah AB, Miller G, Bleier JI, DeMatteo RP. Liver Dendritic Cells Are Less Immunogenic Than Spleen Dendritic Cells because of Differences in Subtype Composition. J Immunol 2004; 172:1009-17. [PMID: 14707074 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The unique immunological properties of the liver may be due to the function of hepatic dendritic cells (DC). However, liver DC have not been well characterized because of the difficulty in isolating adequate numbers of cells for analysis. Using immunomagnetic bead and flow cytometric cell sorting, we compared freshly isolated murine liver and spleen CD11c+ DC. We found that liver DC are less mature, capture less Ag, and induce less T cell stimulation than spleen DC. Nevertheless, liver DC were able to generate high levels of IL-12 in response to CpG stimulation. We identified four distinct subtypes of liver DC based on the widely used DC subset markers CD8alpha and CD11b. Lymphoid (CD8alpha+CD11b-) and myeloid (CD8alpha-CD11b+) liver DC activated T cells to a similar degree as did their splenic DC counterparts but comprised only 20% of all liver DC. In contrast, the two more prevalent liver DC subsets were only weakly immunostimulatory. Plasmacytoid DC (B220+) accounted for 19% of liver DC, but only 5% of spleen DC. Our findings support the widely held notion that liver DC are generally weak activators of immunity, although they are capable of producing inflammatory cytokines, and certain subtypes potently activate T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu G Pillarisetty
- Hepatobiliary Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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142
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Palucka AK, Gatlin J, Blanck JP, Melkus MW, Clayton S, Ueno H, Kraus ET, Cravens P, Bennett L, Padgett-Thomas A, Marches F, Islas-Ohlmayer M, Garcia JV, Banchereau J. Human dendritic cell subsets in NOD/SCID mice engrafted with CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. Blood 2003; 102:3302-10. [PMID: 12869510 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-02-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct human dendritic cell (DC) subsets differentially control immunity. Thus, insights into their in vivo functions are important to understand the launching and modulation of immune responses. We show that nonobese diabetic/LtSz-scid/scid (NOD/SCID) mice engrafted with human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors develop human myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs. The skin displays immature DCs expressing Langerin, while other tissues display interstitial DCs. Myeloid DCs from these mice induce proliferation of allogeneic CD4 T cells in vitro, and bone marrow human cells containing plasmacytoid DCs release interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) upon influenza virus exposure. Injection of influenza virus into reconstituted mice triggers IFN-alpha release and maturation of mDCs. Thus, these mice may provide a model to study the pathophysiology of human DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karolina Palucka
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak, Dallas, TX 75204, USA.
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143
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Kadowaki N. [Human dendritic cells--DC1and DC2]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2003; 92:2047-52. [PMID: 14621600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
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144
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Della Bella S, Nicola S, Riva A, Biasin M, Clerici M, Villa ML. Functional repertoire of dendritic cells generated in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and interferon-alpha. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 75:106-16. [PMID: 14525963 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0403154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) generated in granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4-DCs) are used to enhance antitumor immunity in cancer patients, although recent evidence suggests that their functional repertoire may be incomplete; in particular, IL-4-DCs appear unable to induce type 2 cytokine-producing T helper (Th) cells. To assess whether type 1 interferon (IFN) could replace IL-4 and generate DCs with a more complete repertoire, we characterized in detail DCs generated from human monocytes cultured with GM-CSF and IFN-alpha (IFN-DCs). We found that IFN-alpha induces DC differentiation more efficiently than IL-4, yielding similar numbers of DCs in a shorter time and that this differentiation persists upon removal of cytokines. Although IFN-DCs had a more mature immunophenotype than IL-4-DCs, showing higher expression of CD80, CD86, and CD83, they still preserved comparable endocytic and phagocytic capacities and responsiveness to maturation stimuli. IFN-DCs had strong antigen-presenting capacity, inducing intense proliferation of T cells to alloantigens or influenza virus. Moreover, IFN-DCs produced lower levels of IL-12p70 and higher levels of IFN-alpha, IL-4, and IL-10 than IL-4-DCs. As a consequence of this different pattern of cytokine secretion, IFN-DCs induced T cells to produce type 1 (IFN-gamma) and type 2 (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines, and as expected, IL-4-DCs induced only Th1 differentiation. As immune responses with extreme Th1 bias are considered inadequate for the induction of optimal, systemic antitumor immunity, the ability of IFN-DCs to promote more balanced cytokine responses may suggest the advisability to consider these cells in the development of future, DC-based immunotherapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Della Bella
- Dipartmento di Scienze e Technologie Biomediche, Cattedra di Immunologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, L.I.T.A., via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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145
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Båve U, Magnusson M, Eloranta ML, Perers A, Alm GV, Rönnblom L. Fc gamma RIIa is expressed on natural IFN-alpha-producing cells (plasmacytoid dendritic cells) and is required for the IFN-alpha production induced by apoptotic cells combined with lupus IgG. J Immunol 2003; 171:3296-302. [PMID: 12960360 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An ongoing production of IFN-alpha may be of etiopathogenic significance in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It may be due to the natural IFN-producing cells (NIPC), also termed plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC), activated by immune complexes that contain nucleic acids derived from apoptotic cells. We here examined the role of FcgammaR in the IFN-alpha production in vitro by PBMC induced by the combination of apoptotic U937 cells and autoantibody-containing IgG from SLE patients (SLE-IgG). The Fc portion of the SLE-IgG was essential to induce IFN-alpha production, because Fab fragments or F(ab')(2) were ineffective. Normal, especially heat-aggregated, IgG inhibited the IFN-alpha production, suggesting a role for FcgammaR on PBMC. Using blocking anti-FcgammaR Abs, the FcgammaRIIa,c (CD32) but not FcgammaRI or FcgammaRIII were shown to be involved in the IFN-alpha induction by apoptotic cells combined with SLE-IgG, but not by HSV or CpG DNA. In contrast, the action of all of these inducers was inhibited by the anti-FcgammaRIIa,b,c mAb AT10 or heat-aggregated IgG. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that approximately 50% of the BDCA-2-positive PBMC, i.e., NIPC/PDC, expressed low but significant levels of FcgammaRII, as did most of the actual IFN-alpha producers activated by HSV. RT-PCR applied to NIPC/PDC purified by FACS demonstrated expression of FcgammaRIIa, but not of FcgammaRIIb or FcgammaRIIc. We conclude that FcgammaRIIa on NIPC/PDC is involved in the activation of IFN-alpha production by interferogenic immune complexes, but may also mediate inhibitory signals. The FcgammaRIIa could therefore have a key function in NIPC/PDC and be a potential therapeutic target in SLE.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adolescent
- Aged
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Autoantibodies/pharmacology
- CpG Islands/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/classification
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Hot Temperature
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/physiology
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Immunoglobulin G/physiology
- Interferon-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-alpha/biosynthesis
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/metabolism
- Male
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullvi Båve
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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146
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Xu S, Koski GK, Faries M, Bedrosian I, Mick R, Maeurer M, Cheever MA, Cohen PA, Czerniecki BJ. Rapid high efficiency sensitization of CD8+ T cells to tumor antigens by dendritic cells leads to enhanced functional avidity and direct tumor recognition through an IL-12-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 2003; 171:2251-61. [PMID: 12928369 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.5.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-origin dendritic cells (DCs) can develop into IL-12-secreting DC1 or non-IL-12-secreting DC2 depending on signals received during maturation. Through rapid culture techniques that prepared either mature, CD83+ DC1 or DC2 from CD14+ monocytes in only 2 days followed by a single 6-7 day DC-T cell coculture, we sensitized normal donor CD8+ T cells to tumor Ags (HER-2/neu, MART-1, and gp100) such that peptide Ag-specific lymphocytes constituted up to 16% of the total CD8+ population. Both DC1 and DC2 could sensitize CD8+ T cells that recognized peptide-pulsed target cells. However, with DC2, a general decoupling was observed between recognition of peptide-pulsed T2 target cells and recognition of Ag-expressing tumor cells, with peptide-sensitized T cells responding to tumor only about 15% of the time. In contrast, direct recognition of tumor by T cells was dramatically increased (to 85%) when DC1 were used for sensitization. Enhanced tumor recognition was accompanied by 10- to 100-fold increases in peptide sensitivity and elevated expression of CD8beta, characteristic of high functional avidity T cells. Both of these properties were IL-12-dependent. These results demonstrate the utility of rapid DC culture methods for high efficiency in vitro T cell sensitization that achieves robust priming and expansion of Ag-specific populations in 6 days. They also demonstrate a novel function of IL-12, which is enhancement of CD8+ T cell functional avidity. A new approach to DC-based vaccines that emphasizes IL-12 secretion to enhance functional avidity and concomitant tumor recognition by CD8+ T cells is indicated.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Adult
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/classification
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunization/methods
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- MART-1 Antigen
- Male
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- gp100 Melanoma Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Xu
- Harrison Department of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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147
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Dimier-Poisson I, Aline F, Mévélec MN, Beauvillain C, Buzoni-Gatel D, Bout D. Protective mucosal Th2 immune response against Toxoplasma gondii by murine mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells. Infect Immun 2003; 71:5254-65. [PMID: 12933872 PMCID: PMC187296 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.9.5254-5265.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular parasite pathogen which initially invades the intestinal epithelium before disseminating throughout the body, may cause severe sequelae in fetuses and life-threatening neuropathy in immunocompromised patients. Immune protection is usually thought to be performed through a systemic Th1 response; considering the route of parasite entry it is important to study and characterize the local mucosal immune response to T. gondii. Despite considerable effort, Toxoplasma-targeted vaccines have proven to be elusive using conventional strategies. We report the use of mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells (MLNDCs) pulsed ex vivo with T. gondii antigens (TAg) as a novel investigation approach to vaccination against T. gondii-driven pathogenic processes. Using a murine model, we demonstrate in two genetically distinct mouse strains (C57BL/6 and CBA/J) that adoptively transferred TAg-pulsed MLNDCs elicit a mucosal Toxoplasma-specific Th2-biased immune response in vivo and confer strong protection against infection. We also observe that MLNDCs mostly traffic to the intestine where they enhance resistance by reduction in the mortality and in the number of brain cysts. Thus, ex vivo TAg-pulsed MLNDCs represent a powerful tool for the study of protective immunity to T. gondii, delivered through its natural route of entry. These findings might impact the design of vaccine strategies against other invasive microorganisms known to be delivered through digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Dimier-Poisson
- UMR Université-INRA d'Immunologie Parasitaire et Vaccinologia, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 37200 Tours, France.
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148
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Abstract
Gingival epithelium is a site of active trafficking of Langerhans cells (LCs), while the lamina propria in chronic periodontitis (CP) contains CD83+ mature dendritic cells (mDCs) and CD4+ T-cells. The immune cells that contribute to the mDCs, and whether mDCs engage with T-cells in situ, are unclear. Using several immunohistochemical approaches, combined with fluorescence-, light-, and scanning laser confocal-microscopy, we show that, in addition to LCs, the gingiva contains dermal DCs (DDCs) in the lamina propria; moreover, DDCs increase in number during CP. Furthermore, DDCs, LCs, and B-cells co-express CD83 in CP and contribute to the mDC pool. Double-staining for CD83 and CD4 revealed that mDCs associate with clusters of CD4+ T-cells in the lamina propria. Analysis of these data suggests that multiple DC subsets mature in the gingiva and that mature DCs engage in antigen presentation with T-cells in chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jotwani
- Department of Periodontics, 110 Rockland Hall, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8703, USA
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149
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Wertel I, Kotarski J, Roliński J, Bojarska-Junak A, Gogacz M. Evaluation of Myeloid and Lymphoid Dendritic Cells in Peritoneal Fluid in Women with Non-malignant Ovarian Tumors. Am J Reprod Immunol 2003; 50:238-42. [PMID: 14629029 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0897.2003.00081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Identification of myeloid and lymphoid dendritic cells (DCs) in peritoneal fluid (PF) and peripheral blood (PB) of patients with ovarian pathology. METHOD OF STUDY PF and PB were collected from 60 patients who underwent laparoscopy because of non-malignant ovarian tumors. Mononuclear cells were separated by gradient centrifugation. The cell surface antigens were determined by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS Both myeloid and lymphoid DCs were detected in PF and PB of women with ovarian tumors. The percentage of myeloid DCs was significantly higher in PF than in PB. The concentration of PF myeloid DCs was the highest (P < 0.05) in patients with dermoid cysts (0.67 x 10(6)/mL PF) in comparison with the other studied groups, excluding patients with normal pelvis. CONCLUSIONS Domination of myeloid and not lymphoid cells in PF may support the hypothesis that local PF immune disturbances may play a role in some non-malignant ovarian pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Wertel
- Department of Gynecology, University School of Medicine, ul. Staszica 16, 20-081 Lublin, Poland.
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150
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Abstract
Dendritic cells orchestrate the adaptive immune response. As well as presenting MHC-restricted antigen for T-cell activation, they provide all the co-receptor signals required for full T-cell priming. As a consequence, they play a central role in the immune response to infections caused by many pathogenic agents, including viruses. In recent times, it has become apparent that dendritic cells represent a particularly heterogeneous population with individual subsets playing specialized roles in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis R Carbone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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