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Fernando IN, Bowden SJ, Buckley L, Grieve R, Spooner D, Agrawal RK, Brunt AM, Stockdale AD, Churn MJ, Stevens A, Marshall A, Canney P. Abstract S4-4: SECRAB: The Optimal SEquencing of Adjuvant Chemotherapy (CT) and RAdiotherapy (RT) in Early Breast Cancer (EBC), Results of a UK Multicentre Prospective Randomised Trial. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs10-s4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The optimal sequence of CT and RT for women with EBC has yet to be defined. SECRAB aimed to determine i) if synchronous (Syn) CT-RT improves loco-regional relapse rates (LRR) and ii) whether the treatments could be given together without increased toxicity or compromising the dose intensity of either CT or RT. The first endpoint of this study is presented in this abstract. Methods: SECRAB was a prospective, randomised trial comparing sequential (Seq) to Syn CT-RT. Permitted RT schedules included 40Gy/15F over 3 weeks, 45Gy/20F over 4 weeks and 50Gy/25F over 5 weeks. Syn RT was administered between cycles 2 and 3 for CMF or 5 and 6 for anthracycline-CMF. Syn patients treated using 15F were treated predominantly using a sandwich schedule while those receiving >15F were treated concurrently with CT. Seq RT was delivered on CT completion. Key eligibility criteria were completely excised EBC, fit for and requiring adjuvant CT and RT. The trial was powered to produce a definitive event driven analysis: 150 loco-regional relapses having 85% power to detect 4% 2-sided differences in the primary endpoint of overall LRR. Results: Between Jul 98 and Mar 04, 2296 women were randomised. Baseline characteristics were well balanced. 63% of patients were node positive indicating a high risk population. 2 patients did not receive CT and 23 did not receive RT. 5 patients in the latter group had a loco-regional relapse prior to planned RT (Seq n=3). With a median follow-up of 8.8 years there were 93 and 76 loco-regional relapses in the Seq and Syn arms and 5-year LRR were 7.4% (95% CI 5.9-9.1) and 5.4% (95% CI 4.2-7.0) respectively. There was no significant difference in overall LRR (HRSyn 0.82; 95% CI 0.6-1.1; p=0.19). There was a trend for benefit for Syn treatment which was consistent across different subgroups (grade, lymph node status, tumour size, vascular invasion and excision margin). In an unplanned subgroup analysis, a trend for benefit for Syn treatment was seen predominantly in patients with the presence of lymphovascular invasion (LRR 11.9% Seq vs 8.2% Syn) and also in patients with 0 and 1-3 positive nodes (LRR 7.8% Seq vs 5.2% Syn) but not in those with 4 or more positive nodes. Similar rates were observed for distant recurrences (22.2% vs 22.2%), contralateral recurrences (2.9% vs 2.7%), and new primary cancers (2.9% vs 2.6%) in the Seq and Syn arms respectively. There was also no significant difference in overall survival which was 83% and 82% in the Syn and Seq arms respectively at 5-years (HRSyn 0.99; 95% CI 0.8-1.2; p=0.87). Modest differences in acute skin toxicity and telangiectasia were observed between the two study arms. There was no difference in other late toxicities. The second primary endpoint of safety, toxicity and dose intensity is described in detail elsewhere (abstract no 850168). Conclusions: SECRAB is the largest sequencing trial in EBC to date. Delivering Syn CT-RT using CMF or anthracycline-CMF and a 3 weekly RT fractionation shortens the overall treatment time. Although not statistically significant there was a trend to improved locoregional control with Syn treatment.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr S4-4.
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Wang W, Purdie T, Rahman M, Marshall A, Fyles A. A Rapid Automated Process for Selection of Breath Hold Technique via Active Breathing Control to Achieve Cardiac Dose Reduction among Patients Receiving Left Sided Breast Irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.07.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Reeves M, Marshall A, Winkler E, Owen N, Eakin E. Measuring physical activity change in broad-reach intervention trials. J Sci Med Sport 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kanatas AN, Marshall A, Worrall SF. Re: one-stage management of ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint with a custom-made total joint replacement system. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009; 48:156-7. [PMID: 20004048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Remenyi J, Marshall A, Enticott J, Briggs R. The prognostic value of speech recognition scores at diagnosis of vestibular schwannoma. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 16:1460-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shewan D, Dalgarno P, Marshall A, Lowe E, Campbell M, Nicholson S, Reith G, Mclafferty V, Thomson K. Patterns of Heroin use among a Non-Treatment Sample in Glasgow (Scotland). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/16066359808993304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Cheah NLC, Lupton S, Marshall A, Hartley A, Glaholm J. Outcome of T1N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx treated with short-course radiotherapy to a total dose of 50 Gy in 16 fractions: the Birmingham experience. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2009; 21:494-501. [PMID: 19375900 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To review the results of hypofractionated radiotherapy in T1N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. MATERIALS AND METHODS A series of 100 patients treated with radiotherapy between 1993 and 2001 was reviewed. The median age was 67 years. The median follow-up was 7 years (range 3-14 years). Radiotherapy was delivered to a total dose of 50 Gy in 16 fractions treating daily, 5 days a week over 21 days. RESULTS Locoregional control rates with radiotherapy alone were 92% at 2 years and 88% at 5 years. After salvage surgery, the ultimate locoregional control rate was 96%. The relapse-free survival rates at 2 and 5 years were 85 and 70%, respectively. The cause-specific survival rates at 2 and 5 years were 99 and 97%, respectively. Overall survival rates at 2 and 5 years were 91 and 76%, respectively. Second primary cancers occurred in 21% of patients, primarily in the lung. CONCLUSIONS Radiotherapy to a total dose of 50 Gy in 16 fractions for T1N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx offers high locoregional control rates with voice preservation. These results from a hypofractionated radiotherapy schedule are comparable with other longer fractionation schedules and offer potential for optimising resource usage.
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Lim HG, Bacha EA, Marx GR, Marshall A, Fynn-Thompson F, Mayer JE, Del Nido P, Pigula FA. Biventricular repair in patients with heterotaxy syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 137:371-379.e3. [PMID: 19185155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complex intracardiac and extracardiac anatomy is often confronted during biventricular repair in patients with heterotaxy syndrome. We examined factors affecting surgical outcomes in these patients. METHODS Between January 1990 and July 2007, 371 patients received a diagnosis of heterotaxy syndrome; 91 (91/371, 24.5%) underwent biventricular repair. Left atrial isomerism was present in 73% (66/91) and right atrial isomerism in 10% (9/91), with indeterminate atrial anatomy in 17% (16/91). Median age at biventricular repair was 6.8 months (5 days to 22.3 years). Systemic venous anomalies were present in 75 patients, pulmonary venous anomalies in 26, and endocardial cushion defects in 36. Transposition complexes were present in 15 patients with atrioventricular discordance in 10; 8 underwent double switch, 2 received a physiologic repair, 2 underwent arterial switch, and 3 underwent the Rastelli operation. Other conotruncal anomalies included double-outlet right ventricle in 10 patients, tetralogy of Fallot in 3, and hemitruncus in 2. Separation of systemic from pulmonary venous return included intra-atrial baffling in 48 patients and extracardiac grafting in 2. Combined lesions were common, occurring in 99% (90/91). Statistical analysis with Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were performed. RESULTS Average follow-up was 44.9 +/- 57.5 months (3 days to 189.3 months). Kaplan-Meier estimated survival was 93.4% at 10 years; unbalanced complete atrioventricular canal was the only risk factor for mortality (P = .006). Subsequent procedures were common with a 10-year freedom from reoperation or reintervention of 38% +/- 7.5%. Arrhythmias occurred in 36 (39.6%) patients; bradyarrhythmia in 27 (29.7%) and tachyarrhythmia in 15 (16.5%). Freedom from any arrhythmia was 53.9% +/- 6.7% at 10 years. CONCLUSIONS Excellent survival for patients with heterotaxy undergoing biventricular repair can be expected, even for multiple, complex lesions. Reintervention is common, and arrhythmia is a long-term concern. This experience shows that patients with heterotaxy syndrome and complex cardiac anatomy can be considered for biventricular repair. Patients with unbalanced complete atrioventricular canal are a high-risk group for which selection criteria are particularly important.
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Brackett MG, Marshall A, Lockwood PE, Lewis JB, Messer RLW, Bouillaguet S, Wataha JC. Cytotoxicity of endodontic materials over 6-weeksex vivo. Int Endod J 2008; 41:1072-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2008.01471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Biswas S, Wrigley J, East C, Hern A, Marshall A, Dunn J, Lorigan P, Middleton M, Corrie P. A randomised trial evaluating bevacizumab as adjuvant therapy following resection of AJCC stage IIB, IIC and III cutaneous melanoma: an update. Ecancermedicalscience 2008; 2:108. [PMID: 22275984 PMCID: PMC3234061 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2008.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, there are no standard therapies for the adjuvant treatment of malignant melanoma. Patients with primary tumours with a high-Breslow thickness (stages IIB and IIC) or with resected loco-regional nodal disease (stage III) are at high risk of developing metastasis and subsequent disease-related death. Given this, it is important that novel therapies are investigated in the adjuvant melanoma setting. Since angiogenesis is essential for primary tumour growth and the development of metastasis, anti-angiogenic agents are attractive potential therapeutic candidates for clinical trials in the adjuvant setting. Therefore, we initiated a phase II trial in resected high-risk cutaneous melanoma, assessing the efficacy of bevacizumab versus observation.In the interim safety data analysis, we demonstrate that bevacizumab is a safe therapy in the adjuvant melanoma setting with no apparent increase in the surgical complication rate after either primary tumour resection and/or loco-regional lymphadenectomy.
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Douangamath A, Brandao-Neto J, Marshall A, Williams J, Preece G, O'Hea J, Dent A, Duke E, Grant A, Gregory S, Johnson L, McDonald B, Woolliscroft R. A monochromatic station for macromolecular crystallography at Diamond Light Source. Acta Crystallogr A 2008. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767308094488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Wroe SJ, Yeates AB, Marshall A. Long-term safety and efficacy of zonisamide in patients with refractory partial-onset epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 2008; 118:87-93. [PMID: 18547272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether zonisamide remains effective and well tolerated in the treatment of refractory partial epilepsy during long-term treatment and with flexible dosing in clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with refractory partial epilepsy who completed a fixed-dose, randomized, double-blind clinical trial were recruited in an open-label extension study with adjustment of zonisamide and other antiepileptic drug dosage according to the treating physician's usual clinical practice. RESULTS An intention-to-treat analysis of 317 patients showed that zonisamide was well tolerated with a predictable safety profile. Patient retention rates at 1, 2 and 3 years were 65.3%, 44.5% and 28.8%, respectively. Zonisamide treatment was associated with a maintained reduction in seizure frequency, with some patients achieving prolonged periods of seizure freedom. CONCLUSIONS Flexible dosing with zonisamide demonstrated a good safety profile and sustained efficacy in the long-term adjunctive treatment of refractory partial epilepsy.
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Marshall A, Rogers H. A review of CF-related diabetes (CFRD) management – a patients perspective. J Cyst Fibros 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(08)60323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gray RG, Rea DW, Handley K, Marshall A, Pritchard MG, Perry P, Earl HM, Poole CJ, Salman A, Lee M. aTTom (adjuvant Tamoxifen—To offer more?): Randomized trial of 10 versus 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen among 6,934 women with estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) or ER untested breast cancer—Preliminary results. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Jones RJ, Young O, Renshaw L, Jacobs V, Fennell M, Marshall A, Green TP, Elvin P, Womack C, Clack G, Dixon JM. Src inhibitors in early breast cancer: a methodology, feasibility and variability study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 114:211-21. [PMID: 18409068 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-9997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Early clinical trials of anticancer agents may be enriched by robust biomarkers of activity. Surrogate measures used in trials of cytotoxic agents, such as tumor size regression, may not be informative when investigating targeted agents that act principally to inhibit invasion or proliferation. This study aimed to determine the validity of invasion-related biomarkers of activity for AZD0530, a potent Src inhibitor currently in clinical development. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin are downstream phosphorylation substrates of Src and mediate tumor cell adhesion and invasiveness. These were therefore selected as biologically relevant markers of Src inhibition. Early breast cancer was chosen as a model as multiple samples can be collected during standard treatment and there is an intervening period in which experimental intervention can be applied. Tumor tissue was collected from diagnostic core biopsies and subsequent surgical tumor excision samples in 29 women with early breast cancer attending a single center. Protein levels were assessed quantitatively by Luminex and qualitatively by immunohistochemistry. AZD0530 inhibited tumor growth in a manner independent of dose and inhibited phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin in a dose-dependent manner in a Calu-6 xenograft model. In the clinical study, agreement of within-visit and also of between-visit measurements was high and the estimated number of patients required to detect a drug effect would be low enough to allow use of these markers as endpoints in future dose selection studies.
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Moore MJ, Hamilton AJ, Cairns KJ, Marshall A, Glover BM, McCann CJ, Jordan J, Kee F, Adgey AAJ. The Northern Ireland Public Access Defibrillation (NIPAD) study: effectiveness in urban and rural populations. Heart 2008; 94:1614-9. [PMID: 18230637 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2007.130534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of mobile automated external defibrillators (AEDs) on out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) in urban and rural populations. DESIGN Prospective before and after intervention, population study. SETTING Urban and rural areas of 160,000 each. Patients, interventions and MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In 2004-6 the demographics of OHCAs were assessed. In 2005-6 AEDs were deployed (29 urban, 53 rural): 335 urban first responders (FRs) and 493 rural FRs were trained in AED use and dispatched to OHCAs. Call-to-response interval (CRI), resuscitation and survival-to-discharge rates for OHCA were compared. RESULTS In 2004 there were 163 urban OHCAs and the emergency medical services (EMS) attended 158 (ventricular fibrillation (VF) 27/158 (17.1%)). In 2005-6 there were 226 OHCAs, EMS attended 216 (VF 30/216 (13.9%)). In 2005-6 FRs were paged to 128 OHCAs (56.6%), FRs attended 88/128 (68.8%): 18/128 (14.1%) reached before the EMS. The best combined FR/EMS mean (SD) CRI in 2005-6 (5 min 56 s (4)) was better than the EMS alone in 2004 (7 min (3); p = 0.002). Survival rate was 5.1% in 2004, 1.4% in 2005-6 (p = NS). In 2004 there were 131 rural OHCAs, EMS attended 121 (VF 19/121 (15.7%)). In 2005-6 there were 122 OHCAs, EMS attended 114 (VF 19/114 (16.7%)). In 2005-6 FRs were paged to 49 OHCAs, FRs attended 42/49 (85.7%): 23/49 (46.9%) reached before the EMS. The best combined FR/EMS mean (SD) CRI in 2005-6 (9 min 22 s (6)) was better than the EMS alone in 2004 (11 min 2 s (6); p = 0.018). Survival rate was 2.5% in 2004, 3.5% in 2005-6 (p = NS). CONCLUSIONS Despite improvement in CRI there was no impact on survival (witnessed arrest 32.8%, VF 15.6%). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN07286796.
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Kerr T, Marshall A, Walsh J, Palepu A, Tyndall M, Montaner J, Hogg R, Wood E. Determinants of HAART discontinuation among injection drug users. AIDS Care 2007; 17:539-49. [PMID: 16036240 DOI: 10.1080/09540120412331319778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify psychosocial determinants of, and self-reported reasons for, HAART discontinuation among HIV-positive injection drug users (IDUs). We examined correlates between sociodemographic characteristics, drug use and risk behaviors, outcome expectations, adherence self-efficacy, social support and HAART discontinuation among 160 HIV-positive participants in the Vancouver Injection Drug Users' Study (VIDUS). Logistic regression was used to identify the factors independently associated with discontinuation of HAART. Seventy-one (44%) study participants discontinued HAART during the study period. Factors independently associated with discontinuation of HAART included recent incarceration (OR = 4.84, p = 0.022), negative outcome expectations (OR = 1.41, p = 0.001), adherence efficacy expectations (OR = 0.70, p = 0.003) and self-regulatory efficacy (OR = 0.86, p = 0.050). The most frequently cited reasons provided for discontinuing HAART were being in jail (44%) and medication side effects (41%). The results of this study suggest that psychological constructs derived from self-efficacy theory are highly germane to the understanding of HAART discontinuation behavior and interventions that may change it. Incarceration may result in interruptions in HAART among IDUs, and programmatic changes may be needed to promote optimal retention on HAART among incarcerated HIV-infected IDUs.
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Marshall A, Børresen B, Hagen G, Sunde S, Tsypkin M, Tunold R. Iridium oxide-based nanocrystalline particles as oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193506100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bissonnette JP, Blackburn H, Marshall A, Chan B, Bezjak A, Warde P. 45 A pilot study on reducing radiation therapy planning timelines. Radiother Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(06)80786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Young O, Jones RJ, Clack G, Jacobs V, Marshall A, Fennell M, Green T, Dixon JM. Src kinase activity in early breast cancer (EBC): A quantitative luminometric and immunohistochemical (IHC) approach. J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
13010 Background: Src kinase expression and activity is increased in many solid tumors including breast cancer, and Src kinase has a role in the regulation of cancer cell invasion. Thus, Src kinase is a potential therapeutic target. Targeting cancer cell invasion may be of particular value in early disease, although drug effects are unlikely to be measurable by conventional endpoints, for example tumor regression. This prospective study aimed to establish robust measures of Src activity in invasion-related pathways in tissue derived from EBC and to assess the variability between these measures, in order to establish a methodology for pharmacodynamic assessment of Src inhibition in clinical disease. Methods: Duplicate sets of core biopsies were taken from 30 patients, both at diagnosis and surgery. Biopsies were fixed immediately in either liquid nitrogen (luminometric analysis) or pre-cooled isopentane (IHC analysis). Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPET) was also collected at the time of diagnosis. Levels of phospho-paxillin, phospho-focal adhesion kinase (FAK), total phosphotyrosine and total paxillin were measured in lysed tumor tissue using the Luminex system. Expression of activated Src, phospho-paxillin, phospho-FAK, total paxillin and total FAK was determined in sections of frozen tissue and FFPET, and assessed semi-quantitatively by visual examination. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) model was fitted to the Luminex data ( Table ). Results: All tumors expressed active Src, and there was a high level of expression, but low variability, of paxillin, FAK, phospho-paxillin and phospho-FAK. The subcellular localization of these markers could also be assessed in FFPET sections. Conclusion: The results indicate the feasibility of assessing the effect of a Src inhibitor on invasion-related endpoints in women awaiting surgery for EBC. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]
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Cyarto E, Brown W, Marshall A. 212 Have A Try! A community-based progressive resistance training program designed for older australians. J Sci Med Sport 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(17)30708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Armit C, Brown W, Marshall A, Ritchie C. 215 Predictors of increased physical activity levels following participation in a general practice based intervention. J Sci Med Sport 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(17)30711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Smith B, Marshall A, Huang N. 214 Assessing physical activity in general practice: Evaluating the feasibility, reliability and validity of two short instruments. J Sci Med Sport 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(17)30710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ferney S, Marshall A, Owen N, Eakin E, Leslie E. 378 Adopting a user-centred approach to developing a physical activity website. J Sci Med Sport 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(17)30875-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Armit C, Brown W, Marshall A, Ritchie C. 263 Changes in cardiovascular health, well-being and physical activity: results from a 12-week general practice based intervention. J Sci Med Sport 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(17)30759-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cyarto E, Dickinson R, Marshall A, Brown W. 158 Is the CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire for older adults reliable in an older Australian sample? J Sci Med Sport 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1440-2440(17)30653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Herbert Z, Weigel S, Sendemir E, Marshall A, Caldwell JD, Petrusz P, Peuckert C, Jirikowski GF. Androgen-binding protein is co-expressed with oxytocin in the male reproductive tract. Anat Histol Embryol 2005; 34:286-93. [PMID: 16159369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Androgen-binding protein (ABP) and the posterior lobe hormone oxytocin (OT) were co-localized in male rat reproductive organs. Immunostaining of serial semi-thin sections revealed a high rate of coexistence of both antigens in Sertoli cells and in the epithelial cells of the prostate. There was a considerably less co-localization of OT and ABP in epithelial cells of the epididymis, and in the different tissues of the ductus deferens. In situ hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotides complementary to a fragment of ABP mRNA showed specific staining in the same sites that were immunostained for ABP. ABP was isolated by affinity chromatography from homogenates of testis, epididymis, prostate and the content of the prostate lumen. Identical protein patterns could be shown with surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry in all samples except for the epididymis indicating that ABP structure is similar in all these tissues. ABP seems to be expressed in specified cells throughout the male rat reproductive tract. Most of these cells appear to be oxytocinergic. ABP and OT have previously been detected in the ejaculate. The observed epithelial cells are likely to be their source.
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Howe L, Marshall A, O'Donoghue GM, McConachie NS. Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysm Presenting As a Facial Nerve Palsy. Otol Neurotol 2005; 26:1083-4. [PMID: 16151362 DOI: 10.1097/01.mao.0000185067.42952.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Eastell R, Hannon RA, Gallagher N, Clack G, Macpherson M, Marshall A. The effect of AZD0530, a highly selective, orally available Src/Abl kinase inhibitor, on biomarkers of bone resorption in healthy males. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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131
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Marshall A. Cunning nets. Sci Justice 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1355-0306(05)71624-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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132
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Icasiano F, Hewson P, Machet P, Cooper C, Marshall A. Childhood autism spectrum disorder in the Barwon region: a community based study. J Paediatr Child Health 2004; 40:696-701. [PMID: 15569287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2004.00513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a community database for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to determine prevalence and identify subgroups based on key intellectual, clinical and family parameters. METHODS Data were collected for children previously diagnosed with an ASD in the Barwon region using parental interview and review of the child's paediatric and psychological records. Preschool diagnoses were typically made by specialist psychologists and school-age diagnoses made by a multidisciplinary team. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-seven children in the Barwon region were identified as having ASD (82% response rate). The prevalence of ASD was one per 255 children aged two to 17 years. The prevalence increased 10 fold over a 16-year period and this increase was relatively even across all levels of child intellectual functioning. Forty-two percent of children were intellectually disabled (IQ < 70) and performance IQ was significantly higher than verbal IQ but typical block design-comprehension subtest patterns were not common. Nine sibling pair families were identified, 24% were labelled as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 6% had epilepsy, and 18.3% were macrocephalic where data were available. Family difficulty was associated with the degree of obsessions/rituals, frequency and intensity of anger/aggression, and ADHD but overall was not associated with the child's intellectual status. CONCLUSIONS The relatively rapid increase in prevalence is consistent with overseas studies and suggests significant changes in diagnostic criteria, increasing community awareness and the need for support at all levels of intellectual functioning. Increased occurrence in siblings and relatives gives further evidence for a genetic cause.
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Phongsavan P, Merom D, Marshall A, Bauman A. Estimating physical activity level: the role of domestic activities. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004; 58:466-7. [PMID: 15143113 PMCID: PMC1732802 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2003.012096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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134
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Marshall A. Tailoring Heart Failure Therapy. J R Soc Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1258/jrsm.96.11.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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135
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Carroll P, Gregori MA, Manuel K, Marshall A, Pitchen-Cooper CM, Ross K, MacHale L. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the path you chose to becoming a midwife? How does the current controversy over the various pathways affect your practice, or your hopes for a practice? MIDWIFERY TODAY WITH INTERNATIONAL MIDWIFE 2003:8, 67-9. [PMID: 12584806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
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136
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Varma TRK, Fox SH, Eldridge PR, Littlechild P, Byrne P, Forster A, Marshall A, Cameron H, McIver K, Fletcher N, Steiger M. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus: effectiveness in advanced Parkinson's disease patients previously reliant on apomorphine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74:170-4. [PMID: 12531942 PMCID: PMC1738303 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.74.2.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease previously reliant on apomorphine as their main antiparkinsonian medication. METHODS Seven patients with motor fluctuations despite optimal medical treatment given as predominantly apomorphine infusion (n=6), or intermittent apomorphine injections (n=1) underwent bilateral STN DBS using frameless stereotactic surgery. Standard assessments of parkinsonism and motor fluctuations, using Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) were performed before and six months after surgery. Assessments were performed both on and off medication, and postoperative with the stimulators switched on and off. RESULTS Bilateral STN DBS improved motor scores (UPDRS III) by 61% when off medication (p<0.05). Clinical fluctuations (UPDRS IV items 36-39) were reduced by 46.2% (p<0.05). Total daily apomorphine dose was reduced by 68.9% (p<0.05) and apomorphine infusion via a pump was no longer required in four patients. There were no operative complications. Two patients required treatment for hallucinations postoperatively but there was no significant change in mini-mental state examination. CONCLUSIONS In patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, previously reliant on apomorphine, bilateral STN DBS is an effective treatment to reduce motor fluctuations and enable a reduction in apomorphine use.
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Duxbury MS, Wells IP, Roobottom C, Marshall A, Lambert AW. Endovascular repair of spontaneous non-aneurysmal aortocaval fistula. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002; 24:276-8. [PMID: 12217293 DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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138
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Gray RGF, Davies PA, Marshall A, Heath SK. The frequency of mtDNA 8994 polymorphism and detection of the NARP 8993 mutation. J Med Genet 2002; 39:204-5. [PMID: 11897826 PMCID: PMC1735065 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.39.3.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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139
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Platt MJ, Marshall A, Pharoah PO. The effects of assisted reproduction on the trends and zygosity of multiple births in England and Wales 1974-99. TWIN RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR TWIN STUDIES 2001; 4:417-21. [PMID: 11780931 DOI: 10.1375/1369052012696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Assisted reproductive techniques have led to an increase in the proportion of maternities that are multiple. Though predominantly dizygotic, they are at greater risk of monozygotic division than those spontaneously conceived. England and Wales data 1974-99 on stillbirths and livebirths were analysed for 4 periods: 1974-80 (pre-assisted reproduction; 1982-8; 1989-91 (pre-redefinition of stillbirth); 1993-9 (post-redefinition of stillbirth). For twin data, Weinberg's rule was applied to estimate the proportions that were mono- (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ). Compared with the period before assisted reproduction, the most recent period shows an increase in twin maternities of 3.81 per 1,000 comprised of 3.22 (95% CI 3.10 to 3.33; p < 0.0001) DZ and 0.60 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.68; p < 0.0001) MZ twins. It is estimated that 15.7% of assisted reproduction twins are MZ. Higher order multiple births showed an increase of 3.06 (95% CI 2.85 to 3.29; p < 0.0001) per 10,000 maternities. Stillbirth rates in MZ twins are of the same order of magnitude as those in higher order multiple births but higher than those in DZ twins. The improvement in stillbirth rates over the 26 year study period is of the same order magnitude in singletons, DZ and MZ twins and higher order multiples. Assisted reproduction has led to a significant increase in the proportion of MZ twins. These are at high risk of fetal death and this needs to be considered when local stillbirth and perinatal mortality rates are used in auditing obstetric services.
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Marshall A. Research in critical care: the challenge created by ethical standards. Aust Crit Care 2001; 14:136-7. [PMID: 11806509 DOI: 10.1016/s1036-7314(05)80054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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141
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Patel SJ, Jackson G, Marshall A. Convulsive syncope in young adults: think of a cardiac cause. Int J Clin Pract 2001; 55:639-40. [PMID: 11770363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Convulsive syncope is often misdiagnosed as epilepsy because of its similarity in clinical presentation. We present the case of a patient who had several such episodes before a definitive diagnosis was made. The diagnosis of prolonged sinus arrest was finally made with the valuable assistance of cardiac monitoring during a witnessed episode of convulsive syncope. Appropriate therapy was promptly introduced, i.e. temporary then permanent cardiac pacing. It is possible that any further delay in reaching the correct diagnosis and delivering appropriate treatment might have carried a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring performed at an early stage is therefore crucial in the initial assessment of a young adult presenting with convulsive syncope, as a significant proportion may have a cardiovascular aetiology, particularly arrhythmias, for their syncopal episodes.
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Abstract
Affective processes are critical to understanding and promoting lasting therapeutic change. Using a sample of 40 anxious adults, the researchers examined the use of music to increase affective modification and emotional restructuring in a cognitive reframing intervention. Subjects were assigned to either a typical reframing intervention or a music-assisted reframing intervention. Using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Subjective Units of Distress Scale, Depression Adjective Checklist, and a Think-Aloud measure, the groups were compared on basis of anxiety-reduction, affective modification, and imagery vividness. Results indicate that the music-assisted reframing intervention was more efficacious than the typical reframing intervention in reducing anxiety, modifying affect, and promoting imagery-vividness.
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143
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Chetwynd AG, Diggle PJ, Marshall A, Parslow R. Investigation of spatial clustering from individually matched case-control studies. Biostatistics 2001; 2:277-93. [PMID: 12933539 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/2.3.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper demonstrates how existing theory to assess spatial clustering based on second-moment properties of a labelled point process can be adapted to matched case-control studies. The null hypothesis that cases are a random sample from the superposition of cases and controls is replaced by the hypothesis that each case is a random sample from the set consisting of itself and its k matched controls. We compare the proposed test with other tests of spatial clustering, and describe an application to data on childhood diabetes in Yorkshire, England.
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Biondo M, Nasa Z, Marshall A, Toh BH, Alderuccio F. Local transgenic expression of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor initiates autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2090-9. [PMID: 11160260 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.3.2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms leading to breakdown of immunological tolerance and initiation of autoimmunity are poorly understood. Experimental autoimmune gastritis is a paradigm of organ-specific autoimmunity arising from a pathogenic autoimmune response to gastric H/K ATPase. The gastritis is accompanied by autoantibodies to the gastric H/K ATPase. The best characterized model of experimental autoimmune gastritis requires neonatal thymectomy. This procedure disrupts the immune repertoire, limiting its usefulness in understanding how autoimmunity arises in animals with intact immune systems. Here we tested whether local production of GM-CSF, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is sufficient to break tolerance and initiate autoimmunity. We generated transgenic mice expressing GM-CSF in the stomach. These transgenic mice spontaneously developed gastritis with an incidence of about 80% after six backcrosses to gastritis-susceptible BALBc/CrSlc mice. The gastritis is accompanied by mucosal hypertrophy, enlargement of draining lymph nodes and autoantibodies to gastric H/K ATPase. An infiltrate of dendritic cells and macrophages preceded CD4 T cells into the gastric mucosa. T cells from draining lymph nodes specifically proliferated to the gastric H/K ATPase. CD4 but not CD8 T cells transferred gastritis to nude mouse recipients. CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells from the spleen retained anergic suppressive properties that were reversed by IL-2. We conclude that local expression of GM-CSF is sufficient to break tolerance and initiate autoimmunity mediated by CD4 T cells. This new mouse model should be useful for studies of organ-specific autoimmunity.
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Henderson B, Marshall A, Yamaga M, O'Donnell KP, Cockayne B. The temperature dependence of Cr3+photoluminescence in some garnet crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/21/36/018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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146
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Schiff SJ, Colella D, Jacyna GM, Hughes E, Creekmore JW, Marshall A, Bozek-Kuzmicki M, Benke G, Gaillard WD, Conry J, Weinstein SR. Brain chirps: spectrographic signatures of epileptic seizures. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 111:953-8. [PMID: 10825700 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(00)00259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A chirp is a brief signal within which the frequency content changes rapidly. Spectrographic chirps are found in signals produced from many biological and physical phenomena. In radar and sonar engineering, signals with chirps are used to localize direction and range to the signal source. Although characteristic frequency changes during epileptic seizures have long been observed, the correlation with chirps and chirp technology seems never to have been made. METHODS We analyzed 19404 s (1870 s of which were from 43 seizures) of intracranially (subdural and depth electrode) recorded digital EEG from 6 patients for the presence of spectral chirps. Matched filters were constructed from methods in routine use in non-medical signal processing applications. RESULTS We found that chirps are very sensitive detectors of seizures (83%), and highly specific as markers (no false positive detections). The feasibility of using spectral chirps as matched filters was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Chirps are highly specific and sensitive spectrographic signatures of epileptic seizure activity. In addition, chirps may serve as templates for matched filter design to detect seizures, and as such, can demonstrate localization and propagation of seizures from an epileptic focus.
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147
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Marshall A. Leaking catheter mount swivels. Anaesth Intensive Care 2000; 28:333-4. [PMID: 10853224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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148
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Easton C, Marshall A. Control of acidic drain-water-breeding mosquitoes in New South Wales, Australia, by installing controlled leakage holes in tidal flap gates. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2000; 16:19-21. [PMID: 10757486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Effects on mosquito breeding, acidity, and fish presence were assessed after installation of a small tidal leakage port into an acidic drain's tidal exclusion flap gate. Before gate modification the drain water had pH values as low as 2.7. These water conditions were toxic to fish and continually held mosquito larvae. At 4 wk after gate modification, water pH had risen to 6.0, at least 3 fish species inhabited the drain, and mosquito larval numbers had been reduced by 99.98%.
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Mathur PP, Marshall A, Cheng CY. Protein profiles in various epididymal segments of normal and castrated rats. Asian J Androl 2000; 2:57-64. [PMID: 11228939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Epididymal proteins are known to play an important role in the maturation of spermatozoa. We ought to determine if there are regional differences in androgen-dependent epididymal proteins. METHODS A group of adult rats was castrated and epididymides were removed three days following castration. The epididymides were dissected into caput, corpus and cauda segments, homogenized, and proteins were fractionated by anion exchange HPLC. Proteins in selected fractions were resolved by SDS-PAGE and visualized by silver staining. RESULTS It was observed that the levels of multiple proteins drastically reduced in the various regions of epididymis of the orchiectomized rats. CONCLUSION The epididymal proteins appear to be useful markers to study androgenic action in the epididymis.
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Marshall A, Pittard M. Use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the critically ill--physiological principles. Aust Crit Care 1999; 12:154-8. [PMID: 11271031 DOI: 10.1016/s1036-7314(99)70602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CPAP therapy helps improve oxygenation in patients who are awake and able to maintain a good respiratory drive. In many cases this means that intubation and ventilation can be avoided. The main goals of CPAP are to minimise alveolar collapse, improve compliance, decrease work of breathing and improve ventilation/perfusion matching. These effects work together to improve arterial oxygenation. A clear, concise and straightforward discussion of CPAP is difficult to find in the existing literature. As CPAP has developed into a common therapy for patients with respiratory failure, it is essential that nurses using this therapy are familiar with the equipment and the physiological effects it produces. Assessment and management of the patient receiving CPAP therapy are also important. This paper will address the physiological principles of CPAP therapy so that nurses working with critically ill patients receiving CPAP therapy understand the system and are accurate and astute in their respiratory assessment, in order to provide optimum care.
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