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Belli RG, Muir V, Dyck NB, Pantazis DA, Sousa TPA, Slusar CR, Parkin HC, Rosenberg L. Exploring Electrophilic Hydrophosphination via Metal Phosphenium Intermediates. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302924. [PMID: 38242847 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Two Mo(0) phosphenium complexes containing ancillary secondary phosphine ligands have been investigated with respect to their ability to participate in electrophilic addition at unsaturated substrates and subsequent P-H hydride transfer to "quench" the resulting carbocations. These studies provide stoichiometric "proof of concept" for a proposed new metal-catalyzed electrophilic hydrophosphination mechanism. The more strongly Lewis acidic phosphenium complex, [Mo(CO)4(PR2H)(PR2)]+ (R=Ph, Tolp), cleanly hydrophosphinates 1,1-diphenylethylene, benzophenone, and ethylene, while other substrates react rapidly to give products resulting from competing electrophilic processes. A less Lewis acidic complex, [Mo(CO)3(PR2H)2(PR2)]+, generally reacts more slowly but participates in clean hydrophosphination of a wider range of unsaturated substrates, including styrene, indene, 1-hexene, and cyclohexanone, in addition to 1,1-diphenylethylene, benzophenone, and ethylene. Mechanistic studies are described, including stoichiometric control reactions and computational and kinetic analyses, which probe whether the observed P-H addition actually does occur by the proposed electrophilic mechanism, and whether hydridic P-H transfer in this system is intra- or intermolecular. Preliminary reactivity studies indicate challenges that must be addressed to exploit these promising results in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman G Belli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8W 2Y2
| | - Vanessa Muir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8W 2Y2
| | - Nicholas B Dyck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8W 2Y2
| | - Dimitrios A Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tânia P A Sousa
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Carly R Slusar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8W 2Y2
| | - Hayley C Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8W 2Y2
| | - Lisa Rosenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8W 2Y2
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Li Y, Chen Z, Lin S, Liu Y, Qian J, Li Q, Huang Z, Wang H. Regioselective Electrophilic Addition to Propargylic B(MIDA)s Enabled by β-Boron Effect. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2304282. [PMID: 37632709 PMCID: PMC10602563 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic addition reaction to alkynes is of fundamental importance in organic chemistry, yet the regiocontrol when reacting with unsymmetrical 1,2-dialkyl substituted alkynes is often problematic. Herein, it is demonstrated that the rarely recognized β-boron effect can confer a high level of site-selectivity in several alkyne electrophilic addition reactions. A broad range of highly functionalized and complex organoborons are thus formed under simple reaction conditions starting from propargylic MIDA (N-methyliminodiacetic acid) boronates. These products are demonstrated to be valuable building blocks in organic synthesis. In addition to the regiocontrol, this study also observes a drastic rate enhancement upon B(MIDA) substitution. Theoretical calculation reveals that the highest occupied molecular obital (HOMO) energy level of propargylic B(MIDA) is significantly raised by 0.3 eV, and the preferential electrophilic addition to the γ position is due to its higher HOMO orbital coefficient and more negative natural bond orbital (NBO) charge compared to the β position. This study demonstrates the potential of utilizing the β-boron effect in stereoelectronic control of chemical transformations, which can inspire further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Zhi‐Hao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Shuang Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Jiasheng Qian
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Qingjiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Zhi‐Shu Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Honggen Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug DiscoverySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
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Lebedev AT, Detenchuk EA, Latkin TB, Bavcon Kralj M, Trebše P. Aqueous Chlorination of D-Limonene. Molecules 2022; 27:2988. [PMID: 35566337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Limonene (1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene) is one of the most widespread monocyclic terpenes, being both a natural and industrial compound. It is widely present in the environment, including in water supplies. Therefore, it may be subjected to aqueous chlorination at water treatment stations during drinking water preparation. Besides, being a component of numerous body care and cosmetic products, it may present at high levels in swimming pool waters and could also be subjected to aqueous chlorination. Laboratory experiments with aqueous chlorination of D-limonene demonstrated the prevalence of the conjugated electrophilic addition of HOCl molecule to the double bonds of the parent molecule as the primary reaction. The reaction obeys the Markovnikov rule, as the levels of the corresponding products were higher than those of the alternative ones. Fragmentation pattern in conditions of electron ionization enabled the assigning of the structures for four primary products. The major products of the chlorination are formed by the addition of two HOCl molecules to limonene. The reactions of electrophilic addition are usually accompanied by the reactions of elimination. Thus, the loss of water molecules from the products of various generations results in the reproduction of the double bond, which immediately reacts further. Thus, a cascade of addition-elimination reactions brings the most various isomeric polychlorinated species. At a ratio of limonene/active chlorine higher than 1:10, the final products of aqueous chlorination (haloforms) start forming, while brominated haloforms represent a notable portion of these products due to the presence of bromine impurities in the used NaOCl. It is worth mentioning that the bulk products of aqueous chlorination are less toxic in the bioluminescence test on V. fischeri than the parent limonene.
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Haraguchi K, Gen E, Kumamoto H, Itoh Y, Tanaka H. An alternative method for the synthesis of 2'-halogeno-1',2'-unsaturated uridine derivatives through syn-elimination of pivalic acid of 2'-halogeno- 2'-deoxy-1'-pivaloyloxyuracil nucleoside: preparation of its 2'- C-branched nucleosides. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2019; 39:426-438. [PMID: 31429364 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1641724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An alternative method for the preparation of 2'-bromo- (5b) and 2'-iodo- (5c) 1',2'-unsaturated uracil nucleosides has been developed. The protocol was on the basis of the syn-elimination of pivalic acid from 2'-bromo-(7a,b) and 2'-iodo-(9a,b) 1'-pivaloyloxy-2'-deoxyuridine derivatives, which were derived from the halo-pivaloyloxylation of 3',5'-bis-O-TBDMS-1',2'-unsaturated uridine 1. Compounds 5b and 5c were shown to serve as versatile synthons for the respective 2'-C-branched 1',2'-unsaturated uracil nucleosides, through palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling or halogen-lithium exchange reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Haraguchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Eisen Gen
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kumamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
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Manchanda G, Sodhi RK, Jain UK, Chandra R, Madan J. Iodinated curcumin bearing dermal cream augmented drug delivery, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. J Microencapsul 2018; 35:49-61. [PMID: 29308689 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2018.1425749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Curcumin (Cur) exhibits weak microbicidal activity owing to high lipophilicity and low cell permeability. Therefore, in the present investigation, Cur was iodinated using elemental iodine (I2) to synthesise Cur-I2 powder that was later formulated as Cur-I2 dermal cream and characterised in vitro for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. METHODS AND RESULTS Electrophilic addition of I2 saturated the olefinic bonds of Cur, as confirmed by UV/visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, 1H NMR and DSC techniques. In addition, in vitro skin permeation and retention analysis indicated that Cur-I2 cream followed the first order and Higuchi model for drug release through the rat skin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Cur-I2 powder was measured to be 60 and 90 µg/ml significantly (p < 0.05) lower than 150 and 120 µg/ml of Cur against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Moreover, Cur-I2 also exhibited strong antioxidant potential. CONCLUSIONS Cur-I2 cream warrants further in vivo study to scale up the technology for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Manchanda
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Chandigarh College of Pharmacy , Mohali , Punjab , India
| | - Rupinder Kaur Sodhi
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Chandigarh College of Pharmacy , Mohali , Punjab , India
| | - Upendra Kumar Jain
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Chandigarh College of Pharmacy , Mohali , Punjab , India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- b Dr B.R Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi , India.,c Department of Chemistry , University of Delhi , Delhi , India
| | - Jitender Madan
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Chandigarh College of Pharmacy , Mohali , Punjab , India
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Berger J, Braun T, Ahrens T, Kläring P, Laubenstein R, Braun-Cula B. The Versatile Behavior of Platinum Alkyne Complexes towards XeF 2 : Formation of Fluorovinyl and Fluorido Complexes. Chemistry 2017; 23:8886-8900. [PMID: 28472555 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of platinum(0) tolane complexes, bearing a chelating ligand with P and N donor atoms, with the electrophilic fluorinating agent XeF2 give facile access to platinum(II) β-fluorovinyl fluorido complexes. A series of new platinum(II) β-fluorovinyl complexes have been synthesized and were structurally characterized. Further oxidation with XeF2 led to ortho-metalated platinum(IV) fluorido compounds. Additional reactions of platinum(0) tolane complexes, bearing a chelating P,P donor ligand, with XeF2 led to a variety of fluorido and fluorovinyl complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Berger
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Theresia Ahrens
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Kläring
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reik Laubenstein
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Braun-Cula
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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Abo M, Bak DW, Weerapana E. Optimization of Caged Electrophiles for Improved Monitoring of Cysteine Reactivity in Living Cells. Chembiochem 2016; 18:81-84. [PMID: 27813293 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine residues play critical roles in protein function and are susceptible to numerous post-translational modifications (PTMs) that serve to modulate the activity and localization of diverse proteins. Many of these PTMs are highly transient and labile, thus necessitating methods to study these modifications directly within the context of living cells. We previously reported a caged electrophilic probe, CBK1, that can be activated by UV for temporally controlled covalent modification of cysteine residues in living cells. To improve upon the number of cysteine residues identified in cellular cysteine-profiling studies, the reactivity and uncaging efficiency of a panel of caged electrophiles were explored. We identified an optimized caged electrophilic probe, CIK4, that affords significantly improved coverage of cellular cysteine residues. The broader proteome coverage afforded by CIK4 renders it a useful tool for the biological investigation of cysteine-reactivity changes and PTMs directly within living cells and highlights design elements that are critical to optimizing photoactivatable chemical probes for cellular labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Abo
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Daniel W Bak
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
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da Costa Resende G, Alvarenga ES. Structural elucidation of dioxa-cage compounds from tetrahydroisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one: analysis of NMR data and GIAO chemical shifts calculations. Magn Reson Chem 2016; 54:968-974. [PMID: 27391981 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The polycyclic compounds, especially the dioxa-cages, have attracted considerable attention in recent years. In our work, a series of 9β-substituted 3-oxo-4,11-dioxatetracyclo[5.2.1.15,8 .02,6 ]undecane compounds were unexpectedly isolated during bromination, chlorination and epoxidation reactions of the 3-hydroxy-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one. After careful analysis of the NMR data, the chemical shifts of the isolated and the expected products were predicted by theoretical calculations using density functional theory and gauge including atomic orbitals. The best correlation between calculated and experimental data was evaluated by comparing mean absolute errors and applying DP4 probability methodology. Results from both approaches indicated a correct structural elucidation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Tolnai GL, Nilsson UJ, Olofsson B. Efficient O-Functionalization of Carbohydrates with Electrophilic Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11226-30. [PMID: 27528184 PMCID: PMC5113792 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Novel methodology for O-functionalization of carbohydrate derivatives has been established using bench-stable and easily prepared iodonium(III) reagents. Both electron-withdrawing and electron-donating aryl groups were introduced under ambient conditions and without precautions to exclude air or moisture. Furthermore, the approach was extended both to full arylation of cyclodextrin, and to trifluoroethylation of carbohydrate derivatives. This is the first general approach to introduce traditionally non-electrophilic groups into any of the OH groups around the sugar backbone. The methodology will be useful both in synthetic organic chemistry and biochemistry, as important functional groups can be incorporated under simple and robust reaction conditions in a fast and efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely L Tolnai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf J Nilsson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Berit Olofsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
An extremely mild method for amide-cleavage by using the triazine-based benzylating reagent 4-(4,6-diphenoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-benzylmorpholinium trifluoromethanesulfonate (DPT-BM), which spontaneously releases benzyl cation species when being dissolved at room temperature, has been developed. O-Benzylation of the amide with DPT-BM and the subsequent hydrolysis of the resulting intermediate benzyl imidate salt afford the corresponding amine and benzyl ester, which can be converted by hydrogenolysis into a carboxylic acid under neutral conditions. O-Benzylation proceeds depending on both steric and electronic factors around the amide group. Thus, some amides have been selectively cleaved over other amides. Furthermore, intramolecular chemoselective cleavage of an amide group in the presence of an ester group was achieved. Such selective hydrolytic reactions cannot be performed with Meerwein reagents as well as under acidic or basic hydrolytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yukiko Karuo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tsukada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Munetaka Kunishima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Zago E, Durand E, Barouh N, Lecomte J, Villeneuve P, Aouf C. Synthesis of Lipophilic Antioxidants by a Lipase-B-Catalyzed Addition of Peracids to the Double Bond of 4-Vinyl-2-methoxyphenol. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:9069-9075. [PMID: 26435061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
4-Vinyl guaiacol (2) was lipophilized through the electrophilic addition of peracids to its vinylic double bond. Those peracids were formed in situ, by the Candida antarctica lipase-B-assisted perhydrolysis of carboxylic acids ranging from C2 to C18, in hydrogen peroxide solution. The addition of peracids with 4-8 carbons in their alkyl chains led to the formation of two regioisomers, with the prevalence of hydroxyesters bearing a primary free hydroxyl (4c-4e). This prevalence became more pronounced when peracids with longer alkyl chains (C10-C18) were used. In this case, only isomers 4f-4h were formed. The antioxidant activity of the resulting hydroxyesters was assessed by means of the conjugated autoxidizable triene (CAT) assay, and it was found out that the 4-vinyl guaiacol antioxidant activity was significantly increased by grafting alkyl chains with 2-8 carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zago
- L'Unité Mixte de Recherche Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes (UMR IATE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Erwann Durand
- L'Unité Mixte de Recherche Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes (UMR IATE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Barouh
- L'Unité Mixte de Recherche Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes (UMR IATE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Lecomte
- L'Unité Mixte de Recherche Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes (UMR IATE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Villeneuve
- L'Unité Mixte de Recherche Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes (UMR IATE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Chahinez Aouf
- L'Unité Mixte de Recherches (UMR) 1083 Sciences Pour l'Oenologie (SPO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) , F-34060 Montpellier, France
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Schnatter WFK, Rogers DW, Zavitsas AA. Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes: The Relation between Reactivity and Enthalpy of Hydrogenation: Regioselectivity is Determined by the Stability of the Two Conceivable Products. Chemistry 2015; 21:10348-61. [PMID: 25959409 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although electrophilic addition to alkenes has been well studied, some secrets still remain. Halogenations, hydrohalogenations, halohydrin formations, hydrations, epoxidations, other oxidations, carbene additions, and ozonolyses are investigated to elucidate the relation of alkene reactivities with their enthalpies of hydrogenation (ΔHhyd ). For addition of electrophiles to unconjugated hydrocarbon alkenes, ln(k) is a linear function of ΔHhyd , where k is the rate constant. Linear correlation coefficients are about 0.98 or greater. None of the many previously proposed correlations of ln(k) with the properties of alkenes or with linear free-energy relationships match the generality and accuracy of the simple linear relationship found herein. A notable exception is acid-catalyzed hydration in water or in solvents stabilizing relatively stable carbocation intermediates (e.g., tertiary, benzylic, or allylic). (13) C NMR chemical shifts of the two alkene carbons also predict regioselectivity. These effects have not been noted previously and are operative in general, including addition to heteroatom-substituted alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne F K Schnatter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Long Island University, University Plaza, Brooklyn, New York 1120 (USA)
| | - Donald W Rogers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Long Island University, University Plaza, Brooklyn, New York 1120 (USA)
| | - Andreas A Zavitsas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Long Island University, University Plaza, Brooklyn, New York 1120 (USA).
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Müller CH, Rösner C, Hennecke U. Enantioselective haloetherifications catalyzed by 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) phosphates: from symmetrical alkenediols to simple alkenols. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:2162-9. [PMID: 24840391 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric haloetherifications can be conducted using 1,1'-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) phosphates as catalyst. In combination with simple N-haloamides such as N-iodopyrrolidinone or N-bromosuccinimide, good enantioselectivities can be achieved. However, depending on the substrate, the choice of BINOL phosphate is important, and different catalysts show remarkably different selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Müller
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Fachbereich Chemie und Pharmazie, Corrensstrasse 40, 48151 Münster (Germany), Fax: (+49) 0251-83-36523
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Wolfe JP. Palladium-Catalyzed Carboetherification and Carboamination Reactions of γ-Hydroxy- and γ-Aminoalkenes for the Synthesis of Tetrahydrofurans and Pyrrolidines. European J Org Chem 2007; 2007:571-582. [PMID: 20577649 PMCID: PMC2890284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Substituted tetrahydrofuran and pyrrolidine moieties are displayed in a wide range of interesting biologically active molecules. The Pd-catalyzed carboetherification or carboamination of γ-hydroxy- and γ-aminoalkenes is a powerful tool for the construction of these heterocycles, as it is convergent and can allow access to a variety of analogs from a single γ-hydroxy- or γ-aminoalkene starting material. This microreview describes the current state of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Wolfe
- University of Michigan, Department of Chemistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055 (USA)
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