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Heredia A, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Domínguez E. CHS silencing suggests a negative cross-talk between wax and flavonoid pathways in tomato fruit cuticle. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1019979. [PMID: 26039481 PMCID: PMC4622847 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1019979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L.) accumulate flavonoids in their cuticle and epidermal cells during ripening. These flavonoids come from de novo biosynthesis due to a significant increase in chalcone synthase (CHS) activity during ripening. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of tomato fruits have been used to down-regulate SlCHS expression during ripening and analyze the effects at the epidermal and cuticle level. Besides the expected change in fruit color due to a lack of flavonoids incorporated to the cuticle, several other modifications such as a decrease in the amount of cutin and polysaccharides were observed. These indicate a role for either flavonoids or CHS in the alteration of the expression levels of some genes involved in cuticle biosynthesis. Moreover, a negative interaction between the 2 cuticle components, flavonoids and waxes, suggests a relationship between these 2 metabolic pathways.
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Cruz-Castañeda J, Negrón-Mendoza A, Frías D, Colín-García M, Heredia A, Ramos-Bernal S, Villafañe-Barajas S. Chemical evolution studies: the radiolysis and thermal decomposition of malonic acid. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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53
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España L, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Reina-Pinto JJ, Fernández-Muñoz R, Heredia A, Domínguez E. Transient silencing of CHALCONE SYNTHASE during fruit ripening modifies tomato epidermal cells and cuticle properties. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1371-86. [PMID: 25277718 PMCID: PMC4226350 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.246405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening is accompanied by an increase in CHALCONE SYNTHASE (CHS) activity and flavonoid biosynthesis. Flavonoids accumulate in the cuticle, giving its characteristic orange color that contributes to the eventual red color of the ripe fruit. Using virus-induced gene silencing in fruits, we have down-regulated the expression of SlCHS during ripening and compared the cuticles derived from silenced and nonsilenced regions. Silenced regions showed a pink color due to the lack of flavonoids incorporated to the cuticle. This change in color was accompanied by several other changes in the cuticle and epidermis. The epidermal cells displayed a decreased tangential cell width; a decrease in the amount of cuticle and its main components, cutin and polysaccharides, was also observed. Flavonoids dramatically altered the cuticle biomechanical properties by stiffening the elastic and viscoelastic phase and by reducing the ability of the cuticle to deform. There seemed to be a negative relation between SlCHS expression and wax accumulation during ripening that could be related to the decreased cuticle permeability to water observed in the regions silencing SlCHS. A reduction in the overall number of ester linkages present in the cutin matrix was also dependent on the presence of flavonoids.
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Periche A, Heredia A, Escriche I, Andrés A, Castelló M. Optical, mechanical and sensory properties of based-isomaltulose gummy confections. FOOD BIOSCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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55
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Kwiatkowska M, Wojtczak A, Popłońska K, Polit JT, Stępiński D, Domίnguez E, Heredia A. Cutinsomes and lipotubuloids appear to participate in cuticle formation in Ornithogalum umbellatum ovary epidermis: EM-immunogold research. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:1151-61. [PMID: 24627134 PMCID: PMC4125816 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The outer wall of Ornithogalum umbellatum ovary and the fruit epidermis are covered with a thick cuticle and contain lipotubuloids incorporating (3)H-palmitic acid. This was earlier evidenced by selective autoradiographic labelling of lipotubuloids. After post-incubation in a non-radioactive medium, some marked particles insoluble in organic solvents (similar to cutin matrix) moved to the cuticular layer. Hence, it was hypothesised that lipotubuloids participated in cuticle synthesis. It was previously suggested that cutinsomes, nanoparticles containing polyhydroxy fatty acids, formed the cuticle. Thus, identification of the cutinsomes in O. umbellatum ovary epidermal cells, including lipotubuloids, was undertaken in order to verify the idea of lipotubuloid participation in cuticle synthesis in this species. Electron microscopy and immunogold method with the antibodies recognizing cutinsomes were used to identify these structures. They were mostly found in the outer cell wall, the cuticular layer and the cuticle proper. A lower but still significant degree of labelling was also observed in lipotubuloids, cytoplasm and near plasmalemma of epidermal cells. It seems that cutinsomes are formed in lipotubuloids and then they leave them and move towards the cuticle in epidermal cells of O. umbellatum ovary. Thus, we suggest that (1) cutinsomes could take part in the synthesis of cuticle components also in plant species other than tomato, (2) the lipotubuloids are the cytoplasmic domains connected with cuticle formation and (3) this process proceeds via cutinsomes.
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Fernández V, Sancho-Knapik D, Guzmán P, Peguero-Pina JJ, Gil L, Karabourniotis G, Khayet M, Fasseas C, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Heredia A, Gil-Pelegrín E. Wettability, polarity, and water absorption of holm oak leaves: effect of leaf side and age. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:168-80. [PMID: 24913938 PMCID: PMC4149704 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.242040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant trichomes play important protective functions and may have a major influence on leaf surface wettability. With the aim of gaining insight into trichome structure, composition, and function in relation to water-plant surface interactions, we analyzed the adaxial and abaxial leaf surface of holm oak (Quercus ilex) as a model. By measuring the leaf water potential 24 h after the deposition of water drops onto abaxial and adaxial surfaces, evidence for water penetration through the upper leaf side was gained in young and mature leaves. The structure and chemical composition of the abaxial (always present) and adaxial (occurring only in young leaves) trichomes were analyzed by various microscopic and analytical procedures. The adaxial surfaces were wettable and had a high degree of water drop adhesion in contrast to the highly unwettable and water-repellent abaxial holm oak leaf sides. The surface free energy and solubility parameter decreased with leaf age, with higher values determined for the adaxial sides. All holm oak leaf trichomes were covered with a cuticle. The abaxial trichomes were composed of 8% soluble waxes, 49% cutin, and 43% polysaccharides. For the adaxial side, it is concluded that trichomes and the scars after trichome shedding contribute to water uptake, while the abaxial leaf side is highly hydrophobic due to its high degree of pubescence and different trichome structure, composition, and density. Results are interpreted in terms of water-plant surface interactions, plant surface physical chemistry, and plant ecophysiology.
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57
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Martínez-Las Heras R, Heredia A, Castelló M, Andrés A. Moisture sorption isotherms and isosteric heat of sorption of dry persimmon leaves. FOOD BIOSCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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58
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Benítez JJ, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Guzmán-Puyol S, Domínguez E, Heredia A. Polyester films obtained by noncatalyzed melt-condensation polymerization of aleuritic (9,10,16-trihydroxyhexadecanoic) acid in air. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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59
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Heredia A, Castelló M, Argüelles A, Andrés A. Evolution of mechanical and optical properties of French fries obtained by hot air-frying. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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60
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Abstract
A new procedure is given to isolate the components that constitute the translucent lines present in some layered plant cuticles. These electron-translucent lines are mainly composed of fatty acids and n-alkanes. This waxy material is capable to form molecular bilayers with a constant thickness of approximately 5 nm. This special arrangement have a strong contribution in water transport across the cuticle
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61
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Matas A, Heredia A. Molecular Dynamics Modellization and Simulation of Water Diffusion through Plant Cutin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-1999-1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A theoretical molecular modelling study has been conducted for cutin, the biopolyester that forms the main structural component of the plant cuticle. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, extended over several ten picoseconds, suggests that cutin is a moderately flexible netting with motional constraints mainly located at the cross-link sites of functional ester groups. This study also gives structural information essentially in accordance with previously reported experimental data, obtained from X -ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. MD calculations were also performed to simulate the diffusion of water molecules through the cutin biopolymer. The theoretical analysis gives evidence that water permeation proceedes by a “hopping mechanism”. Coefficients for the diffusion of the water molecules in cutin were obtained from their mean-square displacements yielding values in good agreement with experimental data.
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62
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Casado CG, Heredia A. Water Permeability of Hypodermis Isolated from Clivia miniata Roots. Z NATURFORSCH C 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-1998-11-1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The fine structure and water permeability of hypodermis isolated from roots of Clivia miniata have been studied. The hypodermis is composed of five layers of cells arranged in radial rows. The cell walls of these layers consist of primary and tertiary walls and suberized secondary walls which are lamellated. Water perm eability of the isolates was low, around the value of 10-9 m s-1. This value was found independent of the pH solution and of the ionic exchange capacity of the isolates. Suberin extraction increased water permeability one or der of magnitude.
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63
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Martínez-Las Heras R, Heredia A, Castelló M, Andrés A. Influence of drying method and extraction variables on the antioxidant properties of persimmon leaves. FOOD BIOSCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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64
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España L, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Segado P, Benítez JJ, Heredia A, Domínguez E. Biomechanical properties of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit cuticle during development are modulated by changes in the relative amounts of its components. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:790-802. [PMID: 24571168 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, growth-dependent changes in the mechanical properties of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cuticle during fruit development were investigated in two cultivars with different patterns of cuticle growth and accumulation. The mechanical properties were determined in uniaxial tensile tests using strips of isolated cuticles. Changes in the functional groups of the cuticle chemical components were analysed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). The early stages of fruit growth are characterized by an elastic cuticle, and viscoelastic behaviour only appeared at the beginning of cell enlargement. Changes in the cutin:polysaccharide ratio during development affected the strength required to achieve viscoelastic deformation. The increase in stiffness and decrease in extensibility during ripening, related to flavonoid accumulation, were accompanied by an increase in cutin depolymerization as a result of a reduction in the overall number of ester bonds. Quantitative changes in cuticle components influence the elastic/viscoelastic behaviour of the cuticle. The cutin:polysaccharide ratio modulates the stress required to permanently deform the cuticle and allow cell enlargement. Flavonoids stiffen the elastic phase and reduce permanent viscoelastic deformation. Ripening is accompanied by a chemical cleavage of cutin ester bonds. An infrared (IR) band related to phenolic accumulation can be used to monitor changes in the cutin esterification index.
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65
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Heredia-Guerrero JA, Benítez JJ, Domínguez E, Bayer IS, Cingolani R, Athanassiou A, Heredia A. Infrared and Raman spectroscopic features of plant cuticles: a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:305. [PMID: 25009549 PMCID: PMC4069575 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is one of the most important plant barriers. It is an external and continuous lipid membrane that covers the surface of epidermal cells and whose main function is to prevent the massive loss of water. The spectroscopic characterization of the plant cuticle and its components (cutin, cutan, waxes, polysaccharides and phenolics) by infrared and Raman spectroscopies has provided significant advances in the knowledge of the functional groups present in the cuticular matrix and on their structural role, interaction and macromolecular arrangement. Additionally, these spectroscopies have been used in the study of cuticle interaction with exogenous molecules, degradation, distribution of components within the cuticle matrix, changes during growth and development and characterization of fossil plants.
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66
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Heredia A, Henderson D, Thomadsen B. SU-E-T-336: Geometric Optimizations of a Directional High Dose Rate Brachytherapy Source Using Monte Carlo. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4814770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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67
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Mombelli C, Giordani M, Imperiali N, Bedini M, Luxardo R, Heredia A, Lovisolo P, Groppa S, Perez de Arenaza D, Rosa Diez G. Proteinuria/Creatininuria Index and its Correlation With the 24-Hour Proteinuria in Renal Transplanted Patients. Transplant Proc 2013; 45:1635-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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68
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Peinado I, Rosa E, Heredia A, Escriche I, Andrés A. Influence of processing on the volatile profile of strawberry spreads made with isomaltulose. Food Chem 2013; 138:621-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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69
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Peinado I, Rosa E, Heredia A, Andrés A. Rheological characteristics of healthy sugar substituted spreadable strawberry product. J FOOD ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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70
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Domínguez E, Fernández MD, Hernández JCL, Parra JP, España L, Heredia A, Cuartero J. Tomato fruit continues growing while ripening, affecting cuticle properties and cracking. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 146:473-86. [PMID: 22582930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fruit cuticle composition and their mechanical performance have a special role during ripening because internal pressure is no longer sustained by the degraded cell walls of the pericarp but is directly transmitted to epidermis and cuticle which could eventually crack. We have studied fruit growth, cuticle modifications and its biomechanics, and fruit cracking in tomato; tomato has been considered a model system for studying fleshy fruit growth and ripening. Tomato fruit cracking is a major disorder that causes severe economic losses and, in cherry tomato, crack appearance is limited to the ripening process. As environmental conditions play a crucial role in fruit growing, ripening and cracking, we grow two cherry tomato cultivars in four conditions of radiation and relative humidity (RH). High RH and low radiation decreased the amount of cuticle and cuticle components accumulated. No effect of RH in cuticle biomechanics was detected. However, cracked fruits had a significantly less deformable (lower maximum strain) cuticle than non-cracked fruits. A significant and continuous fruit growth from mature green to overripe has been detected with special displacement sensors. This growth rate varied among genotypes, with cracking-sensitive genotypes showing higher growth rates than cracking-resistant ones. Environmental conditions modified this growth rate during ripening, with higher growing rates under high RH and radiation. These conditions corresponded to those that favored fruit cracking. Fruit growth rate during ripening, probably sustained by an internal turgor pressure, is a key parameter in fruit cracking, because fruits that ripened detached from the vine did not crack.
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71
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Heredia-Guerrero JA, de Lara R, Domínguez E, Heredia A, Benavente J, Benítez JJ. Chemical–physical characterization of isolated plant cuticles subjected to low-dose γ-irradiation. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:803-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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72
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Peinado I, Rosa E, Heredia A, Escriche I, Andrés A. Optical, Mechanical and Sensorial Properties of Strawberry Spreadable Products Formulated with Isomaltulose. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-012-0970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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73
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Barriga LE, Zaharia M, Pinillos L, Moscol A, Heredia A, Sarria G, Marquina J, Barriga O, Picon C. Long-term follow-up of radiation accident patients in Peru: review of two cases. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2012; 151:652-655. [PMID: 22914334 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncs175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Overexposure to radioactive sources used in radiotherapy or industrial radiography may result in severe health consequences. This report assesses the initial clinical status and the medical and psychological long-term follow-up of two radiation accident patients from Peru during the mid-to-late 1990s: one patient exposed to a radiotherapy (60)Co source in Arequipa, the other patient to a (192)Ir source in Yanango. Commonalities and differences are described. The main causes in both accidents were human error and the failure to apply appropriate safety guidelines and standard operating procedures. Education and training of the personnel working with radiation sources are essential to prevent accidents. The experience gained from the medical management of the two patients is valuable for future treatment of such patients.
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74
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Heredia A, Robinson A, Henderson D, Thomadsen B. SU-E-T-319: Monte Carlo Characterization of a New Directional Pd-103 High Dose Rate Source for Brachytherapy Application. Med Phys 2012; 39:3777. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4735406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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75
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Quinet Y, Vieira RHSF, Sousa MR, Evangelista-Barreto NS, Carvalho FCT, Guedes MIF, Alves CR, de Biseau JC, Heredia A. Antibacterial properties of contact defensive secretions in neotropical Crematogaster ants. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1678-91992012000400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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