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Qiu M, Yang L, Jiang Z, Chen Y, Liu Q, Wang X, Qu W. Mixed exposure to haloacetaldehyde disinfection by-products exacerbates lipid aggregation in the liver of mice. Environ Pollut 2024:123971. [PMID: 38641033 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Haloacetaldehyde disinfection by-products (HAL-DBPs) are among the top three unregulated DBPs found in drinking water. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of HALs are much higher than that of the regulated trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. Previous studies have mainly focused on the toxic effects of single HALs, with few examining the toxic effects of mixed exposures to HALs. The study aimed to observe the effects of mixed exposures of 1∼1000X the realistic level of HALs on the hepatotoxicity and lipid metabolism of C57BL/6J mice, based on the component and concentration of HALs detected in the finished water of Shanghai. Exposure to realistic levels of HALs led to a significant increase in phosphorated acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 (p-ACC1) in the hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) pathway. Additionally, exposure to 100X realistic levels of HALs resulted in significant alterations to key enzymes of lipid ab initio synthesis, including ACC1, fatty acid synthase (FAS), and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), as well as key proteins of lipid disposal such as carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα). Exposure to 1000-fold realistic levels of HALs significantly increased hepatic and serum triglyceride levels, as well as total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels, significantly decreased high-density lipoprotein. Meanwhile, histopathological analysis demonstrated that HALs exacerbated tissue vacuolization and inflammatory cell infiltration in mouse livers, which showed the typical phenotypes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These results suggested that the HALs mixture is a critical risk factor for NAFLD and is significantly highly toxic to C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyue Qiu
- Center for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Center for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jiang
- Center for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Center for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qinxin Liu
- Center for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Center for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- Center for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Lee BA. Effect of exposure to disinfection by-products during swimming exercise on asthma-related immune responses. J Water Health 2024; 22:735-745. [PMID: 38678426 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Swimming is a widely practiced exercise in modern society, where there is a heightened interest in health. The exceptional benefits of swimming are well-known, yet the issue of water quality management inevitably arises due to its nature as an aquatic exercise. Several studies reported that chlorine disinfectants commonly used in swimming pool water disinfection could degrade into toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs) and suggested that the DBPs might induce respiratory disorders, including asthma. Conversely, there were also reports that the DBPs had no significant effects on respiratory conditions. In this study, we investigated the influence of swimming exercise and DBPs on asthma. The decomposition products had little effect on the number of T cells in various immune organs. However, swimming exercise was found to increase the cell count in proportion to the exercise duration. Nevertheless, there were no significant changes in other immune cells and the secretion of asthma-related cytokines. These findings indicate that the effects of swimming pool DBPs on respiratory conditions during swimming exercise are either negligible or absent, and instead, the immunological benefits gained through consistent swimming exercise outweigh any potential drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Ae Lee
- Department of Sport Science, College of Liberal Arts, Dongguk University, 38066 Gyeongsangbuk-do, Gyeongju, South Korea E-mail:
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Ragnebro O, Helmersmo K, Fornander L, Olsen R, Bryngelsson IL, Graff P, Westerlund J. Chloroform exposure in air and water in Swedish indoor swimming pools-urine as a biomarker of occupational exposure. Ann Work Expo Health 2023; 67:876-885. [PMID: 37339253 PMCID: PMC10410492 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disinfection by-products are produced in water disinfected with chlorine-based products. One such group is trihalomethanes, and chloroform is the most abundant trihalomethane in swimming pool areas. Chloroform can be absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption, and is classified as possibly carcinogenic. AIM To investigate if chloroform concentrations in air and water affect the chloroform concentration in urine samples of exposed swimming pool workers. METHODS Workers from 5 adventure indoor swimming pools carried personal chloroform air samplers and provided up to 4 urine samples during one workday. Chloroform concentrations were analyzed with a linear mixed model analysis to investigate a possible correlation between air and urine concentrations. RESULTS The geometric mean chloroform concentration was 11 μg/m3 in air and 0.009 µg/g creatinine in urine among individuals with ≤2 h at work, 0.023 µg/g creatinine among those with >2-5 working hours, and 0.026 µg/g creatinine in the group with >5-10 working hours. A risk of higher levels of chloroform in urine was associated with longer hours at work (≤2 h versus >5-10 h, odds ratio [OR] 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-3.34), personal chloroform concentrations in air (≤17.00 µg/m3 versus >28.00 µg/m3, OR 9.23, 95% CI 3.68-23.13) and working at least half the working day near the swimming pools (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.33-7.55). Executing work tasks in the swimming pool water was not associated with higher chloroform concentrations in urine compared to only working on land (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.27-2.45). CONCLUSION There is an accumulation of chloroform concentrations in urine during a workday and a correlation between personal air and urine concentrations of chloroform among workers in Swedish indoor swimming pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Ragnebro
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Kristin Helmersmo
- National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), 0363 Oslo, Norway
| | - Louise Fornander
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Raymond Olsen
- National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), 0363 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ing-Liss Bryngelsson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Pål Graff
- National Institute of Occupational Health (STAMI), 0363 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jessica Westerlund
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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Zhou Q, Bian Z, Yang D, Fu L. Stability of Drinking Water Distribution Systems and Control of Disinfection By-Products. Toxics 2023; 11:606. [PMID: 37505570 PMCID: PMC10385944 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The stability of drinking water distribution systems and the management of disinfection by-products are critical to ensuring public health safety. In this paper, the interrelationships between corrosion products in the network, microbes, and drinking water quality are elucidated. This review also discusses the mechanisms through which corrosive by-products from the piping network influence the decay of disinfectants and the formation of harmful disinfection by-products. Factors such as copper corrosion by-products, CuO, Cu2O, and Cu2+ play a significant role in accelerating disinfectant decay and catalyzing the production of by-products. Biofilms on pipe walls react with residual chlorine, leading to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) that also amplify health risks. Finally, this paper finally highlights the potential of peroxymonosulfate (PMS), an industrial oxidant, as a disinfectant that can reduce DBP formation, while acknowledging the risks associated with its corrosive nature. Overall, the impact of the corrosive by-products of pipe scale and microbial communities on water quality in pipe networks is discussed, and recommendations for removing DBPs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Zhou
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhengfu Bian
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Dejun Yang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Li Fu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Li X, Zhao Z, Qu Z, Li X, Zhang Z, Liang X, Chen J, Li J. A Review of Traditional and Emerging Residual Chlorine Quenchers on Disinfection By-Products: Impact and Mechanisms. Toxics 2023; 11:toxics11050410. [PMID: 37235225 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are the most common organic contaminants in tap water and are of wide concern because of their highly developmental toxic, cytotoxic, and carcinogenic properties. Typically, to control the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms, a certain concentration of residual chlorine is retained in the factory water, which reacts with the natural organic matter and the disinfection by-products that have been formed, thus affecting the determination of DBPs. Therefore, to obtain an accurate concentration, residual chlorine in tap water needs to be quenched prior to treatment. Currently, the most commonly used quenching agents are ascorbic acid, sodium thiosulfate, ammonium chloride, sodium sulfite, and sodium arsenite, but these quenching agents can cause varying degrees of DBPs degradation. Therefore, in recent years, researchers have attempted to find emerging chlorine quenchers. However, no studies have been conducted to systematically review the effects of traditional quenchers and new ones on DBPs, as well as their advantages, disadvantages, and scope of application. For inorganic DBPs (bromate, chlorate, and chlorite), sodium sulfite has been proven to be the ideal chlorine quencher. For organic DBPs, although ascorbic acid caused the degradation of some DBPs, it remains the ideal quenching agent for most known DBPs. Among the studied emerging chlorine quenchers, n-acetylcysteine (NAC), glutathione (GSH), and 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene are promising for their application as the ideal chlorine quencher of organic DBPs. The dehalogenation of trichloronitromethane, trichloroacetonitrile, trichloroacetamide, and bromochlorophenol by sodium sulfite is caused by nucleophilic substitution reaction. This paper takes the understanding of DBPs and traditional and emerging chlorine quenchers as a starting point to comprehensively summarize their effects on different types of DBPs, and to provide assistance in understanding and selecting the most suitable residual chlorine quenchers during DBPs research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Zhijing Zhao
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Zheng Qu
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Zengli Zhang
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xiaojun Liang
- Kunshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou 215301, China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jiafu Li
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
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Zhu X, Hao C, Zhang M, Lan B. Enhanced Adsorption of Bromoform onto Microplastic Polyethylene Terephthalate Exposed to Ozonation and Chlorination. Molecules 2022; 28. [PMID: 36615452 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper selected microplastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET), commonly found in water/wastewater plant effluent, to investigate the changes of PET oxidized under ozonation (designated as ozonized PET), followed by sodium hypochlorite oxidation (designated as ozonized-chlorinated PET) and studied their influence on the adsorption of the disinfection by-product bromoform (TBM). Fragmentation and cracks appeared on the oxidized PET surface. As the oxidation degree increased, the contact angle decreased from 137° to 128.90° and 128.50°, suggesting hydrophilicity was enhanced. FTIR and XPS analyses suggested that carbonyl groups increased on the surface of ozonized PET and ozonized-chlorinated PET, while the formation of intermolecular halogen bonds was possible when PET experienced dual oxidation. These physiochemical changes enhanced the adsorption of TBM. The adsorption capacity of TBM followed the order of ozonized-chlorinated PET (2.64 × 10−6 μg/μg) > ozonized PET (2.58 × 10−6 μg/μg) > pristine PET (2.43 × 10−6 μg/μg). The impact of raw water characteristics on the adsorption of TBM onto PETs, such as the pH, and the coexistence of inorganic ions and macromolecules (humic acid, surfactant, and bovine serum albumin) were studied. A different predominant adsorption mechanism between TBM and pristine PET or oxidized PETs was proposed.
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Yu H, Xu Y, Cui J, Zong W. Mechanism for the Potential Inhibition Effect of Microcystin-LR Disinfectant By-Products on Protein Phosphatase 2A. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120878. [PMID: 36548775 PMCID: PMC9780900 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The secondary contamination of microcystin disinfection by-products (MC-DBPs) is of concern due to the residual structure similar to their original toxin. Based on identification and preparation, the potential inhibition effect of typical MCLR-DBPs (associated with the oxidation of Adda5) on PP2A was confirmed in the sequence of MCLR > P1 > P4 > P3 ≈ P2 > P7 ≈ P6 ≈ P5 > P8. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the inhibition effect, the interaction models for typical MCLR-DBPs and PP2A were constructed using a modeling-based-on-ligand-similarity approach, and the candidate interaction parameters between typical MCLR-DBPs and PP2A were obtained by molecular docking. By analyzing the correlation between inhibition data and candidate interaction parameters, the key interaction parameters were filtered as hydrogen bonds "Adda5"←Asn117, "Adda5"←His118, MeAsp3←Arg89, Arg4←Arg214, Arg4→Pro213; ionic bonds Glu6-Arg89, Asp85-Mn12+, Asp57-Mn22+; and metal bonds Glu6-Mn12+, Glu6-Mn22+. With the gradual intensification of chlorination, Adda5 was destroyed to varying degrees. The key interactions changed correspondingly, resulting in the discrepant inhibition effects of typical MCLR-DBPs on PP2A.
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Wilson AM, Victory KR, Reynolds KA, Cabrera NL, Larson D, Latura J, Sexton JD, Burgess JL, Beamer PI. Measured and Modeled Comparisons of Chemical and Microbial Contaminants in Tap and Bottled Water in a US-Mexico Border Community. ACS ES T Water 2022; 2:2657-2667. [PMID: 37810444 PMCID: PMC10552926 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.2c00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Tap water quality concerns and advertisements often drive increased bottled water consumption, especially in communities with historical tap water quality problems (e.g., Nogales, Arizona). The study objective was to assess contamination of municipal tap and bottled water in Nogales, Arizona. Bottled (sealed, open/partially consumed bottles, and reusable containers for vended water) and tap water samples were collected from 30 homes and analyzed for chemical and microbial contaminants. Fisher exact tests and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare proportions of positive samples and contaminant concentrations between tap and bottled water samples. While none of the chemical contaminants were above MCLs, there were statistically significantly greater concentrations and proportions of positive samples for some contaminants, including arsenic, in tap vs. bottled water. E. coli concentrations were >0 CFU/100mL in some unsealed bottled water samples but not for sealed bottles. This study demonstrates that 1) the measured concentrations in tap and bottled water likely pose low risks, as they are below the MCLs, 2) more education in this community on hygiene maintenance of refillable or opened bottled water containers is needed, and 3) using tap water over bottled water is advantageous due to likely lower E. coli risk and lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Wilson
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Kerton R Victory
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Kelly A Reynolds
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Nolan L Cabrera
- Center for the Study of Higher Education, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Daniela Larson
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Joyce Latura
- Mariposa Community Health Center, Nogales, Arizona, United States
| | - Jonathan D Sexton
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Jefferey L Burgess
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Paloma I Beamer
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
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Štiglić J, Ujević Bošnjak M, Héry M, Kurajica L, Kinsela AS, Casiot C, Capak K. Bacterial diversity across four drinking water distribution systems in Croatia: impacts of water management practices and disinfection by-products. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 99:fiac146. [PMID: 36473705 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Several factors may impact bacterial diversity in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) including the origin of the raw water, the water treatment technologies, and the disinfection practices applied. 16S rRNA metabarcoding was used for the in-depth characterization of bacterial communities in the four studied Croatian DWDSs (A, B, C, D) two of which had residual disinfectant (A, B) and two were without (C, D), while only B utilized the conventional water treatment technology. Significantly higher diversity and species richness were evidenced in non-disinfected DWDSs (p<0.05) compared to disinfected DWDSs. The phylum Proteobacteria was the most abundant in all the DWDSs, being proportionately higher in non-disinfected systems (p<0.05). The most abundant genera in DWDS-A Mycobacterium and Sphingomonas both positively correlated, whereas Lactobacillus negatively correlated with the concentration of disinfection by-products (DBPs) as a sum of haloacetic acids (HAAs). Conversely, the genus Ralstonia positively correlated with the individual DBP dichloroacetic acid. These results indicate that genera Sphingomonas, Mycobacterium, Lactobacillus and Ralstonia could have an effect on promoting the formation of DBPs, in a similar manner to how negatively correlated taxa may influence their degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Štiglić
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Rockefellerova 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Ujević Bošnjak
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Rockefellerova 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M Héry
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - L Kurajica
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Rockefellerova 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A S Kinsela
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - C Casiot
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - K Capak
- Croatian Institute of Public Health, Rockefellerova 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Aziz MT, Granger CO, Westerman DC, Putnam SP, Ferry JL, Richardson SD. Microseira wollei and Phormidium algae more than doubles DBP concentrations and calculated toxicity in drinking water. Water Res 2022; 216:118316. [PMID: 35367941 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Warm weather and excess nutrients from agricultural runoff trigger harmful algal blooms, which can affect drinking water safety due to the presence of algal toxins and the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during drinking water treatment. In this study, 66 priority, unregulated and regulated DBPs were quantified in chlorinated controlled laboratory reactions of harmful algae Microseira wollei (formerly known as Lyngbya wollei) and Phormidium using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS). Live algae samples collected from algae-impacted lakes in South Carolina were chlorinated in both ultrapure water and real source waters containing natural organic matter. DBPs were also measured in finished water from a real drinking water plant impacted by a Microseira bloom. Results show that the presence of Microseira and Phormidium more than doubles total concentrations of DBPs formed by chlorination, with levels up to 586 μg/L formed in natural lake waters. Toxic nitrogen-containing DBPs also more than doubled in concentration, with levels up to 36.1, 3.6, and 37.9 μg/L for haloacetamides, halonitromethanes, and haloacetonitriles, respectively. In ultrapure water, DBPs also formed up to 314 μg/L when algae was chlorinated, demonstrating their ability to serve as direct precursors for these DBPs. When environmentally relevant levels of bromide and iodide were added to chlorination reactions, total DBPs increased 144, 51, and 24% for drinking water reservoir, Lake Marion and Lake Wateree Microseira respectively and 29% for Phormidium. Iodo-DBPs, bromochloroiodomethane, chloroiodoacetic acid, bromoiodoacetic acid, and diiodoacetic acid were observed in finished water from a drinking water plant impacted by Microseira, and bromochloroiodomethane and dibromoiodomethane were observed in chlorinated ultrapure water containing algae, bromide, and iodide. Notably, total calculated cytotoxicity tripled in Microseira-impacted waters and doubled for Phormidium-impacted waters. Calculated genotoxicity doubled for Microseira-impacted waters and more than doubled in Phormidium-impacted waters. Haloacetonitriles were major drivers of calculated cytotoxicity in algae-impacted waters, while haloacetic acids were major drivers of calculated genotoxicity in algae-impacted waters. These results provide the most extensive assessment of DBPs formed from chlorination of algae-impacted waters and highlight potential impacts to drinking water and human health. Results from this study are particularly applicable to drinking water treatment plants that employ pre-chlorination, which can cause the release of algal organic matter (AOM) precursors to form DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tareq Aziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Caroline O Granger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Danielle C Westerman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Samuel P Putnam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - John L Ferry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Lebedev AT, Detenchuk EA, Latkin TB, Bavcon Kralj M, Trebše P. Aqueous Chlorination of D-Limonene. Molecules 2022; 27:2988. [PMID: 35566337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Limonene (1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene) is one of the most widespread monocyclic terpenes, being both a natural and industrial compound. It is widely present in the environment, including in water supplies. Therefore, it may be subjected to aqueous chlorination at water treatment stations during drinking water preparation. Besides, being a component of numerous body care and cosmetic products, it may present at high levels in swimming pool waters and could also be subjected to aqueous chlorination. Laboratory experiments with aqueous chlorination of D-limonene demonstrated the prevalence of the conjugated electrophilic addition of HOCl molecule to the double bonds of the parent molecule as the primary reaction. The reaction obeys the Markovnikov rule, as the levels of the corresponding products were higher than those of the alternative ones. Fragmentation pattern in conditions of electron ionization enabled the assigning of the structures for four primary products. The major products of the chlorination are formed by the addition of two HOCl molecules to limonene. The reactions of electrophilic addition are usually accompanied by the reactions of elimination. Thus, the loss of water molecules from the products of various generations results in the reproduction of the double bond, which immediately reacts further. Thus, a cascade of addition-elimination reactions brings the most various isomeric polychlorinated species. At a ratio of limonene/active chlorine higher than 1:10, the final products of aqueous chlorination (haloforms) start forming, while brominated haloforms represent a notable portion of these products due to the presence of bromine impurities in the used NaOCl. It is worth mentioning that the bulk products of aqueous chlorination are less toxic in the bioluminescence test on V. fischeri than the parent limonene.
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Shao B, Zhu Y, Chen J, Lin Y, Guan X. Fate and transformation of iodine species during Mn(VII)/sulfite treatment in iodide-containing water. Water Environ Res 2022; 94:e10788. [PMID: 36149084 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
During oxidative treatment of iodide (I- )-containing waters, I- is easy to be oxidized into hypoiodous acid (HOI) by various oxidants and the further reaction of HOI with organic compounds can lead to the formation of iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs). Oxidation of HOI to iodate (IO3 - ) or reduction of HOI to I- has been proposed to reduce the formation of I-DBPs. Because the reaction of HOI with sulfite proceeds rapidly, this study examined the fate of iodine and the formation of I-DBPs in Mn(VII)/sulfite process. Results showed that I- was oxidized to HOI but the further formation of IO3 - was suppressed due to the fast reduction of HOI to I- by sulfite. The reactions of HOI with SO3 2- and IO- with SO3 2- are the major pathways with species-specific second-order rate constants determined to be 1.12 × 105 M-1 s-1 and 9.43 × 107 M-1 s-1 , respectively. The rapid reaction of HOI with sulfite plays an essential role in minimizing the formation of iodinated products in HOI- and phenol-containing solutions. The toxic risk analysis showed that the toxicity of the generated DBPs from Mn(VII)/sulfite pre-oxidation followed by chlorination only changed slightly. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The decay of I- was negligible in Mn(VII)/sulfite process. The rapid reaction of HOI with SO3 2- resulted in the negligible generation of IO3 - . Mn(VII)/sulfite process exerted slight influence on the formation of I-DBPs. Mn(VII)/sulfite process is promising for the pretreatment of I- -containing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yating Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Chu WH, Xiao R, Ding SK, Zhang RH. [ Disinfection By-products in Drinking Water and Their Control Strategies: A Review]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2021; 42:5059-5074. [PMID: 34708946 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202103034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products(DBPs) are secondary pollutants generated by the reaction of disinfectants with organic or inorganic precursors during drinking water disinfection. DBPs have received considerable global attention due to their carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic characteristics. Focusing on drinking water, this paper introduces the main classification and research history of DBPs, and then summarizes the concentration levels of common DBPs in drinking water, and DBPs regulatory compliance in global drinking water standards. Further, the control strategies for DBPs in drinking water, including source control, process control, DBPs removal and integrated control are introduced together with the advantages and disadvantages. Finally, a summary and review of the current level and future trends of DBPs research in China are presented with the proposed control strategies. On the one hand, when evaluating the control effect of a process or technology, the DBPs concentration and comprehensive toxicity should be considered; on the other hand, in order to realize the efficient control of DBPs in drinking water, the focus should be on the integrated methods coupling different DBPs control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hai Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shun-Ke Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rui-Hua Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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14
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Couto M, Bernard A, Delgado L, Drobnic F, Kurowski M, Moreira A, Rodrigues‐Alves R, Rukhadze M, Seys S, Wiszniewska M, Quirce S. Health effects of exposure to chlorination by-products in swimming pools. Allergy 2021; 76:3257-3275. [PMID: 34289125 DOI: 10.1111/all.15014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised regarding the potential negative effects on human health of water disinfectants used in swimming pools. Among the disinfection options, the approaches using chlorine-based products have been typically preferred. Chlorine readily reacts with natural organic matter that are introduced in the water mainly through the bathers, leading to the formation of potentially harmful chlorination by-products (CBPs). The formation of CBPs is of particular concern since some have been epidemiologically associated with the development of various clinical manifestations. The higher the concentration of volatile CBPs in the water, the higher their concentration in the air above the pool, and different routes of exposure to chemicals in swimming pools (water ingestion, skin absorption, and inhalation) contribute to the individual exposome. Some CBPs may affect the respiratory and skin health of those who stay indoor for long periods, such as swimming instructors, pool staff, and competitive swimmers. Whether those who use chlorinated pools as customers, particularly children, may also be affected has been a matter of debate. In this article, we discuss the current evidence regarding the health effects of both acute and chronic exposures in different populations (work-related exposures, intensive sports, and recreational attendance) and identify the main recommendations and unmet needs for research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Couto
- Centro de Alergia Hospital CUF Descobertas Lisboa Portugal
| | - Alfred Bernard
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC) Catholic University of Louvain Brussels Belgium
| | - Luís Delgado
- Basic and Clinical Immunology Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal
- Serviço de ImunoalergologiaCentro Hospitalar de São João E.P.E. Porto Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS@RISE) Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal
| | | | - Marcin Kurowski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy Medical University of Łódź Łódź Poland
| | - André Moreira
- Basic and Clinical Immunology Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine University of Porto Porto Portugal
- Serviço de ImunoalergologiaCentro Hospitalar de São João E.P.E. Porto Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit‐ Instituto de Saúde Pública Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
| | | | - Maia Rukhadze
- Center of Allergy & Immunology Teaching University Geomedi LLC Tbilisi Georgia
| | - Sven Seys
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology Department of Clinical Immunology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Marta Wiszniewska
- Department of Occupational Diseases and Environmental Health Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine Lodz Poland
| | - Santiago Quirce
- Department of Allergy La Paz University HospitalIdiPAZ, and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
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15
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Cui H, Chen B, Jiang Y, Tao Y, Zhu X, Cai Z. Toxicity of 17 Disinfection By-products to Different Trophic Levels of Aquatic Organisms: Ecological Risks and Mechanisms. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:10534-10541. [PMID: 34132094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intensified disinfection of wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic increased the release of toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). However, studies relating to the ecological impacts of DBPs on the aquatic environment remain insufficient. In this study, we comparatively investigated the toxicities and ecological risks of 17 typical, halogenated DBPs to three trophic levels of organisms in the freshwater ecosystem, including phytoplankton (Scenedesmus sp.), zooplankton (Daphnia magna), and fish (Danio rerio). Toxicity of DBPs was found to be species-specific: Scenedesmus sp. was the most sensitive to haloacetic acids, while D. magna was the most sensitive to haloacetonitriles and trihalomethanes. Specific to each DBP, toxicities were also related to their classes and substituted halogen atoms. Damage to photosystems and oxidative stress served as the potential mechanisms for DBPs toxicity to microalgae. The different sensitivities to DBPs indicate that a battery of bioassays with organisms at different trophic levels is necessary to determine the ecotoxicity of DBPs. Furthermore, the ecological risks of DBPs were assessed by calculating the risk quotients (RQs) based on toxicity data from multiple bioassays. The cumulative RQs of DBPs to all the organisms were greater than 1.0, indicating high ecological risks of DBPs in wastewater effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment of Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment of Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuelu Jiang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yi Tao
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Cai
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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16
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Zhan W, Han Z, Li Y, Liu F, Zhang Y. [Simultaneous determination of six haloacetonitriles in finished water for drinking by purge and trap-gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2021; 39:758-763. [PMID: 34227374 PMCID: PMC9404238 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2020.08026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Haloacetonitriles (HANs) are widely used in finished water as unregulated disinfection by-products. HANs may pose much threat to human health, and there is no relevant standard examination method for these compounds. A method was established for the simultaneous determination of six HANs (chloroacetonitrile (CAN), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), bromoacetonitrile (BAN), bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN), and dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN)) in finished water by using purge and trap-gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The purge and trap technology helps realize automatic determination of samples after collection, without using any harmful reagent. The cost and analytical efficiency of this method were superior to those of solid phase microextraction (SPME). Considering the instability of HANs, the analysis must be carried out as soon as possible after sampling, in order to avoid significant changes in their concentration during storage. In particular, the use of an appropriate quenching agent was critical to sample collection. In this study, ascorbic acid was chosen as the quenching agent. The stabilities of the spiked samples at the levels of 0.1 (TCAN), 0.2 (CAN), 1.0 (DCAN), 1.0 (BAN), 1.0 (BCAN), 4.0 (DBAN) μg/L were tested. The effect of sample storage time (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h) on the responses of the target component was evaluated. The stability results showed that within 6 h, the relative standard deviations of the responses for the six HANs ranged from 2.32% to 6.98%. To validate the method, first, different traps, viz. 7# (Tenax), 10# (Teanx/silica gel/cms), 11# (VOCARB), and 12# (BTEXTRAP) were optimized. Second, various chromatographic columns (VF-5, Rxi-624, DB-VRX, and HP-INNOWAX) were compared to investigate their influence on the peak shape. Under the optimal detection conditions, the six HANs in finished water were extracted with the 10# trap. The volume of the water sample was used 25 mL, with purging at 35 ℃ for 11 min, and desorbed at 190 ℃ for 1 min. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Rxi-624Sil MS chromatographic column (60 m×0.25 mm×1.40 μm). Gas chromatographic conditions were obtained under the following conditions: split ratio, 1∶10; linear velocity, 30 cm/s. The triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was operated in the electron impact (EI) mode. The target compounds were detected in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Quantitation was carried out using the external standard method. The results showed that the matrix effects of the six HANs ranged from 0.85 to 1.09. Good linearities were obtained in the range of the standard curves. The correlation coefficients (r) were greater than 0.9991. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) were 0.8-120.0 ng/L. The limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N=10) were 1.5-300.0 ng/L. The average recoveries of the six HANs ranged from 84.2% to 106%, and the RSDs were in the range of 1.81%-10.7%. In August 2020, 38 samples of finished water were tested. All of the six HANs were found in the finished water. The concentrations of the HANs were in the range of 0.0101-1.28 μg/L, and the total detection rate was 92.1%. The detection rates of the individual components followed the order DCAN>BCAN>CAN>TCAN>BAN>DBAN. The developed method is efficient, sensitive, and environmentally friendly. It provides a high-quality technical choice for monitoring and health risk assessment of the emerging disinfection by-products of HANs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Zhiyu Han
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yong Li
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing 100013, China
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17
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Buller ID, Patel DM, Weyer PJ, Prizment A, Jones RR, Ward MH. Ingestion of Nitrate and Nitrite and Risk of Stomach and Other Digestive System Cancers in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:6822. [PMID: 34202037 PMCID: PMC8297261 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate and nitrite are precursors in the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOC) which are potent animal carcinogens for the organs of the digestive system. We evaluated dietary intakes of nitrate and nitrite, as well as nitrate ingestion from drinking water (public drinking water supplies (PWS)), in relation to the incidence (1986-2014) of cancers of the esophagus (n = 36), stomach (n = 84), small intestine (n = 32), liver (n = 31), gallbladder (n = 66), and bile duct (n = 58) in the Iowa Women's Health Study (42,000 women aged from 50 to 75 in 1986). Dietary nitrate and nitrite were estimated using a food frequency questionnaire and a database of nitrate and nitrite levels in foods. Historical nitrate measurements from PWS were linked to the enrollment address by duration. We used Cox regression to compute hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for exposure quartiles (Q), tertiles (T), or medians, depending on the number of cancer cases. In adjusted models, nitrite intake from processed meats was associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer (HRQ4vsQ1 = 2.2, CI: 1.2-4.3). A high intake of total dietary nitrite was inversely associated with gallbladder cancer (HRQ4vsQ1 = 0.3, CI: 0.1-0.96), driven by an inverse association with plant sources of nitrite (HRQ4vsQ1 = 0.3, CI: 0.1-0.9). Additionally, small intestine cancer was inversely associated with a high intake of animal nitrite (HRT3vsT1 = 0.2, CI: 0.1-0.7). There were no other dietary associations. Nitrate concentrations in PWS (average, years ≥ 1/2 the maximum contaminant level) were not associated with cancer incidence. Our findings for stomach cancer are consistent with prior dietary studies, and we are the first to evaluate nitrate and nitrite ingestion for certain gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D. Buller
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (I.D.B.); (D.M.P.); (R.R.J.)
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Deven M. Patel
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (I.D.B.); (D.M.P.); (R.R.J.)
| | - Peter J. Weyer
- Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Anna Prizment
- Masonic Cancer Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Rena R. Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (I.D.B.); (D.M.P.); (R.R.J.)
| | - Mary H. Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (I.D.B.); (D.M.P.); (R.R.J.)
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18
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DeMarini DM, Warren SH, Smith WJ, Richardson SD, Liberatore HK. Inability of GSTT1 to activate iodinated halomethanes to mutagens in Salmonella. Environ Mol Mutagen 2021; 62:168-176. [PMID: 33484035 PMCID: PMC8051615 DOI: 10.1002/em.22423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs), including the ubiquitous trihalomethanes (THMs), are formed during the treatment of water with disinfectants (e.g., chlorine, chloramines) to produce and distribute potable water. Brominated THMs (Br-THMs) are activated to mutagens via glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1); however, iodinated THMs (I-THMs) have never been evaluated for activation by GSTT1. Among the I-THMs, only triiodomethane (iodoform) has been tested previously for mutagenicity in Salmonella and was positive (in the absence of GSTT1) in three strains (TA98, TA100, and BA13), all of which have error-prone DNA repair (pKM101). We evaluated five I-THMs (chlorodiiodomethane, dichloroiodomethane, dibromoiodomethane, bromochloroiodomethane, and triiodomethane) for mutagenicity in Salmonella strain RSJ100, which expresses GSTT1, and its homologue TPT100, which does not; neither strain has pKM101. We also evaluated chlorodiiodo-, dichloroiodo-, and dibromoiodo-methanes in strain TA100 +/- rat liver S9 mix; TA100 has pKM101. None was mutagenic in any of the strains. The I-THMs were generally more cytotoxic than their brominated and chlorinated analogues but less cytotoxic than analogous trihalonitromethanes tested previously. All five I-THMs showed similar thresholds for cytotoxicity at ~2.5 μmoles/plate, possibly due to release of iodine, a well-known antimicrobial. Although none of these I-THMs was activated by GSTT1, iodoform appears to be the only I-THM that is mutagenic in Salmonella, only in strains deficient in nucleotide excision repair (uvrB) and having pKM101. Given that only iodoform is mutagenic among the I-THMs and is generally present at low concentrations in drinking water, the I-THMs likely play little role in the mutagenicity of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. DeMarini
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Sarah H. Warren
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Hannah K. Liberatore
- Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Labine LM, Simpson MJ. Targeted Metabolomic Assessment of the Sub-Lethal Toxicity of Halogenated Acetic Acids (HAAs) to Daphnia magna. Metabolites 2021; 11:100. [PMID: 33578863 PMCID: PMC7916598 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Halogenated acetic acids (HAAs) are amongst the most frequently detected disinfection by-products in aquatic environments. Despite this, little is known about their toxicity, especially at the molecular level. The model organism Daphnia magna, which is an indicator species for freshwater ecosystems, was exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) and dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) for 48 h. Polar metabolites extracted from Daphnia were analyzed using liquid chromatography hyphened to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Multivariate analyses identified shifts in the metabolic profile with exposure and pathway analysis was used to identify which metabolites and associated pathways were disrupted. Exposure to all three HAAs led to significant downregulation in the nucleosides: adenosine, guanosine and inosine. Pathway analyses identified perturbations in the citric acid cycle and the purine metabolism pathways. Interestingly, chlorinated and brominated acetic acids demonstrated similar modes of action after sub-lethal acute exposure, suggesting that HAAs cause a contaminant class-based response which is independent of the type or number of halogens. As such, the identified metabolites that responded to acute HAA exposure may serve as suitable bioindicators for freshwater monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Labine
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada;
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada;
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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20
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Zaganjor I, Luben TJ, Desrosiers TA, Keil AP, Engel LS, Michalski AM, Carmichael SL, Nembhard WN, Shaw GM, Reefhuis J, Yazdy MM, Langlois PH, Feldkamp ML, Romitti PA, Olshan AF, The National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Maternal Exposure to Disinfection By-Products and Risk of Hypospadias in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (2000-2005). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E9564. [PMID: 33371304 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to estimate the association between 2nd and 3rd degree hypospadias and maternal exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) using data from a large case-control study in the United States. Concentration estimates for total trihalomethanes (TTHMs), the sum of the five most prevalent haloacetic acids (HAA5), and individual species of each were integrated with data on maternal behaviors related to water-use from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) to create three different exposure metrics: (1) household DBP concentrations; (2) estimates of DBP ingestion; (3) predicted uptake (i.e., internal dose) of trihalomethanes (THMs) via ingestion, showering, and bathing. The distribution of DBP exposure was categorized as follows: (Q1/referent) < 50%; (Q2) ≥ 50% to < 75%; and (Q3) ≥ 75%. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Generally, null associations were observed with increasing TTHM or HAA5 exposure. An increased risk was observed among women with household bromodichloromethane levels in the second quantile (aOR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2, 2.7); however, this association did not persist after the inclusion of individual-level water-use data. Findings from the present study do not support the hypothesis that maternal DBP exposures are related to the occurrence of hypospadias.
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21
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Ioannidis K, Batty C, Turner C, Smith D, Mannocci F, Deb S. A laboratory study to assess the formation of effluent volatile compounds and disinfection by-products during chemomechanical preparation of infected root canals and application of activated carbon for their removal. Int Endod J 2020; 54:601-615. [PMID: 33237607 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess in a laboratory setting using extracted teeth the formation of volatile compounds (VOCs) and disinfection by-products (DBPs) in effluent aliquots, during chemomechanical preparation of artificially infected root canal specimens, and determine the role of silver-impregnated activated carbon (Ag-AC) in their removal. METHODOLOGY Single-rooted human teeth were decoronated to obtain 15 mm-long root specimens and a nutrient-stressed multispecies biofilm was grown in the root canals. Specimens were randomly assigned into three groups [Group 1; instrumentation with rotary files and irrigation with sterile saline, Groups 2 and 3; instrumentation with rotary files and irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA]. A portable medical suction device was used to collect the effluent aliquots during root canal irrigation. In Groups 1 and 2, the reaction products of the collected effluents were analysed by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). The effluents from Group 3 were treated with Ag-AC prior to SIFT-MS analysis, to assess the removal capacity of Ag-AC against the reaction products. The synthesis of Ag-AC was characterized with scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Two-way analysis of variance (anova) with post hoc Tukey tests was used for data analysis and determination of a significant difference (P < 0.05). RESULTS In Group 1, effluent VOCs and DBPs were detectable at very low levels. In Group 2, the collected effluent aliquots released high concentrations of methanol, propanol, ammonia, chloroform and formaldehyde, which were significantly greater compared to Group 1 (P < 0.001). SEM/EDS analysis confirmed impregnation of Ag within the AC matrix. The treatment of effluent aliquots with Ag-AC (Group 3) resulted in a significant reduction in concentrations of acetone, acetic acid, propanol, acetaldehyde, acetonitrile and chloroform, compared to Group 2 (P < 0.001). The concentration levels of ethanol, methanol, ammonia and formaldehyde remained unaffected (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this laboratory setting using extracted human teeth, the chemomechanical preparation of artificially infected root canals resulted in the formation of toxic VOCs and DBPs as effluent suspensions. Their release during aspiration with dental suction indicates that potential environmental hazards should be investigated. The use of silver-impregnated activated carbon had potential for the point-of-use treatment of post-irrigation effluent aliquots.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ioannidis
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Oral Clinical and Translational Science, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C Batty
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - C Turner
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, London, UK
| | - D Smith
- Transspectra Limited, Newcastle Under Lyme, UK
| | - F Mannocci
- Department of Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Deb
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Centre for Oral Clinical and Translational Science, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
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22
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Wu M, Tang Y, Liu Q, Tan Z, Wang M, Xu B, Xia S, Mao S, Gao N. Highly efficient chloramphenicol degradation by UV and UV/H 2 O 2 processes based on LED light source. Water Environ Res 2020; 92:2049-2059. [PMID: 32474955 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, UV-LED was employed as a novel light source to investigate the degradation of a representative antibiotic compound, chloramphenicol (CAP), in the absence or presence of H2 O2 . The UV-LED irradiation showed a higher capability for degradation of CAP than conventional UV-Hg vapor lamps. Effects of the initial CAP concentration, UV wavelength, and light intensity on the degradation of CAP by UV-LED were evaluated. Introduction of H2 O2 evidently enhanced the degradation efficiency of CAP due to the production of reactive hydroxyl radicals. Results showed that the UV-LED/H2 O2 removed CAP by up to 95% within 60 min at pH 5.0, which was twice as that achieved by the UV-LED alone. The degradation products were identified to propose plausible degradation pathways. Moreover, the formation potentials of typical carbonaceous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs) and nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) were assessed for the CAP polluted water treated by the UV-LED alone and UV-LED/H2 O2 processes. Results indicate unintended formation of certain DBPs, thereby highlighting the importance of health risk assessments before practical application. This study opens a new avenue for developing environment-friendly and high-performance UV-LED photocatalytic reactors for abatement of CAP pollution in water. PRACTITIONER POINTS: UV-LED bore higher capability to degrade CAP than low-pressure Hg lamp. The optimal performance to degrade CAP can be achieved at the UV wavelength of 280 nm. The degradation efficiency under UV-LED/H2 O2 process was double of that under UV-LED process. TCM, DCAN, and TCNM formation were higher under the existence of UV-LED radiation. The addition of H2 O2 had greater influence on the formation of DCAcAm than the introduction of UV-LED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenjiao Tan
- Wuxi Public Utilities Environment Testing Research Institute Co. Ltd., Wuxi, China
| | - Mu Wang
- Wuxi Public Utilities Environment Testing Research Institute Co. Ltd., Wuxi, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengji Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
| | - Shun Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
| | - Naiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
This is a review of some of the literature published in 2019 related to disinfection and antimicrobial processes. This review includes the following main sections: drinking water disinfection, wastewater disinfection, and antimicrobial resistance. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Emerging technologies to disinfect viruses in drinking water treatment plants are growing. Developing processes to adequately treat bypass wastewater exceeding the plant's capacity is crucial. Antimicrobial resistance poses a major challenge leading to being classified as emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Elnakar
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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24
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Marchesi I, Paduano S, Frezza G, Sircana L, Vecchi E, Zuccarello P, Oliveri Conti G, Ferrante M, Borella P, Bargellini A. Safety and Effectiveness of Monochloramine Treatment for Disinfecting Hospital Water Networks. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17176116. [PMID: 32842654 PMCID: PMC7503937 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The formation of potentially carcinogenic N-nitrosamines, associated with monochloramine, requires further research due to the growing interest in using this biocide for the secondary disinfection of water in public and private buildings. The aim of our study was to evaluate the possible formation of N-nitrosamines and other toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs) in hospital hot water networks treated with monochloramine. The effectiveness of this biocide in controlling Legionella spp. contamination was also verified. For this purpose, four different monochloramine-treated networks, in terms of the duration of treatment and method of biocide injection, were investigated. Untreated hot water, municipal cold water and, limited to N-nitrosamines analysis, hot water treated with chlorine dioxide were analyzed for comparison. Legionella spp. contamination was successfully controlled without any formation of N-nitrosamines. No nitrification or formation of the regulated DBPs, such as chlorites and trihalomethanes, occurred in monochloramine-treated water networks. However, a stable formulation of hypochlorite, its frequent replacement with a fresh product, and the routine monitoring of free ammonia are recommended to ensure a proper disinfection. Our study confirms that monochloramine may be proposed as an effective and safe strategy for the continuous disinfection of building plumbing systems, preventing vulnerable individuals from being exposed to legionellae and dangerous DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Marchesi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.B.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-059-2055460
| | - Stefania Paduano
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Giuseppina Frezza
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Luca Sircana
- University Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (L.S.); (E.V.)
| | - Elena Vecchi
- University Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Largo del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy; (L.S.); (E.V.)
| | - Pietro Zuccarello
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (P.Z.); (G.O.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (P.Z.); (G.O.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (P.Z.); (G.O.C.); (M.F.)
| | - Paola Borella
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Annalisa Bargellini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy; (S.P.); (G.F.); (P.B.); (A.B.)
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Bi WW, Ye S, Yu JQ, Yang YL, Chen C, Li QS, Ma XY. [Distribution Characteristics of Disinfection By-Products and the Effects of Booster Chlorination in Long-Distance Water Supply Systems]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2020; 41:3297-3306. [PMID: 32608903 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult for waterworks that add chlorine into finished water once to maintain sufficient residual chlorine at unfavorable points of the pipe network that supply water for large areas of coverage. Therefore, booster chlorination was employed for a long-distance water distribution system. The study was performed in H City with a water supply system serving about 400 km2 of downtown and rural areas. The purpose of this work is to obtain the distribution characteristics of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the booster chlorination disinfection pipe network through uniformly distributed sampling analysis. The results showed that detected DBPs include trichloromethane (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and tribromomethane (TBM), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN), and trichloronitromethane (TCNM). The concentrations of the regulated DBPs were found to be lower than the standard limits specified in the Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water (GB5749-2006). Before booster chlorination, the average concentrations of the DBPs mentioned (expressed as mean±deviation) were (8.08±3.34), (9.77±2.91), (7.38±4.82), (2.65±2.02), (2.95±3.26), (6.02±6.06), (3.13±2.48), (1.61±2.05), and (0.15±0.10) μg·L-1, while afterwards, they were increased to (10.30±4.55), (11.73±3.60), (8.23±5.22), (2.95±2.45), (3.29±3.60), (8.15±7.58), (3.31±2.61), (1.33±2.04), and (0.12±0.06) μg·L-1, respectively. Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) increased by 6.32%-26.60% and 5.32%-42.71%, respectively, after booster chlorination. In addition, raw water quality and seasonal changes had a certain impact on the occurrence of DBPs. The levels of DBPs in summer were generally higher than those in spring or autumn. According to the analysis of DBP formation potential of source water, finished water, and tap water, it was found that the risk of DBPs exceeding the standard limit may exist in the water supply system of H City; therefore, further optimization of the treatment process should be considered to ensure water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Bi
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jian-Quan Yu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu-Long Yang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Zhejiang Tianzheng Design Engineering Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Qing-Song Li
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ma
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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26
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Liu C, Wang YX, Chen YJ, Sun Y, Huang LL, Cheng YH, Liu EN, Lu WQ, Messerlian C. Blood and urinary biomarkers of prenatal exposure to disinfection byproducts and oxidative stress: A repeated measurement analysis. Environ Int 2020; 137:105518. [PMID: 32018134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxicological studies have demonstrated that disinfection by-products (DBPs) can induce oxidative stress, a proposed mechanism that is relevant to adverse birth outcomes. OBJECTIVE To examine the associations of blood trihalomethanes (THMs) and urinary haloacetic acids (HAAs) with urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress among pregnant women. METHODS From 2015 to 2017, a total of 4150 blood and 4232 urine samples were collected from 1748 Chinese women during pregnancy. We determined concentrations of 4 blood THMs [chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform (TBM)] and 2 urinary HAAs [dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA)]. The summary measures of exposure for brominated THMs (Br-THMs; a molar sum of BDCM, DBCM, and TBM) and total THMs (TTHMs; a molar sum of TCM and Br-THMs) were also calculated. Associations of categorical (i.e., tertiles) and continuous measures of DBPs with urinary concentrations of oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (HNE-MA), and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-isoPGF2α), were assessed using linear mixed regression models. RESULTS After adjusting for relevant confounding factors, we observed positive dose-response relationships between blood Br-THM tertiles and urinary HNE-MA (P for trend < 0.001). We also found positive associations between tertiles of blood TCM and TTHMs and urinary 8-OHdG and HNE-MA (all P for trend < 0.05). Urinary HAAs were also positively associated with 8-OHdG, HNE-MA, and 8-isoPGF2α in a dose-response manner (all P for trend < 0.001). These associations were further confirmed when we modeled DBP exposures as continuous variables in linear mixed regression models, as well as in penalized regression splines based on generalized additive mixed models. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to DBPs during pregnancy may increase maternal OS status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ying-Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li-Li Huang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Hui Cheng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xiaonan Maternal and Child Care Service Centre, Xiaogan City, Hubei, PR China
| | - Er-Nan Liu
- Wuhan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wen-Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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27
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Heaney LM, Kang S, Turner MA, Lindley MR, Thomas CLP. Evidence for alternative exhaled elimination profiles of disinfection by-products and potential markers of airway responses to swimming in a chlorinated pool environment. Indoor Air 2020; 30:284-293. [PMID: 31814168 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-based disinfectants protect pool water from pathogen contamination but produce potentially harmful halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs). This study characterized the bioaccumulation and elimination of exhaled DBPs post-swimming and investigated changes in exhaled breath profiles associated with chlorinated pool exposure. Nineteen participants provided alveolar-enriched breath samples prior to and 5, 90, 300, 510, and 600 minutes post-swimming. Known DBPs associated with chlorinated water were quantitated by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Two distinct exhaled DBP elimination profiles were observed. Most participants (84%) reported peak concentrations immediately post-swimming that reduced exponentially. A sub-group exhibited a previously unobserved and delayed washout profile with peak levels at 90 minutes post-exposure. Metabolomic investigations tentatively identified two candidate biomarkers associated with swimming pool exposure, demonstrating an upregulation in the hours after exposure. These data demonstrated a hitherto undescribed exhaled DBP elimination profile in a small number of participants which contrasts previous findings of uniform accumulation and exponential elimination. This sub-group which exhibited delayed peak-exhaled concentrations suggests the uptake, processing, and immediate elimination of DBPs are not ubiquitous across individuals as previously understood. Additionally, non-targeted metabolomics highlighted extended buildup of compounds tentatively associated with swimming in a chlorinated pool environment that may indicate airway responses to DBP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam M Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Shuo Kang
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Matthew A Turner
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Martin R Lindley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- Translational Chemical Biology Research Group, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Charles L Paul Thomas
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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28
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Liu BM, Wang XX, Zhang XX, Gu YF, Li YP, Ruan WQ, Miao HF, Pan Y. [Effect of Ozonation on Microorganism in the Biological Activated Carbon and Disinfection By-Products in the Effluent]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2020; 41:253-261. [PMID: 31854926 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201907102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out in the ozone (O3) and biological activated carbon (BAC) section of a drinking water plant to investigate the effects of O3 on microbial and effluent disinfection by-products (DBPs) in BAC during drinking water treatment. The water quality, dissolved organic matter (DOM) characteristics, microbial activity, and DBPs formation at different O3 concentrations were analyzed. Results showed that the effect of O3 on microorganisms is mainly that it increased the utilization efficiency of DOM. However, excessive O3 increased the amount of organic matter such as protein and microbial metabolites (SMPs) in the effluent. When the O3 concentration increased from 0 mg·L-1 to 2.0 mg·L-1, the survival rate of microorganisms in the BAC decreased from 95.10% to 62.60%. However, since O3 transforms organic matter into a biodegradable substance, we found that microbial activity increased by 62.52% and that the biofiltration of the BAC was enhanced. When the O3 concentration was further increased to 4.0 mg·L-1, the microbial survival rate decreased to 49.9% and the protein and SMPs produced by the microorganisms increased. This resulted in an increased formation of carbon-containing DBPs (C-DBPs) and nitrogen-containing DBPs (N-DBPs) by 41.93% and 7.18%, respectively. In summary, an appropriate dosage of O3 was beneficial for removing DOM by O3-BAC, but we found that an excessive O3 concentration caused the formation of new DBPs precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Ming Liu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xi-Xi Wang
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Zhang
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan-Fang Gu
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yu-Ping Li
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wen-Quan Ruan
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Heng-Feng Miao
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou 215009, China
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29
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Melo A, Ferreira C, Ferreira IMPLVO, Mansilha C. Acute and chronic toxicity assessment of haloacetic acids using Daphnia magna. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2019; 82:977-989. [PMID: 31607230 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1676959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are undesirable disinfection by-products (DBPs), released into aquatic ecosystems from various anthropogenic and natural sources. The aim of this study was to examine the ecological risk of exposure to three HAAs commonly detected in water, such as monobromoacetic acid (MBA), monochloroacetic acid (MCA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCA), in in vivo acute and chronic toxicity tests using Daphnia magna as a model. Acute tests showed that MBA was the most toxic of these compounds followed by MCA and TCA as evidenced by immobilization. Aquatic organisms in natural conditions might be exposed simultaneously to numerous compounds; thus, binary mixtures of selected HAAs and a ternary mixture of these were tested. Concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models were used for a predictive assessment of mixture toxicity. Data demonstrated that CA appeared to be the most reliable indicator for HAAs binary and ternary mixtures suggestive of an additive behavior. Median effective concentration (EC50) values from the mixed exposure tests were significantly lower than results obtained from single tests for all three HAAs where an increase of toxicity greater than 50%. Multigenerational chronic tests were also performed exposing daphnids to the ternary mixture of HAAs. A markedly decreased sexual maturity and number of offspring and broods per daphnid especially in the second generation were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armindo Melo
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE - Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Ferreira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel M P L V O Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE/Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia - Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Mansilha
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE - Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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30
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Ng A, Weerakoon D, Lim E, Padhye LP. Fate of environmental pollutants. Water Environ Res 2019; 91:1294-1325. [PMID: 31502369 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This annual review covers the literature published in 2018 on topics related to the occurrence and fate of environmental pollutants in wastewater. Due to the vast amount of literature published on this topic, we have discussed only a portion of the quality research publications, due to the limitation of space. The abstract search was carried out using Web of Science, and the abstracts were selected based on their relevance. In a few cases, full-text articles were referred to understand new findings better. This review is divided into the following sections: antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), disinfection by-products (DBPs), drugs of abuse (DoAs), estrogens, heavy metals, microplastics, per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS), pesticides, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), with the addition of two new classes of pollutants to previous years (DoAs and PFAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Archie Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dilieka Weerakoon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Erin Lim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Carter RAA, West N, Heitz A, Joll CA. An analytical method for the analysis of trihalomethanes in ambient air using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: An application to indoor swimming pool complexes. Indoor Air 2019; 29:499-509. [PMID: 30844099 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A simple method for the collection and analysis of the four brominated and chlorinated trihalomethanes (THMs) in air samples is described. Ambient air samples were collected in pre-prepared glass vials, with THM analysis performed using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, where the need for chemical reagents is minimized. Analytical parameters, including oven temperature program, solvent volume, incubation time, vial agitation, extraction time and temperature, as well as desorption time and temperature, were evaluated to ensure optimal method performance. The developed method allows for point-in-time quantification (compared to an average concentration measured over extended periods of time), with detection limits between 0.7 to 2.6 µg/m3 . Excellent linearity (r2 > 0.99), repeatability (3% to 11% RSD), and reproducibility (3% to 16% RSD) were demonstrated over a concentration range from 2 to 5000 µg/m3 . The method was validated for the analysis of THMs in indoor swimming pool air and was used to investigate the occurrence of THMs in the air above 15 indoor swimming pools. This is the first study to report the occurrence of THMs in swimming pool air in Australia, and concentrations higher than those previously reported in other countries were measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys A A Carter
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC), Chemistry, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nigel West
- ChemCentre, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anna Heitz
- School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cynthia A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre (CWQRC), Chemistry, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Gorostiza S, Saurí D. Naturalizing pollution: a critical social science view on the link between potash mining and salinization in the Llobregat river basin, northeast Spain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 374:rstb.2018.0006. [PMID: 30509908 PMCID: PMC6283971 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The scientific literature distinguishes between primary or natural and secondary or human-induced salinization. Assessing this distinction is of vital importance to assign liabilities and responsibilities in pollution cases and for designing the best policy and management actions. In this context, actors interested in downplaying the role of certain drivers of human-induced salinization can attempt to neglect its importance by referring to natural salinization, in a similar fashion to other pollution and health-related cases, from tobacco smoke to climate change. Potash mining, which has experienced continued growth during the last decades and is a significant contributor to salinization, is prone to originate such controversies because natural salinization from the saline geological catch can be mixed with salinization produced by mining waste such as brines and mine tailings, thus obscuring the distinction between causes. By reviewing the long-standing social and environmental conflict caused by potash mining in a region of Mediterranean climate—the Llobregat river basin—in this article, we highlight the importance of the impacts of salinization on human health and provide a critical social science perspective on salinization processes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Gorostiza
- Institut de Ciències i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Saurí
- Departament de Geografia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalunya, Spain
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López-Gálvez F, Gil MI, Meireles A, Truchado P, Allende A. Demonstration tests of irrigation water disinfection with chlorine dioxide in open field cultivation of baby spinach. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:2973-2980. [PMID: 29171860 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatments for the disinfection of irrigation water have to be evaluated by demonstration tests carried out under commercial settings taking into account not only their antimicrobial activity but also the potential phytotoxic effects on the crop. The consequences of the treatment of irrigation water with chlorine dioxide (ClO2 ) used for sprinkler irrigation of baby spinach in two commercial agricultural fields was assessed. RESULTS Residual ClO2 levels at the sprinklers in the treated field were always below 1 mg L-1 . ClO2 treatment provoked limited but statistically significant reductions in culturable Escherichia coli counts (0.2-0.3 log reductions), but not in the viable E. coli counts in water, suggesting the presence of viable but non-culturable cells (VBNC). Although disinfected irrigation water did not have an impact on the microbial loads of Enterobacteriaceae nor on the quality characteristics of baby spinach, it caused the accumulation of chlorates (up to 0.99 mg kg-1 in plants) and the reduction of the photosynthetic efficiency of baby spinach. CONCLUSION Low concentrations of ClO2 are effective in reducing the culturable E. coli present in irrigation water but it might induce the VBNC state. Presence of disinfection by-products and their accumulation in the crop must be considered to adjust doses in order to avoid crop damage and chemical safety risks. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco López-Gálvez
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria I Gil
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Meireles
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pilar Truchado
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Allende
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
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López-Gálvez F, Andújar S, Marín A, Tudela JA, Allende A, Gil MI. Disinfection by-products in baby lettuce irrigated with electrolysed water. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:2981-2988. [PMID: 29171869 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irrigation water disinfection reduces the microbial load but it might lead to the formation and accumulation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the crop. If DBPs are present in the irrigation water, they can accumulate in the crop, particularly after the regrowth, and be affected by the postharvest handling such as washing and storage. To evaluate the potential accumulation of DBPs, baby lettuce was grown using irrigation water treated with electrolysed water (EW) in a commercial greenhouse over three consecutive harvests and regrowths. The impact of postharvest practices such as washing and storage on DBP content was also assessed. RESULTS Use of EW caused the accumulation of chlorates in irrigation water (0.02-0.14 mg L-1 ), and in the fresh produce (0.05-0.10 mg kg-1 ). On the other hand, the disinfection treatment had minor impact regarding the presence of trihalomethanes (THMs) in water (0.3-8.7 μg L-1 max), and in baby lettuce (0.3-2.9 μg kg-1 max). CONCLUSIONS Disinfection of irrigation water with EW caused the accumulation of chlorates in the crop reaching levels higher than the current maximum residual limit established in the EU legislation for leafy greens. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco López-Gálvez
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Andújar
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alicia Marín
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan A Tudela
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Allende
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - María I Gil
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
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Canosa J, Martí V. Design of Stripping Columns Applied to Drinking Water to Minimize Carcinogenic Risk from Trihalomethanes (THMs). Toxics 2018; 6:toxics6010018. [PMID: 29562670 PMCID: PMC5874791 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is the application of a software tool to the design of stripping columns to calculate the removal of trihalomethanes (THMs) from drinking water. The tool also allows calculating the rough capital cost of the column and the decrease in carcinogenic risk indeces associated with the elimination of THMs and, thus, the investment to save a human life. The design of stripping columns includes the determination, among other factors, of the height (HOG), the theoretical number of plates (NOG), and the section (S) of the columns based on the study of pressure drop. These results have been compared with THM stripping literature values, showing that simulation is sufficiently conservative. Three case studies were chosen to apply the developed software. The first case study was representative of small-scale application to a community in Córdoba (Spain) where chloroform is predominant and has a low concentration. The second case study was of an intermediate scale in a region in Venezuela, and the third case study was representative of large-scale treatment of water in the Barcelona metropolitan region (Spain). Results showed that case studies with larger scale and higher initial risk offer the best capital investment to decrease the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Canosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Vicenç Martí
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria de Barcelona Est (EEBE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, E-08019 Barcelona, Spain.
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Huang PY, Xu B, Guo DL. [Water Quality in the Henan Intake Area of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2018; 39:1046-1052. [PMID: 29965448 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201706116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular weights, as well as the hydrophobicity composition of natural organic matter (NOM) in raw water, were investigated in the Henan intake area of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. This study also discusses the formation of carbonaceous disinfection by-products and nitrogenous disinfection by-products during chlorination and chloramination of raw water in this area. Most of the NOM in raw water were small molecules and hydrophobic fractions. The molecular weight fractions of <1×103 were the most abundant, accounting for 57% of the NOM. The hydrophobic fractions were the most abundant and accounted for 50% of the NOM. Two kinds of C-DBPs (CF and DCBM) and two kinds of N-DBPs (DCAN and TCNM) were mainly produced after chlorination and chloramination, and the formation potential of CF was about 120 μg·L-1 after chlorination. Results of chloramination showed that the productions of CF and DCBM by this process were about 90% and 84.9% lower than that by chlorination. However, the amount of N-DBPs increased, and among them the amount of DCAN increased by about 2.3 times, but the overall N-DBPs formation potential was still low and less than 6 μg·L-1. The results of this study can provide theoretical and technical support for the process selection and optimization of the waterworks in the Henan intake area of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piao-Yi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dong-Liang Guo
- Henan Urban and Rural Planning and Design General Institute Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450000, China
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Säve-Söderbergh M, Toljander J, Mattisson I, Åkesson A, Simonsson M. Drinking water consumption patterns among adults-SMS as a novel tool for collection of repeated self-reported water consumption. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2018; 28:131-139. [PMID: 28612838 PMCID: PMC5817394 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that the average drinking water consumption ranges between 0.075 and 3 L/day for adults with both national and regional differences. For exposure assessment of drinking water hazards, country-specific drinking water consumption data including sources of the consumed water may therefore be warranted. To estimate the amount and source of drinking water consumed among adults in Sweden, we collected self-reported estimates using both traditional methods (telephone interviews, web questionnaire) and a novel method (Short Message Service, SMS questionnaires) in a population from an average sized Swedish municipality. Monthly SMS questionnaires were sent out during one year to obtain longitudinal information as well. SMS showed to be a promising tool for collecting self-reported consumption, as most citizens could participate and the method showed high response rate. Data collected via the SMS questionnaire shows an average consumption of cold tap water of 4.9 glasses/24 h (one glass=200 ml), while the average estimates of cold tap water collected by the traditional methods range from 4.5 to 7.0 glasses/24 h. For statistical distributions, the mean daily consumption of cold tap water for the population was best fitted to a gamma distribution. About 70% of the cold tap water is consumed at home. Based on the results from the SMS study, we suggest using 1 l/day for the average adult population and 2.5 l/day for high consumers for risk assessment of cold tap water consumption. As 46% of the tap water consumed is heated, we suggest using 1.85 l/day for total tap water consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melle Säve-Söderbergh
- Science Division, National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Jonas Toljander
- Science Division, National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden
| | - Irene Mattisson
- Science Division, National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden
| | - Agneta Åkesson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Magnus Simonsson
- Science Division, National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden
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Abstract
Disinfected water and/or disinfectants are commonly used by the freezing industry in such processes as sanitising, washing, blanching, cooling and transporting the final product. For this reason, disinfection by-products (DBPs) can be expected in frozen foods. This study focused on the presence of DBPs in a wide variety of frozen vegetables, meats and fish. For this purpose, the 14 halogenated DBPs more prevalent in disinfected water were selected (four trihalomethanes, seven haloacetic acids, two haloacetonitriles and trichloronitromethane). Up to seven DBPs were found in vegetables, whereas only four DBPs were present in meats and fish, and at lower concentrations, since their contact with disinfected water is lower than in frozen vegetables. It is important to emphasise that trichloronitromethane (the most abundant nitrogenous DBP in disinfected water) was found for the first time in foods. Finally, it was concluded that the freezing process can keep the compounds stable longer than other preservation processes (viz. sanitising, canning) and, therefore, frozen foods present higher DBP concentrations than other food categories (minimally processed vegetables, or canned vegetables and meats).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Cardador
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales , University of Córdoba , Cordoba , Spain
| | - Mercedes Gallego
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus of Rabanales , University of Córdoba , Cordoba , Spain
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Quist AJL, Inoue-Choi M, Weyer PJ, Anderson KE, Cantor KP, Krasner S, Freeman LEB, Ward MH, Jones RR. Ingested nitrate and nitrite, disinfection by-products, and pancreatic cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:251-261. [PMID: 28921575 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate and nitrite are precursors of N-nitroso compounds (NOC), probable human carcinogens that cause pancreatic tumors in animals. Disinfection by-products (DBP) exposures have also been linked with digestive system cancers, but few studies have evaluated relationships with pancreatic cancer. We investigated the association of pancreatic cancer with these drinking water contaminants and dietary nitrate/nitrite in a cohort of postmenopausal women in Iowa (1986-2011). We used historical monitoring and treatment data to estimate levels of long-term average nitrate and total trihalomethanes (TTHM; the sum of the most prevalent DBP class) and the duration exceeding one-half the maximum contaminant level (>½ MCL; 5 mg/L nitrate-nitrogen, 40 µg/L TTHM) among participants on public water supplies (PWS) >10 years. We estimated dietary nitrate and nitrite intakes using a food frequency questionnaire. We computed hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Cox regression and evaluated nitrate interactions with smoking and vitamin C intake. We identified 313 cases among 34,242 women, including 152 with >10 years PWS use (N = 15,710). Multivariable models of average nitrate showed no association with pancreatic cancer (HRp95vs. Q1 = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.51-2.64). Associations with average TTHM levels were also null (HRQ4vs. Q1 = 0.70, 95% CI:0.42-1.18). We observed no trend with increasing years of exposure to either contaminant at levels >½ MCL. Positive associations were suggested in the highest dietary nitrite intake from processed meat (HRp95vs. Q1 = 1.66, 95% CI 1.00-2.75;ptrend = 0.05). We found no interactions of nitrate with known modifiers of endogenous NOC formation. Our results suggest that nitrite intake from processed meat may be a risk factor for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbor J L Quist
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Maki Inoue-Choi
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Peter J Weyer
- Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kristin E Anderson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Prevention and Etiology Research Program, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kenneth P Cantor
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Laura E Beane Freeman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mary H Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rena R Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Miao Y, Zhai HY, Yu SS, Zhang J, Shi CX. [Removal of Algal Organic Matter and Control of Disinfection By-products by Powder Activated Carbon]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2017; 38:3738-3746. [PMID: 29965254 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201612169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The removal efficiencies of algal organic matter (AOM) and typical nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous disinfection by-products (DBPs) through adsorption with powder activated carbon (PAC) were investigated. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed that PAC adsorption changed the composition of AOM. PAC adsorption showed high removal efficiency for humus-like substances in AOM, but limited removal efficiency for aromatic protein-like substances. When the dosage of PAC was 20 mg·L-1 and the adsorption time ranged from 10 to 30 min, the removal rates of 3.30 mg·L-1 dissolved organic carbon were 20.7%-31.9% for intracellular organic matter (IOM) and 12.6%-19.0% for extracellular organic matter (EOM). The highest removal rates of trihalomethanes by PAC in the chlorination of IOM and EOM were 26.6% and 35.8%, respectively. The highest removal rates of haloacetonitriles were 49.6% and 53.6% in the chlorination of IOM and EOM. The removal of dibromoacetonitrile precursors by PAC was significant. In summary, the PAC had a higher efficiency in reducing the generation of DBPs in EOM chlorination than in IOM chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miao
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Urban River Eco-Purification Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hong-Yan Zhai
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Urban River Eco-Purification Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shan-Shan Yu
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Urban River Eco-Purification Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Tianjin Engineering Center of Urban River Eco-Purification Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Li H, Li ZK, Li AM, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Pan Y. [New Bromated Phenolic Disinfection Byproducts: Mechanism of Their Decomposition During Chlorination]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2017; 38:3273-3280. [PMID: 29964935 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201612221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, 13 new phenolic halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been reported in chlorinated drinking water and have been classified into four groups: dihalo-4-hydroxybenzaldehydes, dihalo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, dihalo-salicylic acids, and trihalo-phenols. In this work, the four fully brominated species (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dibromosalicylic acid, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) were selected as representatives, and the decomposition mechanism of these new DBPs during chlorination was studied with the aid of ultra performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (precursor ion scan, multiple reaction monitoring, and product ion scan). Except for 3,5-dibromosalicylic acid, the new DBPs were not stable and could be finally decomposed to haloacetic acids through multistep substitution, hydrolysis, and oxidation. Various decomposition intermediate DBPs were detected, including a new group of halogenated DBPs with cyclic structures (trihalo-hydroxyl-cyclopetene-diones).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zheng-Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ai-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Alexandrou LD, Meehan BJ, Morrison PD, Jones OAH. A New Method for the Fast Analysis of Trihalomethanes in Tap and Recycled Waters Using Headspace Gas Chromatography with Micro-Electron Capture Detection. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14:E527. [PMID: 28505068 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14050527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemical disinfection of water supplies brings significant public health benefits by reducing microbial contamination. The process can however, result in the formation of toxic compounds through interactions between disinfectants and organic material in the source water. These new compounds are termed disinfection by-products (DBPs). The most common are the trihalomethanes (THMs) such as trichloromethane (chloroform), dichlorobromomethane, chlorodibromomethane and tribromomethane (bromoform); these are commonly reported as a single value for total trihalomethanes (TTHMs). Analysis of DBPs is commonly performed via time- and solvent-intensive sample preparation techniques such as liquid–liquid and solid phase extraction. In this study, a method using headspace gas chromatography with micro-electron capture detection was developed and applied for the analysis of THMs in drinking and recycled waters from across Melbourne (Victoria, Australia). The method allowed almost complete removal of the sample preparation step whilst maintaining trace level detection limits (>1 ppb). All drinking water samples had TTHM concentrations below the Australian regulatory limit of 250 µg/L but some were above the U.S. EPA limit of 60 µg/L. The highest TTHM concentration was 67.2 µg/L and lowest 22.9 µg/L. For recycled water, samples taken directly from treatment plants held significantly higher concentrations (153.2 µg/L TTHM) compared to samples from final use locations (4.9–9.3 µg/L).
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Cardador MJ, Gallego M, Prados F, Fernández-Salguero J. Origin of disinfection by-products in cheese. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:928-938. [PMID: 28346070 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1311421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The disinfection of water, equipment and surfaces in a cheese factory is one of the factors that can originate disinfection by-products (DBPs) in cheese. This research has focused on studying cheese factories in order to evaluate the individual contribution of each step of the cheese-making process that can contribute to the presence of DBPs in cheese. Ten factories were selected according to their salting processes (brine or dry salting). Each factory was monitored by the collection of six representative samples (factory water supply, brine solution, milk, whey, curd and cheese) in which the concentrations of up to eight chemicals were detected. The study shows that contact with brine solutions containing significant levels of DBPs is the main source of these chemicals in cheese. A minor factor is the pasteurised milk used in their manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Cardador
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba , Cordoba , Spain
| | - Mercedes Gallego
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba , Cordoba , Spain
| | - Francisco Prados
- b Department of Food Technology , Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba , Cordoba , Spain
| | - José Fernández-Salguero
- b Department of Food Technology , Campus of Rabanales, University of Cordoba , Cordoba , Spain
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Ceretti E, Moretti M, Zerbini I, Villarini M, Zani C, Monarca S, Feretti D. Occurrence and Control of Genotoxins in Drinking Water: A Monitoring Proposal. J Public Health Res 2016; 5:769. [PMID: 28083525 PMCID: PMC5206778 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2016.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown the presence of numerous organic genotoxins and carcinogens in drinking water. These toxic substances derive not only from pollution, but also from the disinfection treatments, particularly when water is obtained from surface sources and then chlorinated. Most of the chlorinated compounds in drinking water are nonvolatile and are difficult to characterize. Thus, it has been proposed to study such complex mixtures using short-term genotoxicity tests predictive of carcinogenic activity. Mutagenicity of water before and after disinfection has mainly been studied by the Salmonella/microsome (Ames test); in vitro genotoxicity tests have also been performed in yeasts and mammalian cells; in situ monitoring of genotoxins has also been performed using complete organisms such as aquatic animals or plants (in vivo). The combination of bioassay data together with results of chemical analyses would give us a more firm basis for the assessment of human health risks related to the consumption of drinking water. Tests with different genetic end-points complement each other with regard to sensitivity toward environmental genotoxins and are useful in detecting low genotoxicity levels which are expected in drinking water samples. Significance for public health The provision of a safe drinking water is an important public health problem. Many studies have shown the presence of numerous genotoxins and carcinogens in drinking water. These toxic substances derive not only from pollution, but also from the disinfection treatments, particularly when water is obtained from surface sources and then chlorinated. The potential health risks of disinfection by-products (DBPs) from drinking water include cancer and adverse reproductive outcomes. People are exposed to disinfected drinking/shower/bathing water as a mixture of at least 600 identified DBPs and other toxic compounds via dermal, inhalation, and ingestion routes. Many of these substances are present in trace concentration, hardly detectable by chemical standard analysis. The monitoring of environmental genotoxins by short-term bioassays could allow a better evaluation of the global human exposure to water genotoxins and could help health officers and drinking water managers to reduce genotoxic hazards and distribute high quality drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia
| | - Massimo Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Unit of Public Health), University of Perugia , Italy
| | - Ilaria Zerbini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia
| | - Milena Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Unit of Public Health), University of Perugia , Italy
| | - Claudia Zani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia
| | - Silvano Monarca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Unit of Public Health), University of Perugia , Italy
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia
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Ao XW, Li HJ, Liu WJ, Yu JR. [Characteristics of Disinfection By-products and Genotoxicity During Drinking Water Disinfection with Potassium Monopersulfate Compound Powder]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2016; 37:4241-4246. [PMID: 29964676 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201604116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The qualitative analysis for by-products in the course of disinfection of the raw water and the effluent of GAC in Beijing Tiancuishan Drinking Water Treamtment Plant by potassium monopersulfate compound powder was determined. Halogen disinfection by-products during disinfection process by potassium monopersulfate compound powder was evaluated in a bench scale by comparing with chlorine disinfection process, and the genotoxicity evaluation of potassium monopersulfate compound powder and chlorine disinfection processes was also conducted by umu-test. The results showed that there were small changes in the organic pollutant components of water samples after disinfection by potassium monopersulfate compound powder, while some new halogen disinfection by-products were generated. Disinfection with potassium monopersulfate compound powder generated much less trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) than chlorination disinfection. Moreover, the results of umu test indicated that the raw water and the effluent of GAC presented lower genotoxicity after potassium monopersulfate compound powder disinfection than chlorine disinfection. However, there was a risk for safety at a high level of organic matters and disinfectant dosage during potassium monopersulfate compound powder disinfection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Wei Ao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao-Jie Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wen-Jun Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing-Ru Yu
- Chengdu Rosun Disinfection Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610100, China
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Chang SY, Huang WJ, Lu BR, Fang GC, Chen Y, Chen HL, Chang MC, Hsu CF. An Environmentally Friendly Method for Testing Photocatalytic Inactivation of Cyanobacterial Propagation on a Hybrid Ag-TiO₂ Photocatalyst under Solar Illumination. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12:15819-33. [PMID: 26690465 PMCID: PMC4690959 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121215023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria were inactivated under sunlight using mixed phase silver (Ag) and deposited titanium dioxide (TiO₂) coated on the surface of diatomite (DM) as a hybrid photocatalyst (Ag-TiO₂/DM). The endpoints of dose-response experiments were chlorophyll a, photosynthetic efficiency, and flow cytometry measurements. In vitro experiments revealed that axenic cultures of planktonic cyanobacteria lost their photosynthetic activity following photocatalyzed exposure to sunlight for more than 24 h. Nearly 92% of Microcystis aeruginosa cells lost their photosynthetic activity, and their cell morphology was severely damaged within 24 h of the reaction. Preliminary carbon-14 ((14)CO₃(-2)) results suggest that the complete inactivation of cyanobacteria arises from damage to cell wall components (peroxidation). A small concomitant increase in cell wall disorder and a consequent decrease in cell wall functional groups increase the cell wall fluidity prior to cell lysis. A high dosage of Ag-TiO₂/DM during photocatalysis increased the concentration of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in the Microcystis aeruginosa suspension by up to approximately 260%. However, photocatalytic treatment had a small effect on the disinfection by-product (DBP) precursor, as revealed by only a slight increase in the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Chang
- Kuang-Tien General Hospital, No. 117, Satien Road, Shalu District, Taichung 43303, Taiwan.
| | - Winn-Jung Huang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018 Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan.
| | - Ben-Ren Lu
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Peking University, No. 5, Zhuangyuan Road, Binhu District, Wuxi 214125, China.
| | - Guor-Cheng Fang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018 Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan.
| | - Yeah Chen
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018 Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiu-Lin Chen
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018 Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chin Chang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018 Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Feng Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018 Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan.
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Banach JL, Sampers I, Van Haute S, van der Fels-Klerx HJI. Effect of Disinfectants on Preventing the Cross-Contamination of Pathogens in Fresh Produce Washing Water. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015. [PMID: 26213953 PMCID: PMC4555240 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120808658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential cross-contamination of pathogens between clean and contaminated produce in the washing tank is highly dependent on the water quality. Process wash water disinfectants are applied to maintain the water quality during processing. The review examines the efficacy of process wash water disinfectants during produce processing with the aim to prevent cross-contamination of pathogens. Process wash water disinfection requires short contact times so microorganisms are rapidly inactivated. Free chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and peracetic acid were considered suitable disinfectants. A disinfectant’s reactivity with the organic matter will determine the disinfectant residual, which is of paramount importance for microbial inactivation and should be monitored in situ. Furthermore, the chemical and worker safety, and the legislative framework will determine the suitability of a disinfection technique. Current research often focuses on produce decontamination and to a lesser extent on preventing cross-contamination. Further research on a sanitizer’s efficacy in the washing water is recommended at the laboratory scale, in particular with experimental designs reflecting industrial conditions. Validation on the industrial scale is warranted to better understand the overall effects of a sanitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Banach
- RIKILT - Wageningen UR (University and Research Centre), P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Imca Sampers
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, Kortrijk B-8500, Belgium.
| | - Sam Van Haute
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, Kortrijk B-8500, Belgium.
| | - H J Ine van der Fels-Klerx
- RIKILT - Wageningen UR (University and Research Centre), P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Tugulea AM, Bérubé D, Giddings M, Lemieux F, Hnatiw J, Priem J, Avramescu ML. Nano-silver in drinking water and drinking water sources: stability and influences on disinfection by-product formation. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014; 21:11823-11831. [PMID: 24458938 PMCID: PMC4177100 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Nano-silver is increasingly used in consumer products from washing machines and refrigerators to devices marketed for the disinfection of drinking water or recreational water. The nano-silver in these products may be released, ending up in surface water bodies which may be used as drinking water sources. Little information is available about the stability of the nano-silver in sources of drinking water, its fate during drinking water disinfection processes, and its interaction with disinfection agents and disinfection by-products (DBPs). This study aims to investigate the stability of nano-silver in drinking water sources and in the finished drinking water when chlorine and chloramines are used for disinfection and to observe changes in the composition of DBPs formed when nano-silver is present in the source water. A dispersion of nano-silver particles (10 nm; PVP-coated) was used to spike untreated Ottawa River water, treated Ottawa River water, organic-free water, and a groundwater at concentrations of 5 mg/L. The diluted dispersions were kept under stirred and non-stirred conditions for up to 9 months and analyzed weekly using UV absorption to assess the stability of the nano-silver particles. In a separate experiment, Ottawa River water containing nano-silver particles (at 0.1 and 1 mg/L concentration, respectively) was disinfected by adding sodium hypochlorite (a chlorinating agent) in sufficient amounts to maintain a free chlorine residual of approximately 0.4 mg/L after 24 h. The disinfected drinking water was then quenched with ascorbic acid and analyzed for 34 neutral DBPs (trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, haloacetaldehydes, 1,1 dichloro-2-propanone, 1,1,1 trichloro-2-propanone, chloropicrin, and cyanogen chloride). The results were compared to the profile of DBPs obtained under the same conditions in the absence of nano-silver and in the presence of an equivalent concentration of Ag(+) ions (as AgNO3). The stability of the nano-silver dispersions in untreated Ottawa River water, with a dissolved organic carbon concentration of 6 mg/L, was significantly higher than the stability of the nano-silver dispersions in distilled, organic-free water. Nano-silver particles suspended in the groundwater agglomerated and were quickly and quantitatively removed from the solution. Our data confirm previous observations that natural dissolved organic matter stabilizes nano-silver particles, while the high-ionic strength of groundwater appears to favor their agglomeration and precipitation. As expected, nano-silver was not stable in Ottawa River water through the chlorination process, but survived for many days when added to the Ottawa River water after treatment with chlorine or chloramines. Stirring appeared to have minimal effect on nano-silver stability in untreated and treated Ottawa River water. The profile of DBPs formed in the presence of nAg differed significantly from the profile of DBPs formed in the absence of nAg only at the 1 mg/L nAg concentration. The differences observed consisted mainly in reduced formation of some brominated DBPs and a small increase in the formation of cyanogen chloride. The reduced formation of brominated congeners may be explained by the decrease in available bromide due to the presence of Ag(+) ions. It should be noted that a concentration of 1 mg/L is significantly higher than nAg concentrations that would be expected to be present in surface waters, but these results could be significant for the disinfection of some wastewaters with comparably high nano-silver concentrations.
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Pifer AD, Fairey JL. Suitability of Organic Matter Surrogates to Predict Trihalomethane Formation in Drinking Water Sources. Environ Eng Sci 2014; 31:117-126. [PMID: 24669183 PMCID: PMC3961773 DOI: 10.1089/ees.2013.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Broadly applicable disinfection by-product (DBP) precursor surrogate parameters could be leveraged at drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) to curb formation of regulated DBPs, such as trihalomethanes (THMs). In this study, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), fluorescence excitation/emission wavelength pairs (IEx/Em), and the maximum fluorescence intensities (FMAX) of components from parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis were evaluated as total THM formation potential (TTHMFP) precursor surrogate parameters. A diverse set of source waters from eleven DWTPs located within watersheds underlain by six different soil orders were coagulated with alum at pH 6, 7, and 8, resulting in 44 sample waters. DOC, UV254, IEx/Em, and FMAX values were measured to characterize dissolved organic matter in raw and treated waters and THMs were quantified following formation potential tests with free chlorine. For the 44 sample waters, the linear TTHMFP correlation with UV254 was stronger (r2=0.89) than I240/562 (r2=0.81, the strongest surrogate parameter from excitation/emission matrix pair picking), FMAX from a humic/fulvic acid-like PARAFAC component (r2=0.78), and DOC (r2=0.75). Results indicate that UV254 was the most accurate TTHMFP precursor surrogate parameter assessed for a diverse group of raw and alum-coagulated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian L. Fairey
- Corresponding author: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas, 4190 Bell, Fayetteville, AR 72701. Phone: 479-575-4023; Fax: 479-575-7168; E-mail:
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Catto C, Sabrina S, Ginette CT, Manuel R, Robert T. Occurrence and spatial and temporal variations of disinfection by-products in the water and air of two indoor swimming pools. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012; 9:2562-86. [PMID: 23066383 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9082562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve disinfection by-product (DBP) exposure assessment, this study was designed to document both water and air levels of these chemical contaminants in two indoor swimming pools and to analyze their within-day and day-to-day variations in both of them. Intensive sampling was carried out during two one-week campaigns to measure trihalomethanes (THMs) and chloramines (CAMs) in water and air, and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in water several times daily. Water samples were systematically collected at three locations in each pool and air samples were collected at various heights around the pool and in other rooms (e.g., changing room) in the buildings. In addition, the ability of various models to predict air concentrations from water was tested using this database. No clear trends, but actual variations of contamination levels, appeared for both water and air according to the sampling locations and times. Likewise, the available models resulted in realistic but imprecise estimates of air contamination levels from water. This study supports the recommendation that suitable minimal air and water sampling should be carried out in swimming pools to assess exposure to DBPs.
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