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Zi J, Barker J, Zi Y, MacIsaac HJ, Zhou Y, Harshaw K, Chang X. Assessment of estrogenic potential from exudates of microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing Microcystis by metabolomics, machine learning and E-screen assay. J Hazard Mater 2024; 470:134170. [PMID: 38613957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms, often dominated by Microcystis aeruginosa, are capable of producing estrogenic effects. It is important to identify specific estrogenic compounds produced by cyanobacteria, though this can prove challenging owing to the complexity of exudate mixtures. In this study, we used untargeted metabolomics to compare components of exudates from microcystin-producing and non-microcystin-producing M. aeruginosa strains that differed with respect to their ability to produce microcystins, and across two growth phases. We identified 416 chemicals and found that the two strains produced similar components, mainly organoheterocyclic compounds (20.2%), organic acids and derivatives (17.3%), phenylpropanoids and polyketides (12.7%), benzenoids (12.0%), lipids and lipid-like molecules (11.5%), and organic oxygen compounds (10.1%). We then predicted estrogenic compounds from this group using random forest machine learning. Six compounds (daidzin, biochanin A, phenylethylamine, rhein, o-Cresol, and arbutin) belonging to phenylpropanoids and polyketides (3), benzenoids (2), and organic oxygen compound (1) were tested and exhibited estrogenic potency based upon the E-screen assay. This study confirmed that both Microcystis strains produce exudates that contain compounds with estrogenic properties, a growing concern in cyanobacteria management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Zi
- Yunnan Collaborative Innovation Center for Plateau Lake Ecology and Environmental Health, College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Justin Barker
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada; Maps, Data, and Government Information Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Yuanyan Zi
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Hugh J MacIsaac
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada; School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- The Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Station of DEEY in Kunming, Kunming 650228, China; School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Keira Harshaw
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Xuexiu Chang
- Yunnan Collaborative Innovation Center for Plateau Lake Ecology and Environmental Health, College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
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2
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Cai C, Fan G, Cao X, Luo J, He Z, Wang S, Xu KQ. Novel Ag 3PO 4/ZnWO 4-modified graphite felt electrode for photoelectrocatalytic removal of harmful algae: Performance and mechanism. J Hazard Mater 2024; 470:134198. [PMID: 38608582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
A novel Ag3PO4/ZnWO4-modified graphite felt electrode (AZW@GF) was prepared by drop coating method and applied to photoelectrocatalytic removal of harmful algae. Results showed that approximately 99.21% of chlorophyll a and 91.57% of Microcystin-LR (MCLR) were degraded by the AZW@GF-Pt photoelectrocatalytic system under the optimal operating conditions with a rate constant of 0.02617 min-1 and 0.01416 min-1, respectively. The calculated synergistic coefficient of photoelectrocatalytic algal removal and MC-LR degradation by the AZW@GF-Pt system was both larger than 1.9. In addition, the experiments of quenching experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) revealed that the photoelectrocatalytic reaction mainly generated •OH and •O2- for algal removal and MC-LR degradation. Furthermore, the potential pathway for photoelectrocatalytic degradation of MC-LR was proposed. Finally, the photoelectrocatalytic cycle algae removal experiments were carried out on AZW@GF electrode, which was found to maintain the algae removal efficiency at about 91% after three cycles of use, indicating that the photoelectrocatalysis of AZW@GF electrode is an effective emergency algae removal technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjian Cai
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116 Fujian, China
| | - Gongduan Fan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116 Fujian, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials, Fuzhou University, 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Xingfeng Cao
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116 Fujian, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Fujian Jinhuang Environmental Sci-Tech Co., Ltd., 350002 Fujian, China
| | - Zhimin He
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116 Fujian, China
| | - Shichang Wang
- Fujian Provincial lnvestigation, Design & Research Institute of Water Conservancy & Hydropower Co. Ltd, 350001, Fujian, China
| | - Kai-Qin Xu
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 350116 Fujian, China
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3
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Wang J, Zhang J, Cheng G, Shangguan Y, Yang G, Liu X. Feasibility and mechanism of removing Microcystis aeruginosa and degrading microcystin-LR by dielectric barrier discharge plasma. Chemosphere 2024; 352:141436. [PMID: 38360412 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial bloom is one of the serious environmental problems worldwide. Microcystis aeruginosa is a representative harmful alga in cyanobacteria bloom. It is of great significance to develop new technologies for the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystins. The feasibility and mechanism of removing microcystis aeruginosa and degrading microcystins by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma were studied. The suitable DBD parameters obtained in this study are DBD (41.5 W, 40 min) and DBD (41.5 W, 50 min), resulting in algae removal efficiency of 77.4% and 80.4%, respectively; scanning electron microscope and LIVE-DEATH analysis demonstrate that DBD treatment can disrupt cell structure and lead to cell death; analysis of elemental composition and chemical state indicated that there are traces of oxidation of organic nitrogen and organic carbon in microcystis aeruginosa; further intracellular ROS concentration and antioxidant enzyme activity analysis confirm that DBD damage microcystis aeruginosa through oxidation. Meanwhile, DBD can effectively degrade the microcystin-LR released after cell lysis, the extracellular microcystin-LR concentration in the DBD (41.5 W) group decreased by 88.7% at 60 min compared to the highest concentration at 20 min; further toxicity analysis of degradation intermediates indicated that DBD can reduce the toxicity of microcystin-LR. The contribution of active substances to the inactivation of microcystis aeruginosa is eaq- > •OH > H2O2 > O3 > 1O2 > •O2- > ONOO-, while on the degradation of microcystin-LR is eaq- > •OH > H2O2 > O3 > •O2- > 1O2 > ONOO-. The application of DBD plasma technology in microcystis aeruginosa algae removal and detoxification has certain prospects for promotion and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 63 Chifeng Road, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 63 Chifeng Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 63 Chifeng Road, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 63 Chifeng Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guofeng Cheng
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 63 Chifeng Road, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 63 Chifeng Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuyi Shangguan
- Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Guanyi Yang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Xingguo Liu
- Fishery Machinery and Instrument Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 63 Chifeng Road, Shanghai, 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 63 Chifeng Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Ricciardelli A, Pollio A, Costantini M, Zupo V. Harmful and beneficial properties of cyanotoxins: Two sides of the same coin. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108235. [PMID: 37567398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are by definition "harmful agents" produced by cyanobacteria. Their toxicity has been extensively studied and reviewed over the years. Cyanotoxins have been commonly classified, based on their poisonous effects on mammals, into three main classes, neurotoxins, hepatotoxins and dermatotoxins, and, considering their chemical features, mainly identified as peptides, alkaloids and lipopolysaccharides. Here we propose a broader subdivision of cyanotoxins into eight distinct classes, taking into account their molecular structures, biosynthesis and modes of action: alkaloids, non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, non-protein amino acids, indole alkaloids, organophosphates, lipopeptides and lipoglycans. For each class, the structures and primary mechanisms of toxicity of the main representative cyanotoxins are reported. Despite their powerful biological activities, only recently scientists have considered the biotechnological potential of cyanotoxins, and their applications both in medical and in industrial settings, even if only a few of these have reached the biotech market. In this perspective, we discuss the potential uses of cyanotoxins as anticancer, antimicrobial, and biocidal agents, as common applications for cytotoxic compounds. Furthermore, taking into account their mechanisms of action, we describe peculiar potential bioactivities for several cyanotoxin classes, such as local anaesthetics, antithrombotics, neuroplasticity promoters, immunomodulating and antifouling agents. In this review, we aim to stimulate research on the potential beneficial roles of cyanotoxins, which require interdisciplinary cooperation to facilitate the discovery of innovative biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Ricciardelli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthìa, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonino Pollio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthìa, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Costantini
- Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton, 80133 Naples, Italy.
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia Marine Centre, Punta San Pietro, 80077 Naples, Italy.
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Liu J, Tan F, Xing Y, Zhang Q, Zhao Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhao H. Label-Free Chemiresistive Sensors Based on Self-Assembled Ti 3C 2T x MXene Films for Monitoring of Microcystin-LR in Water Samples. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:15432-15442. [PMID: 37802498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we propose a label-free chemiresistive sensor for the highly sensitive and selective detection of microcystin (MC)-LR in water samples. The sensor uses a layer-by-layer (LBL) assembled conductive film consisting of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets as the sensing channel. It is further modified by using an aptamer for the specific recognition of MC-LR. The response signal is based on the change in resistance of the conductive channel upon binding of MC-LR with the aptamer. Our novel strategy is the first concept proposed for immobilizing the aptamer containing -SH on the channel surface through a Ti-S bond under weakly alkaline condition. The resulting sensor is highly sensitive and stable for the detection of MC-LR, with a detection limit of 0.18 ng L-1 and a wide linear range from 1 to 104 ng L-1. We used the sensor to continuously monitor MC-LR released by cultivated Microcystis aeruginosa, showing a strong relationship between MC-LR and cell density. Furthermore, the sensor was successfully used to measure MC-LR in freshwater lakes with moderate algal blooms, and the results agreed well with those obtained by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The present study provides a reliable method for highly sensitive and selective detection of MC-LR in environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Feng Tan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yifei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhanyi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Marine Science and Biological Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Li D, Wang Y, Qi X, Huang W, Wang Y, Zhao X, Liu Y, Song X, Cao X. A photocatalytic-microbial coupling system for simultaneous removal of harmful algae and enhanced denitrification: Construction, performance and mechanism of action. J Hazard Mater 2023; 459:132233. [PMID: 37567143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, harmful algal blooms (HABs) have become occurred with increasingly frequency worldwide. High nitrate content is one of the primary causes of eutrophication. Research has shown that photocatalytic materials enhance the effectiveness of microbial denitrification while removing other contaminants, despite some shortcomings. Based on this, we loaded TiO2/C3N4 heterojunctions onto weaveable, flexible carbon fibers and established a novel photocatalytically enhanced microbial denitrification system for the simultaneous removal of harmful algae and Microcystin-LR. We found that 99.35% of Microcystis aeruginosa and 95.34% of MC-LR were simultaneously and effectively removed. Compared to existing denitrification systems, the nitrate removal capacity improved by 72.33%. The denitrifying enzyme activity and electron transport system activity of microorganisms were enhanced by 3.54-3.86 times. Furthermore, the microbial community structure was optimized by the regulation of photogenerated electrons, and the relative abundance of main denitrifying bacteria increased from 50.72% to 66.45%, including Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. More importantly, we found that the increased secretion of extracellular polymeric substances by microorganisms may be responsible for the persistence of the reinforcing effect caused by photogenerated electrons in darkness. The higher removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) achieved by the proposed system would reduce the frequency of HAB outbreaks and prevent the associated secondary pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongpeng Li
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiang Qi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhao
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanbiao Liu
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xinshan Song
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Feng J, Li X, Manzi HP, Kiki C, Lin L, Hong J, Zheng W, Zhang C, Wang S, Zeng Q, Sun Q. Chlorination of microcystin-LR in natural water: Kinetics, transformation products, and genotoxicity. J Environ Manage 2023; 338:117774. [PMID: 36989953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a type of cyanotoxin commonly found in natural water bodies (sources of drinking water), poses a threat to human health due to its high toxicity. It is essential to successfully remove this cyanotoxin from drinking water sources. In this study, chlorine was used to oxidize MC-LR in Milli-Q water (MQ) (control test) and natural water collected from Lake Longhu (LLW) as a drinking water source. The removal efficiency, proposed transformation pathways, and genotoxicity were investigated. In the chlorine dose range investigated (4.0 mg L-1 - 8.0 mg L-1), the apparent second-order rate constants for MC-LR chlorination varied from 21.3 M-1s-1 to 31.9 M-1s-1 in MQ, higher than that in LLW (9.06 M-1s-1 to 17.7 M-1s-1) due to a faster chlorine decay attributed to the water matrix (e.g., natural organic matter) of LLW. Eleven transformation products (TPs) of MC-LR were identified in the two waters. The conjugated diene moieties and benzene ring of Adda moiety (3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid), and the double bond of Mdha moiety (N-methyldehydroalanine) were the major susceptible reaction sites. Attacking unsaturated bonds by hydroxyl and chlorine radicals to generate monochloro-hydroxy-MC-LR was the primary initial transformation pathway, followed by nucleophilic substitution, dehydration, and cleavage in MC-LR. Chlorine substitution on the benzene ring was also observed. Based on the bacterial reverse-mutation assay (Ames assay), TPs in treated natural water did not induce genotoxicity/mutagenicity. These findings shed light on the role of chlorination in controlling the risk of cyanotoxins in drinking water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlu Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Habasi Patrick Manzi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Claude Kiki
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lifeng Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jiaxing Hong
- Fujian Jinjin Water Supply Co., LTD, Quanzhou, 362200, China
| | - Wenzhen Zheng
- Fujian Jinjin Water Supply Co., LTD, Quanzhou, 362200, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shengda Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Qiaoting Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Qian Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Zhan M, Hong Y, Fang Z, Qiu D. Visible light-driven photocatalytic degradation of Microcystin-LR by Bi 2WO 6/Reduced graphene oxide heterojunctions: Mechanistic insight, DFT calculation and degradation pathways. Chemosphere 2023; 321:138105. [PMID: 36764614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing heterostructure photocatalysts for removing Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) under visible light was of positive significance to control the risk of Microcystins and ensure the safety of water quality. Herein, the Bi2WO6/Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposites were prepared via a simple one-spot hydrothermal method for the first time to degrade MC-LR. The optimized Bi2WO6/RGO (Bi2WO6/RGO3%) achieved a removal efficiency of 82.3% toward MC-LR, with 1.9-fold higher efficiencies than Bi2WO6, and it showed superior reusability and high stability after 5 cycles. The degradation efficiency of MC-LR demonstrated a negative trend with the initial concentration of MC-LR, fulvic acid, and initial algal density increased, while MC-LR removal rate for the presence of anions was in the order of Cl- > CO3-2 > NO3- > H2PO4-. The degradation efficiency of MC-LR could reach up to 82.3% within 180 min in the neutral condition. The active species detection experiments and EPR measurements demonstrated that the holes (h+), hydroxide radicals (∙OH), and superoxide radicals (∙O2-) participated in the degradation of MC-LR. The DFT calculations showed that 0.56 of electron transferred from Bi2WO6 to RGO, indicating RGO introduction could prevent the recombination of photoelectrons and holes and was beneficial for MC-LR degradation. Finally, the possible intermediate products and degradation pathways were also proposed by the LC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhan
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yu Hong
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Zhi Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Daping Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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9
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Guo X, Jiang Q, Li Z, Cheng C, Feng Y, He Y, Zuo L, Ding W, Zhang D, Feng L. Crystal structural analysis and characterization for MlrC enzyme of Sphingomonas sp. ACM-3962 involved in linearized microcystin degradation. Chemosphere 2023; 317:137866. [PMID: 36642149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microcystinase C (MlrC), one key hydrolase of the microcystinase family, plays an important role in linearized microsystin (L-MC) degradation. However, the three-dimensional structure and structural features of MlrC are still unclear. This study obtained high specific activity and high purity of MlrC by heterologous expression, and revealed that MlrC derived from Sphingomonas sp. ACM-3962 (ACM-MlrC) can degrade linearized products of MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR to product 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid (Adda), indicating the degradation function and significance in MC-detoxification. More importantly, this study reported the crystal structure of ACM-MlrC at 2.6 Å resolution for the first time, which provides a basis for further understanding the structural characteristics and functions of MlrC. MlrC had a dual-domain feature, namely N and C terminal domain respectively. The N-terminal domain contained a Glutamate-Aspartate-Histidine-Histidine catalytic quadruplex coordinated with zinc ion in each monomer. The importance of zinc ions and their coordinated residues was analyzed by dialysis and site-directed mutagenesis methods. Moreover, the important influence of the N/C-terminal flexible regions of ACM-MlrC was also analyzed by sequence truncation, and then the higher yield and total activity of variants were obtained, which was beneficial to study the better function and application of MlrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Qinqin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Zengru Li
- The Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box 603, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Cai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yanlin He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Lingzi Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wei Ding
- The Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O.Box 603, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Delin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Lingling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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10
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Wei J, Pengji Z, Zhang J, Peng T, Luo J, Yang F. Biodegradation of MC-LR and its key bioactive moiety Adda by Sphingopyxis sp. YF1: Comprehensive elucidation of the mechanisms and pathways. Water Res 2023; 229:119397. [PMID: 36459892 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are harmful to the ecology and public health. Some bacteria can degrade MCs into Adda, but few can destroy Adda. Adda is the key bioactive moiety of MCs and mainly contributes to hepatotoxicity. We had previously isolated an indigenous novel bacterial strain named Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 that can efficiently degrade MCs and its key bioactive moiety Adda, but the mechanisms remained unknown. Here, the biodegradation mechanisms and pathways of Adda were systematically investigated using multi-omics analysis, mass spectrometry and heterologous expression. The transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles of strain YF1 during Adda degradation were revealed for the first time. Multi-omics analyses suggested that the fatty acid degradation pathway was enriched. Specifically, the expression of genes encoding aminotransferase, beta oxidation (β-oxidation) enzymes and phenylacetic acid (PAA) degradation enzymes were significantly up-regulated during Adda degradation. These enzymes were further proven to play important roles in the biodegradation of Adda. Simultaneously, some novel potential degradation products of Adda were identified successfully, including 7‑methoxy-4,6-dimethyl-8-phenyloca-2,4-dienoic acid (C17H22O3), 2-methyl-3‑methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid (C12H16O3) and phenylacetic acid (PAA, C8H8O2). In summary, the Adda was converted into PAA through aminotransferase and β-oxidation enzymes, then the PAA was further degraded by PAA degradation enzymes, and finally to CO2 via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This study comprehensively elucidated the novel MC-LR biodegradation mechanisms, especially the new enzymatic pathway of Adda degradation. These findings provide a new perspective on the applications of microbes in the MCs polluted environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zhou Pengji
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Tangjian Peng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Jiayou Luo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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11
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Varriale F, Tartaglione L, Zervou SK, Miles CO, Mazur-Marzec H, Triantis TM, Kaloudis T, Hiskia A, Dell'Aversano C. Untargeted and targeted LC-MS and data processing workflow for the comprehensive analysis of oligopeptides from cyanobacteria. Chemosphere 2023; 311:137012. [PMID: 36397634 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce a plethora of structurally diverse bioactive secondary metabolites, including cyanotoxins which pose a serious threat to humans and other living organisms worldwide. Currently, a wide variety of mass spectrometry-based methods for determination of microcystins (MCs), the most commonly occurring and studied class of cyanotoxins, have been developed and employed for research and monitoring purposes. The scarcity of commercially available reference materials, together with the ever-growing range of mass spectrometers and analytical approaches, make the accuracy of quantitative analyses a critical point to be carefully investigated in view of a reliable risk evaluation. This study reports, a comparative investigation of the qualitative and quantitative MCs profile obtained using targeted and untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approaches for the analyses of cyanobacterial biomass from Lake Kastoria, Greece. Comparison of the total MCs content measured by the two approaches showed good correlation, with variations in the range of 3.8-13.2%. In addition, the implementation of an analytical workflow on a hybrid linear ion trap/orbitrap mass spectrometer is described, based on combining data-dependent acquisition and a powerful database of cyanobacterial metabolites (CyanoMetDB) for the annotation of known and discovery of new cyanopeptides. This untargeted strategy proved highly effective for the identification of MCs, microginins, anabaenopeptins, and micropeptins. The systematic interpretation of the acquired fragmentation patterns allowed the elucidation of two new MC structural variants, MC-PrhcysR and MC-Prhcys(O)R, and proposal of structures for two new microginins, isomeric cyanostatin B and MG 821A, and three isomeric micropeptins at m/z 846.4715, 846.4711 and 846.4723.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Varriale
- University of Napoli Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luciana Tartaglione
- University of Napoli Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CoNISMa - National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Theodoros M Triantis
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (INN), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversano
- University of Napoli Federico II, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy; CoNISMa - National Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
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12
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Yu H, Xu Y, Cui J, Zong W. Mechanism for the Potential Inhibition Effect of Microcystin-LR Disinfectant By-Products on Protein Phosphatase 2A. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120878. [PMID: 36548775 PMCID: PMC9780900 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The secondary contamination of microcystin disinfection by-products (MC-DBPs) is of concern due to the residual structure similar to their original toxin. Based on identification and preparation, the potential inhibition effect of typical MCLR-DBPs (associated with the oxidation of Adda5) on PP2A was confirmed in the sequence of MCLR > P1 > P4 > P3 ≈ P2 > P7 ≈ P6 ≈ P5 > P8. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the inhibition effect, the interaction models for typical MCLR-DBPs and PP2A were constructed using a modeling-based-on-ligand-similarity approach, and the candidate interaction parameters between typical MCLR-DBPs and PP2A were obtained by molecular docking. By analyzing the correlation between inhibition data and candidate interaction parameters, the key interaction parameters were filtered as hydrogen bonds "Adda5"←Asn117, "Adda5"←His118, MeAsp3←Arg89, Arg4←Arg214, Arg4→Pro213; ionic bonds Glu6-Arg89, Asp85-Mn12+, Asp57-Mn22+; and metal bonds Glu6-Mn12+, Glu6-Mn22+. With the gradual intensification of chlorination, Adda5 was destroyed to varying degrees. The key interactions changed correspondingly, resulting in the discrepant inhibition effects of typical MCLR-DBPs on PP2A.
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13
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Zetterholm SG, Gurtowski L, Roberts JL, McLeod S, Fernando BM, Griggs CS. Graphene-Mediated removal of Microcystin-LR in chitosan/graphene composites for treatment of harmful algal blooms. Chemosphere 2022; 300:134583. [PMID: 35427658 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water quality can be severely impacted by algal blooms alone, yet cyanotoxins, such as microcystin (MC), are potent underlying hazards produced by various species of cyanobacteria. Currently there is a need for environmentally compatible and economically viable media to address large scale application for HAB impacted waters. This study evaluated the interactions of chitosan/graphene (CSG) composites with three different species of cyanobacteria: Anabaena sp, Synechocystis sp, and Microcystis aeruginosa for both removal of algal optical density and toxins. Although results suggest that CSG has an algae dependent removal of density with a range of 40-90% removal, graphene/CSG is highly effective at MC toxin removal, removing >94% of MC-LR produced by Microcystis aeruginosa. Characterization by SEM and XRD revealed that 750 m2/g surface area graphene, imparts graphene morphology and functionality into the chitosan matrix surface, potentially enabling π-π interactions between graphene and the aromatic ring of microcystin. This proposed π-π removal mechanism of microcystin via the CSG chitosan biopolymer substrate offers a promising sustainable and selective media suitable for deployable treatment of HAB impacted waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Grace Zetterholm
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA.
| | - Luke Gurtowski
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Jesse L Roberts
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Sheila McLeod
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Brianna M Fernando
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Chris S Griggs
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
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14
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Ding X, Ma Y, Liu Q, Pang Y, Cao Y, Zhang T. How UV radiation and pH alternation impact graphene oxide mediated environmental toxicant adsorption and resulting safety characteristics - A toxicology study beyond a classic carrier effect. Chemosphere 2022; 300:134627. [PMID: 35439484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Once released into water, the widely used graphene oxide (GO) is likely to adsorb classical environmental pollutants, exemplified by Microcystin-LR (MCLR) that is a representative double-bond rich liver-toxic endotoxin. While GO-mediated carrier effect is fairly predictable, the involvement of environmental factors like UV and pH may add additional level of sophistication as these factors may impact the adsorption capacity of GO to MCLR. Here, we firstly investigated the changes of GO structure under different UV-radiation durations and pH conditions with a view to establish the correlation in terms of MCLR adsorption onto GO. We demonstrated that GO reduction especially oxygen-containing groups reduction induced by UV- radiation caused the compromised adsorption MCLR capacity on GO. Besides, the higher pH decreased the non-biological MCLR adsorption to GO by reducing GO defect sites and increasing electrostatic repulsion. These abiotic discoveries were further investigated to compare the safety features of GO-MCLR complex. Under dark condition (pH = 7), we revealed the cytotoxicity of GO-MCLR to normal liver cells, which involved the ROS generation and cell ferroptosis caused by Fe2+ accumulation. Introduction of UV and pH alternation in environment impacted GO-mediated environmental toxicant adsorption and resulting safety characteristics, which reminded us environmental factors should not be ignored in the GO-mediated carrier effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yanting Pang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuna Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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15
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Liu BL, Li YW, Xie LS, Guo JJ, Xiang L, Mo CH. Sorption of microcystin-RR onto surface soils: Characteristics and influencing factors. J Hazard Mater 2022; 431:128571. [PMID: 35278968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are frequently detected in cyanobacterial bloom-impacted sites; however, their mobility potential in soils is poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the sorption behaviors of microcystin-RR (MC-RR) in heterogeneous soils and evaluate critical affecting factors. MC-RR sorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich model. All isotherms (n = 0.83-1.03) had no or minor deviations from linearity. The linear distribution coefficients (Kd) varied from 2.64 to 15.2 across soils, depending mainly on OM and CEC. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that the Kd was predictable by the fitting formula of: Kd = 2.56 + 0.15OM + 0.28CEC (R2 = 0.45). The sorption was an endothermic physisorption process, involving electrostatic forces, cation exchange and bridging, H-bonding, ligand exchange, and van der Waals forces. The sorption of MC-RR (dominantly behaved as electroneutral zwitterions) at pH > 5 was insensitive to pH change, while more MC-RR (anionic species) was adsorbed at lower pH and in the presence of Ca2+. The study provides insights into the sorption of MC-RR across a range of soil properties and water chemistry for the first time, which is of importance for a better understanding of the mobility potential of microcystins in the terrestrial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Lin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Li-Si Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jing-Jie Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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16
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Xu M, Tsona NT, Li J, Du L. Atmospheric chemical processes of microcystin-LR at the interface of sea spray aerosol. Chemosphere 2022; 294:133726. [PMID: 35085608 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are the most toxic toxins released by cyanobacteria and they have adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and even human health. Although the removal and detoxification of microcystins in various water bodies have been extensively studied, the interaction mechanism and reaction process of microcystins once they enter the atmosphere are largely unknown, especially at the organic-enriched sea spray aerosol (SSA) interface. Herein, using the surface technique of Langmuir trough coupled in-situ infrared reflection-absorption spectra, we studied the interfacial behavior of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in artificial seawater containing humic acid and typical surfactants in the presence or absence of UV-irradiation. Zwitterionic 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) and anionic stearic acid (SA) were chosen as typical film-forming species, results obtained from the surface pressure-area isotherms showed that MC-LR caused greater expansion of the DSPC monolayer. The comparable results of MC-LR in DSPC/SA-containing systems indicated that the interaction ability was closely related to the monolayer molecular structure and was regulated by electrostatic interaction. Furthermore, the presence of humic acid (HA) could enhance the interaction between microcystin and monolayer molecules. UV-irradiation experiments showed that the photosensitized reaction greatly promoted the removal of microcystin embedded in the SSA surface compared with the direct photolysis effect in the absence of HA. These findings highlight that the toxic effects of microcystins after entering the atmosphere may be weakened by photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglan Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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17
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Fionah A, Hackett C, Aljewari H, Brady L, Alqhtani F, Escobar IC, Thompson AK. Microcystin-LR Removal from Water via Enzymatic Linearization and Ultrafiltration. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14040231. [PMID: 35448840 PMCID: PMC9024530 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a toxin produced by cyanobacteria that can bloom in freshwater supplies. This study describes a new strategy for remediation of MC-LR that combines linearization of the toxin using microcystinase A, MlrA, enzyme with rejection of linearized byproducts using membrane filtration. The MlrA enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and purified via a His-tag with 95% purity. Additionally, composite membranes made of 95% polysulfone and 5% sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) were fabricated and used to filter a solution containing cyclic and linearized MC-LR. Tests were also performed to measure the adsorption and desorption of MC-LR on polysulfone/SPEEK membranes. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to characterize the progress of linearization and removal of MC-LR. Results indicate that the MlrA was successful at linearizing MC-LR. Membrane filtration tests showed rejection of 97% of cyclic MC-LR and virtually all linearized MC-LR, with adsorption to the membranes being the main rejection mechanism. Adsorption/desorption tests indicated that methanol could be used to strip residual MC-LR from membranes to regenerate them. This study demonstrates a novel strategy of remediation of microcystin-tainted water, combining linearization of MC-LR to a low-toxicity byproduct along with removal by membrane filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abelline Fionah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Cannon Hackett
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (C.H.); (H.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Hazim Aljewari
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (C.H.); (H.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Laura Brady
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (L.B.); (I.C.E.)
| | - Faisal Alqhtani
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (C.H.); (H.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Isabel C. Escobar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (L.B.); (I.C.E.)
| | - Audie K. Thompson
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (C.H.); (H.A.); (F.A.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Park H, Kim G, Seo Y, Yoon Y, Min J, Park C, Lee T. Improving Biosensors by the Use of Different Nanomaterials: Case Study with Microcystins as Target Analytes. Biosensors (Basel) 2021; 11:525. [PMID: 34940282 PMCID: PMC8699174 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The eutrophication of lakes and rivers without adequate rainfall leads to excessive growth of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) that produce toxicants, green tides, and unpleasant odors. The rapid growth of CyanoHABs owing to global warming, climate change, and the development of rainforests and dams without considering the environmental concern towards lakes and rivers is a serious issue. Humans and livestock consuming the toxicant-contaminated water that originated from CyanoHABs suffer severe health problems. Among the various toxicants produced by CyanoHABs, microcystins (MCs) are the most harmful. Excess accumulation of MC within living organisms can result in liver failure and hepatocirrhosis, eventually leading to death. Therefore, it is essential to precisely detect MCs in water samples. To date, the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) have been the standard methods for the detection of MC and provide precise results with high reliability. However, these methods require heavy instruments and complicated operation steps that could hamper the portability and field-readiness of the detection system. Therefore, in order for this goal to be achieved, the biosensor has been attracted to a powerful alternative for MC detection. Thus far, several types of MC biosensor have been proposed to detect MC in freshwater sample. The introduction of material is a useful option in order to improve the biosensor performance and construct new types of biosensors. Introducing nanomaterials to the biosensor interface provides new phenomena or enhances the sensitivity. In recent times, different types of nanomaterials, such as metallic, carbon-based, and transition metal dichalcogenide-based nanomaterials, have been developed and used to fabricate biosensors for MC detection. This study reviews the recent advancements in different nanomaterial-based MC biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (H.P.); (G.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Gahyeon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (H.P.); (G.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yoseph Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (H.P.); (G.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yejin Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (H.P.); (G.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Chulhwan Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (H.P.); (G.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea; (H.P.); (G.K.); (Y.S.); (Y.Y.)
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19
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Hu C, Zuo Y, Peng L, Gan N, Song L. Widespread Distribution and Adaptive Degradation of Microcystin Degrader ( mlr-Genotype) in Lake Taihu, China. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120864. [PMID: 34941702 PMCID: PMC8705652 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial degradation is an important route for removing environmental microcystins (MCs). Here, we investigated the ecological distribution of microcystin degraders (mlr-genotype), and the relationship between the substrate specificity of the microcystin degrader and the profile of microcystin congener production in the habitat. We showed that microcystin degraders were widely distributed and closely associated with Microcystis abundance in Lake Taihu, China. We characterized an indigenous degrader, Sphingopyxis N5 in the northern Lake Taihu, and it metabolized six microcystin congeners in increasing order (RR > LR > YR > LA > LF and LW). Such a substrate-specificity pattern was congruent to the order of the dominance levels of these congeners in northern Lake Taihu. Furthermore, a meta-analysis on global microcystin degraders revealed that the substrate-specificity patterns varied geographically, but generally matched the profiles of microcystin congener production in the degrader habitats, and the indigenous degrader typically metabolized well the dominant MC congeners, but not the rare congeners in the habitat. This highlighted the phenotypic congruence between microcystin production and degradation in natural environments. We theorize that such congruence resulted from the metabolic adaptation of the indigenous degrader to the local microcystin congeners. Under the nutrient microcystin selection, the degraders might have evolved to better exploit the locally dominant congeners. This study provided the novel insight into the ecological distribution and adaptive degradation of microcystin degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (C.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.P.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Yanxia Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (C.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.P.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (C.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.P.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Nanqin Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (C.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: (N.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (C.H.); (Y.Z.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: (N.G.); (L.S.)
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20
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Overlingė D, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Kataržytė M, Pilkaitytė R, Gyraitė G, Mazur-Marzec H. Characterization and Diversity of Microcystins Produced by Cyanobacteria from the Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea). Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120838. [PMID: 34941676 PMCID: PMC8703916 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most widely distributed and structurally diverse cyanotoxins that can have significant health impacts on living organisms, including humans. The identification of MC variants and their quantification is very important for toxicological assessment. Within this study, we explored the diversity of MCs and their potential producers from the Curonian Lagoon. MC profiles were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, while the potential producers were detected based on the presence of genus-specific mcyE gene sequences. Among the numerous MCs detected, one new potential MC variant with m/z 1057 was partially characterized. Moreover, two other MCs with m/z 1075 and m/z 1068 might belong to new variants with serine (Ser), rarely detected in position one of the peptides. They might also represent MC-Y(OMe)R and MC-WR, respectively. However, the application of a low-resolution MS/MS system made the unambiguous identification of the MCs impossible. Based on this example, the problems of peptide structure identification are discussed in the work. Genetic analysis revealed that potential MCs producers include Dolichospermum/Anabaena, Microcystis spp., and Planktothrix agardhii. The diversity and temporal variations in MC profiles may indicate the presence of several chemotypes of cyanobacteria in the Curonian Lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Overlingė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland; (A.T.-S.); (H.M.-M.)
| | - Marija Kataržytė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Renata Pilkaitytė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Greta Gyraitė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, University Avenue 17, 92295 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (M.K.); (R.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81378 Gdynia, Poland; (A.T.-S.); (H.M.-M.)
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21
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Arruda RS, Noyma NP, de Magalhães L, Mesquita MCB, de Almeida ÉC, Pinto E, Lürling M, Marinho MM. 'Floc and Sink' Technique Removes Cyanobacteria and Microcystins from Tropical Reservoir Water. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060405. [PMID: 34200982 PMCID: PMC8228476 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining coagulants with ballast (natural soil or modified clay) to remove cyanobacteria from the water column is a promising tool to mitigate nuisance blooms. Nevertheless, the possible effects of this technique on different toxin-producing cyanobacteria species have not been thoroughly investigated. This laboratory study evaluated the potential effects of the "Floc and Sink" technique on releasing microcystins (MC) from the precipitated biomass. A combined treatment of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) with lanthanum modified bentonite (LMB) and/or local red soil (LRS) was applied to the bloom material (mainly Dolichospermum circinalis and Microcystis aeruginosa) of a tropical reservoir. Intra and extracellular MC and biomass removal were evaluated. PAC alone was not efficient to remove the biomass, while PAC + LMB + LRS was the most efficient and removed 4.3-7.5 times more biomass than other treatments. Intracellular MC concentrations ranged between 12 and 2.180 µg L-1 independent from the biomass. PAC treatment increased extracellular MC concentrations from 3.5 to 6 times. However, when combined with ballast, extracellular MC was up to 4.2 times lower in the top of the test tubes. Nevertheless, PAC + LRS and PAC + LMB + LRS treatments showed extracellular MC concentration eight times higher than controls in the bottom. Our results showed that Floc and Sink appears to be more promising in removing cyanobacteria and extracellular MC from the water column than a sole coagulant (PAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Silva Arruda
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524—PHLC Sala 511a, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil; (N.P.N.); (L.d.M.); (M.C.B.M.); (M.M.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Natália Pessoa Noyma
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524—PHLC Sala 511a, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil; (N.P.N.); (L.d.M.); (M.C.B.M.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Leonardo de Magalhães
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524—PHLC Sala 511a, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil; (N.P.N.); (L.d.M.); (M.C.B.M.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Marcella Coelho Berjante Mesquita
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524—PHLC Sala 511a, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil; (N.P.N.); (L.d.M.); (M.C.B.M.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Éryka Costa de Almeida
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (É.C.d.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (É.C.d.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Miquel Lürling
- Aquatic Ecology & Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcelo Manzi Marinho
- Laboratory of Ecology and Physiology of Phytoplankton, Department of Plant Biology, University of Rio de Janeiro State, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524—PHLC Sala 511a, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil; (N.P.N.); (L.d.M.); (M.C.B.M.); (M.M.M.)
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22
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Ebrahimi A, Jafari N, Ebrahimpour K, Karimi M, Rostamnia S, Behnami A, Ghanbari R, Mohammadi A, Rahimi B, Abdolahnejad A. A novel ternary heterogeneous TiO 2/BiVO 4/NaY-Zeolite nanocomposite for photocatalytic degradation of microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) under visible light. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 210:111862. [PMID: 33429321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a carcinogenic toxin, produced by cyanobacteria. The release of this toxin into drinking water sources can threaten public health and environmental safety. Therefore, effective MC-LR removal from water resources is necessary. In the present study, the hydrothermal method was used to synthesize a novel ternary BiVO4/TiO2/NaY-Zeolite (B/T/N-Z) nanocomposite for MC-LR degradation under visible light. FESEM, FTIR, XRD, and DRS were performed for characterizing the nanocomposite structure. Also, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to determine the impact of catalyst dosage, pH, and contact time on the MC-LR removal. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed to measure the MC-LR concentration. Based on the results, independent parameters, including contact time, catalyst dosage, and pH, significantly affected the MC-LR removal (P < 0.05). In other words, increasing the contact time, catalyst dosage, and acidic pH had positive effects on MC-LR removal. Among these variables, the catalyst dosage, with the mean square and F-value of 1041.37 and 162.84, respectively, had the greatest effect on the MC-LR removal efficiency. Apart from the interaction between the catalyst dosage and contact time, the interaction effects of other parameters were not significant. Also, the maximum MC-LR removal efficiency was 99.88% under optimal conditions (contact time = 120 min, catalyst dosage = 1 g/L, and pH = 5). According to the results, the B/T/N-Z nanocomposite, as a novel and effective photocatalyst could be used to degrade MC-LR from polluted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Ebrahimi
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran and department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Negar Jafari
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran and department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Karim Ebrahimpour
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran and department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahbobe Karimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sadegh Rostamnia
- Organic and Nano Group (ONG), Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran. Iran
| | - Ali Behnami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Reza Ghanbari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Behzad Rahimi
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran and department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Abdolahnejad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
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Ren L, Hu Z, Wang Q, Du Y, Zong W. Regulation Efficacy and Mechanism of the Toxicity of Microcystin-LR Targeting Protein Phosphatase 1 via the Biodegradation Pathway. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120790. [PMID: 33322407 PMCID: PMC7764552 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradation is important to regulate the toxicity and environmental risk of microcystins (MCs). To explore their regulation effectiveness and mechanism, typical biodegradation products originating from microcystin-LR (MCLR) were prepared and purified. The protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) inhibition experiment showed the biodegradation pathway was effective in regulating the toxicity of the biodegradation products by extending the biodegradation. With the assistance of molecular docking, the specific interaction between the toxins and PP1 was explored. The MCLR/MCLR biodegradation products combined with PP1 mainly by the aid of interactions related to the active sites Adda5, Glu6, Mdha7, and the ionic bonds/hydrogen bonds between the integral toxin and PP1. As a consequence, the interactions between Mn22+ and Asp64/Asp92 in the catalytic center were inhibited to varying degrees, resulting in the reduced toxicity of the biodegradation products. During the biodegradation process, the relevant key interactions might be weakened or even disappear, and thus the toxicity was regulated. It is worth noting that the secondary pollution of the partial products (especially for Adda5-Glu6-Mdha7-Ala1 and the linearized MCLR), which still possessed the major active sites, is of deep concern.
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Lian H, Xiang P, Xue Y, Jiang Y, Li M, Mo J. Efficiency and mechanisms of simultaneous removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystins by electrochemical technology using activated carbon fiber/nickel foam as cathode material. Chemosphere 2020; 252:126431. [PMID: 32208197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The significant removal efficiency of microcystis aeruginosa was presented using Pt/Ti anode and activated carbon fiber/nickel foam (ACF/Ni) cathode by addition of Fe2+ slightly in a wide range of initial pH (3-9). Results showed that about 93% of the Microcystis aeruginosa cells were removed within 15 min for Pt/Ti-ACF/Ni-Fe2+ system. Dosage of Fe2+, current density, and initial pH had remarkable effects on the removal efficiency of microcystis aeruginosa. The mechanism of algae removal in the Pt/Ti-ACF/Ni-Fe2+ electrochemical system was revealed by the comparison between Pt/Ti-ACF/Ni-Fe2+ process and classical Fenton process, the analysis on Microcystis aeruginosa and ACF/Ni by SEM, the specific surface area and pore size analysis of ACF, and the determination of UV254, OD620 and microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Results showed that the main mechanism of this system was the electro-Fenton process, which was accompanied by electro-adsorption, electro-floatation, and electro-coagulation process. And the cooperation mechanism on the electrochemical removal system was further speculated. With the breakdown of algal cells during the electrolysis, the MC-LR and other substances released from the cells were effectively degraded. Besides, the new cathode exhibited favorable and stable reusability. This study built up a high-efficiency algae removal system, which broke through the limits of narrow working pH range and large consumption of exogenous chemicals in electro-Fenton process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Lian
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400045, PR China.
| | - Ping Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400045, PR China.
| | - Yinghao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400045, PR China.
| | - Yuzhu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400045, PR China.
| | - Mengying Li
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400045, PR China.
| | - Jingyu Mo
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, PR China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, No.174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400045, PR China.
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25
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Asukabe H, Akahori S, Ueno E, Nakayama T, Yamashita R, Arii S, Harada KI, Imanishi SY. Cyanobacterial Classification with the Toxicity Using MALDI Biotyper. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2020; 31:1572-1578. [PMID: 32501712 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An abnormal growth of cyanobacteria in eutrophicated freshwaters can cause various environmental problems. In particular, Microcystis producing hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides microcystins (MCs) has been globally observed. Recent studies have demonstrated that matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) offers a rapid classification of cyanobacteria; however, they have not fully considered the toxicity yet. In this study, we have performed MALDI-TOF MS for intact cyanobacterial cells using Biotyper software and optimized their conditions to achieve cyanobacterial classification with the toxicity. The detection mass range used for Biotyper was extended to cover small molecules, but their intense ions were suppressed as a function of the used instrument Autoflex Speed, which enabled simultaneous observations of large molecular fingerprints and small MCs with comparable ion intensity. Hierarchical clustering of mass spectra obtained under the optimized conditions differentiated toxic and non-toxic clusters of Microcystis strains and furthermore formed a tight cluster of non-toxic strains possessing the MC biosynthesis gene mcyG. Spectral libraries were expanded to >30 genera (>80 strains) under the default and optimized conditions to improve the confidence of cyanobacterial classification. Consequently, spectral library searching allowed for characterization of cyanobacteria from a field sample as mixed toxic and non-toxic Microcystis cells, without isolating those cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Asukabe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Yagotoyama 150, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Satoko Akahori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Yagotoyama 150, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Ema Ueno
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Yagotoyama 150, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Takuma Nakayama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Yagotoyama 150, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yamashita
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Yagotoyama 150, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Suzue Arii
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Yagotoyama 150, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Harada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Yagotoyama 150, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences, Meijo University, Yagotoyama 150, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Susumu Y Imanishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Yagotoyama 150, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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Moschny J, Lorenzen W, Hilfer A, Eckenstaler R, Jahns S, Enke H, Enke D, Schneider P, Benndorf RA, Niedermeyer THJ. Precursor-Directed Biosynthesis and Fluorescence Labeling of Clickable Microcystins. J Nat Prod 2020; 83:1960-1970. [PMID: 32464061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins, cyclic nonribosomal heptapeptides, are the most well-known cyanobacterial toxins. They are exceptionally well studied, but open questions remain concerning their physiological role for the producing microorganism or their suitability as lead compounds for anticancer drug development. One means to study specialized metabolites in more detail is the introduction of functional groups that make a compound amenable for bioorthogonal, so-called click reactions. Although it was reported that microcystins cannot be derivatized by precursor-directed biosynthesis, we successfully used this approach to prepare clickable microcystins. Supplementing different azide- or terminal alkyne containing amino acid analogues into the cultivation medium of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria strains, we found that these strains differ strongly in their substrate acceptance. Exploiting this flexibility, we generated more than 40 different clickable microcystins. We conjugated one of these derivatives with a fluorogenic dye and showed that neither incorporation of the unnatural amino acid analogue nor attachment of the fluorescent label significantly affects the cytotoxicity against cell lines expressing the human organic anion transporting polypeptides 1B1 or 1B3. Using time-lapse microscopy, we observed that the fluorescent microcystin is rapidly taken up into eukaryotic cells expressing these transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Moschny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology/Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Robert Eckenstaler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Heike Enke
- Cyano Biotech GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dan Enke
- Cyano Biotech GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Schneider
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralf A Benndorf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Timo H J Niedermeyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology/Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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27
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Chen G, Ding X, Zhou W. Study on ultrasonic treatment for degradation of Microcystins (MCs). Ultrason Sonochem 2020; 63:104900. [PMID: 31945576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, The ecological environment of rivers and lakes have been seriously polluted, and the eutrophication of water bodies has become increasingly prominent, which not only seriously affects the living environment of surrounding residents, but also poses a major threat to the ecological security of water environment. The growth of algae is characterized by short cycle, rapid reproduction and great harmfulness. Conventional algal removal technology is expensive, easy to produce secondary pollution, and difficult to effectively inhibit algae outbreaks, therefore, a new environmental protection technology, ultrasonic algae removal technology, has been put forward. Under the background of ecological environment pollution, in this paper, the effect of ultrasonic technology on degradation of Microcystins (MCs) under different conditions and is investigated. Results show that Microcystins removal rate reaches 81% when Microcystin solution with a concentration of 12.43 mu/L is treated by ultrasound (1200 W) for 5 min; the removal rate of Microcystin reaches 99% after 15 min of ultrasound treatment (1200 W), and almost all of them are removed; no matter wastewater containing Microcystis is treated by ultrasound alone or ultrasound-coagulation method, the levels of Microcystins in the water do not increase. The results also prove that ultrasound can directly destroy the wall and kill algae, inhibit the growth activity of un-killed algae and degrade Microcystins. In addition, the technical principle and application prospect of ultrasonic algae removal instrument in ecological environment are introduced. The paper provided certain direction and theoretical support for the subsequent improvement of ultrasonic algae removal technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining and Big Data Integration for Ecology and Environment, Rongzhi College of Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 401320, PR China
| | - Xinmin Ding
- The College of Nuclear Technology and Automation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, PR China.
| | - Wen Zhou
- The Second Clinical College of GuangZhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 55 Neihuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Park JA, Kang JK, Jung SM, Choi JW, Lee SH, Yargeau V, Kim SB. Investigating Microcystin-LR adsorption mechanisms on mesoporous carbon, mesoporous silica, and their amino-functionalized form: Surface chemistry, pore structures, and molecular characteristics. Chemosphere 2020; 247:125811. [PMID: 31945720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most common cyanotoxin released from algal-blooms. The study investigated the MC-LR adsorption mechanisms by comparing adsorption performance of protonated mesoporous carbon/silica (MC-H, MS-H) and their amino-functionalized forms (MC-NH2 and MS-NH2) considering surface chemistry and pore characteristics. The maximum MC-LR adsorption capacity (Langmuir model) of MC-H (37.87 mg/g) was the highest followed by MC-NH2 (29.25 mg/g) and MS-NH2 (23.03 mg/g), because pore structure is partly damaged during amino-functionalization. However, MC-NH2 (k2 = 0.042 g/mg/min) reacted faster with MC-LR than MC-H during early-stage adsorption due to enhancing electrostatic interactions. Intra-particle diffusion model fit indicated Kp,1 of MC-H (2.11 mg/g/min1/2) was greater than MC-NH2 due to its greater surface area and pore volume. Also, large mesopore diameters are favorable to MC-LR adsorption by pore diffusion. The effect of adsorbate molecular size on adsorption trend against MC-H, MC-NH2 and MS-NH2 was determined by kinetic experiments using two dyes, reactive blue and acid orange: MS-NH2 achieved the highest adsorption for both dyes due to the large number of amino groups on its surface (41.2 NH2/nm2). Overall, it was demonstrated that adsorption of MC-LR on mesoporous materials is governed by (meso-)pore diffusion and π - π (and hydrophobic) interactions induced by carbon materials; in addition, positively-charged grafted amino groups enhance initial MC-LR adsorption rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ann Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, H3A 0C5, Québec, Canada; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Kang
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Environmental Functional Materials and Water Treatment Laboratory, Department of Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Mok Jung
- Korea Water and Wastewater Works Association, Seoul, 07379, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Choi
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyup Lee
- Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Green School, Graduate School of Energy and Environment, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, H3A 0C5, Québec, Canada
| | - Song-Bae Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Environmental Functional Materials and Water Treatment Laboratory, Department of Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Wu X, Wu H, Gu X, Zhang R, Sheng Q, Ye J. Effect of the immobilized microcystin-LR-degrading enzyme MlrA on nodularin degradation and its immunotoxicity study. Environ Pollut 2020; 258:113653. [PMID: 31801670 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In freshwater ecosystems with frequent cyanobacterial blooms, the cyanobacteria toxin pollution is becoming increasingly serious. Nodularin (NOD), which has strong biological toxicity, has emerged as a new pollutant and affects the normal growth, development and reproduction of aquatic organisms. However, little information is available regarding this toxin. In this study, a graphene oxide material modified by L-cysteine was synthesized and used to immobilize microcystin-LR (MC-LR)-degrading enzyme (MlrA) to form an immobilized enzyme nanocomposite, CysGO-MlrA. Free-MlrA was used as a control. The efficiency of NOD removal by CysGO-MlrA was investigated. Additionally, the effects of CysGO-MlrA and the NOD degradation product on zebrafish lymphocytes were detected to determine the biological toxicity of these two substances. The results showed the following: (1) There was no significant difference in the degradation efficiency of NOD between CysGO-MlrA and free-MlrA; the degradation rate of both was greater than 80% at 1 h (2) The degradation efficiency of the enzyme could retain greater than 81% of the initial degradation efficiency after the CysGO-MlrA had been reused 7 times. (3) CysGO-MlrA retained greater than 50% of its activity on the 8th day when preserved at 0 °C, while free-MlrA lost 50% of its activity on the 4th day. (4) CysGO-MlrA and the degradation product of NOD showed no obvious cytotoxicity to zebrafish lymphocytes. Therefore, CysGO-MlrA might be used as an efficient and ecologically safe degradation material for NOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development Technology Research, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China.
| | - Hao Wu
- Environmental Protection Monitoring Centre Station, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development Technology Research, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Rongfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development Technology Research, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Qiang Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development Technology Research, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
| | - Jinyun Ye
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development Technology Research, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 313000, China
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Sieber S, Grendelmeier SM, Harris LA, Mitchell DA, Gademann K. Microviridin 1777: A Toxic Chymotrypsin Inhibitor Discovered by a Metabologenomic Approach. J Nat Prod 2020; 83:438-446. [PMID: 31989826 PMCID: PMC7050427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa EAWAG 127a was evaluated against the sensitive grazer Thamnocephalus platyurus, and the extract possessed strong activity. To investigate the compounds responsible for cytotoxicity, a series of peptides from this cyanobacterium were studied using a combined genomic and molecular networking approach. The results led to the isolation, structure elucidation, and biological evaluation of microviridin 1777, which represents the most potent chymotrypsin inhibitor characterized from this family of peptides to date. Furthermore, the biosynthetic gene clusters of microviridin, anabaenopeptin, aeruginosin, and piricyclamide were located in the producing organism, and six additional natural products were identified by tandem mass spectrometry analyses. These results highlight the potential of modern techniques for the identification of natural products, demonstrate the ecological role of protease inhibitors produced by cyanobacteria, and raise ramifications concerning the presence of novel, yet uncharacterized, toxin families in cyanobacteria beyond microcystin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sieber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich CH 8057, Switzerland
| | - Simone M. Grendelmeier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich CH 8057, Switzerland
| | - Lonnie A. Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Douglas A. Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich CH 8057, Switzerland
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Kurmayer R, Entfellner E, Weisse T, Offterdinger M, Rentmeister A, Deng L. Chemically labeled toxins or bioactive peptides show a heterogeneous intracellular distribution and low spatial overlap with autofluorescence in bloom-forming cyanobacteria. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2781. [PMID: 32066776 PMCID: PMC7026079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59381-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms formed by colony-forming cyanobacteria deteriorate water resources by producing cyanotoxins, which frequently occur at high intracellular concentrations. We aimed to localize toxic microcystins (MCs) and bioactive anabaenopeptins (APs) at the subcellular level under noninvasive conditions. Since both metabolites are synthesized nonribosomally, the relaxed specificity of key enzymes catalyzing substrate activation allowed chemical labeling through a standard copper-catalyzed click chemistry reaction. The genera Planktothrix and Microcystis specifically incorporated unnatural amino acids such as N-propargyloxy-carbonyl-L-lysine or O-propargyl-L-tyrosine, resulting in modified AP or MC peptides carrying the incorporated alkyne moiety. The labeled cells were quantitatively differentiated from the unlabeled control cells. MCs and APs occurred intracellularly as distinct entities showing a cell-wide distribution but a lowered spatial overlap with natural autofluorescence. Using the immunofluorescence technique, colocalization with markers of individual organelles was utilized to relate the distribution of labeled MCs to cellular compartments, e.g., using RbcL and FtsZ (cytosol) and PsbA (thylakoids). The colocalization correlation coefficients calculated pairwise between organelles and autofluorescence were highly positive as opposed to the relatively low positive indices derived from labeled MCs. The lower correlation coefficients imply that only a portion of the labeled MC molecules were related spatially to the organelles in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Kurmayer
- University of Innsbruck, Research Department for Limnology, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310, Mondsee, Austria.
| | - Elisabeth Entfellner
- University of Innsbruck, Research Department for Limnology, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310, Mondsee, Austria
| | - Thomas Weisse
- University of Innsbruck, Research Department for Limnology, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310, Mondsee, Austria
| | - Martin Offterdinger
- Innsbruck Medical University, Division of Neurobiochemistry, Biooptics Core Facility, Innrain 80, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Rentmeister
- University of Muenster, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 2, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Li Deng
- Helmholtz Centre Munich, Institute of Virology, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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Kumar P, Rehab H, Hegde K, Brar SK, Cledon M, Kermanshahi-Pour A, Vo Duy S, Sauvé S, Surampalli RY. Physical and biological removal of Microcystin-LR and other water contaminants in a biofilter using Manganese Dioxide coated sand and Graphene sand composites. Sci Total Environ 2020; 703:135052. [PMID: 31733495 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sand as a filter media is often challenged by the presence of organics in the form of natural organic matter, metal ions, and various micropollutants in the source water. It is mainly due to the presence of limited active adsorption sites and low surface area that governs an ineffective adsorption potential of the sand material. Herein, graphitized sand was synthesized to tackle the above limitations using two sugar solution sources: a) brewery effluent (as a low-cost solution) (GS1) and; b) sucrose solution (GS2). GS1 showed 68%, 60%, and 99% higher maximum adsorption constant (qmax) for divalent metal ions: iron, copper, and manganese, respectively as compared to raw sand (RS). Coating of MnO2 over the graphitized sand (GSMs: GS1M and GS2M) further helped in Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) removal (3%-9%) when inoculated with MC-LR-degraders, but was not as effective in removing metals, organic carbon and nitrogen when compared to just graphitized sand (GS1 or GS2). Inoculating GS and GSMs (for both sugar sources) not only helped in higher MC-LR removal (10%-15% more) but also enhanced the removal of other water contaminants including metals, organic nitrogen, and carbon. GS1 showed 20% and 50% more MC-LR removal than the sand material when tested at a low and high initial concentration of MC-LR (5 µg/L and 50 µg/L). The highest breakthrough period was obtained for GS1 filter using 1 mg/L Rhodamine-B dye, which was 12 times (48 min) more than the raw sand filter and almost 2.5 times (second best, 21 min) than GS1M. After three cycles of regeneration and reuse of GS1 filter, a decrease of just 14% in saturation adsorption capacity indicated its high reusability aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Kumar
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Hadji Rehab
- Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto M3J 1P3, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Maximiliano Cledon
- CIMAS (CONICET, UnComa, Rio Negro), Güemes 1030, San Antonio Oeste, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Azadeh Kermanshahi-Pour
- Biorefining and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 1Z1, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Rao Y Surampalli
- Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, N104 SEC PO Box 886105, Lincoln, NE 68588-6105, United States
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LeBlanc P, Merkley N, Thomas K, Lewis NI, Békri K, Renaud SL, Pick FR, McCarron P, Miles CO, Quilliam MA. Isolation and Characterization of [DLeu 1]microcystin-LY from Microcystis aeruginosa CPCC-464. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020077. [PMID: 31979406 PMCID: PMC7076857 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
[D-Leu1]MC-LY (1) ([M + H]+m/z 1044.5673, Δ 2.0 ppm), a new microcystin, was isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa strain CPCC-464. The compound was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, liquid chromatography–high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS/MS) and UV spectroscopy. A calibration reference material was produced after quantitation by 1H NMR spectroscopy and LC with chemiluminescence nitrogen detection. The potency of 1 in a protein phosphatase 2A inhibition assay was essentially the same as for MC-LR (2). Related microcystins, [D-Leu1]MC-LR (3) ([M + H]+m/z 1037.6041, Δ 1.0 ppm), [D-Leu1]MC-M(O)R (6) ([M + H]+m/z 1071.5565, Δ 2.0 ppm) and [D-Leu1]MC-MR (7) ([M + H]+m/z 1055.5617, Δ 2.2 ppm), were also identified in culture extracts, along with traces of [D-Leu1]MC-M(O2)R (8) ([M + H]+m/z 1087.5510, Δ 1.6 ppm), by a combination of chemical derivatization and LC–HRMS/MS experiments. The relative abundances of 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 in a freshly extracted culture in the positive ionization mode LC–HRMS were ca. 84, 100, 3.0, 11 and 0.05, respectively. These and other results indicate that [D-Leu1]-containing MCs may be more common in cyanobacterial blooms than is generally appreciated but are easily overlooked with standard targeted LC–MS/MS screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia LeBlanc
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Nadine Merkley
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Krista Thomas
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Nancy I. Lewis
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Khalida Békri
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Susan LeBlanc Renaud
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (S.L.R.); (F.R.P.)
| | - Frances R. Pick
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (S.L.R.); (F.R.P.)
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Michael A. Quilliam
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Liu G, Zhang G, Zhang S, Xu Y, Yang X, Zhang X. Degradation and mechanism of microcystin-LR by PbCrO 4 nanorods driven by visible light. Chemosphere 2020; 239:124739. [PMID: 31527000 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the photocatalytic removal of recalcitrant organic pollutants in water treatment. Based on facile precipitation reaction, we fabricated a photocatalyst (PbCrO4) in single crystals that present evident response to visible light and employed the catalyst in the photocatalytic decomposition of microcystin-LR (MC-LR). In the degradation test using the nanorods with prepared PbCrO4 photocatalyst, a 100% removal efficiency (27 min reaction) and a kinetics constant of 0.1356 min-1 were achieved. Such a high performance of PbCrO4 in photocatalytic conversion of MC-LR was ascribed to its high carrier separation efficiency, positive valence band (VB) position, and good delocalization of VB and conduction band (CB). The test of electron spin-resonance resonance (ESR) demonstrated that excessive free OH radicals were produced during the PbCrO4 photocatalysis of MC-LR. The density functional theory (DFT) and LC/MS/MS technology were employed to ascertain the intermediates during the MC-LR photocatalytic degradation. The major intermediates were resulted from the attack of hydroxyl radicals to the ADDA side chains of MC-LR structure. This study provides a proof-of-concept strategy to develop effective photocatalysts to efficiently produce OH radicals for the visible-light induced photocatalytic degradation of MC-LR in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China; Department of Water Management, Section Sanitary Engineering, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, PR China; International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Water Management, Section Sanitary Engineering, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Yangsen Xu
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xun Yang
- School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xuedong Zhang
- Department of Water Management, Section Sanitary Engineering, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5048, 2600, GA, Delft, Netherlands
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Bouaïcha N, Miles CO, Beach DG, Labidi Z, Djabri A, Benayache NY, Nguyen-Quang T. Structural Diversity, Characterization and Toxicology of Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120714. [PMID: 31817927 PMCID: PMC6950048 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) are the most widespread class of cyanotoxins and the one that has most often been implicated in cyanobacterial toxicosis. One of the main challenges in studying and monitoring MCs is the great structural diversity within the class. The full chemical structure of the first MC was elucidated in the early 1980s and since then, the number of reported structural analogues has grown steadily and continues to do so, thanks largely to advances in analytical methodology. The structures of some of these analogues have been definitively elucidated after chemical isolation using a combination of techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance, amino acid analysis, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Others have only been tentatively identified using liquid chromatography-MS/MS without chemical isolation. An understanding of the structural diversity of MCs, the genetic and environmental controls for this diversity and the impact of structure on toxicity are all essential to the ongoing study of MCs across several scientific disciplines. However, because of the diversity of MCs and the range of approaches that have been taken for characterizing them, comprehensive information on the state of knowledge in each of these areas can be challenging to gather. We have conducted an in-depth review of the literature surrounding the identification and toxicity of known MCs and present here a concise review of these topics. At present, at least 279 MCs have been reported and are tabulated here. Among these, about 20% (55 of 279) appear to be the result of chemical or biochemical transformations of MCs that can occur in the environment or during sample handling and extraction of cyanobacteria, including oxidation products, methyl esters, or post-biosynthetic metabolites. The toxicity of many MCs has also been studied using a range of different approaches and a great deal of variability can be observed between reported toxicities, even for the same congener. This review will help clarify the current state of knowledge on the structural diversity of MCs as a class and the impacts of structure on toxicity, as well as to identify gaps in knowledge that should be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(01)69154990; Fax: +33-(0)169155696
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Zineb Labidi
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Amina Djabri
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Naila Yasmine Benayache
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
| | - Tri Nguyen-Quang
- Biofluids and Biosystems Modeling (BBML), Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 39 Cox Road, Truro, B2N 5E3 Nova Scotia, Canada;
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Xu Q, Fan J, Yan H, Ahmad S, Zhao Z, Yin C, Liu X, Liu Y, Zhang H. Structural basis of microcystinase activity for biodegrading microcystin-LR. Chemosphere 2019; 236:124281. [PMID: 31310980 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystinase (MlrA) catalyzes the first and most important biodegradation step of hepatotoxic microcystin-LR (MC-LR) produced and released from cyanobacterial cells, and the underlying catalytic mechanism is not completely understood yet. MlrA was postulated previously to be a metalloprotease with an active site of H260AIH263NE265, a variant of the common metal-binding motif of HEXXH. Through comparison with representative modes in HEXXH-containing metalloproteases, molecular dynamics simulation, homology modeling, and docking, the active sites of MlrA involved in the MC-LR biodegradation by Sphingomonas sp. USTB-05 were predicted. Site-directed mutants of MlrA were constructed for verification then. The results show that MlrA is likely not a metalloprotease, but a glutamate protease belonging to type II CAAX prenyl endopeptidases. Combined with the biodegradation of MC-LR by MlrA and its mutants, a complete enzymatic mechanism for MC-LR biodegradation by MlrA is proposed: Glu172 and His205 activate a water molecule facilitating a nucleophilic attack on the Adda-Arg peptide bond of MC-LR; Trp176 and Trp201 contact the carboxylate side chain of Glu172and, by raising its pKa potentially, accelerate the reaction rates; His260 and Asn264 (located in the previous postulated active center of H260AIH263NE265) function as an oxyanion hole to stabilize the transition states. This study reveals the enzymatic mechanism of MlrA for catalyzing MC-LR in both the representative modes and the experiments of site-directed mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xu
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhui Fan
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Yan
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, China.
| | - Shahbaz Ahmad
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhua Yin
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 100083, Beijing, China.
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Xiang L, Li YW, Liu BL, Zhao HM, Li H, Cai QY, Mo CH, Wong MH, Li QX. High ecological and human health risks from microcystins in vegetable fields in southern China. Environ Int 2019; 133:105142. [PMID: 31513927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Frequent cyanobacterial blooms in the eutrophic waters produce a variety of toxins such as the monocyclic heptapeptide microcystins, greatly harming aquatic ecosystems and human health. However, little information of microcystins in agricultural fields is known. This field study of three common microcystin variants (MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR) in vegetables (n = 161), soils (n = 161) and irrigation water samples (n = 23) collected from southern China regions affected by cyanobacteria blooms, shows their prevalence with total concentrations up to 514 μg/L water, 187 μg/kg soil (dry weight) and 382 μg/kg vegetable (fresh weight). MC-RR was the primary variant in all types of samples, accounting for 51.3-100% of total microcystin concentrations. Significant concentration-dependent correlations (p < 0.05) demonstrated that microcystin-contained irrigation waters were the major source of microcystin accumulation in both vegetables and soils. Meanwhile, intracellular-microcystins in irrigation water was found to play an important role in microcystins bioaccumulation in vegetables for the first time. Most vegetable samples (≥60%), particularly celery posed moderate or high human health risk via diet based on toxicity equivalents of the microcystins and reference dose for MC-LR (0.04 μg/kg/d), showing high food safety hidden dangers. Soil microcystins, especially MC-RR in 46.4-88.3% of soils could pose high ecological risks. This study highlights the potential high ecological and human health risks of microcystins in the real soil-vegetable systems of areas affected by cyanobacteria blooms, implying the profound significance and urgent need of investigation on microcystins in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bai-Lin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Sun J, Bu L, Chen S, Lu X, Wu Y, Shi Z, Zhou S. Oxidation of Microcystic-LR via the solar/chlorine process: Radical mechanism, pathways and toxicity assessment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 183:109509. [PMID: 31398579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most widely distributed and harmful variant toxins released by cyanobacteria, which poses potential threaten to people and aquatic animals when entering natural water. In our research, solar/chlorine process was comprehensively investigated to degrade and detoxify MC-LR. Under the chlorine concentration of 1.0 mg L-1, MC-LR (1.0 μM) was decreased by 96.7%, 26%, and 9% by solar/chlorine process, chlorination, and solar irradiation respectively. Quenching experiments confirmed that reactive chlorine species (RCS) and hydroxyl radical (HO) were the predominant reactive species in solar/chlorine process at neutral condition, and ozone was generated because of the participation of triplet-state oxygen (O(3P)). The respective contributions of each reactive species were calculated with the order as: RCS, HO, ozone, and solar irradiation. The presence of HCO3- and natural organic matter in water inhibited the degradation efficiency of MC-LR. Moreover, the transformation products of MC-LR generated during the solar/chlorine process were identified and a possible pathway was proposed. The hepatotoxicity of MC-LR and its transformation products was compared using protein phosphatase 2A. Our experimental results revealed that the concentration and hepatotoxicity of MC-LR both significantly decreased, and most products were not hepatoxic. Overall, the solar/chlorine process is a promising alternative technology to degrade MC-LR during eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Educaation, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lingjun Bu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Educaation, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Shiyang Chen
- China Machinery International Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Xianlei Lu
- China Machinery International Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Educaation, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Educaation, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Educaation, Department of Water Engineering and Science, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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Roy-Lachapelle A, Solliec M, Sauvé S, Gagnon C. A Data-Independent Methodology for the Structural Characterization of Microcystins and Anabaenopeptins Leading to the Identification of Four New Congeners. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110619. [PMID: 31717734 PMCID: PMC6891544 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxin-producing cyanobacteria are responsible for the presence of hundreds of bioactive compounds in aquatic environments undergoing increasing eutrophication. The identification of cyanotoxins is still emerging, due to the great diversity of potential congeners, yet high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has the potential to deepen this knowledge in aquatic environments. In this study, high-throughput and sensitive on-line solid-phase extraction ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (SPE-UHPLC) coupled to HRMS was applied to a data-independent acquisition (DIA) workflow for the suspect screening of cyanopeptides, including microcystin and anabaenopeptin toxin classes. The unambiguous characterization of 11 uncommon cyanopeptides was possible using a characterization workflow through extensive analysis of fragmentation patterns. This method also allowed the characterization of four unknown cyanotoxins ([Leu1, Ser7] MC-HtyR, [Asp3]MC-RHar, AP731, and AP803). The quantification of 17 common cyanotoxins along with the semi-quantification of the characterized uncommon cyanopeptides resulted with the identification of 23 different cyanotoxins in 12 lakes in Canada, United Kingdom and France. The concentrations of the compounds varied between 39 and 41,000 ng L−1. To our knowledge, this is the first DIA method applied for the suspect screening of two families of cyanopeptides simultaneously. Moreover, this study shows the great diversity of cyanotoxins in lake water cyanobacterial blooms, a growing concern in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Roy-Lachapelle
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Montréal, QC H2Y 2E5, Canada;
| | - Morgan Solliec
- NSERC-Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, CGM Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Christian Gagnon
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Montréal, QC H2Y 2E5, Canada;
- Correspondence:
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Dixit F, Barbeau B, Mohseni M. Microcystin-LR removal by ion exchange: Investigating multicomponent interactions in natural waters. Environ Pollut 2019; 253:790-799. [PMID: 31344540 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCLR) is the most commonly encountered toxic microcystin variant. MCLR is usually present along with common surface water constituents such as inorganic ions and natural organic matter (NOM) which compete with MCLR for active sites during ion exchange (IX) process. Consequently, development of a multicomponent competitive model is essential for practical IX applications. This is critically important given that the NOM characteristics (charge density and molecular weight distribution) and inorganic ions concentrations are spatially variable and can change seasonally. In the present study, a systematic study was carried out into the multicomponent interactions of IX resin with inorganic ions and NOM during the MCLR removal process. This involved evaluation of MCLR removal in a single component system (i.e., MCLR only), a dual component system (MCLR and one other contaminant such as NOM), and a multiple component system (MCLR with NOM and different inorganic ions present in natural waters). A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic adsorption behavior showed that the experimental data for single component systems agree well with a Freundlich isotherm. For multicomponent interactions, the Equivalent Background Concentration (EBC) model which is derived from the Ideal Adsorption Solution Theory (IAST) provided the best correlation with the experimental data in natural waters. The concentrations of competing NOM and inorganic ions estimated by the EBC model were <10% of their initial concentrations. Sulphates are the most competitive inorganic ions followed by nitrates and bicarbonates and the multicomponent interactions could be well predicted by using the IAST-EBC model. However, the EBC model failed in the presence of higher molecular weight Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA) molecules due to neglecting of the pore blocking phenomenon. In the presence of higher molecular weight SRHA molecules, the Redlich-Peterson Isotherm (RP) model exhibited a better performance than the Sheindorf-Rebuhn-Sheintuch (SRS) and the EBC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhar Dixit
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Madjid Mohseni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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León C, Boix C, Beltrán E, Peñuela G, López F, Sancho JV, Hernández F. Study of cyanotoxin degradation and evaluation of their transformation products in surface waters by LC-QTOF MS. Chemosphere 2019; 229:538-548. [PMID: 31100625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the degradation of three cyanotoxins from the hepatotoxins group was investigated under laboratory-controlled experiments in water samples. Surface waters spiked with microcystin-LR (MC-LR), nodularin (NOD) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) were subjected to hydrolysis, chlorination and photo-degradation, under both sunlight (SL) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A total of 12 transformation products (TPs) were detected and tentatively identified by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS). These comprised: 6 chlorination TPs (3 from CYN and 3 from MC-LR, 2 isomers); 4 UV TPs (all from CYN); and 2 sunlight TPs (one isomer from MC-LR and another from NOD). No TPs were observed under hydrolysis conditions. The chemical structures for all TPs were tentatively proposed based on the accurate-mass QTOF MS full-spectra. Analysis of real-world samples collected from the Peñol reservoir (Antioquia, Colombia) revealed the presence of MC-LR and CYN as well as a sunlight TP identified in the laboratory experiments. Data presented in this article will assist further research on TPs potentially formed in future tertiary degradation processes applied for the removal of organic micro-pollutants in water; as well as improving available knowledge on the toxic implications of cyanobacterial toxins TPs in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina León
- Grupo Diagnóstico y Control de La Contaminación (GDCON), Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Clara Boix
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I. Avda, Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I. Avda, Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Gustavo Peñuela
- Grupo Diagnóstico y Control de La Contaminación (GDCON), Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco López
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I. Avda, Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I. Avda, Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I. Avda, Sos Baynat, E-12071 Castellon, Spain.
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Liu X, Gao S, Li X, Wang H, Ji X, Zhang Z. Determination of microcystins in environmental water samples with ionic liquid magnetic graphene. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 176:20-26. [PMID: 30947029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins is a class of monocyclic of heptapeptides with many different isomerides. It has become potential hazardous material in water environment for its toxic, distribution and stability. This project worked on a method for determination of trace microcystin (MC-LR and MC-RR) in environmental waters. The ionic liquid magnetic graphene (IL@MG) was prepared and applied to the concentration and determination of microcystins, based on magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE), and coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The ionic liquid magnetic graphene was prepared by coprecipitatial synthesis and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), specific surface area (BET), pore size distribution (BJH) and magnetic hysteresis loop. The experimental parameters of magnetic solid phase extraction, including amount of IL@MG, pH, extraction time and elution solvent were investigated by a univariate method and orthogonal screening. The method showed good linearity in the range of 0.01-10.0 g/L and 0.005-10.0 μg/L for MC-LR and MC-RR, when the pH of water samples was 4.00 and 10.0 mg adsorbents were used to extract targets for 18 min. The lowest detection limit was 0.414 ng/L and 0.216 ng/L for MC-LR and MC-RR respectively. The recoveries of the microcystins were in the range of 83.6-100.9%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 7.59%. The trace amount of MC-LR (0.020 μg/L) and MC-RR (0.003 μg/L and 0.021 μg/L) was detected in actural water samples. Attributed to its simple operator, low detection limit and high sensitivity, this method could be used for the detection of trace microcystins in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, PR China
| | - Shiqian Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, PR China
| | - Xinyue Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Center for Hydrosciences Research, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Zhanen Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Kerui Road, Suzhou, 215009, PR China.
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Tang L, Ouyang X, Peng B, Zeng G, Zhu Y, Yu J, Feng C, Fang S, Zhu X, Tan J. Highly sensitive detection of microcystin-LR under visible light using a self-powered photoelectrochemical aptasensor based on a CoO/Au/g-C 3N 4 Z-scheme heterojunction. Nanoscale 2019; 11:12198-12209. [PMID: 31199416 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03004b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Based on the unique photoelectrochemical properties of a CoO/Au/g-C3N4 Z-scheme heterojunction, a self-powered photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor was constructed for the detection of microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR). Z-scheme heterojunctions can promote the separation of a photo-induced electron-hole pair, and the surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) of Au nanoparticles can significantly enhance the adsorption of visible light. Importantly, MC-LR molecules were captured by aptamers initially immobilized on the modified electrode due to their high affinity, and then oxidized by the photogenerated holes, which caused an amplified photocurrent signal, allowing the quantitative analysis of MC-LR by measuring the photocurrent intensity change. This PEC MC-LR aptasensor showed high sensitivity and selectivity within a wide linear response range from 0.1 pM to 10 nM and a detection limit of 0.01 pM. The application of this sensor in the analysis of lake water samples provided accurate results with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.6%-4.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China. and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xilian Ouyang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China. and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Peng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China. and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China. and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China. and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Jiangfang Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China. and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Chengyang Feng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China. and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Siyuan Fang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China. and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China. and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Jisui Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China. and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, Hunan, China
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Wang Q, Wang X, Zhang S, Zong W. Molecular mechanism for the discrepant inhibition of microcystins on protein phosphatase 1. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:21774-21783. [PMID: 31134550 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to variable amino acid residues at positions 2 and 4, microcystins (MCs) had diversified variants with different toxicities. To evaluate the discrepant toxicity, the inhibition effects of five typical MC variants (with the changed amino acid residues at position 4) target to PP1 were evaluated. The inhibition sequence was verified as follows: MCLR (IC50 = 2.6 μg/L) > MCLF (IC50 = 4.4 μg/L) > MCLA (IC50 = 5.5 μg/L) > MCLY (IC50 = 7.9 μg/L) > MCLW (IC50 = 13.6 μg/L). To further clarify the inhibition mechanism for variant toxicity, the interactions between MCs and PP1 were evaluated with the assistance of MOE molecule simulation. Results show the hydrophobic interaction (Adda5 with PP1) and the hydrogen bonds (especially for Z4 → Glu275) were positively correlated with MC toxicity, while the hydrogen bonds (Leu2 ← Arg96, IsoAsp3 ← Arg96, and IsoAsp3 ← Tyr134) and the ion bonds (between Mn2+ and His173/Asn124/Asp92) were negatively correlated with toxicity. However, the hydrogen bonds (Ala1 → Glu275, Mdha7 ← Gly274, Z4 ← Arg221, and Adda5 ← His125), the covalent combination (between Mdha7 and Cys273), and the ion bonds (between Mn2+ and His248/Asp64/His66) were weakly correlated with toxicity. By further analysis, the steric hindrance and hydrophobicity introduced by different Z4 residues affected the changes for combination area and energy of MC-PP1 complexes, leading to the discrepancies in MC toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Shuhan Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Wansong Zong
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 88# East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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Shishido TK, Jokela J, Humisto A, Suurnäkki S, Wahlsten M, Alvarenga DO, Sivonen K, Fewer DP. The Biosynthesis of Rare Homo-Amino Acid Containing Variants of Microcystin by a Benthic Cyanobacterium. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17050271. [PMID: 31067786 PMCID: PMC6562525 DOI: 10.3390/md17050271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins are a family of chemically diverse hepatotoxins produced by distantly related cyanobacteria and are potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Here we provide evidence for the biosynthesis of rare variants of microcystin that contain a selection of homo-amino acids by the benthic cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. LP904c. This strain produces at least 16 microcystin chemical variants many of which contain homophenylalanine or homotyrosine. We retrieved the complete 54.2 kb microcystin (mcy) gene cluster from a draft genome assembly. Analysis of the substrate specificity of McyB1 and McyC adenylation domain binding pockets revealed divergent substrate specificity sequences, which could explain the activation of homo-amino acids which were present in 31% of the microcystins detected and included variants such as MC-LHty, MC-HphHty, MC-LHph and MC-HphHph. The mcy gene cluster did not encode enzymes for the synthesis of homo-amino acids but may instead activate homo-amino acids produced during the synthesis of anabaenopeptins. We observed the loss of microcystin during cultivation of a closely related strain, Phormidium sp. DVL1003c. This study increases the knowledge of benthic cyanobacterial strains that produce microcystin variants and broadens the structural diversity of known microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Keiko Shishido
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5D, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jouni Jokela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anu Humisto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Suvi Suurnäkki
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Matti Wahlsten
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Danillo O Alvarenga
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - David P Fewer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-0014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Yang M, Wang X. Interactions between Microcystis aeruginosa and coexisting bisphenol A at different nitrogen levels. J Hazard Mater 2019; 369:132-141. [PMID: 30776596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa is known as a main contributor of cyanobacterial bloom. However, factors that drive its formation and dispersion remain poorly understood. The cellular-level responses to nutrient drivers of eutrophication were investigated. The results showed that growth rate of M. aeruginosa was significantly enhanced with the increasing bisphenol A (BPA) and nitrogen (N) level. Stress of BPA significantly inhibited cellular density, chlorophyll-a content across all the nutrient conditions, while Fv/Fm and rETRmax value were promoted by BPA. Responses of reactive oxygen species (ROS) value, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malodialdehyde (MDA) content indicated that nitrogen deficiency and BPA caused oxidative stress to M. aeruginosa. Besides, nitrogen and BPA regulated the production and release of microcystins (MCs). M. aeruginosa exposed to BPA caused 95 up-regulated proteins, which was primarily associated with photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, glycolysis/glyconeogenesis and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms. The 91 down-regulated proteins were related to quorum sensing, longevity regulating and cell cycle-caulobacter, confirming that the driving force of regulating the change of cellular density and genes expression weakened. These findings provide important clues to elucidate the combined regulatory mechanisms of cyanobacterial blooms triggered by endocrine-disrupting compounds and environmental factors and help to effectively prevent and reduce cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiangrong Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Liu YL, Walker HW, Lenhart JJ. Adsorption of microcystin-LR onto kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite. Chemosphere 2019; 220:696-705. [PMID: 30611067 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, microcystin-LR (MCLR) interactions with three representative silicate clays were studied using equilibrium batch experiments in order to provide insight into the role of clays on determining MCLR fate. The three tested clay minerals (kaolinite, montmorillonite and illite), saturated with sodium or calcium ions, were equilibrated with MCLR across a range of toxin concentrations at pH 5, 7 or 9. The results were fit to Freundlich and linear isotherm models, with the linear isotherm fits deemed most appropriate. In general, adsorption of MCLR was greater in the systems with Ca than in those with Na, however, regardless of the cation present, montmorillonite had the highest adsorption affinity for MCLR. Furthermore, except for Ca-montmorillonite, MCLR adsorption decreased with increasing pH. The pH-dependence of adsorption suggests the polar groups of MCLR, carboxylate associated with the glutamic acid and methylaspartic acid groups and amine associated with the arginine group, were more important in determining MCLR interactions with clays than the nonpolar ADDA group. Increased adsorption in systems enriched with calcium suggests Ca modified the clay interfacial properties and the availability of MCLR groups in a manner that increased MCLR affinity. Overall, the results suggest clays are capable of adsorbing MCLR from the aqueous phase, particularly at low pH and when saturated with Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ling Liu
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Harold W Walker
- Department of Civil Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - John J Lenhart
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Khadgi N, Upreti AR. Photocatalytic degradation of Microcystin-LR by visible light active and magnetic, ZnFe 2O 4-Ag/rGO nanocomposite and toxicity assessment of the intermediates. Chemosphere 2019; 221:441-451. [PMID: 30654258 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we aimed to study photocatalytic degradation of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a cyanotoxin known to cause acute as well as chronic toxicity and even mortality. The nanocomposite (NC) based on zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) was modified with graphene oxide (GO) and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance its photocatalytic properties under visible light. The so-formed ZnFe2O4-Ag/rGO NC exhibited superior performance in visible light allowing complete degradation of MC-LR within 120 min of treatment with pseudo rate constant, k = 0.0515 min-1, several times greater than other photocatalysts, TiO2 (k = 0.0009 min-1), ZnFe2O4 (k = 0.0021 min-1), ZnFe2O4-Ag (k = 0.0046 min-1) and ZnFe2O4/rGO (k = 0.007 min-1) respectively. The total organic carbon analysis revealed that only 22% of MC-LR was mineralized on 120 min of treatment time indicating presence of different intermediate by-products. The intermediates formed during photocatalytic treatment were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) based on which probable degradation pathways were proposed. The attack from OH radicals formed during the photocatalytic process resulted to hydroxylation and subsequent cleavage of diene bond. The toxicity assessment with Daphnia magna revealed that the degradation process has alleviated toxicity of the MC-LR and no toxic intermediates were formed during the treatment which is very important from eco-toxicological view point. Therefore, ZnFe2O4-Ag/rGO has a good potential in the field of environmental applications as visible light active and magnetic photocatalyst with enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirina Khadgi
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Akhanda Raj Upreti
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Xikang Road #1, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
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Zhang F, Peng H, Jiang S, Wang C, Xu X, Wang L. Construction of precious metal-loaded BiOI semiconductor materials with improved photocatalytic activity for microcystin-LR degradation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:8226-8236. [PMID: 30701471 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The composite photocatalyst of precious metal loaded on BiOI (M/BiOI, M = Pt, Au, Ag) was prepared by photochemical deposition and used for the photocatalytic degradation of microcystins (MC-LR). The material was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and photoluminescence spectra (PL). The effect of photodegradation of MC-LR and the possible mechanism were investigated. It turned out that, among precious metals of Pt, Au, and Ag, Ag had the most significant improvement for photocatalytic activity of BiOI and Au was the least. The Ag/BiOI catalyst was illuminated 2 h under the simulated visible-light condition with the optimal load ratio of Ag catalyst (1.0 wt%) and the 2-h illumination under simulated visible-light condition, the degradation rate of MC-LR was 61.26% ± 0.12%. In addition, through the experiment of trapping agent and the analysis of electron spin resonance (ESR), we could conclude that the main active species is O2- in the process of the degradation of MC-LR by three precious metal-loaded BiOI semiconductor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Peng
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanqing Jiang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuqiao Wang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Xu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Wang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Lenz KA, Miller TR, Ma H. Anabaenopeptins and cyanopeptolins induce systemic toxicity effects in a model organism the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Chemosphere 2019; 214:60-69. [PMID: 30253257 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms represent a significant risk to environmental and human health due to their production of toxic secondary metabolites, cyanopeptides. Anabaenopeptins and cyanopeptolins are cyanopeptides increasingly detected in surface waters at concentrations exceeding regulatory toxicity levels for other cyanotoxins such as microcystins. Yet their toxicity to aquatic organisms are not well understood. Here we assessed the toxicological effects of three anabaenopeptins (AP-A, AP-B, and AP-F) and three cyanopeptolins (CYP-1007, CYP-1020, and CYP-1041) to a model organism the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Examined toxicity endpoints included reproduction, hatching time, growth rate, lifespan, and age-related vulval integrity. Microcystin RR (MC-RR) and microginin 690 were also included in the study for comparisons. At an identical mass concentration (10 μg/L, corresponding to a molar concentration ranging 0.01-0.014 μM depending on the specific peptide), anabaenopeptins (APs) showed the greatest toxicity among all cyanopeptides tested. APs decreased worm reproduction by 23%-34% and shortened worm lifespan by 5 days (a 30% reduction) compared to the controls. APs also induced a remarkable age-related vulval integrity defect (Avid phenotype) in the worm, where over 95% of exposed worms developed the phenotype, compared to a less than 15% in control worms. CYPs showed similar toxicity as MC-RR, and Microginin 690 was the least toxic. These findings suggest that APs and CYPs may pose significant health risks to aquatic organisms. More toxicological studies of these cyanopeptides using different species across different trophic levels are needed to gain a thorough understanding of their potential impact on ecological systems and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kade A Lenz
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Hongbo Ma
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA.
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