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Kumar R, Singh C, Mazumder A, Salahuddin, Abdullah MM, Kushwaha V, Giri PP. Synthetic Approach to Potential Anticancer Benzimidazole Derivatives- A Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:1289-1304. [PMID: 34598663 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666211001122118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases in many developed and developing countries. Continuous efforts are required for designing better therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer with more efficacy, selectivity, and less toxicity. The fused heterocyclic ring system has been identified by several researchers as a privileged structure that can be used as a basis for drug discovery in medicinal chemistry. The hetero-aromatic bicyclic ring system acts as a pharmacophore in a wide range of drugs with therapeutic potential. According to studies in the literature, variously substituted benzimidazoles have distinct pharmacological profiles with multi-targeting ability, making them an important anchor for the production of novel therapeutic agents against complex cancers including breast cancer, skin cancer, and blood cancer. In this presented article we are discussed various synthetic methods for the synthesis of anticancer benzimidazoles and their derivatives in different solvent conditions, substrates, and various catalysts mainly those which are eco-friendly, and economical, which shows the anticancer activity. We also focused on various derivatives are under clinical trials containing Benzimidazole moiety.
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Kumar A, Salahuddin, Mazumder A, Yar MS, Kumar R, Ahsan MJ. The Synthesis and Anticancer Potentials of Quinoline Analogues: A Review of Literature. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x17999201012182001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
New drugs introduced in the market each year, have privileged structures specifically
for anticancer targets, of which quinoline-based analogues also play an important role. This review
highlights quinoline and its derivatives, which have great potency against various cancer cells,
including prostate cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, pancreas cancer, and many more. This review
describes the most preferred process-scale synthetic approaches of quinoline and its derivatives
having a specific pharmacophore for anticancer targets. It also describes the undergoing development
and recently approved drugs in tabular form. Quinoline moiety as a privileged structural
pharmacophore has the most effective activity against different cancer cell lines like prostate
cancer, breast cancer, stomach cancer, pancreas cancer, Colon cancer, CNS cancer, and renal cancer.
It can be used as a lead compound for further research on anticancer drug discovery.
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Afreen, Salahuddin, Mazumder A, Joshi S, Kumar R, Yar MS, Ahsan MJ. Insight into the Isolation, Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship of Piperine Derivatives for the Development of New Compounds: Recent Updates. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:2715-2751. [PMID: 34530714 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666210917085449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, black pepper commands the leading position among all the spices as a spice of handsome commercial importance in all the world trade and finds its way into the dietary habits of millions of people worldwide. Black pepper is biologically known as Piper nigrum and contains Piperine as the main active chemical constituent. This paper highlights various general methods for extracting Piperine from the crude drug: maceration extraction, Hydrotropic extraction, Accelerated solvent extraction, Thin layer chromatography, and extraction with ethanol & dichloromethane Ionic fluid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction, etc. In this review, Piperine and its analogs exhibit numerous pharmacological activities and synthetic schemes of Insecticidal activity, Anti-cancer activity, Anti-inflammatory activity, Anti-diabetic activity, Anti-hyperlipidemic activity, Antifungal Activity, Narcotic Activity, etc. The biochemistry of Piperine also has been summarized in the presented article. This very exhaustive review details the complete information about Piperine, its derivatives, and further processing. Moreover, the current survey sums up the new writing identified with Piperine as a remedial specialist against a few illnesses.
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Tiglani D, Salahuddin, Mazumder A, Yar MS, Kumar R, Ahsan MJ. Benzimidazole-Quinoline Hybrid Scaffold as Promising Pharmacological Agents: A Review. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1942933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Sahu R, Mishra R, Kumar R, Salahuddin, Majee C, Mazumder A, Kumar A. Pyridine moiety: An insight into recent advances in treatment of cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:248-272. [PMID: 34126914 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210614162031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cancer is increasing worldwide, affecting a vast majority of the human population. As new different anticancer agents are being developed now, the requirement is to deal somehow with them and evaluate their safety. Among them, pyridine based drugs are contributing a lot, as it is one of the imperative pharmacophores occurring synthetically as well as naturally in heterocyclic compounds, and having a wide range of therapeutic applications in the area of drug discovery, thereby offering many chances for further improvement in antitumor agents via acting onto numerous receptors of extreme prominence. Many pyridine derivatives have been reported to inhibit enzymes, receptors and many other targets for controlling and curing the global health issue of cancer. Nowadays, in combination with other moieties, researchers are focusing on the development of pyridine-based new derivatives for cancer treatment. Therefore, this review sheds light on the recent therapeutic expansions of pyridine together with its molecular docking, structure-activity-relationship, availability in the market, and a summary of recently patented and published research works that shall jointly help the scientists to produce effective drugs with the desired pharmacological activity.
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Sharma D, Salahuddin, Sharma V, Kumar R, Joshi S, Kumari S, Saxena S, Mazumder A, Yar MS, Ahsan MJ. 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles as Potential Pharmacophore for Cytotoxic Potentiality: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:1377-1397. [PMID: 34126902 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666210612031144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a kind of disease that has scared many people for many years. Cancer is due to the excessive growth of cells in every particular part of the body. Oxadiazole 1,3,4 is a magical organic moiety that has anticancer potential. Various works on the 1,3,4-oxadiazoles moiety showing anticancer activity have been reported. The present analysis summarizes general synthetic methods for 1,3,4 oxadiazole. Different receptors on which these drug acts are discussed. Pharmacophore models are also presented in this review for topoisomerase-I, histone deacetylase, epidermal growth factor enzymes.
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Gurjar VK, Pal D, Mazumder A, Mazumder R. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel 1,8-Naphthyridine-3-carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Potential Antimicrobial Agents (Part-1). Indian J Pharm Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Yadav SK, Jain GK, Mazumder A, Khar RK. Antimicrobial activity of a novel polyherbal combination for the treatment of vaginal infection. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2019; 10:190-194. [PMID: 31742120 PMCID: PMC6844001 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Azadirachta indica (AI), Cichorium intybus (CI), and Trigonella foenum-graecum (TFG) against bacterial and fungal pathogens responsible for the vaginal infections. The AI, CI, and TFG were selected to include antimicrobial and antifungal action against wide range of microbes. The different extracts of the herbs were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activity by well diffusion assays. Based on the results, the combination was selected and evaluated, "polyherbal antimicrobial (PHA)." The developed PHA extract demonstrated synergistic broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities including antibacterial and antifungal activity (minimum inhibition concentration: 5-7 mg/ml).
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Jha S, Sahani OP, Siddiqui S, Verma MK, Mazumder A, Waghdhare S. Effectiveness of Pregabalin Compared to Duloxetine in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: An Observational Study. THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICIANS OF INDIA 2019; 67:32-36. [PMID: 31793266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropathy is a comorbid complication of diabetes and Pregabalin and Duloxetine are the two most common drugs used for the treatment of neuropathic pain. AIM To determine the effectiveness and side effects of Pregabalin and Duloxetine in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective observational study was conducted at Max Super Speciality Hospital. Patients attending the endocrinology department, above 18 years of age who were prescribed with Pregabalin or Duloxetine were screened and included in this study. The data was collected for all study participants using a specially designed case record form by conducting personal interviews. SF-MPQ, Mc-Gill, NRS and DN-4 questionnaires were used to assess the extent of pain and the side-effects associated with the drugs. RESULTS Based on the responses from the Numerical Rating Scale and McGill Pain Questionnaire, Pregabalin was seen to be less effective compared to Duloxetine. The only side effect observed with Pregabalin was drowsiness, which was observed in 4% cases at 50 mg dose whereas those reported with Duloxetine were drowsiness (22.2% at 20 mg and 33.3% at 30 mg), vomiting (11.1% at 20mg and 30mg), headache (11.1% at 20 mg and 30 mg), and dizziness (0% at 20mg and 11.1% at 30 mg). CONCLUSION Pregabalin has a better safety profile and tolerability compared to Duloxetine but the latter is more effective in treating Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain. However, further studies with a larger sample size and longer duration are required to be conducted for finding the effectiveness of these drugs, specifically in the Indian population.
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Kumari L, Salahuddin, Mazumder A, Pandey D, Yar MS, Kumar R, Mazumder R, Sarafroz M, Ahsan MJ, Kumar V, Gupta S. Synthesis and Biological Potentials of Quinoline Analogues: A Review of Literature. MINI-REV ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570193x16666190213105146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are well known for their different biological activity. The heterocyclic analogs are the building blocks for synthesis of the pharmaceutical active compounds in the organic chemistry. These derivatives show various type of biological activity like anticancer, antiinflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-convulsant, anti-malarial, anti-hypertensive, etc. From the last decade research showed that the quinoline analogs plays a vital role in the development of newer medicinal active compounds for treating various type of disease. Quinoline reported for their antiviral, anticancer, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activity. This review will summarize the various synthetic approaches for synthesis of quinoline derivatives and to check their biological activity. Derivatives of quinoline moiety plays very important role in the development of various types of newer drugs and it can be used as lead compounds for future investigation in the field of drug discovery process.
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Richardson P, Oriol A, Larocca A, Otero PR, Norkin M, Bladé J, Cavo M, Hassoun H, Leleu X, Alegre A, Maisel C, Paner A, Mazumder A, Zonder JA, Puig N, Harran J, Harmenberg J, Thuresson S, Zubair H, Mateos MV. S1605 HORIZON (OP-106): UPDATED EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF MELFLUFEN IN RELAPSED/REFRACTORY MULTIPLE MYELOMA (RRMM) REFRACTORY TO DARATUMUMAB (DARA) AND/OR POMALIDOMIDE (POM). Hemasphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/01.hs9.0000564668.83577.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Hiruy M, Bisrat D, Mazumder A, Asres K. Two chromones with antimicrobial activity from the leaf latex of Aloe monticola Reynolds. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:1052-1056. [PMID: 31137974 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1614581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aloesin (1) and 7-O-methyl-6'-O-coumaroylaloesin (2) were isolated from the leaf latex of Aloe monticola Reynolds, and their structures determined on the basis of NMR and mass spectroscopic analyses. The antimicrobial activities of the isolated chromones were evaluated against 21 bacterial and 4 fungal strains. Both compounds displayed antibacterial and antifungal effects against most bacterial and fungal strains tested, but their action was more prominent against Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentery and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 10 μg/ml). Acute toxicity tests on mice revealed that neither the latex nor the isolated compounds possess toxicity up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg, signifying an oral LD50 greater than 2000 mg/kg. The results indicate that A. monticola possesses genuine in vitro antimicrobial effect attributed in full or in part to the presence of the isolated chromones in the latex.
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Bastos AK, Torres C, Mazumder A, de Lasa H. CO 2biomass fluidized gasification: Thermodynamics and reactivity studies. CAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yagdi E, Mazumder A, Lee J, Gaigneaux A, Radogna F, Dicato M, Chaimbault P, Jacob C, Cerella C, Diederich M. PO-064 Tubulin-binding anti-cancer polysulfides induce cell death via mitotic arrest and autophagic interference in colon cancer. ESMO Open 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-eacr25.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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65
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Dubrawski KL, Cataldo M, Dubrawski Z, Mazumder A, Wilkinson DP, Mohseni M. In-situ electrochemical Fe(VI) for removal of microcystin-LR from drinking water: comparing dosing of the ferrate ion by electrochemical and chemical means. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:414-424. [PMID: 29952330 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HAB) release microtoxins that contaminate drinking water supplies and risk the health of millions annually. Crystalline ferrate(VI) is a powerful oxidant capable of removing algal microtoxins. We investigate in-situ electrochemically produced ferrate from common carbon steel as an on-demand alternative to crystalline ferrate for the removal of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and compare the removal efficacy for both electrochemical (EC) and chemical dosing methodologies. We report that a very low dose of EC-ferrate in deionized water (0.5 mg FeO42- L-1) oxidizes MC-LR (MC-LR0 = 10 μg L-1) to below the guideline limit (1.0 μg L-1) within 10 minutes' contact time. With bicarbonate or natural organic matter (NOM), doses of 2.0-5.0 mg FeO42- L-1 are required, with lower efficacy of EC-ferrate than crystalline ferrate due to loss of EC-ferrate by water oxidation. To evaluate the EC-ferrate process to concurrently oxidize micropollutants, coagulate NOM, and disinfect drinking water, we spiked NOM-containing real water with MC-LR and Escherichia coli, finding that EC-ferrate is effective at 10.0 mg FeO42- L-1 under normal operation or 2.0 mg FeO42- L-1 if the test water has initial pH optimized. We suggest in-situ EC-ferrate may be appropriate for sporadic HAB events in small water systems as a primary or back-up technology.
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Musto P, Anderson KC, Attal M, Richardson PG, Badros A, Hou J, Comenzo R, Du J, Durie BGM, San Miguel J, Einsele H, Chen WM, Garderet L, Pietrantuono G, Hillengass J, Kyle RA, Moreau P, Lahuerta JJ, Landgren O, Ludwig H, Larocca A, Mahindra A, Cavo M, Mazumder A, McCarthy PL, Nouel A, Rajkumar SV, Reiman A, Riva E, Sezer O, Terpos E, Turesson I, Usmani S, Weiss BM, Palumbo A. Second primary malignancies in multiple myeloma: an overview and IMWG consensus. Ann Oncol 2018; 29:1074. [PMID: 28541409 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Salahuddin, Mazumder A, Yar MS, Mazumder R, Chakraborthy GS, Ahsan MJ, Rahman MU. Updates on synthesis and biological activities of 1,3,4-oxadiazole: A review. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1360911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Neamati N, Mazumder A, Sunder S, Owen JM, Schultz RJ, Pommier Y. 2-Mercaptobenzenesulphonamides as Novel Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency virus Type 1 Integrase and Replication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pommier Y, Pilon A, Bajaj K, Mazumder A, Neamati N. HIV-1 Integrase as a Target for Antiviral Drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Salahuddin, Shaharyar M, Mazumder A, Abdullah MM. Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of 1,3,4-oxadiazole bearing 1H-benzimidazole derivatives. ARAB J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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72
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Musto P, Anderson K, Attal M, Richardson P, Badros A, Hou J, Comenzo R, Du J, Durie B, San Miguel J, Einsele H, Chen W, Garderet L, Pietrantuono G, Hillengass J, Kyle R, Moreau P, Lahuerta J, Landgren O, Ludwig H, Larocca A, Mahindra A, Cavo M, Mazumder A, McCarthy P, Nouel A, Rajkumar S, Reiman A, Riva E, Sezer O, Terpos E, Turesson I, Usmani S, Weiss B, Palumbo A. Second primary malignancies in multiple myeloma: an overview and IMWG consensus. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:228-245. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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73
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Shaharyar M, Mazumder A, Salahuddin, Garg R, Pandey RD. Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological screening of novel benzimidazole derivatives. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Laubach J, Garderet L, Mahindra A, Gahrton G, Caers J, Sezer O, Voorhees P, Leleu X, Johnsen HE, Streetly M, Jurczyszyn A, Ludwig H, Mellqvist UH, Chng WJ, Pilarski L, Einsele H, Hou J, Turesson I, Zamagni E, Chim CS, Mazumder A, Westin J, Lu J, Reiman T, Kristinsson S, Joshua D, Roussel M, O'Gorman P, Terpos E, McCarthy P, Dimopoulos M, Moreau P, Orlowski RZ, Miguel JS, Anderson KC, Palumbo A, Kumar S, Rajkumar V, Durie B, Richardson PG. Management of relapsed multiple myeloma: recommendations of the International Myeloma Working Group. Leukemia 2015; 30:1005-17. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chandran A, Mazumder A. Investigation on the temporal variation and source tracking of faecal bacteria in a forest dominated watershed (Comox Lake), British Columbia, Canada. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:1718-28. [PMID: 26456882 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to investigate the temporal variation in Escherichia coli density and its sources at the drinking water intake of Comox Lake for a period of 3 years (2011-2013). METHODS AND RESULTS Density of E. coli was assessed by standard membrane filtration method. Source tracking of E. coli were done by using BOX-A1R-based rep-PCR DNA fingerprinting method. Over the years, the mean E. coli density ranged from nondetectable to 9·8 CFU 100 ml(-1) . The density of E. coli in each of the years did not show any significant difference (P > 0·05); however, a comparatively higher density was observed during the fall. Wildlife was (64·28%, 153/238) identified as the major contributing source of E. coli, followed by human (18·06%, 43/238) and unknown sources (17·64%, 42/238). Although the sources were varied by year and season, over all, the predominant contributing sources were black bear, human, unknown, elk, horse and gull. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this investigation identified the multiple animal sources contributing faecal bacteria into the drinking water intake of Comox Lake and their varying temporal occurrence. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of this study can reliably inform the authorities about the most vulnerable period (season) of faecal bacterial loading and their potential sources in the lake for improving risk assessment and pollution mitigation.
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