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Patwary ZP, Zhao M, Paul NA, Cummins SF. Identification of reproductive sex-biased gene expression in Asparagopsis taxiformis (lineage 6) gametophytes. J Phycol 2024; 60:327-342. [PMID: 38156746 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The sub-tropical red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis is of significant interest due to its ability to store halogenated compounds, including bromoform, which can mitigate methane production in ruminants. Significant scale-up of aquaculture production of this seaweed is required; however, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control fundamental physiological processes, including the regulatory factors that determine sexual dimorphism in gametophytes. In this study, we used comparative RNA-sequencing analysis between different morphological parts of mature male and female A. taxiformis (lineage 6) gametophytes that resulted in greater number of sex-biased gene expression in tips (containing the reproductive structures for both sexes), compared with the somatic main axis and rhizomes. Further comparative RNA-seq against immature tips was used to identify 62 reproductive sex-biased genes (59 male-biased, 3 female-biased). Of the reproductive male-biased genes, 46% had an unknown function, while others were predicted to be regulatory factors and enzymes involved in signaling. We found that bromoform content obtained from female samples (8.5 ± 1.0 mg·g-1 dry weight) was ~10% higher on average than that of male samples (6.5 ± 1.0 mg·g-1 dry weight), although no significant difference was observed (p > 0.05). There was also no significant difference in the marine bromoform biosynthesis locus gene expression. In summary, our comparative RNA-sequencing analysis provides a first insight into the potential molecular factors relevant to gametogenesis and sexual differentiation in A. taxiformis, with potential benefits for identification of sex-specific markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubaida Parveen Patwary
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Paul
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott F Cummins
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
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Lei C, Wang B, Gu Q, Zhang H, Zhang X, Li J. [Determination of six halogenated solvent residues in olive oil by headspace gas chromatography]. Se Pu 2024; 42:387-392. [PMID: 38566428 PMCID: PMC10988566 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2023.08018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The residual amount of halogenated solvents in olive oil is an important indicator of its quality. The National Olive Oil Quality Standard GB/T 23347-2021 states that the residual amount of individual halogenated solvents in olive oil should be ≤0.1 mg/kg and that the total residual amount of halogenated solvents should be ≤0.2 mg/kg. COI/T.20/Doc. No. 8-1990, which was published by the International Olive Council, describes the standard method used for the determination of halogenated solvents in olive oil. Unfortunately, this method is cumbersome, has poor repeatability and low automation, and is unsuitable for the detection and analysis of residual halogenated solvents in large quantities of olive oil. At present, no national standard method for determining residual halogenated solvents in olive oil is available in China. Thus, developing simple, efficient, accurate, and stable methods for the determination of residual halogenated solvents in olive oil is imperative. In this paper, a method based on automatic headspace gas chromatography was established for the determination of residual halogenated solvents, namely, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, dibromochloromethane, tetrachloroethylene, and bromoform, in olive oil. The samples were processed as follows. After mixing, 2.00 g (accurate to 0.01 g) of the olive oil sample was added into a 20 mL headspace injection bottle and immediately sealed for headspace gas chromatography analysis. Blank virgin olive oil was used to prepare a standard working solution and the external standard method for quantification. The solvents used in the preparation of halogenated solvent standard intermediates were investigated and methanol was selected as a replacement for N,N-dimethylacetamide to prepare a halogenated solvent standard intermediate owing to its safety. The effects of different injection times (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 s), equilibration temperatures (60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120 ℃), and equilibration times (4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 30, 40 min) of the headspace sampler on the detection of the residual amounts of the six halogenated solvents were investigated. The optimal injection time and equilibration temperature were 3 s and 90 ℃, respectively. The method demonstrated good analytical performance for the six halogenated solvents when the equilibration time was 30 min. A methodological study was conducted on the optimized method, and the results showed that the six halogenated solvents exhibited good linear relationships in the range of 0.002-0.200 mg/kg, with correlation coefficients of ≥0.9991. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and bromoform were 0.0006 and 0.002 mg/kg, respectively. The LODs and LOQs of chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, dibromochloromethane, and tetrachloroethylene were 0.0003 and 0.001 mg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries under different spiked levels were 85.53%-115.93%, and the relative standard deviations (n=6) were 1.11%-8.48%. The established method was used to analyze 13 olive oil samples available in the market. Although no halogenated solvents were detected in these samples, a limited number of samples does not represent all olive oils. Hence, monitoring residual halogenated solvents in olive oil remains necessary for its safe consumption. The LOQs of the method for the six halogenated solvents were significantly lower than that of the COI/T.20/Doc. No. 8-1990 standard method (0.02 mg/kg). In addition, the developed method can be conducted under short operation times with high precision and degree of automation as well as good accuracy. Thus, the proposed method is suitable for the determination and analysis of the residues of the six halogenated solvents in large batches of olive oil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunni Lei
- 1. Technology Center of Lanzhou Customs, Lanzhou 730010, China
| | - Bo Wang
- 1. Technology Center of Lanzhou Customs, Lanzhou 730010, China
| | - Qiang Gu
- 2. Comprehensive Technology Center of Zhangjiagang Customs, Zhangjiagang 215600, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- 1. Technology Center of Lanzhou Customs, Lanzhou 730010, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- 1. Technology Center of Lanzhou Customs, Lanzhou 730010, China
| | - Jianke Li
- 3. Olive Oil of Longnan Xiang Yu Development Limited Liability Company, Longnan 746000, China
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Hu J, Chen Q, Liu F, Qiang Z, Yu J. Copper ion affects oxidant decay and combined aspartic acid transformation during chlorination in water pipes: Differentiated action on the yield of trihalomethanes and haloacetonitriles. Water Res 2024; 251:121153. [PMID: 38246080 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The chlorination of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by biofilm often induces the formation of high-toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water distribution systems. The protein components in EPS are the main precursors of DBPs, which mostly exist in the form of combined amino acids. The paper aimed to study the action of a pipe corrosion product (Cu2+) on the formation of DBPs (trihalomethanes, THMs; haloacetonitriles, HANs) with aspartic acid tetrapeptide (TAsp) as a precursor. Cu2+ mainly promoted the reaction of oxidants with TAsp (i.e., TAsp-induced decay) to produce DBPs, rather than self-decay of oxidants to generate BrO3‒ and ClO3‒. Cu2+ increased THMs yield, but decreased HANs yield due to the catalytic hydrolysis. Cu2+ was more prone to promote the reaction of TAsp with HOCl than with HOBr, leading to a DBPs shift from brominated to chlorinated species. The chemical characterizations of Cu2+-TAsp complexations demonstrate that Cu2+ combined with TAsp at the N and O sites in both amine and amide groups, and the intermediate identification suggests that Cu2+ enhanced the stepwise chlorination process by promoting the substitution of chlorine and the breakage of CC bonds. The effect of Cu2+ on THMs yield changed from promoting to inhibiting with the increase of pH, while that on HANs yield was inhibiting regardless of pH variation. Additionally, the impact of Cu2+ on the formation of DBPs was also affected by Cu2+ dose, Cl2/C ratio and Br- concentration. This study helps to understand the formation of EPS-derived DBPs in water pipes, and provides reference for formulating control strategies during biofilm outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; Innovation Research Center for Advanced Environmental Technology, Eco-industrial Innovation Institute ZJUT, 2 Rong-chang East Road, Quzhou 324400, China
| | - Qiaonv Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Innovation Research Center for Advanced Environmental Technology, Eco-industrial Innovation Institute ZJUT, 2 Rong-chang East Road, Quzhou 324400, China; Zhejiang TianNeng Resource Recycling Technology Co., Ltd, Huzhou 313100, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuang-qing Road, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jianming Yu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chao-wang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Zhang L, Cui W, Zhai H, Cheng S, Wu W. Performance of public drinking water purifiers in control of trihalomethanes, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes. Chemosphere 2024; 352:141459. [PMID: 38360417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Point-of-use water purifiers are widely applied as a terminal treatment device to produce drinking water with high quality. However, concerns are raised regarding low efficiency in eliminating emerging organic pollutants. To enhance our understanding of the reliability and potential risks of water purifiers, the removal of trihalomethanes, antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in four public water purifiers was investigated. In the four public water purifiers in October and November, the removal efficiencies of trichloromethane (TCM) and bromodichloromethane (BDCM) were 15%-69% (averagely 37%) and 6%-44% (averagely 23%). The levels of TCM and BDCM were lowered by all water purifiers in October and November, but accelerated in effluent compared to the influent in one public water purifier in December. The removal efficiencies of twelve antibiotics greatly varied with species and time. Out of twelve sampling cases, the removal efficiencies of total antibiotics were 25%-75% in ten cases. In the other two cases, very low removal efficiency (6%) or higher levels of antibiotics present in effluent compared to the influent were observed. Two public water purifiers effectively remove ARGs from water, with log removal rates of 0.45 log-3.89 log. However, in the other two public water purifiers, the ARG abundance accidently increased in the effluents. Overall, public water purifiers were more effective in removing antibiotics and ARGs compared to household water purifiers, but less or equally effective in removing trihalomethanes. Both public and household water purifiers could be contaminated and release the accumulated micro-pollutants or biofilm-related pollutants into effluent. The production frequency and standing time of water within water purifiers can impact the internal contamination and purification efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenjie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hongyan Zhai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Shengzi Cheng
- Tianjin LVYIN Landscape & Ecology Construction Co. Ltd., Kaihua Road 20, Hi-Tech, Tianjin, 300110, China
| | - Wenling Wu
- China Construction Industrial Engineering and Technology Research Academy Co. Ltd., Beijing, 101399, China
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Assefa E, Jabasingh A, Mulugeta E, Dessalegne M, Teju E. Impact of source water quality on total organic carbon and trihalomethane removal efficiency in a water treatment plant: A case study of Upper Awash, Ethiopia. J Water Health 2024; 22:337-349. [PMID: 38421628 PMCID: wh_2024_276 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
This study addresses the limited understanding of factors affecting the efficiency of water treatment plants in reducing trihalomethane (THM) formation through total organic carbon (TOC) removal, highlighting significant challenges in improving treatment effectiveness. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of water quality on the efficiency of water treatment plants to remove TOC and reduce THM formation. Linear regression and correlation analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between water quality parameters and THM concentrations. The results showed that there was a negative relationship between turbidity, metals, and TOC concentration with TOC removal efficiency. Positive correlations were found between parameters and the formation of THMs in water. Of these parameters, water temperature was observed to have relatively less influence on THM formation. It was observed that seasonal variations in water quality affect the efficiency of TOC removal and THM content in treated water. THM levels in chlorinated water were found to be within the permissible range of the World Health Organization's drinking water quality guidelines. However, it is still important to maintain continuous monitoring and take measures to reduce THMs. The model demonstrated a strong correlation (R2 = 0.906) between predicted and measured THM values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeru Assefa
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia E-mail:
| | - Anuradha Jabasingh
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eyobel Mulugeta
- Bio and Emerging Technology Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Dessalegne
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endale Teju
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
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Li H, Chu Y, Zhu Y, Han X, Shu S. Trihalomethane prediction model for water supply system based on machine learning and Log-linear regression. Environ Geochem Health 2024; 46:31. [PMID: 38227052 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Laboratory determination of trihalomethanes (THMs) is a very time-consuming task. Therefore, establishing a THMs model using easily obtainable water quality parameters would be very helpful. This study explored the modeling methods of the random forest regression (RFR) model, support vector regression (SVR) model, and Log-linear regression model to predict the concentration of total-trihalomethanes (T-THMs), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), and dibromochloromethane (DBCM), using nine water quality parameters as input variables. The models were developed and tested using a dataset of 175 samples collected from a water treatment plant. The results showed that the RFR model, with the optimal parameter combination, outperformed the Log-linear regression model in predicting the concentration of T-THMs (N25 = 82-88%, rp = 0.70-0.80), while the SVR model performed slightly better than the RFR model in predicting the concentration of BDCM (N25 = 85-98%, rp = 0.70-0.97). The RFR model exhibited superior performance compared to the other two models in predicting the concentration of T-THMs and DBCM. The study concludes that the RFR model is superior overall to the SVR model and Log-linear regression models and could be used to monitor THMs concentration in water supply systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yangyang Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaomeng Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shihu Shu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, No. 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Zhang Y, Feng Y, He M, Li Z. Association of blood trihalomethane concentrations with hypertension in US adults: A nationwide cross-sectional study. Sci Total Environ 2023; 904:166712. [PMID: 37657551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Trihalomethanes (THMs), as the most common species of disinfection byproducts in chlorinated water, have been associated with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. However, there is sparse epidemiological evidence regarding the possible link between THMs exposure and hypertension in general adults. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the associations between THMs exposure and hypertension in general adults. We performed cross-sectional analyses of 15,135 adults from the 1999-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. In the general US adults, the median blood concentrations of the chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and bromoform (TBM) were: 4.80 pg/mL, 0.71 pg/mL, 0.44 pg/mL and 0.71 pg/mL, respectively. And adults in the highest tertile of blood TBM and DBCM had odds ratios of 1.20 (95 % confidence intervals: 1.02, 1.42) and 1.15 (1.01, 1.30), respectively, for hypertension, compared with adults in the lowest tertile. Also, significant positive associations between blood brominated THM concentrations (sum of TBM, BDCM and DBCM) and prevalent hypertension were observed. In addition, significant interactions with BMI were demonstrated for Br-THMs (P for interaction = 0.017). Our study provides epidemiological evidence supporting a positive association between blood THMs and hypertension by using the nationally representative data, highlighting the need for further investigations to deepen our findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Yue Feng
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Cheng X, Dong H, Qiang Z. Formation and transformation of pre-chlorination-formed disinfection byproducts in drinking water treatment process. Sci Total Environ 2023; 904:166241. [PMID: 37591391 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
As pre-chlorination is increasingly adopted in drinking water treatment plant (DWTP), an attractive question emerged: how the disinfection by-products that formed during pre-chlorination (preformed DBPs) would be transformed in the drinking water treatment process? This study investigated the DBP formation kinetics and molecular characteristics in chlorinated source water, DBP transformation and removal in practical DWTP. It was found that the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) followed pseudo first-order kinetic model and the intensified Br- exposure facilitated the transformation of TCM into TBM. As Br- concentration shifted from 0.5 mg L-1 to 2.0 mg L-1, the predicted maximum yield of TBM was doubled to 53.7 μg L-1 with the increase of formation rate constant (k-value) from 0.249 h-1 to 0.336 h-1. Besides known DBPs, the molecular-scale investigation unveiled that the preformed unknown Cl-DBPs were a cluster of unsaturated aromatic DBPs ((DBE-O)/Cwa = 0.16, AImod, wa = 0.36) with high H/C (H/Cwa = 1.25). Pre-ozonation exhibited a preferential removal pattern towards condensed aromatic preformed Cl-DBPs with high H/C (AImod ≥ 0.67, H/C > 1.2 and O/C < 0.3). However, the removal of Cl-DBPs in coagulation-clarification process was limited with 56 more unknown Cl-DBP formulas identified. O3-biological activated carbon process exhibited effective removal of preformed DBPs featured with low MW (carbon number ≤ 13), high unsaturation (DBE ≥ 7), condensed aromaticity (AImod ≥ 0.67), and higher H/C (H/C > 1.6). When the pre-chlorination process is adopted, the removal of preformed DBPs during the conventional treatment process is limited, while advanced treatment process can effectively remove these preformed DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Liu Y, Liu H, Croue JP, Liu C. CuO Promotes the Formation of Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts during Chlorination via an Enhanced Oxidation Pathway. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:19043-19053. [PMID: 37710978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that cupric oxide (CuO) can enhance the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids, and bromate during chlorination of bromide-containing waters. In this study, the impact of CuO on the formation kinetics and mechanisms of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination was investigated. CuO does not enhance the formation of DBPs (i.e., 1,1,1-trichloropropanone, chloroform, and trichloroacetaldehyde (TCAL) /dichloroacetonitrile) during chlorination of acetone, 3-oxopentanedioic acid (3-OPA), and aspartic acid, respectively. This indicates that the halogen substitution pathway cannot be enhanced by CuO. Instead, CuO (0.1 g L-1) accelerates the second-order rate constants for reactions of chlorine (HOCl) with TCAL, citric acid, and oxalic acid at pH 8.0 and 21 °C from <0.1 to 29.4, 7.2, and 15.8 M-1 s-1, respectively. Oxidation pathway predominates based on the quantification of oxidation products (e.g., a trichloroacetic acid yield of ∼100% from TCAL) and kinetic modeling. CuO can enhance the formation of DBPs (e.g., THMs, haloacetaldehydes, and haloacetonitriles) during chlorination of model compounds and dissolved organic matter, of which both halogen substitution and oxidation pathways are required. Reaction rate constants of rate-limiting steps (e.g., citric acid to 3-OPA, aromatic ring cleavage) could be enhanced by CuO via an oxidation pathway since CuO-HOCl complex is more oxidative toward a range of substrates than HOCl in water. These findings provide novel insights into the DBP formation pathway in copper-containing distribution systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Jean-Philippe Croue
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers 86073, France
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Gao M, Guo H, Han J, Liu J, Hou Y, Wang Z, Yang Z, Wang Q. Bromoform exposure is associated with non-melanoma skin cancer: evidence from NHANES 2011-2020. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1191881. [PMID: 37927885 PMCID: PMC10624123 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1191881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is a prevalent skin malignancy. It has been indicated in many studies that trihalomethanes (THMs) exposure has a strong association with tumors but has not been associated with NMSC. Our investigation aims to explore the association between THMs exposure and NMSC. Methods Cross-sectional data from the 2011 to 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was collected. Poisson regression and subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate the association between individual THMs components and NMSC. Fitted smoothing curves and generalized additive models were also used. Results This study involved 5,715 individuals, 98 (1.7%) of whom self-reported NMSC. After adjusting for covariates, Poisson regression showed that higher blood TBM levels were associated with an increased likelihood of NMSC (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.05, p = 0.002). However, the correlation between the blood levels of TCM, DBCM, and BDCM and the likelihood of NMSC was not statistically significant (all p > 0.05). Subgroup analysis and interaction tests showed no significant differences between blood TBM concentration and the likelihood of NMSC, indicating that age, gender, and race were significantly independent of this positive association (all p < 0.05). Conclusions Our results implied that among adults older than 65 years old in the U.S., elevated blood TBM concentrations were positively associated with NMSC. More prospective investigations are required to validate this relationship with the early prevention of NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiying Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Ding S, Deng Y, Wu M, Qu R, Du Z, Chu W. Leaching of organic matter and iodine, formation of iodinated disinfection by-products and toxic risk from Laminaria japonica during simulated household cooking. J Hazard Mater 2023; 459:132241. [PMID: 37567136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs) exhibited potential health risk owing to the high toxicity. Our recent study demonstrated that I-DBPs from Laminaria japonica (Haidai), the commonly edible seaweed, upon simulated household cooking condition were several hundred times more than the concentration of drinking water. Here, the characterization of Haidai and its leachate tandem with the formation, identification and toxicity of I-DBPs from the cooking of Haidai were systemically investigated. The dominant organic matter in Haidai leachate were polysaccharides, while the highest iodine specie was iodide (∼90% of total iodine). Several unknown I-DBPs generated from the cooking of Haidai were tentatively proposed, of which 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde was dominant specie. Following a simulated household cooking with real chloraminated tap water, the presence of Haidai sharply increased aggregate iodinated trihalomethanes, iodinated haloacetic acids, and total organic iodine concentrations to 97.4 ± 7.6 μg/L,16.4 ± 2.1 μg/L, and 0.53 ± 0.06 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the acute toxicity of Haidai soup to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 was around 7.3 times higher than that of tap water in terms of EC50. These results demonstrated that the yield of I-DBPs from the cooking of Haidai and other seaweed should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Menglin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruixin Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhenqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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12
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Du Z, Ding S, Xiao R, Fang C, Jia R, Chu W. Disinfection by-product precursors introduced by sandstorm events: Composition, formation characteristics and potential risks. Water Res 2023; 244:120429. [PMID: 37542764 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Sandstorms, a natural meteorological event, occur repeatedly during the dry season and can accumulate large amounts of natural/anthropogenic pollutants during the deposition process, potentially introducing disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors into surface waters. In this study, the characteristics of sandstorm-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its DBP formation potential were elucidated. Overall, sandstorm-derived DOM mainly consisted of low-molecular-weight, low-aromaticity, high-nitrogen organic matter, with a dissolved organic carbon (DOC) release yield of 14.4 mg-DOC/g. The halogenated DBP formation potential (calculated as total organic halogen) of sandstorm-derived DOM was comparable to that of surface water, while the normalized DBP-associated toxicity was 1.96 times higher. Similar to DOM introduced by other depositional pathways, sandstorm-derived DOM also had higher yields of highly cytotoxic DBPs (haloacetaldehydes [HALs], haloacetonitriles [HANs] and halonitromethanes [HNMs]). The average atmospheric deposition flux for DOM during the sandstorm event (50.4 ± 2.1 kg km-2 day-1) was 6.95 times higher than that of dry deposition, indicating a higher probability of contaminant input. Simultaneously, the estimation revealed that the sandstorm will increase the formation potential of toxicity forcing agents, such as HALs, HANs and HNMs, in surface water by 3.87%, 2.39% and 9.04%, respectively. Considering the high frequency of sandstorm events and the sorption of other organic pollutants by sand and dust, the impact of sandstorms on surface water quality should be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Centre, Jinan 250101, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Centre, Jinan 250101, China.
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai 200092, China.
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13
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Lau S, Feng Y, Gu AZ, Russell C, Pope G, Mitch WA. Cytotoxicity Comparison between Drinking Water Treated by Chlorination with Postchloramination versus Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) with Postchlorination. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:13699-13709. [PMID: 37640368 PMCID: PMC10501121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Granular activated carbon treatment with postchlorination (GAC/Cl2) and chlorination followed by chloramination (Cl2/NH2Cl) represent two options for utilities to reduce DBP formation in drinking water. To compare the total cytotoxicity of waters treated by a pilot-scale GAC treatment system with postchlorination (and in some instances with prechlorination upstream of GAC (i.e., (Cl2)/GAC/Cl2)) and chlorination/chloramination (Cl2/NH2Cl) at ambient and elevated Br- and I- levels and at three different GAC ages, we applied the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cytotoxicity assay to whole-water extracts in conjunction with calculations of the cytotoxicity contributed by the 33 (semi)volatile DBPs lost during extractions. At both ambient and elevated Br- and I- levels, GAC/Cl2 and Cl2/NH2Cl achieved comparable reductions in the formation of regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Nonetheless, GAC/Cl2 always resulted in lower total cytotoxicity than Cl2/NH2Cl, even at up to 65% total organic carbon breakthrough. Prechlorination formed (semi)volatile DBPs that were removed by the GAC, yet there was no substantial difference in total cytotoxicity between Cl2/GAC/Cl2 and GAC/Cl2. The poorly characterized fraction of DBPs captured by the bioassay dominated the total cytotoxicity when the source water contained ambient levels of Br- and I-. When the water was spiked with Br- and I-, the known, unregulated (semi)volatile DBPs and the uncharacterized fraction of DBPs were comparable contributors to total cytotoxicity; the contributions of regulated THMs and HAAs were comparatively minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie
S. Lau
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yinmei Feng
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, 220 Hollister Hall, 527 College Ave, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - April Z. Gu
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Cornell University, 220 Hollister Hall, 527 College Ave, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Caroline Russell
- Carollo
Engineers, Inc., 8911 Capital of Texas Hwy North, Suite 2200, Austin, Texas 78759, United States
| | - Greg Pope
- Carollo
Engineers, Inc., 8911 Capital of Texas Hwy North, Suite 2200, Austin, Texas 78759, United States
| | - William A. Mitch
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Zhang T, Jiang R, Fang L, Liu X, Jiang L. Chlorination of L-tyrosine and metal complex: degradation kinetics and disinfection by-products generation. Environ Technol 2023; 44:3532-3543. [PMID: 35392772 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2064239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of metal ions in drinking water treatment and distribution systems may affect the disinfection process of organic matter, which had aroused people's concern. L-tyrosine can complex with metal ions through carboxyl, carbonyl, and amino groups and affect its chemical reactions. In this paper, the complexation of L-tyrosine with common metal ions was studied and the influence of complexation on chlorination with different experimental factors was investigated. It was inferred that L-tyrosine complexed with metal ions by single dentate ligand or double dentate chelation in a ratio of 2:1. The degradation of L-tyrosine-metal complex followed the pseudo-first-order reaction kinetic. TCM, DCAA, and TCAA were the main species DBPs in the chlorination of L-tyrosine. Compared with L-tyrosine, the reaction rate constants of complex increased by 5.6%, the formation of trihalomethane production decreased by 21.5% and the formation of haloacetic acids production increased by 26.9% at the state of metal complexation. The effect of metal complexation on chlorination was more obvious than that of metal coexistence. For different metal complexation, the order of inhibition on trihalomethane production was Ca2+> Fe3+> Mn2+ and the order of promotion on haloacetic acids production was Mn2+> Fe3+> Ca2+. Moreover, it was found that alkaline conditions were favorable for the formation of DBPs due to the hydroxyl radical. The combination of ultraviolet and chlorine disinfection promoted L-Tyrosine degradation and DBPs generation, and the promotion efficiency follow the order: UV/Cl2> UV-Cl2> Cl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuqiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijie Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- College of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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15
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Ahmadpour E, Delpla I, Debia M, Simard S, Proulx F, Sérodes JB, Valois I, Tardif R, Haddad S, Rodriguez M. Full-scale multisampling and empirical modeling of DBPs in water and air of indoor pools. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:1128. [PMID: 37650940 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed in the water in swimming pools due to reactions between disinfectants (chlorine, bromine, ozone) and the organic matter introduced by bathers and supply water. High concentrations of DBPs are also reported in the air of indoor swimming pools. Based on a robust multisampling program, the levels and variations of DBPs in the air (trichloramine [TCAM] and trihalomethanes [THMs]) and water (THM) were assessed, as well as their precursors (total organic carbon, water temperature, pH, free, and total chlorine) and proxies (CO2 and relative humidity) in four indoor chlorinated swimming pools. High-frequency sampling was conducted during one high-attendance day for each pool. This study focused on parameters that are easy to measure in order to develop models for predicting levels of THMs and TCAM in the air. The results showed that the number of bathers had an important impact on the levels of THMs and TCAM, with a two-to-three-fold increase in air chloroform (up to 110 μg/m3) and a two-to-four-fold increase in TCAM (up to 0.52 mg/m3) shortly after pools opened. The results of this study for the first time showed that CO2 and relative humidity can serve as proxies for monitoring variations in airborne THMs and TCAM. Our results highlight the good predictive capacity of the developed models and their potential for use in day-to-day monitoring. This could help optimize and control DBPs formation in the air of indoor swimming pools and reduce contaminant exposure for both pool employees and users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ahmadpour
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Universite de Montreal, 2900, Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ianis Delpla
- Ecole superieure d'amenagement du territoire et de developpement regional (ESAD), Université Laval, Pavillon F-A. Savard, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, local 1612, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Maximilien Debia
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Universite de Montreal, 2900, Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sabrina Simard
- Ecole superieure d'amenagement du territoire et de developpement regional (ESAD), Université Laval, Pavillon F-A. Savard, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, local 1612, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - François Proulx
- Ecole superieure d'amenagement du territoire et de developpement regional (ESAD), Université Laval, Pavillon F-A. Savard, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, local 1612, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sérodes
- Ecole superieure d'amenagement du territoire et de developpement regional (ESAD), Université Laval, Pavillon F-A. Savard, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, local 1612, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Isabelle Valois
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Universite de Montreal, 2900, Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Robert Tardif
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Universite de Montreal, 2900, Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Universite de Montreal, 2900, Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- Ecole superieure d'amenagement du territoire et de developpement regional (ESAD), Université Laval, Pavillon F-A. Savard, 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, local 1612, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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16
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Sun Y, Wang YX, Mustieles V, Shan Z, Zhang Y, Messerlian C. Blood trihalomethane concentrations and allergic sensitization: A nationwide cross-sectional study. Sci Total Environ 2023; 871:162100. [PMID: 36764558 PMCID: PMC10006400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to disinfection by-products has been associated with several allergic diseases, but its association with allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies remains inconclusive. METHODS We included 932 U.S. adolescents and 2187 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006 who had quantified blood THM concentrations [chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform (TBM)] and 19 allergen-specific IgE antibodies. The odds ratios (ORs) of allergen-specific sensitization per 2.7-fold increment in blood THM concentrations were estimated by multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS Blood THM concentrations were unrelated to any allergen-specific sensitization in adults. Among adolescents, however, we found positive associations between blood TCM and chlorinated THMs (Cl-THMs: sum of TCM, BDCM, and DBCM) concentrations and the odds of pet sensitization [OR = 1.28 (95 % CI: 1.05, 1.55) and 1.38 (1.15, 1.65), respectively, per each 2.7-fold increment], between blood BDCM concentrations and the odds of mold [OR = 1.47 (1.24, 1.74)], plant [OR = 1.25 (1.09, 1.43)], pet [OR = 1.27 (1.07, 1.52)], and food sensitization [OR = 1.18 (1.03, 1.36)], and between blood brominated THM (Br-THMs: sum of BDCM, DBCM, and TBM) and total THM (TTHMs: sum of 4 THMs) concentrations and the odds of mold [OR = 1.52 (1.30 1.78) and 1.30 (1.03, 1.65), respectively], dust mite [OR = 1.39 (1.06, 1.82) and 1.45 (1.06, 1.98), respectively], and pet sensitization [OR = 1.42 (1.05, 1.92) and 1.54 (1.19, 1.98), respectively]. CONCLUSION Higher blood concentrations of THMs were associated with a greater risk of allergic sensitization among U.S. adolescents but not in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- University of Granada, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs GRANADA, 18016 Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Zhilei Shan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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17
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Yao Z, Wang M, Jia R, Zhao Q, Liu L, Sun S. Comparison of UV-based advanced oxidation processes for the removal of different fractions of NOM from drinking water. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 126:387-395. [PMID: 36503765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effectiveness for degradation of hydrophobic (HPO), transphilic (TPI) and hydrophilic (HPI) fractions of natural organic matter (NOM) during UV/H2O2, UV/TiO2 and UV/K2S2O8 (UV/PS) advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The changing characteristics of NOM were evaluated by dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the specific UV absorbance (SUVA), trihalomethanes formation potential (THMFP), organic halogen adsorbable on activated carbon formation potential (AOXFP) and parallel factor analysis of excitation-emission matrices (PARAFAC-EEMs). In the three UV-based AOPs, HPI fraction with low molecular weight and aromaticity was more likely to degradate than HPO and TPI, and the removal efficiency of SUVA for HPO was much higher than TPI and HPI fraction. In terms of the specific THMFP of HPO, TPI and HPI, a reduction was achieved in the UV/H2O2 process, and the higest removal rate even reached to 83%. UV/TiO2 and UV/PS processes can only decrease the specific THMFP of HPI. The specific AOXFP of HPO, TPI and HPI fractions were all able to be degraded by the three UV-based AOPs, and HPO content is more susceptible to decompose than TPI and HPI content. UV/H2O2 was found to be the most effective treatment for the removal of THMFP and AOXFP under given conditions. C1 (microbial or marine derived humic-like substances), C2 (terrestrially derived humic-like substances) and C3 (tryptophan-like proteins) fluorescent components of HPO fraction were fairly labile across the UV-based AOPs treatment. C3 of each fraction of NOM was the most resistant to degrade upon the UV-based AOPs. Results from this study may provide the prediction about the consequence of UV-based AOPs for the degradation of different fractions of NOM with varied characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Yao
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Mingquan Wang
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan 250101, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhao
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Li Liu
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Shaohua Sun
- Shandong Province City Water Supply and Drainage Water Quality Monitoring Center, Jinan 250101, China
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18
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Kumar M, Shekhar S, Kumar R, Kumar P, Govarthanan M, Chaminda T. Drinking water treatment and associated toxic byproducts: Concurrence and urgence. Environ Pollut 2023; 320:121009. [PMID: 36634860 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed water is highly required for environmental sustainability and to meet sustainable development goals (SDGs). Chemical processes are frequently associated with highly hazardous and toxic by-products, like nitrosamines, trihalomethanes, haloaldehydes, haloketones, and haloacetic acids. In this context, we aim to summarize the formation of various commonly produced disinfection by-products (DBPs) during wastewater treatment and their treatment approaches. Owing to DBPs formation, we discussed permissible limits, concentrations in various water systems reported globally, and their consequences on humans. While most reviews focus on DBPs detection methods, this review discusses factors affecting DBPs formation and critically reviews various remediation approaches, such as adsorption, reverse osmosis, nano/micro-filtration, UV treatment, ozonation, and advanced oxidation process. However, research in the detection of hazardous DBPs and their removal is quite at an early and initial stage, and therefore, numerous advancements are required prior to scale-up at commercial level. DBPs abatement in wastewater treatment approach should be considered. This review provides the baseline for optimizing DBPs formation and advancements in the remediation process, efficiently reducing their production and providing safe, clean drinking water. Future studies should focus on a more efficient and rigorous understanding of DBPs properties and degradation of hazardous pollutants using low-cost techniques in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterey, Monterrey, 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
| | - Shashank Shekhar
- Sustainability Cluster, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Ecology and Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, 803116, Bihar, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, South Korea; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India
| | - Tushara Chaminda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Galle, Sri Lanka
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19
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Peterson ES, Summers RS, Cook SM. Control of Pre-formed Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts with Reuse Biofiltration. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:2516-2526. [PMID: 36724198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproduct (DBP) pre-formation is a major issue when prechlorination is used before or during advanced treatment of impacted drinking water sources. Control strategies for pre-formed DBPs before final disinfection, especially for currently nonregulated although highly toxic DBP species, are not yet established. This study evaluated the biodegradation potential of pre-formed DBPs, including haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloacetamides (HAMs), and haloacetaldehydes (HALs), during biofiltration with sand, anthracite, and biological activated carbon of three wastewater effluents under potable reuse conditions. Up to 90%+ removal of di- and trihalogenated HANs, HAMs, and HALs was observed, and removal was associated with active heterotrophic biomass and removal of biodegradable organic carbon. Unlike the microbial dehalogenation pathway of haloacetic acids (HAAs), removal of HANs and HAMs appeared to result from a biologically mediated hydrolysis pathway (i.e., HANs to HAMs and HAAs) that may be prone to inhibition. After prechlorination, biofiltration effectively controlled pre-formed DBP concentrations (e.g., from 271 μg/L to as low as 22 μg/L in total) and DBP-associated calculated toxicity (e.g., 96%+ reduction). Abiotic residual adsorption capacity in biological activated carbon media was important for controlling trihalomethanes. Overall, the toxicity-driving DBP species exhibited high biodegradation potential and biofiltration showed significant promise as a pre-formed DBP control technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Peterson
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 428 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - R Scott Summers
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 428 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sherri M Cook
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 428 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Pan R, Lin YL, Zhang TY, Wei XL, Dong ZY, Hu CY, Tang YL, Xu B. Sequential combination of pre-chlorination and powdered activated carbon adsorption on iodine removal and I-THMs control in drinking water. Chemosphere 2023; 313:137529. [PMID: 36529176 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Combining pre-oxidation with activated carbon adsorption was explored as an ideal approach for removing iodine from water source to eliminate the formation of Iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs). Compared with permanganate and monochloramine, chlorine is more suitable as pre-oxidant to obtain higher active iodine species (HOI/I2). Active iodine species adsorption using both powdered activated carbon (PAC) and granular activated carbon (GAC) can be well fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model indicating that chemical adsorption was the dominant mechanism for HOI/I2 adsorption. The average pore size of activated carbons was the most strongly correlated with the adsorption capacity (R2 > 0.98), followed by methylene blue (R2 > 0.76), pore volume (R2 > 0.70) and iodine number (R2 > 0.67). Moreover, three models, including intraparticle diffusion, Byod kinetic, and diffusion-chemisorption were used to illustrate the mechanisms of HOI/I2 adsorption. Chemical adsorption was the dominant mechanism for HOI/I2 adsorption. In summary, at the molar ratio of [NaClO] and [I-] as 1.2, pre-chloriantion time of 5 min, subsequently dosage of 15 mg/L of PAC E with 20 min adsorption can remove 79.8% iodine. In addition, the combined process can eliminate 61%-87.2% of I-THMs in the subsequent chlor(am)ination. The results indicate that pre-chlorination combined with PAC can effectively removed HOI/I2 and attenuate I-THMs formation in the subsequent disinfection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xiu-Li Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yu-Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
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21
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Song J, Wang J, Wang D. Changes in the structural characteristics of EfOM during coagulation by aluminum chloride and the effect on the formation of disinfection byproducts. J Environ Manage 2023; 326:116850. [PMID: 36436437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of coagulation on the removal efficiency of different fractions of effluent organic matter (EfOM) from wastewater treatment plants were investigated to identify changes in their structural characteristics and the influences on trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) and haloacetic acid formation potential (HAAFP). The results indicated that coagulation performed better for the removal of hydrophobic base (HOB) and hydrophobic neutral (HON) fractions than hydrophilic (HI) and hydrophobic acid (HOA) fractions. The removal efficiency was higher under neutral than under acidic conditions for all fractions. As a result, lower levels of THMFP and HAAFP were detected at pH7. The excitation-emission matrix spectra indicated that the HI fraction contained humic acid-like substances that reacted with chlorine to form THMs. The HON fraction contained soluble microbial byproduct-like substances with a higher potential to create HAAs. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high-pressure size exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC) of the raw and coagulated water indicated that a higher molecular weight, α-carbon, COOH, aromatic structures, and polysaccharides were associated with a higher production of disinfection byproducts (DBP). These results elucidate the coagulation efficiencies of EfOM fractions associated with different mechanisms and facilitate the prediction of DBP formation by each fraction based on specific structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Song
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei Province, 056038, China.
| | - Juncheng Wang
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei Province, 056038, China
| | - Dongyun Wang
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei Province, 056038, China
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Pérez-Lucas G, Martínez-Menchón M, Vela N, Navarro S. Removal assessment of disinfection by-products (DBPs) from drinking water supplies by solar heterogeneous photocatalysis: A case study of trihalomethanes (THMs). J Environ Manage 2022; 321:115936. [PMID: 35981503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solar heterogeneous photocatalysis was used to remove trihalomethanes (THMs) from drinking water. THMs, mainly trichloromethane (TCM), tribromomethane (TBM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM) and dibromochloromethane (DBCM) are one of the main class of disinfection by-products (DBPs). THMs were determined by HSGC-MS with detection limits (LODs) ranging from 0.5 μg L-1 to 0.9 μg L-1 for TCM and BDCM, respectively. Results show that a great proportion of THMs present in water are finally transferred to air as a result of their high volatility in the order TCM > BDCM > DBCM > TBM. The use of band-gap semiconductor materials (TiO2 and mainly ZnO) used as photocatalysts in combination with Na2S2O8 as electron acceptor and sulfate radical anion (SO4•-) generator enhanced the photooxidation of all THMs as compared to photolytic test. The time required for 50% of THMs to disappear (DT50) from water calculated for the most effective treatment (ZnO/Na2S2O8) were 12, 42, 57 and 61 min for TCM, TBM, BDCM, and DBCM, respectively. Therefore, solar heterogeneous photocatalysis can be considered as an interesting strategy for THMs removal, especially in sunny areas like Mediterranean basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Pérez-Lucas
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina Martínez-Menchón
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nuria Vela
- Applied Technology Group to Environmental Health. Faculty of Health Science, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de Los Jerónimos, s/n. Guadalupe, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - Simón Navarro
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Du Z, Ding S, Xiao R, Fang C, Song W, Jia R, Chu W. Does Snowfall Introduce Disinfection By-product Precursors to Surface Water? Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:14487-14497. [PMID: 36196960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Snow with large specific surface area and strong adsorption capacity can effectively adsorb atmospheric pollutants, which could/might lead to the increase of disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors in surface water. In this study, the contents and characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in meltwater were investigated, and DBP formation and the DBP-associated cytotoxicity index during chlorination of meltwater was first explored. Overall, meltwater exhibited high nitrogen contents. Meltwater-derived DOM was mainly composed of organics with low molecular weights, low aromaticity, and high unsaturated degrees. DBP formation potentials and cytotoxicity indexes in chlorinated meltwater were positively correlated with air quality index and were significantly impacted by snowfall stages. The trihalomethane and haloacetic acid yields from meltwater were relatively low, while yields of highly cytotoxic DBPs, especially halonitromethanes (6.3-10.8 μg-HNMs/mg-DOC), were significantly higher than those of surface water (1.7 μg-HNMs/mg-DOC). Notably, unsaturated nonaromatic organic nitrates in meltwater were important precursors of halonitromethanes. The actual monitoring results showed that snowfall significant increased the haloacetaldehydes and nitrogenous DBP formation levels of surface water. Considering increased DBP formation and DBP-associated toxicity, it was demonstrated that DOM derived from snowfall in atmosphere-polluted areas could deteriorate surface water quality and pose potential risks to drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan250101, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai200092, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai200092, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai200092, China
| | - Wuchang Song
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan250101, China
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Centre, Jinan250101, China
| | - Ruibao Jia
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan250101, China
- Shandong Province Water Supply and Drainage Monitoring Centre, Jinan250101, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai200092, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Shanghai200092, China
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Ndagijimana P, Liu X, Xu Q, Li Z, Pan B, Liao X, Wang Y. Nanoscale zero-valent iron/silver@activated carbon-reduced graphene oxide: Efficient removal of trihalomethanes from drinking water. Sci Total Environ 2022; 839:156228. [PMID: 35643141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AC-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron composites (nZVI/AC) exhibit significant environmental implications for trihalomethanes (THMs)-contaminated water remediation. To improve the adsorption and degradation capability of AC, herein, a composite (nZVI/Ag@AC-RGO) consisting of AC, reduced graphene oxide (RGO), nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), and silver (Ag) was synthesized and characterized using several techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The analysis of textural and morphological structures showed that a tightly-attached RGO film, amorphous iron, and weak crystal silver nanoparticles with a size of 20-30 nm were evenly immobilized on the support. Specific surface area increased by 19.12% after supporting RGO, while it decreased after supporting nZVI and Ag due to the partial blockage of micropores. The Fe surface was concurrently coated by iron oxides (Fe2O3, FeOOH) and Ag. THMs were eliminated through multilayer reaction processes. The values of the adsorption constant (KF) of chloroform (CHCl3), dichlorobromoethane (CHBrCl2), dibromochloroethane (CHBr2Cl), and tribromomethane (CHBr3) adsorbed by nZVI/Ag@AC-RGO increased by 34.4, 33.7, 81.6, and 67.3%, respectively, compared to pristine AC. THMs with more Br atoms exhibited better removal efficiency and adsorption capacity, along with a higher oxidation degree of the Fe surface. CHBrCl2 and CHBr2Cl mainly decomposed into chloromethane (CH3Cl) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), and CHBr3 and CHCl3 primarily degraded into dibromomethane (CH2Br2) and CH2Cl2, respectively, along with generating Cl- and Br-. Conclusively, THMs-contaminated water could be remediated by coupling AC pre-enrichment and the reactivity of nZVI/Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamphile Ndagijimana
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Qingxin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Beibei Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xu Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Li J, Aziz MT, Granger CO, Richardson SD. Halocyclopentadienes: An Emerging Class of Toxic DBPs in Chlor(am)inated Drinking Water. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:11387-11397. [PMID: 35938673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although >700 disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been identified to date, most DBPs in drinking water are still unknown. Identifying unknown DBPs is an important step for improving drinking water quality because known DBPs do not fully account for the adverse health effects noted in epidemiologic studies. Using gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry, six chloro- and bromo-halocyclopentadienes (HCPDs) were identified in chlorinated and chloraminated drinking water via non-target analysis; five HCPDs are reported for the first time as new alicyclic DBPs. Formation pathways were also proposed. Simulated disinfection experiments with Suwannee River natural organic matter (NOM) confirm that NOM is a precursor for these new DBPs. Further, HCPDs are more abundant in chlorinated drinking water (real and simulated) when compared to chloraminated drinking water due to the higher reactivity of chlorine. Of these new DBPs, 1,2,3,4,5,5-hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene is approximately 100,000× more toxic (in vivo) than regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) and 20-2000× more toxic than halobenzoquinones, halophenols, and halogenated pyridinols using the available median lethal dose (LD50) and concentration for 50% of maximal effective concentration (EC50) of DBPs to aquatic organisms. The predicted bioconcentration factors of these HCPDs range from 384 to 3980, which are 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than those for regulated and priority DBPs (including THMs, HAAs, halobenzoquinones, haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides, halonitromethanes, haloacetaldehydes, iodo-THMs, and iodo-HAAs). Thus, HCPDs are an important emerging class of DBPs that should be studied to better understand their impact on drinking water quality and long-term human health exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, South Carolina, United States
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Md Tareq Aziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, South Carolina, United States
| | - Caroline O Granger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, South Carolina, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, South Carolina, United States
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Induvesa P, Ratanatawanate C, Wongrueng A, Punyapalakul P. Selective adsorption mechanisms of iodinated trihalomethanes onto thiol-functionalized HKUST-1s in a mixed solute. J Environ Manage 2022; 315:115099. [PMID: 35500481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The selective adsorption mechanisms involved in the competitive adsorption of five iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) onto dithiolglycol and (3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxy functionalized HKUST-1 (HK-SH and HK-MPTS, respectively) were investigated by single- and mixed-batch adsorption. HK-SH had the highest adsorption rates and capacities for the five I-THMs, followed by HK-MPTS and pristine HKUST-1, even though the porosity and surface area decreased after modification. The primary adsorptive mechanism of HK-SH consists of ion-dipole interactions of I-THMs with the protonated hydroxyl and thiol groups at the metal (Cu) node, which is supported by Lewis acid-base reactions via Cu-Cu complex and π-π interactions. In a mixed solute, bromodiiodomethane, which was the most hydrophobic and had the smallest molecular size, exhibited the most competitive adsorption on HK-SH. In contrast, the selective adsorption of I-THMs onto HK-MPTS was affected by their log Kow values, causing hydrophobic partitioning onto the alkyl chain of the mercaptopropyl group. Iodinated haloforms tend to achieve a higher adsorption rate and capacity than chlorinated and brominated haloforms via hydrophobic partitioning. Moreover, dithiolglycol grafted onto HK-SH can better promote the excellent selective adsorption performance of iodoacetamide than dichloroiodomethane and iodoacetic acid in both single- and mixed-solute solutions due to hydrogen bonding via the -NH2 group of diiodoacetamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phacharapol Induvesa
- International Postgraduate Programs in Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chalita Ratanatawanate
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand; Research Network of NANOTEC - CU on Environment, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Aunnop Wongrueng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Patiparn Punyapalakul
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Research Unit Control of Emerging Micropollutants in Environment, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Research Network of NANOTEC - CU on Environment, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Wang J, Zhang J, Liu J, Hou N, Li Q, Zhou G, Li K, Mu Y. Generation of iodinated trihalomethanes during chloramination in the presence of solid copper corrosion products. Water Res 2022; 220:118630. [PMID: 35609430 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper water pipelines are widely used in water distribution systems, but the effects of solid copper corrosion products (CCPs) including CuO, Cu2O and Cu2(OH)2CO3 on the generation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) during chloramination remain unknown. This study found that the formation of I-THMs during chloramination of humic acid (HA) was inhibited by the presence of CuO and Cu2O, but promoted with the addition of Cu2(OH)2CO3. The negative effect of CuO and Cu2O is mainly exerted by promoting the decay of both NH2Cl and HOI. Although Cu2(OH)2CO3 also accelerated the decomposition of NH2Cl and HOI, it was found that the complexes formed between Cu2(OH)2CO3 and HA facilitated, through carboxyl functional groups, the reaction between HA and HOI, leading to an enhancement of I-THM generation during chloramination, which was further confirmed by model compound experiments. Additionally, this study demonstrated that the effects of solid CCPs on I-THM generation during chloramination were solid CCP- and HA-concentration dependent, but almost unaffected by different initial I- and Br- concentrations. This study provides new insights into the health risks caused by the corrosion of copper water pipelines, especially in areas intruded by sea water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Instrumental Analysis Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Nannan Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Qi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guannan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kewan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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28
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Zhang S, Lin YL, Zhang TY, Hu CY, Liu Z, Dong ZY, Xu MY, Xu B. Insight into the formation of iodinated trihalomethanes during chlorination, monochloramination, and dichloramination of iodide-containing water. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:285-294. [PMID: 35725081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the formation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) was systematically evaluated and compared for three treatment processes - (i) chlorination, (ii) monochloramine, and (iii) dichloramination - under different pH conditions. The results demonstrated that I-THM formation decreased in the order of monochloramination > dichloramination > chlorination in acidic and neutral pH. However, the generation of I-THMs increased in the dichloramination < chlorination < monochloramination order in alkaline condition. Specifically, the formation of I-THMs increased as pH increased from 5 to 9 during chlorination and monochloramination processes, while the maximum I-THM formation occurred at pH 7 during dichloramination. The discrepancy could be mainly related to the stability of the three chlor (am) ine disinfectants at different pH conditions. Moreover, in order to gain a thorough insight into the mechanisms of I-THM formation during dichloramination, further investigation was conducted on the influencing factors of DOC concentration and Br-/I- molar ratio. I-THM formation exhibited an increasing and then decreasing trend as the concentration of DOC increased from 1 to 7 mg-C/L, while the yield of I-THMs increased with increasing Br-/I- molar ratio from 5:0 to 5:10. During the three processes mentioned above, similar I-THM formation results were also obtained in real water, which indicates that the excessive generation of I-THMs should be paid special attention during the disinfection of iodide-containing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, "National" Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Chinese Taipei
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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Liu Y, Liu K, Plewa MJ, Karanfil T, Liu C. Formation of regulated and unregulated disinfection byproducts during chlorination and chloramination: Roles of dissolved organic matter type, bromide, and iodide. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 117:151-160. [PMID: 35725067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Algal blooms and wastewater effluents can introduce algal organic matter (AOM) and effluent organic matter (EfOM) into surface waters, respectively. In this study, the impact of bromide and iodide on the formation of halogenated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination and chloramination from various types of dissolved organic matter (DOM, e.g., natural organic matter (NOM), AOM, and EfOM) were investigated based on the data collected from literature. In general, higher formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) was observed in NOM than AOM and EfOM, indicating high reactivities of phenolic moieties with both chlorine and monochloramine. The formation of haloacetaldehydes (HALs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloacetamides (HAMs) was much lower than THMs and HAAs. Increasing initial bromide concentrations increased the formation of THMs, HAAs, HANs, and HAMs, but not HALs. Bromine substitution factor (BSF) values of DBPs formed in chlorination decreased as specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) increased. AOM favored the formation of iodinated THMs (I-THMs) during chloramination using preformed chloramines and chlorination-chloramination processes. Increasing prechlorination time can reduce the I-THM concentrations because of the conversion of iodide to iodate, but this increased the formation of chlorinated and brominated DBPs. In an analogous way, iodine substitution factor (ISF) values of I-THMs formed in chloramination decreased as SUVA values of DOM increased. Compared to chlorination, the formation of noniodinated DBPs is low in chloramination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Keqiang Liu
- Water Conservancy Development Research Center, Taihu Basin Authority, Ministry of Water Resources, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, and the Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Sun Y, Wang YX, Mustieles V, Zhang Y, Pan XF, Messerlian C. Blood trihalomethane concentrations and lung function in US adolescents: a nationally representative cross-sectional study. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:2200753. [PMID: 35680146 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00753-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- University of Granada, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs Granada, Granada, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Granada, Spain
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiong-Fei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Bhattacharyya S, Borne K, Ziaee F, Pathak S, Wang E, Venkatachalam AS, Li X, Marshall N, Carnes KD, Fehrenbach CW, Severt T, Ben-Itzhak I, Rudenko A, Rolles D. Strong-Field-Induced Coulomb Explosion Imaging of Tribromomethane. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5845-5853. [PMID: 35727076 PMCID: PMC9252187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Coulomb explosion of tribromomethane (bromoform, CHBr3) induced by 28 fs near-infrared laser pulses is investigated by three-dimensional coincidence ion momentum imaging. We focus on the fragmentation into three, four, and five ionic fragments measured in coincidence and present different ways of visualizing the three-dimensional momentum correlations. We show that the experimentally observed momentum correlations for 4- and 5-fold coincidences are well reproduced by classical Coulomb explosion simulations and contain information about the structure of the parent molecule that could be used to differentiate structural isomers formed, for example, in a pump-probe experiment. Our results thus provide a clear path toward visualizing structural dynamics in polyatomic molecules by strong-field-induced Coulomb explosion imaging.
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32
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Allen JM, Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, Wei X, Bokenkamp K, Hur K, Jia A, Liberatore HK, Lee CFT, Shirkhani R, Krasner SW, Richardson SD. Feel the Burn: Disinfection Byproduct Formation and Cytotoxicity during Chlorine Burn Events. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:8245-8254. [PMID: 35638116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrification and biofilm growth within distribution systems remain major issues for drinking water treatment plants utilizing chloramine disinfection. Many chloraminated plants periodically switch to chlorine disinfection for several weeks to mitigate these issues, known as "chlorine burns". The evaluation of disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation during chlorine burns beyond regulated DBPs is scarce. Here, we quantified an extensive suite of 80 regulated and emerging, unregulated DBPs from 10 DBP classes in drinking water from two U.S. drinking water plants during chlorine burn and chloramination treatments. Total organic halogen (TOX), including total organic chlorine, total organic bromine, and total organic iodine, was also quantified, and mammalian cell cytotoxicity of whole water mixtures was assessed in chlorine burn waters for the first time. TOX and most DBPs increased in concentration during chlorine burns, and one emerging DBP, trichloroacetaldehyde, reached 99 μg/L. THMs and HAAs reached concentrations of 249 and 271 μg/L, respectively. Two highly cytotoxic nitrogenous DBP classes, haloacetamides and haloacetonitriles, increased during chlorine burns, reaching up to 14.2 and 19.3 μg/L, respectively. Cytotoxicity did not always increase from chloramine treatment to chlorine burn, but a 100% increase in cytotoxicity was observed for one plant. These data highlight that consumer DBP exposure during chlorine burns can be substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Katherine Bokenkamp
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kyu Hur
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ai Jia
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Hannah K Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Chih-Fen T Lee
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Raha Shirkhani
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Stuart W Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Water Quality Laboratory, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Liu Z, Lin YL, Zhang TY, Hu CY, Zheng ZX, Tang YL, Cao TC, Xu B, Gao NY. Enhanced formation of iodinated trihalomethanes in a mixed chlorine/chloramine system and attenuation by UV-activated process. J Hazard Mater 2022; 429:128370. [PMID: 35121291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs) have drawn increasing concerns due to their higher toxicity than those of their chlorinated and brominated analogues. In this study, I-THM formation was firstly evaluated for three treatment scenarios - (i) chlorine alone, (ii) chloramine alone, and (iii) mixed chlorine/chloramine - in the presence and absence of UV irradiation for the iodide-containing humic acid solution or natural water. The results indicated that I-THM formation decreased in the order of mixed chlorination/chloramination > chloramination > > chlorination, which fitted the trend of toxicity evaluation results using Chinese hamster ovary cells. Conversely, total organic halide concentration decreased in the order of chlorination > > chloramination ≈ mixed chlorination/chloramination. Besides, I-THM formation can be efficiently controlled in a UV-activated mixed chlorine/chloramine system. Influencing factors including pH values and Br-/I- molar ratios were also systematically investigated in a mixed chlorine/chloramine system. Enhanced I-THM formation was observed with increasing pH values (6.0-8.0) and Br-/I- molar ratios (1: 1-10: 1). The results obtained in this study can provide new insights into the increasing risk of I-THM formation in a mixed chlorine/chloramine system and the effective control of I-THMs in the iodide-containing water using UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Zheng-Xiong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yu-Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tong-Cheng Cao
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Nai-Yun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Hu Z, Yang L, Han J, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Jin Y, Sheng Y, Zhu L, Hu B. Human viruses lurking in the environment activated by excessive use of COVID-19 prevention supplies. Environ Int 2022; 163:107192. [PMID: 35354102 PMCID: PMC8938188 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to extensive COVID-19 prevention measures, millions of tons of chemicals penetrated into natural environment. Alterations of human viruses in the environment, the neglected perceiver of environmental fluctuations, remain obscure. To decipher the interaction between human viruses and COVID-19 related chemicals, environmental samples were collected on March 2020 from surroundings of designated hospitals and receivers of wastewater treatment plant effluent in Wuhan. The virus community and chemical concentration were respectively unveiled in virtue of virome and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The complex relationship between virus and chemical was ulteriorly elaborated by random forest model. As an indicator, environmental viruses were corroborated to sensitively reflect the ecological disturbance originated from pandemic prevention supplies. Chemicals especially trihalomethanes restrained the virus community diversity. Confronting this adverse scenario, Human gammaherpesvirus 4 and Orf virus with resistance to trihalomethanes flourished while replication potential of Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 ascended under glucocorticoids stress. Consequently, human viruses lurking in the environment were actuated by COVID-19 prevention chemicals, which was a constant burden to public health in this ongoing pandemic. Besides, segments of SARS-CoV-2 RNA were detected near designated hospitals, suggesting environment as a missing link in the transmission route. This research innovatively underlined the human health risk of pandemic prevention supplies from the virus - environment interaction, appealing for monitoring of environmental viruses in long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Hu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zishu Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yihao Jin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaqi Sheng
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, 310058 China.
| | - Baolan Hu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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35
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Jiang SS, Wang ZY, Gao Q, Yang YY, Gao FZ, Hua P, Ying GG. [Factor Analysis of Disinfection Byproduct Formation in Drinking Water Distribution Systems Through the Bayesian Network]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2022; 43:1512-1520. [PMID: 35258215 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202106138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water distribution systems are affected by multi-factors, such as basic water quality parameters, microbial community structures, and residual organic pollutants that cannot be removed by the water treatment process. The relationship between the above-mentioned factors that forms a complicated network structure, which causes the dominating factor that affects DBPs formation unclear. This study investigated the water quality in regional tap water in January-February 2021. Trihalomethanes were determined using P&T-GC-MS, and antibiotics and nitrosamines were determined using UPLC-MS/MS. Microbial communities were determined using Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A Bayesian network was constructed to evaluate the intercorrelation between the factors. Three species of trihalomethanes, six species of nitrosamines, 23 types of antibiotics, and 236 OTUs were detected in the tap water. The mass concentrations of trihalomethanes, nitrosamines, and antibiotics were 18.33-32.09 μg·L-1, 13.08-53.50 ng·L-1, and 47.92-210.33 ng·L-1, respectively. The dominant microbial orders were Rhizobiales and Caulobacterales. Based on the Bayesian-network inference, tetracycline, sulfonamides, and macrocyclic antibiotics were precursors of trihalomethanes, whereas tetracyclines were the nitrosamine precursor. The abundances of Caulobacterales and Corynebacteriales were both affected by antibiotics and associated with DBPs formation. The extracellular polymeric substances of these bacteria were highly suspected to be important DBPs precursors. The results of the proposed project revealed the internal relationship between multi-water-quality parameters and DBPs formation, which could provide a theoretical support to guarantee the safety of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Jiang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Quan Gao
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fang-Zhou Gao
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pei Hua
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Lou X, Liu Z, Fang C, Tang Y, Guan J, Guo Y, Zhang X, Shi Y, Huang D, Cai Y. Fate of sulfamethoxazole and potential formation of haloacetic acids during chlorine disinfection process in aquaculture water. Environ Res 2022; 204:111958. [PMID: 34478721 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There exist two common processes in fishery culture, i.e. antibiotic addition to reduce disease in fishery, and chlorination disinfection to inhibit infectious pathogenic microorganisms. However, antibiotic residues might play important reverse side roles for both aquaculture water pollution and potential formation of chlorination side products. Herein, the transformation behaviour, intermediates analyses and conversion pathway of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and potential generation of halogenated acetic acids (HAAs) in the process of chlorination in fishery water were examined, and the results revealed that the decomposing of SMX satisfied a pseudo first-order kinetic equation. Both the addition of available chlorine and high temperature had affirmative influences on the decontamination of SMX and production of HAAs, and the near-neutral pHs promoted the removal of SMX and generation of HAAs. Br- was favorable for the removal of SMX and yields of brominated acetic acids (Br-AAs). Based on the identified intermediate products, the transformation path of SMX in chlorination process was propounded, to wit, the C-S and S-N bonds in the SMX molecules were firstly cracked, and the primeval intermediate groups are then transformed to form chloroanilines, chlorophenols, etc., and subsequently, chlorophenols were chlorinated and ring-opened to generate toxic HAAs. This study might be meaningful to evaluate the effective removal of sulfonamide antibiotic residues and the potential generation of halogenated DBPs (H-DBPs) when chlorinated in aquaculture water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Lou
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Changling Fang
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yunyu Tang
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Jie Guan
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Yaoguang Guo
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China.
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yongfu Shi
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Youqiong Cai
- Laboratory of Quality Safety and Processing for Aquatic Product, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China
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Quivet E, Höhener P, Temime-Roussel B, Dron J, Revenko G, Verlande M, Lebaron K, Demelas C, Vassalo L, Boudenne JL. Underestimation of Anthropogenic Bromoform Released into the Environment? Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:1522-1533. [PMID: 35037465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bromoform (CHBr3) belongs to very-short-lived substances (VSLSs), which are important precursors of reactive bromine species (BrOx) contributing to tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry. To date, most models calculating bromine product emissions to the atmosphere only consider the natural production of CHBr3 from marine organisms such as macroalgae and phytoplankton. However, CHBr3 has many other anthropogenic sources (coastal industrial sites, desalination and wastewater plants, ballast waters, and seawater toilets) that may drastically increase the amounts emitted in the atmosphere. Here, we report the levels of CHBr3 released in water and air (according to real-time and offline measurements by proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD)) in a highly industrialized area where 3 million cubic meters of chlorinated seawater is released each day, which were measured during six field campaigns (at sea and on land) distributed over 3 years. The highest levels found during this survey (which were correlated to the physical-chemical characteristics of the water, meteorological and hydrological conditions, salinity, and temperature gradients along the water column) reached 34.6 μg L-1 in water (100-10 000 times higher than reported natural levels) and 3.9 ppbv in the air (100 times higher than the maximum reported value to date). These findings suggest the need to undertake sampling and analysis campaigns as close as possible to chlorinated discharges, as anthropogenic CHBr3 sources from industrial discharges may be a missing factor in global flux estimates or organic bromine to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Quivet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Höhener
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | | | - Julien Dron
- Institut écocitoyen pour la connaissance des pollutions, Centre de vie de la Fossette, RD 2668, 13270 Fos-sur-Mer, France
| | - Gautier Revenko
- Institut écocitoyen pour la connaissance des pollutions, Centre de vie de la Fossette, RD 2668, 13270 Fos-sur-Mer, France
| | - Maxime Verlande
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Karine Lebaron
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Carine Demelas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Vassalo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Boudenne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13003 Marseille, France
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38
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Liu JL, Han X, Zhang J, Wang HJ, Zhou MX, Li SW, Ma X, Wang Y, Liu AL. Total organic halogen in two drinking water supply systems: Occurrence, variations, and relationship with trihalomethanes. Chemosphere 2022; 288:132541. [PMID: 34648782 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal presence of overall disinfection by-products (DBPs) in two full-scale drinking water supply systems (DWSSs) were investigated using quantification of total organic halogen (TOX). The relationships of TOX with water quality parameters (especially the most regulated DBPs, trihalomethanes (THMs)) were also evaluated. The TOX levels ranged between 2.6 and 70.3 μg Cl/L and between 46.6 and 205.9 μg Cl/L in raw water and distribution water, respectively. The TOX concentration in water increased by an average of nine times after water treatment and varied slightly during distribution, suggesting that TOX in drinking water was mainly formed during chlorination disinfection rather than distribution. No clear seasonality in TOX level was observed. Positive correlations were found between raw water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) with an increase in TOX in treated water and between DOC level with TOX content in distributed water, emphasizing a key role of organics in TOX formation. Chloroform (TCM) was the dominant THM, followed by bromodichloromethane (BDCM) in the drinking water, and the levels of the other two measured THMs (dibromochloromethane and bromoform) were negligible. THM2 (sum of TCM and BDCM) made up average of 18% of the TOX, and was weakly correlated with TOX content (rs = 0.321; P < 0.05), implying that THM is not a suitable surrogate measure for TOX in drinking water. This study provides basic data on the occurrence and variation of TOX within conventional DWSSs and highlights the importance of using TOX measurements to obtain more accurate information about DBP occurrence, for exposure assessment and regulatory determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430024, China
| | - Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Wuhan Water Group Company Limited, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Huai-Ji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430024, China
| | | | - Shi-Wei Li
- Wuhan Water Group Company Limited, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Xuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Dehghani M, Shahsavani S, Mohammadpour A, Jafarian A, Arjmand S, Rasekhi MA, Dehghani S, Zaravar F, Derakhshan Z, Ferrante M, Oliveri Conti G. Determination of chloroform concentration and human exposure assessment in the swimming pool. Environ Res 2022; 203:111883. [PMID: 34391733 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the concentration of the by-products of chlorination in the swimming pool and estimate human health risk for the swimmers of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. In this study, the chloroform concentrations of 16 samples were measured using Gas Chromatography (GC). All the measured concentrations were less than the allowed amount announced by the World Health Organization (WHO). The results of the cancer risk (CR) and hazard index (HI) showed that the major exposure routes were found to be dermal during swimming and the 95 percentile of estimated CR and HI for the male group were 1.38 × 10-10 and 1.82 × 10-5 respectively, which is higher than the values of 5.48 × 10-10 and 2.25 × 10-5 respectively, for the women group. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the swimming exposure time (ET), and chloroform concentration were the most relevant variables in the health risk model. Therefore, knowledge about the sources of micro-pollutants in swimming pools might help promote the health methods of the pool environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansooreh Dehghani
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Shahsavani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Mohammadpour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arian Jafarian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Arjmand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Rasekhi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Dehghani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Foroozandeh Zaravar
- School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Zahra Derakhshan
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA) of Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Italy
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Wu Z, Tang Y, Li W, Qiang Z, Dong H. Formation control of bromate and trihalomethanes during ozonation of bromide-containing water with chemical addition: Hydrogen peroxide or ammonia? J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 110:111-118. [PMID: 34593181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To ensure the safety of drinking water, ozone (O3) has been extensively applied in drinking water treatment plants to further remove natural organic matter (NOM). However, the surface water and groundwater near the coastal areas often contain high concentrations of bromide ion (Br-). Considering the risk of bromate (BrO3-) formation in ozonation of the sand-filtered water, the inhibitory efficiencies of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ammonia (NH3) on BrO3- formation during ozonation process were compared. The addition of H2O2 effectively inhibited BrO3- formation at an initial Br- concentration amended to 350 µg/L. The inhibition efficiencies reached 59.6 and 100% when the mass ratio of H2O2/O3 was 0.25 and > 0.5, respectively. The UV254 and total organic carbon (TOC) also decreased after adding H2O2, while the formation potential of trihalomethanes (THMsFP) increased especially in subsequent chlorination process at a low dose of H2O2. To control the formation of both BrO3- and THMs, a relatively large dose of O3 and a high ratio of H2O2/O3were generally needed. NH3 addition inhibited BrO3- formation when the background ammonia nitrogen (NH3N) concentration was low. There was no significant correlation between BrO3- inhibition efficiency and NH3 dose, and a small amount of NH3N (0.2 mg/L) could obviously inhibit BrO3- formation. The oxidation of NOM seemed unaffected by NH3 addition, and the structure of NOM reflected by synchronous fluorescence (SF) scanning remained almost unchanged before and after adding NH3. Considering the formation of BrO3- and THMs, the optimal dose of NH3 was suggested to be 0.5 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengdi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yubin Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China.
| | - Weiwei Li
- Engineering Design Institute, The Sixth Engineering Bure Crec, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Zhimin Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huiyu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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41
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Tak S, Han SJ, Lee YK, Cho J, Hur J. Exploring applicability of end member mixing approach for predicting environmental reactivity of dissolved organic matter. Environ Pollut 2021; 290:118044. [PMID: 34454197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wide applications of end member mixing analysis (EMMA) for assigning the sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aquatic environment, there was no study attempting to test the applicability of EMMA for predicting environmental reactivity of DOM. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of EMMA, or the concept of ideal mixing behavior of end members, for describing several well-known DOM reactivities using two DOM end member sources (i.e., soil and algae) at varying mixing ratios. The selected DOM reactivities were trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), mineral adsorption amount, pyrene binding, membrane resistance, and biodegradation potential. Among the tested DOM functions, all were found to follow the ideal mixing behavior, presenting the linear relationships between the source mixing ratios and the tested reactivity with the R2 value of >0.80. The ideal mixing behavior of the DOM functions was more pronounced than that based on several spectroscopic indicators derived from UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. This study provided insight into potential applicability and limitation of EMMA approach in monitoring and predicting environmental functions of DOM in aquatic systems where identified DOM sources are mixed and vary dynamically with the mixing ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Tak
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - So-Jeong Han
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Yun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cho
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
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Sun Y, Xia PF, Korevaar TIM, Mustieles V, Zhang Y, Pan XF, Wang YX, Messerlian C. Relationship between Blood Trihalomethane Concentrations and Serum Thyroid Function Measures in U.S. Adults. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:14087-14094. [PMID: 34617747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological studies show that exposure to disinfection byproducts, including trihalomethanes (THMs), negatively affects thyroid function; however, few epidemiological studies have explored this link. This study included 2233 adults (ages ≥20 years) from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) who were measured for blood THM concentrations [chloroform (TCM), bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), or bromoform (TBM)] and serum thyroid function biomarkers [thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine (FT4), total thyroxine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), total triiodothyronine (TT3), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb)]. Multivariable linear regression models showed positive associations between blood TCM, BDCM, and total THMs (the sum of all four THMs) concentrations and serum FT4, whereas inverse associations were found between blood DBCM and total brominated THM (Br-THM; the sum of BDCM, DBCM, and TBM) concentrations and serum TT3 (all p < 0.05). Besides, positive associations were observed between blood TCM concentrations and FT4/FT3 ratio, between BDCM, DBCM, and Br-THM concentrations and TT4/TT3 ratio, and between DBCM and Br-THM concentrations and FT3/TT3 ratio (all p < 0.05). Blood THM concentrations were unrelated to the serum levels of thyroid autoantibodies TgAb or TPOAb. In summary, exposure to THMs was associated with altered serum biomarkers of thyroid function but not with thyroid autoimmunity among U.S. adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peng-Fei Xia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - T I M Korevaar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xiong-Fei Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203, United States
| | - Yi-Xin Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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43
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Wang P, Ding S, An G, Qu R, Liu X, Fang C, Chu W. Removal of disinfection by-product precursors by Al-based coagulants: A comparative study on coagulation performance. J Hazard Mater 2021; 420:126558. [PMID: 34329112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coagulation is well-established for controlling regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs), but its effectiveness for controlling unregulated DBPs remains unclear. The efficiency of coagulation in controlling unregulated DBPs requires clarification owing to their relatively high toxicity. In this study, three Al-based coagulants, aluminum sulfate (Alum), polyaluminum chloride (PAC), and a novel type of covalently bond hybrid coagulant (CBC, synthesized using AlCl3) were selected, and the coagulation performance of these Al-based coagulants in controlling DBPs and DBP-associated toxicity was compared over 5 classes of DBPs, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetaldehydes, haloacetonitriles, and halonitromethanes. The results showed that Alum was the least efficient in removing DBP precursors among the three coagulants. The effectiveness of CBC and PAC for DBP control varied with the characteristics of source waters. CBC had an advantage in water with a low content of humic acids, and reduced DBP concentration and DBP-associated toxicity by 47% and 25%, respectively. For water rich in aromatic organics, CBC might serve as DBP precursors at a high-required dosage, suggesting that a trade-off between enhanced DBP control and serving as DBP precursors should be considered for CBC coagulation; PAC achieved the most reduction in DBP concentration and DBP-associated toxicity by 50% and 34%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shunke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guangyu An
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruixin Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenhai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Keon MR, McKie MJ, Taylor-Edmonds L, Andrews RC. Evaluation of enzyme activity for monitoring biofiltration performance in drinking water treatment. Water Res 2021; 205:117636. [PMID: 34555739 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many water providers monitor adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an indicator of biological acclimation of their biofilters; however, strong correlations between ATP concentration and filter performance (e.g., organic matter or disinfection by-product precursor removal) are not typically observed. As an alternative, this study evaluated the use of enzyme activity for monitoring biological processes within filters. Recent studies have proposed that enzyme activity may be used as an indicator of biofilter function as it provides a means to quantify biodegradation which may allow for a more accurate measure of degradation potential and to gain a better understanding of biofilter performance. Sampling was completed from full- and pilot-scale biofilters to assess impacts associated with pre-treatments, varying sources waters, as well as pre-treatment and operating conditions. Enzyme activity (carboxylic esterase, phosphatase, ß-glucosidase, α-glucosidase, ß-xylosidase, chitinase, and cellulase) and ATP were measured from the top 5 cm of biofilter media representative of typical full-scale sampling; water quality parameters included dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and disinfection by-products (DBPs): trihalomethane (THM) formation potential (FP), and haloacetic acid FP (HAA FP). Results confirmed that ATP was not a reliable monitoring tool for DOC and DBP FP reduction in biofilters. A strong relationship was observed between esterase activity and DOC reduction; chitinase activity significantly correlated to THM FP reduction for filters treating three different source waters and HAA FP reduction achieved by filters treating the same source water with a range of pre-treatment and backwash conditions. This study showed that enzyme activity may be appropriate for monitoring biological processes within drinking water filters and may act as a surrogate for the removal of organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan R Keon
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - Michael J McKie
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - Liz Taylor-Edmonds
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - Robert C Andrews
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A4, Canada.
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Yu Y, Huang X, Chen R, Pan L, Shi B. Control of disinfection byproducts in drinking water treatment plants: Insight into activated carbon filter. Chemosphere 2021; 280:130958. [PMID: 34162113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The removal efficiencies of disinfection byproducts formation potentials (DBPFPs) and generated DBPs under pre-chlorination condition (pre-generated DBPs) during different drinking water treatment trains in eight full-scale drinking water treatment plants (WTPs) were investigated through field and laboratory studies. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) were identified to be two representative DBPs based on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessments. The performances of advanced treatment train for HAAs and HANs were better than that of conventional treatment train. However, the efficacy of ozone - biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) was affected by its service time and position in the water treatment process. In addition, the consumption of free chlorine by activated carbon in old granular activated carbon (GAC) filter was higher than that in new one under pre-chlorination condition, resulting in the increase of HAAs and HANs in the GAC filter effluent. This demonstrated that the organic matter adsorbed on older activated carbon generated more HAAs and HANs during pre-chlorination, which inhibited the adsorption of pre-generated DBPs. The ability of GAC/O3-BAC to remove HAAs and HANs was consistent with that of protein-like and low molecular weight organic substances, which could predict the performance of GAC and O3-BAC in treating DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Ruya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linlin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Yu Y, Li G, Chen R, Shi B. Trihalomethanes formation enhanced by manganese chlorination and deposition in plastic drinking water pipes. Water Res 2021; 204:117582. [PMID: 34474250 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Residual manganese(II) in finished water undergoes further oxidation and deposition in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), and Mn deposits can function as sites for accumulating organic and inorganic pollutants. This study aims to explore how Mn transformation and deposition affect the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in chlorinated DWDS, and trihalomethanes (THMs) was selected as a representative DBP. In a 100 μg/L Mn system, regulated THMs (chlorinated/bromated-THMs) increased by over 20% higher than Mn-free system after 150-day operation; when 50 μg/L iodide (I-) entered pipe systems after 150 days, iodinated THMs (I-THMs) in 100 μg/L Mn system increased by over 30% compared with Mn-free system. These promotions were attributed primarily to the accumulation of biomolecules and organic substances by tight and hard chlorinated Mn deposits. The residence of inactivated cells and the bridging role of surface Mn(III) in Mn deposits increased the quantity of THM precursors in DWDS. Furthermore, the rapid catalytic oxidation of Mn(II) by preformed Mn oxides (MnOx) inhibited the conversion of free iodine (HOI/OI-) to iodate, resulting in the generation of more I-THMs. This study provides new insights into the DBP risks caused by Mn in DWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Cui H, Chen B, Jiang Y, Tao Y, Zhu X, Cai Z. Toxicity of 17 Disinfection By-products to Different Trophic Levels of Aquatic Organisms: Ecological Risks and Mechanisms. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:10534-10541. [PMID: 34132094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intensified disinfection of wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic increased the release of toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). However, studies relating to the ecological impacts of DBPs on the aquatic environment remain insufficient. In this study, we comparatively investigated the toxicities and ecological risks of 17 typical, halogenated DBPs to three trophic levels of organisms in the freshwater ecosystem, including phytoplankton (Scenedesmus sp.), zooplankton (Daphnia magna), and fish (Danio rerio). Toxicity of DBPs was found to be species-specific: Scenedesmus sp. was the most sensitive to haloacetic acids, while D. magna was the most sensitive to haloacetonitriles and trihalomethanes. Specific to each DBP, toxicities were also related to their classes and substituted halogen atoms. Damage to photosystems and oxidative stress served as the potential mechanisms for DBPs toxicity to microalgae. The different sensitivities to DBPs indicate that a battery of bioassays with organisms at different trophic levels is necessary to determine the ecotoxicity of DBPs. Furthermore, the ecological risks of DBPs were assessed by calculating the risk quotients (RQs) based on toxicity data from multiple bioassays. The cumulative RQs of DBPs to all the organisms were greater than 1.0, indicating high ecological risks of DBPs in wastewater effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment of Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Baiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment of Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuelu Jiang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yi Tao
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Cai
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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48
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Thapa HR, Agarwal V. Obligate Brominating Enzymes Underlie Bromoform Production by Marine Cyanobacteria. J Phycol 2021; 57:1131-1139. [PMID: 33556207 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine algae are prolific producers of bromoform (CHBr3 ). This naturally produced molecule is a potent environmental pollutant as it volatilizes into the atmosphere and contributes to depletion of the ozone layer in a manner akin to, and in magnitude similar to, man-made chlorofluorocarbons. While phototrophs such as seaweeds, diatoms, and dinoflagellates are known sources of bromoform, additional as yet unknown biogenetic sources of bromoform exist in the oceans. Here, using halogenating enzymes as diagnostic genetic elements, we demonstrate that marine cyanobacteria also possess the enzymological potential for bromoform production. Using recombinantly purified vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidases from planktonic and bloom-forming marine cyanobacteria in in vitro biochemical assays, we reconstitute the enzymatic production of bromoform. We find cyanobacterial bromoform synthesizing enzymes to be obligate brominases possessing no chlorinating activities. These results expand the repertoire of marine biotic sources that introduce this pollutant in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hem R Thapa
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vinayak Agarwal
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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49
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Verwold C, Ortega-Hernandez A, Murakami J, Patterson-Fortin L, Boutros J, Smith R, Kimura SY. New iodine-based electrochemical advanced oxidation system for water disinfection: Are disinfection by-products a concern? Water Res 2021; 201:117340. [PMID: 34174732 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical Advanced Oxidation System (AOS) has been recently developed for water disinfection where iodide is used to generate active iodine species in-situ. However, the presence of iodide during water disinfection can lead to the formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts (I-DBPs), which have been shown to be more cyto- and genotoxic than their chlorinated and brominated analogs. In this study, the formation of DBPs was assessed in ultrapure water, river water and secondary wastewater effluents treated by the AOS. A comprehensive total organic halogen and target DBP analysis was used that included 25 unregulated DBPs, and the total organic halogen (TOX) quantified as total organic chlorine (TOCl), total organic bromine (TOBr), and total organic iodine (TOI). Ultrapure water disinfection only quantified iodoform (TIM) at a maximum concentration of 0.90 ± 0.05 µg/L. River water results show that TOI increase from 1.3 ± 0.3 µg/L before disinfection (t = 0) to a maximum of 3.5 ± 1.1 µg/L. TIM and bromodiiodomethane (BDIM) were the only targeted iodo-trihalomethanes (I-THMs) that were quantified with a maximum total I-THM concentration of 0.44 µg/L. Secondary wastewater effluent disinfection results show that TOI increased from 1.8 ± 0.3 µg/L (t = 0) to a maximum concentration of 35.3 ± 0.3 µg/L. Iodide and iodate were the main iodinated species exiting the AOS system with a iodine recovery of 94-101%. The results from this study show that the AOS formed low levels of iodinated DBPs in treated water sources that are comparable to the levels found in disinfected drinking water and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Verwold
- University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Jillian Murakami
- University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Jenny Boutros
- BioLargo Water Inc, Agrifood Discovery Place, Edmonton, AB T6H 2V8, Canada
| | - Richard Smith
- BioLargo Water Inc, Agrifood Discovery Place, Edmonton, AB T6H 2V8, Canada
| | - Susana Y Kimura
- University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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50
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Wang J, Zhang J, Huang SQ, Hu Y, Mu Y. Treatment of iodine-containing water by the UV/NH 2Cl process: Dissolved organic matters transformation, iodinated trihalomethane formation and toxicity variation. Water Res 2021; 200:117256. [PMID: 34062404 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UV/NH2Cl process is becoming increasingly important for water treatment, while its impact on iodine-containing water remains unknown. In this study, the structure transformation of dissolved organic matters (DOMs), generation of iodinated trihalomethanes (I-THMs), and variation of acute toxicity were evaulated during the UV/NH2Cl treatment of iodine-containing water. The combination of exciation emission matrix-parallel factor analysis and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy integrated with synchronous fluorescence and infrared absorption spectroscopy showed that fulvic-like fraction of DOM was more susceptible to UV/NH2Cl process and particularly iodo and polysaccharide groups gave the fastest resopnses. Consequently, UV fluence lower than 60 mJ/cm2 promoted the production of I-THMs, while excessive UV exhausted NH2Cl and reactive iodine species and subsequently reduced I-THM generation. Moreover, DOM concentration and source, NH2Cl dosage, and I- concentration had significant impacts on I-THM formation in the UV/NH2Cl process. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between acute toxicity variation and I-THM formation when treating iodine-containing waters with UV/NH2Cl. These results together provide a comprehensive understanding on UV/NH2Cl treatment of iodine-containing water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Instrumental Analysis Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Qi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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